Nutrient chapter

Boron

Element boron and dietary boron as a research topic. Human essentiality, a required intake and a specific human deficiency syndrome have not been established. Chemical forms, species and exposure conditions are distinguished in individual claims.

89 recorded mechanisms · 6 availability situations · 2 preserved sources. Draft and verified records are labeled separately.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

The mechanisms

What the sources say this nutrient does, one relationship at a time. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

A 3 mg/day boron supplement after prolonged low intake reduced urinary calcium in the 1987 postmenopausal feeding study, apparently more strongly with low magnesium intake.
Boron → Urinary calcium excretion source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
availability_state
nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/3678698.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8f95ac01b63502b366e2bd79785b7203deb793d258df065f13cc1e0123c89fb7", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1373, "text_sha256": "8f95ac01b63502b366e2bd79785b7203deb793d258df065f13cc1e0123c89fb7"}
experimental_model
Sequential controlled feeding in a metabolic unit; 12 postmenopausal women
exposure
About 0.25 mg boron/day for 119 days, then 3 mg/day supplement; seven low-magnesium and five adequate-magnesium participants
limitations
Small sequential study, not a fracture or bone-density trial. Diet and magnesium status matter. Later studies did not consistently reproduce the reported effects.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human
plain_language
The women lost less calcium in urine under this particular feeding regimen.
primary_references
[boron-p3678698] Effect of dietary boron on mineral, estrogen, and testosterone metabolism in postmenopausal women. (1987). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3678698/ DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.1.5.3678698
tissue_or_cell_type
Systemic mineral balance and circulating hormones
trigger_kind
nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 599–610
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Sequential controlled feeding in a metabolic unit; 12 postmenopausal women · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-human-calcium-sparing-1987 A 3 mg/day boron supplement after prolonged low intake reduced urinary calcium in the 1987 postmenopausal feeding study, apparently more strongly with low magnesium intake. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The women lost less calcium in urine under this particular feeding regimen. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Systemic mineral balance and circulating hormones experimental_model: Sequential controlled feeding in a metabolic unit; 12 postmenopausal women limitations: Small sequential study, not a fracture or bone-density trial. Diet and magnesium status matter. Later studies did not consistently reproduce the reported effects. exposure: About 0.25 mg boron/day for 119 days, then 3 mg/day supplement; seven low-magnesium and five adequate-magnesium participants evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/3678698.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8f95ac01b63502b366e2bd79785b7203deb793d258df065f13cc1e0123c89fb7", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1373, "text_sha256": "8f95ac01b63502b366e2bd79785b7203deb793d258df065f13cc1e0123c89fb7"} [boron-p3678698] Effect of dietary boron on mineral, estrogen, and testosterone metabolism in postmenopausal women. (1987). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3678698/ DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.1.5.3678698
Complete structured claim and evidence
Boron supplementation lowered the fraction of dietary calcium excreted in urine under basal magnesium intake but increased that fraction with magnesium supplementation.
Boron → Urinary calcium excretion source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
availability_state
nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/9062533.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a23cd1fe09277bdd83b690746d4bbaf4742cdd74e51d5b27ee898bd87208b2be", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1720, "text_sha256": "a23cd1fe09277bdd83b690746d4bbaf4742cdd74e51d5b27ee898bd87208b2be"}
experimental_model
Metabolic-ward feeding; 11 postmenopausal volunteers
exposure
167-day study; basal 0.36 mg B and 109 mg Mg/8400 kJ; 3 mg/day B supplement in last two 24-day periods; magnesium supplement 0 or 200 mg/day
limitations
Small study with multiple dietary periods and supplements. Do not assume independence from related reports from the same research program. Urine composition is not a kidney-stone clinical endpoint.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human
plain_language
The calcium response changed direction with the magnesium diet.
primary_references
[boron-p9062533] Metabolic responses of postmenopausal women to supplemental dietary boron and aluminum during usual and low magnesium intake: boron, calcium, and magnesium absorption and retention and blood mineral concentrations. (1997). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9062533/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/65.3.803
tissue_or_cell_type
Mineral balance, blood and excreta
trigger_kind
nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 664–675
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Metabolic-ward feeding; 11 postmenopausal volunteers · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-calcium-magnesium-context-1997 Boron supplementation lowered the fraction of dietary calcium excreted in urine under basal magnesium intake but increased that fraction with magnesium supplementation. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The calcium response changed direction with the magnesium diet. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Mineral balance, blood and excreta experimental_model: Metabolic-ward feeding; 11 postmenopausal volunteers limitations: Small study with multiple dietary periods and supplements. Do not assume independence from related reports from the same research program. Urine composition is not a kidney-stone clinical endpoint. exposure: 167-day study; basal 0.36 mg B and 109 mg Mg/8400 kJ; 3 mg/day B supplement in last two 24-day periods; magnesium supplement 0 or 200 mg/day evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/9062533.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a23cd1fe09277bdd83b690746d4bbaf4742cdd74e51d5b27ee898bd87208b2be", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1720, "text_sha256": "a23cd1fe09277bdd83b690746d4bbaf4742cdd74e51d5b27ee898bd87208b2be"} [boron-p9062533] Metabolic responses of postmenopausal women to supplemental dietary boron and aluminum during usual and low magnesium intake: boron, calcium, and magnesium absorption and retention and blood mineral concentrations. (1997). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9062533/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/65.3.803
Complete structured claim and evidence
Increasing boron intake from 0.33 to 3.33 mg/day did not alter the measured mineral absorption or excretion endpoints in the 1993 follow-up study.
Boron → Urinary calcium excretion source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
availability_state
nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/8329361.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3e6e2137f75699ea6dce582375f335a85139fea1cfa7ec502f033e8bfe026d63", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1079, "text_sha256": "3e6e2137f75699ea6dce582375f335a85139fea1cfa7ec502f033e8bfe026d63"}
experimental_model
Metabolic-unit low-intake/supplementation follow-up
exposure
0.33 mg boron/day for three weeks, then an additional 3 mg/day for three weeks
limitations
Small, short sequential study. The background diet produced positive calcium balance with increased urinary calcium; the authors proposed that this could mask a boron effect, but did not prove the explanation.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human postmenopausal volunteers
plain_language
This follow-up did not reproduce the earlier calcium-sparing finding.
primary_references
[boron-p8329361] The influence of a low-boron diet and boron supplementation on bone, major mineral and sex steroid metabolism in postmenopausal women. (1993). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8329361/ DOI: 10.1079/bjn19930087
tissue_or_cell_type
Mineral balance, hormones and bone-turnover markers
trigger_kind
nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 703–714
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Metabolic-unit low-intake/supplementation follow-up · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-human-calcium-null-1993 Increasing boron intake from 0.33 to 3.33 mg/day did not alter the measured mineral absorption or excretion endpoints in the 1993 follow-up study. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This follow-up did not reproduce the earlier calcium-sparing finding. organism: Human postmenopausal volunteers tissue_or_cell_type: Mineral balance, hormones and bone-turnover markers experimental_model: Metabolic-unit low-intake/supplementation follow-up limitations: Small, short sequential study. The background diet produced positive calcium balance with increased urinary calcium; the authors proposed that this could mask a boron effect, but did not prove the explanation. exposure: 0.33 mg boron/day for three weeks, then an additional 3 mg/day for three weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/8329361.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3e6e2137f75699ea6dce582375f335a85139fea1cfa7ec502f033e8bfe026d63", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1079, "text_sha256": "3e6e2137f75699ea6dce582375f335a85139fea1cfa7ec502f033e8bfe026d63"} [boron-p8329361] The influence of a low-boron diet and boron supplementation on bone, major mineral and sex steroid metabolism in postmenopausal women. (1993). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8329361/ DOI: 10.1079/bjn19930087
Complete structured claim and evidence
Magnesium balance became negative at 118 mg/day magnesium, and changing boron intake did not obviously modify the overall response to magnesium deprivation.
Boron → Whole-body magnesium balance source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
availability_state
nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/15724868.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7009311021e781ba9b1e9a9244c081cf20700511cc8704e8294b1a2c55dc0e24", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2138, "text_sha256": "7009311021e781ba9b1e9a9244c081cf20700511cc8704e8294b1a2c55dc0e24"}
experimental_model
Double-blind Latin-square metabolic-unit feeding in 13 postmenopausal women
exposure
Approximately 118 versus 318 mg Mg/day and 0.25 versus 3.25 mg B/day; 42-day periods
limitations
Boron had no obvious overall effect on the response to magnesium deprivation. Results cannot establish boron as a treatment for hypomagnesemia or a substitute for magnesium.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human
plain_language
This study does not support a claim that boron makes up for inadequate magnesium.
primary_references
[boron-p15724868] The alteration of magnesium, calcium and phosphorus metabolism by dietary magnesium deprivation in postmenopausal women is not affected by dietary boron deprivation. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15724868/
tissue_or_cell_type
Mineral balance and endocrine measurements
trigger_kind
nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 742–753
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind Latin-square metabolic-unit feeding in 13 postmenopausal women · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-magnesium-balance-no-rescue Magnesium balance became negative at 118 mg/day magnesium, and changing boron intake did not obviously modify the overall response to magnesium deprivation. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This study does not support a claim that boron makes up for inadequate magnesium. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Mineral balance and endocrine measurements experimental_model: Double-blind Latin-square metabolic-unit feeding in 13 postmenopausal women limitations: Boron had no obvious overall effect on the response to magnesium deprivation. Results cannot establish boron as a treatment for hypomagnesemia or a substitute for magnesium. exposure: Approximately 118 versus 318 mg Mg/day and 0.25 versus 3.25 mg B/day; 42-day periods evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/15724868.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7009311021e781ba9b1e9a9244c081cf20700511cc8704e8294b1a2c55dc0e24", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2138, "text_sha256": "7009311021e781ba9b1e9a9244c081cf20700511cc8704e8294b1a2c55dc0e24"} [boron-p15724868] The alteration of magnesium, calcium and phosphorus metabolism by dietary magnesium deprivation in postmenopausal women is not affected by dietary boron deprivation. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15724868/
Complete structured claim and evidence
Boron plus vitamin D3 increased opercular bone growth more than vitamin D3 alone in zebrafish larvae.
Boron → Zebrafish opercular bone growth source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/35571926.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "cf22409e40b52d79a9f1738a942771e626afdb39fce0e8bc16cbf877cdf7ea30", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2097, "text_sha256": "cf22409e40b52d79a9f1738a942771e626afdb39fce0e8bc16cbf877cdf7ea30"}
experimental_model
Larval zebrafish morphology, transcriptomics and fluorescent osteoblast reporters
exposure
Waterborne boron 10 or 100 ng/mL, vitamin D3 10 pg/mL and combinations; developmental time points
limitations
Fish water exposure cannot be translated directly into human supplement intake. Combination superiority alone is not proof of a formal statistical interaction; pathway enrichment is not proof of direct molecular activation.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Danio rerio
plain_language
The combination outperformed vitamin D alone in developing fish.
primary_references
[boron-p35571926] Zebrafish as a Model to Unveil the Pro-Osteogenic Effects of Boron-Vitamin D3 Synergism. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35571926/ DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.868805
tissue_or_cell_type
Opercular bone and osteoblast development
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 885–896
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Larval zebrafish morphology, transcriptomics and fluorescent osteoblast reporters · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-zebrafish-bone-combination Boron plus vitamin D3 increased opercular bone growth more than vitamin D3 alone in zebrafish larvae. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The combination outperformed vitamin D alone in developing fish. organism: Danio rerio tissue_or_cell_type: Opercular bone and osteoblast development experimental_model: Larval zebrafish morphology, transcriptomics and fluorescent osteoblast reporters limitations: Fish water exposure cannot be translated directly into human supplement intake. Combination superiority alone is not proof of a formal statistical interaction; pathway enrichment is not proof of direct molecular activation. exposure: Waterborne boron 10 or 100 ng/mL, vitamin D3 10 pg/mL and combinations; developmental time points evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/35571926.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "cf22409e40b52d79a9f1738a942771e626afdb39fce0e8bc16cbf877cdf7ea30", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2097, "text_sha256": "cf22409e40b52d79a9f1738a942771e626afdb39fce0e8bc16cbf877cdf7ea30"} [boron-p35571926] Zebrafish as a Model to Unveil the Pro-Osteogenic Effects of Boron-Vitamin D3 Synergism. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35571926/ DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.868805
Complete structured claim and evidence
S-adenosylmethionine formed a boron complex in capillary-electrophoresis experiments and ranked among the strongest ligands tested.
S-Adenosyl-L-methionine → Boron complex with S-adenosylmethionine source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/11420139.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0792ce09223d7cf23f0d3fda6b793e6e3b9904abe2c1f934b96d50e3a0e8b703", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1650, "text_sha256": "0792ce09223d7cf23f0d3fda6b793e6e3b9904abe2c1f934b96d50e3a0e8b703"}
experimental_model
Capillary electrophoresis of purified metabolites
exposure
Boron complexation under the reported assay conditions
limitations
Chemical affinity is not a demonstrated metabolic function or in-vivo occupancy. Rankings depend on assay and solution conditions.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Cell-free chemistry
plain_language
Boron can attach to SAM in a test tube; this does not show that it supplies methyl groups or improves methylation.
primary_references
[boron-p11420139] Diadenosine phosphates and S-adenosylmethionine: novel boron binding biomolecules detected by capillary electrophoresis. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11420139/ DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(01)00130-1
tissue_or_cell_type
Aqueous assay; no tissue
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 92–103
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Capillary electrophoresis of purified metabolites · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-sam-binding S-adenosylmethionine formed a boron complex in capillary-electrophoresis experiments and ranked among the strongest ligands tested. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Boron can attach to SAM in a test tube; this does not show that it supplies methyl groups or improves methylation. organism: Cell-free chemistry tissue_or_cell_type: Aqueous assay; no tissue experimental_model: Capillary electrophoresis of purified metabolites limitations: Chemical affinity is not a demonstrated metabolic function or in-vivo occupancy. Rankings depend on assay and solution conditions. exposure: Boron complexation under the reported assay conditions evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/11420139.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0792ce09223d7cf23f0d3fda6b793e6e3b9904abe2c1f934b96d50e3a0e8b703", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1650, "text_sha256": "0792ce09223d7cf23f0d3fda6b793e6e3b9904abe2c1f934b96d50e3a0e8b703"} [boron-p11420139] Diadenosine phosphates and S-adenosylmethionine: novel boron binding biomolecules detected by capillary electrophoresis. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11420139/ DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(01)00130-1
Complete structured claim and evidence
An additional m/z 401.3 ion was consistent with a 1:1 riboflavin–boric-acid complex in alkaline electrospray experiments; the ribityl binding site was not resolved.
Riboflavin (vitamin B2) → Putative 1:1 boric-acid–riboflavin complex source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/42012780.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Exact primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "673f9c1649ebaea729fb8331f6394dcad15d21b7bea8e6414542210b8e9fdd69", "start_char": 6857, "end_char": 8798, "text_sha256": "09a30283b0d51a099a2687875db729353a5f03f83f616c974d75a284679f1f8f"}
experimental_model
Negative-ion electrospray mass spectrometry
exposure
200 µM riboflavin and 400 µM boric acid in WAT solvent at pH 10.3
limitations
Nominal mass is consistent with, but does not uniquely establish, the proposed 1:1 structure. No site-resolving NMR or in-vivo binding measurement; signal intensity is not a bound fraction.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Cell-free chemistry
plain_language
A laboratory signal suggests boron can attach to vitamin B2; this does not prove that usual boron intake depletes B2.
primary_references
[boron-p42012780] Identification of a Riboflavin-Boric Acid Complex by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42012780/ DOI: 10.1007/s12011-026-05110-9
tissue_or_cell_type
Purified riboflavin in alkaline solvent
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 183–194
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Negative-ion electrospray mass spectrometry · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-riboflavin-adduct An additional m/z 401.3 ion was consistent with a 1:1 riboflavin–boric-acid complex in alkaline electrospray experiments; the ribityl binding site was not resolved. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A laboratory signal suggests boron can attach to vitamin B2; this does not prove that usual boron intake depletes B2. organism: Cell-free chemistry tissue_or_cell_type: Purified riboflavin in alkaline solvent experimental_model: Negative-ion electrospray mass spectrometry limitations: Nominal mass is consistent with, but does not uniquely establish, the proposed 1:1 structure. No site-resolving NMR or in-vivo binding measurement; signal intensity is not a bound fraction. exposure: 200 µM riboflavin and 400 µM boric acid in WAT solvent at pH 10.3 evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/42012780.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Exact primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "673f9c1649ebaea729fb8331f6394dcad15d21b7bea8e6414542210b8e9fdd69", "start_char": 6857, "end_char": 8798, "text_sha256": "09a30283b0d51a099a2687875db729353a5f03f83f616c974d75a284679f1f8f"} [boron-p42012780] Identification of a Riboflavin-Boric Acid Complex by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42012780/ DOI: 10.1007/s12011-026-05110-9
Complete structured claim and evidence
The 2004 NaBC1 study assigned human SLC4A11 electrogenic, sodium-coupled borate transport.
Human SLC4A11 / NaBC1 → Cellular borate transport source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/15525507.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "741b5972d5af120759f4100701b1f450c620182ffe6585a1b5049533961a6abe", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 980, "text_sha256": "741b5972d5af120759f4100701b1f450c620182ffe6585a1b5049533961a6abe"}
experimental_model
Heterologous mammalian transporter expression and functional assays
exposure
Borate exposure with NaBC1 overexpression or knockdown
limitations
The borate-transport assignment is disputed by later direct experiments. This historical result remains visible as a genuine literature conflict, not accepted transporter annotation.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human SLC4A11 expressed in experimental cells
plain_language
The original paper called SLC4A11 a borate transporter; later studies challenged this assignment.
primary_references
[boron-p15525507] NaBC1 is a ubiquitous electrogenic Na+ -coupled borate transporter essential for cellular boron homeostasis and cell growth and proliferation. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15525507/ DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2004.09.030
tissue_or_cell_type
Membrane transport assays
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 196–207
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Heterologous mammalian transporter expression and functional assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-human-transport-original The 2004 NaBC1 study assigned human SLC4A11 electrogenic, sodium-coupled borate transport. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The original paper called SLC4A11 a borate transporter; later studies challenged this assignment. organism: Human SLC4A11 expressed in experimental cells tissue_or_cell_type: Membrane transport assays experimental_model: Heterologous mammalian transporter expression and functional assays limitations: The borate-transport assignment is disputed by later direct experiments. This historical result remains visible as a genuine literature conflict, not accepted transporter annotation. exposure: Borate exposure with NaBC1 overexpression or knockdown evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/15525507.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "741b5972d5af120759f4100701b1f450c620182ffe6585a1b5049533961a6abe", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 980, "text_sha256": "741b5972d5af120759f4100701b1f450c620182ffe6585a1b5049533961a6abe"} [boron-p15525507] NaBC1 is a ubiquitous electrogenic Na+ -coupled borate transporter essential for cellular boron homeostasis and cell growth and proliferation. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15525507/ DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2004.09.030
Complete structured claim and evidence
Human SLC4A11 did not support borate-associated transport in Xenopus oocytes, whereas the plant NIP5;1 positive control did.
Human SLC4A11 / NaBC1 → Cellular borate transport source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/27558157.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a49d680cd492460159d231e0c55b053b2143ce17aaa902c97c087e5985e78ebd", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1823, "text_sha256": "a49d680cd492460159d231e0c55b053b2143ce17aaa902c97c087e5985e78ebd"}
experimental_model
Xenopus oocyte expression with plant positive control and HEK293 experiments
exposure
Borate-associated cell swelling; plant NIP5;1 positive control
limitations
Species of protein and expression host are distinct. The human negative result does not exclude borate transport by other species or unrelated proteins.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human SLC4A11; Xenopus expression host
plain_language
A second study found no human SLC4A11 borate transport even though its positive control worked.
primary_references
[boron-p27558157] Functional assessment of SLC4A11, an integral membrane protein mutated in corneal dystrophies. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27558157/ DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00078.2016
tissue_or_cell_type
Membrane transport assays
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 222–233
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Xenopus oocyte expression with plant positive control and HEK293 experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-human-transport-negative-2016 Human SLC4A11 did not support borate-associated transport in Xenopus oocytes, whereas the plant NIP5;1 positive control did. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A second study found no human SLC4A11 borate transport even though its positive control worked. organism: Human SLC4A11; Xenopus expression host tissue_or_cell_type: Membrane transport assays experimental_model: Xenopus oocyte expression with plant positive control and HEK293 experiments limitations: Species of protein and expression host are distinct. The human negative result does not exclude borate transport by other species or unrelated proteins. exposure: Borate-associated cell swelling; plant NIP5;1 positive control evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/27558157.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a49d680cd492460159d231e0c55b053b2143ce17aaa902c97c087e5985e78ebd", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1823, "text_sha256": "a49d680cd492460159d231e0c55b053b2143ce17aaa902c97c087e5985e78ebd"} [boron-p27558157] Functional assessment of SLC4A11, an integral membrane protein mutated in corneal dystrophies. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27558157/ DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00078.2016
Complete structured claim and evidence
Boron binding in the tested nucleotide series depended on suitable cis-diol groups, and NAD+ bound more strongly than NADH in the capillary-electrophoresis assay.
NAD+ → Boron complex with NAD+ source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/11420139.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0792ce09223d7cf23f0d3fda6b793e6e3b9904abe2c1f934b96d50e3a0e8b703", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1650, "text_sha256": "0792ce09223d7cf23f0d3fda6b793e6e3b9904abe2c1f934b96d50e3a0e8b703"}
experimental_model
Capillary electrophoresis of purified metabolites
exposure
Boron complexation under the reported assay conditions
limitations
Chemical affinity is not a demonstrated metabolic function or in-vivo occupancy. Rankings depend on assay and solution conditions.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Cell-free chemistry
plain_language
The arrangement of neighboring hydroxyl groups helps determine which nucleotide molecules can bind boron.
primary_references
[boron-p11420139] Diadenosine phosphates and S-adenosylmethionine: novel boron binding biomolecules detected by capillary electrophoresis. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11420139/ DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(01)00130-1
tissue_or_cell_type
Aqueous assay; no tissue
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 105–116
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Capillary electrophoresis of purified metabolites · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-cis-diol-binding Boron binding in the tested nucleotide series depended on suitable cis-diol groups, and NAD+ bound more strongly than NADH in the capillary-electrophoresis assay. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The arrangement of neighboring hydroxyl groups helps determine which nucleotide molecules can bind boron. organism: Cell-free chemistry tissue_or_cell_type: Aqueous assay; no tissue experimental_model: Capillary electrophoresis of purified metabolites limitations: Chemical affinity is not a demonstrated metabolic function or in-vivo occupancy. Rankings depend on assay and solution conditions. exposure: Boron complexation under the reported assay conditions evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/11420139.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0792ce09223d7cf23f0d3fda6b793e6e3b9904abe2c1f934b96d50e3a0e8b703", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1650, "text_sha256": "0792ce09223d7cf23f0d3fda6b793e6e3b9904abe2c1f934b96d50e3a0e8b703"} [boron-p11420139] Diadenosine phosphates and S-adenosylmethionine: novel boron binding biomolecules detected by capillary electrophoresis. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11420139/ DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(01)00130-1
Complete structured claim and evidence
NAD+ formed monoester, diester and diborate adducts through ribose cis-2,3-diol groups rather than phosphate hydroxyls; the 1:1 monoester localized to the adenosine ribose.
NAD+ → Boron complex with NAD+ source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/12827632.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a7c91724a5710f61e1907669a1137b421e1e13117ae707e567bd16ca0eea9ed6", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1255, "text_sha256": "a7c91724a5710f61e1907669a1137b421e1e13117ae707e567bd16ca0eea9ed6"}
experimental_model
Electrospray mass spectrometry and boron-11 NMR
exposure
NAD+/NADH with boric acid or borate across pH conditions; complexes detected at 50 µM each at pH 7
limitations
Chemical structure experiments do not establish cellular concentrations or physiological consequences.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Cell-free chemistry
plain_language
Boron attaches to the sugar portion of NAD+ in these experiments.
primary_references
[boron-p12827632] Esterification of borate with NAD+ and NADH as studied by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and 11B NMR spectroscopy. (2003). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12827632/ DOI: 10.1002/jms.476
tissue_or_cell_type
Purified nucleotide solutions
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 118–129
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Electrospray mass spectrometry and boron-11 NMR · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-nad-adduct-structure NAD+ formed monoester, diester and diborate adducts through ribose cis-2,3-diol groups rather than phosphate hydroxyls; the 1:1 monoester localized to the adenosine ribose. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Boron attaches to the sugar portion of NAD+ in these experiments. organism: Cell-free chemistry tissue_or_cell_type: Purified nucleotide solutions experimental_model: Electrospray mass spectrometry and boron-11 NMR limitations: Chemical structure experiments do not establish cellular concentrations or physiological consequences. exposure: NAD+/NADH with boric acid or borate across pH conditions; complexes detected at 50 µM each at pH 7 evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/12827632.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a7c91724a5710f61e1907669a1137b421e1e13117ae707e567bd16ca0eea9ed6", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1255, "text_sha256": "a7c91724a5710f61e1907669a1137b421e1e13117ae707e567bd16ca0eea9ed6"} [boron-p12827632] Esterification of borate with NAD+ and NADH as studied by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and 11B NMR spectroscopy. (2003). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12827632/ DOI: 10.1002/jms.476
Complete structured claim and evidence
NADH formed a monoester boron adduct in the analyzed solutions, whereas the additional diester and diborate forms observed for NAD+ were not detected for NADH.
NADH → Boron complex with NADH source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/12827632.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a7c91724a5710f61e1907669a1137b421e1e13117ae707e567bd16ca0eea9ed6", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1255, "text_sha256": "a7c91724a5710f61e1907669a1137b421e1e13117ae707e567bd16ca0eea9ed6"}
experimental_model
Electrospray mass spectrometry and boron-11 NMR
exposure
NAD+/NADH with boric acid or borate across pH conditions; complexes detected at 50 µM each at pH 7
limitations
Chemical structure experiments do not establish cellular concentrations or physiological consequences.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Cell-free chemistry
plain_language
Oxidized and reduced NAD do not necessarily make the same boron complexes.
primary_references
[boron-p12827632] Esterification of borate with NAD+ and NADH as studied by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and 11B NMR spectroscopy. (2003). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12827632/ DOI: 10.1002/jms.476
tissue_or_cell_type
Purified nucleotide solutions
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 131–142
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Electrospray mass spectrometry and boron-11 NMR · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-nadh-adduct-structure NADH formed a monoester boron adduct in the analyzed solutions, whereas the additional diester and diborate forms observed for NAD+ were not detected for NADH. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Oxidized and reduced NAD do not necessarily make the same boron complexes. organism: Cell-free chemistry tissue_or_cell_type: Purified nucleotide solutions experimental_model: Electrospray mass spectrometry and boron-11 NMR limitations: Chemical structure experiments do not establish cellular concentrations or physiological consequences. exposure: NAD+/NADH with boric acid or borate across pH conditions; complexes detected at 50 µM each at pH 7 evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/12827632.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a7c91724a5710f61e1907669a1137b421e1e13117ae707e567bd16ca0eea9ed6", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1255, "text_sha256": "a7c91724a5710f61e1907669a1137b421e1e13117ae707e567bd16ca0eea9ed6"} [boron-p12827632] Esterification of borate with NAD+ and NADH as studied by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and 11B NMR spectroscopy. (2003). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12827632/ DOI: 10.1002/jms.476
Complete structured claim and evidence
The reported boron-binding order was NAD+ > NADH > NADP+ > NADPH at pH 10.3; only the NAD+ complex was observed in the separate pH 7.4 ammonium-bicarbonate condition.
NAD+ → Boron complex with NAD+ source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/15282753.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9385dca91d3dc7bb5a3d2a9c71a8e4c4ec0af136a15de2ea9536365a048d8057", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1378, "text_sha256": "9385dca91d3dc7bb5a3d2a9c71a8e4c4ec0af136a15de2ea9536365a048d8057"}
experimental_model
Electrospray mass spectrometry comparing nucleotide binding
exposure
100 µM nucleotide and 500 µM boric acid in WAT solvent at pH 10.3; separate pH 7.4 ammonium bicarbonate condition
limitations
Relative ion signals and assay-specific rankings cannot be treated as universal binding constants or in-vivo metabolic effects.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Cell-free chemistry
plain_language
Added phosphate groups and the test solution change the observed binding pattern.
primary_references
[boron-p15282753] Borate-nucleotide complex formation depends on charge and phosphorylation state. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15282753/ DOI: 10.1002/jms.645
tissue_or_cell_type
Purified nucleotide solutions
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 144–155
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Electrospray mass spectrometry comparing nucleotide binding · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-nad-phosphate-context The reported boron-binding order was NAD+ > NADH > NADP+ > NADPH at pH 10.3; only the NAD+ complex was observed in the separate pH 7.4 ammonium-bicarbonate condition. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Added phosphate groups and the test solution change the observed binding pattern. organism: Cell-free chemistry tissue_or_cell_type: Purified nucleotide solutions experimental_model: Electrospray mass spectrometry comparing nucleotide binding limitations: Relative ion signals and assay-specific rankings cannot be treated as universal binding constants or in-vivo metabolic effects. exposure: 100 µM nucleotide and 500 µM boric acid in WAT solvent at pH 10.3; separate pH 7.4 ammonium bicarbonate condition evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/15282753.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9385dca91d3dc7bb5a3d2a9c71a8e4c4ec0af136a15de2ea9536365a048d8057", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1378, "text_sha256": "9385dca91d3dc7bb5a3d2a9c71a8e4c4ec0af136a15de2ea9536365a048d8057"} [boron-p15282753] Borate-nucleotide complex formation depends on charge and phosphorylation state. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15282753/ DOI: 10.1002/jms.645
Complete structured claim and evidence
Boric acid inhibited purified Aplysia ADP-ribosyl cyclase noncompetitively with a reported Ki of 40.5 ± 0.5 mM.
Boric acid / orthoboric acid / B(OH)3 → Aplysia ADP-ribosyl cyclase source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/16545389.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "720b1c99bd2628157e48db8085947552afc30029faeb65fb9235541b95c4b655", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 724, "text_sha256": "720b1c99bd2628157e48db8085947552afc30029faeb65fb9235541b95c4b655"}
experimental_model
Purified Aplysia cyclase kinetics and electrospray complex analysis
exposure
Noncompetitive inhibition Ki 40.5 ± 0.5 mM boric acid; cADPR-binding assay pH 10.3
limitations
The enzyme was Aplysia cyclase, not human CD38. Millimolar enzyme inhibition and alkaline binding data do not establish effects of ordinary dietary boron.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Aplysia enzyme; cell-free chemistry
plain_language
High boric-acid concentrations slowed an enzyme that makes a calcium messenger; this was a sea-hare enzyme experiment.
primary_references
[boron-p16545389] Boric acid inhibits adenosine diphosphate-ribosyl cyclase non-competitively. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16545389/ DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.02.066
tissue_or_cell_type
Purified enzyme and metabolites
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 157–168
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified Aplysia cyclase kinetics and electrospray complex analysis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-aplysia-cyclase-inhibition Boric acid inhibited purified Aplysia ADP-ribosyl cyclase noncompetitively with a reported Ki of 40.5 ± 0.5 mM. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: High boric-acid concentrations slowed an enzyme that makes a calcium messenger; this was a sea-hare enzyme experiment. organism: Aplysia enzyme; cell-free chemistry tissue_or_cell_type: Purified enzyme and metabolites experimental_model: Purified Aplysia cyclase kinetics and electrospray complex analysis limitations: The enzyme was Aplysia cyclase, not human CD38. Millimolar enzyme inhibition and alkaline binding data do not establish effects of ordinary dietary boron. exposure: Noncompetitive inhibition Ki 40.5 ± 0.5 mM boric acid; cADPR-binding assay pH 10.3 evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/16545389.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "720b1c99bd2628157e48db8085947552afc30029faeb65fb9235541b95c4b655", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 724, "text_sha256": "720b1c99bd2628157e48db8085947552afc30029faeb65fb9235541b95c4b655"} [boron-p16545389] Boric acid inhibits adenosine diphosphate-ribosyl cyclase non-competitively. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16545389/ DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.02.066
Complete structured claim and evidence
Boric acid bound cyclic ADP-ribose with an apparent association constant of 655 ± 99 L/mol in the electrospray assay at pH 10.3.
Cyclic ADP-ribose → Boron complex with cyclic ADP-ribose source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/16545389.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "720b1c99bd2628157e48db8085947552afc30029faeb65fb9235541b95c4b655", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 724, "text_sha256": "720b1c99bd2628157e48db8085947552afc30029faeb65fb9235541b95c4b655"}
experimental_model
Purified Aplysia cyclase kinetics and electrospray complex analysis
exposure
Noncompetitive inhibition Ki 40.5 ± 0.5 mM boric acid; cADPR-binding assay pH 10.3
limitations
The enzyme was Aplysia cyclase, not human CD38. Millimolar enzyme inhibition and alkaline binding data do not establish effects of ordinary dietary boron.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Aplysia enzyme; cell-free chemistry
plain_language
Boron can complex the calcium messenger cADPR under the tested chemical conditions.
primary_references
[boron-p16545389] Boric acid inhibits adenosine diphosphate-ribosyl cyclase non-competitively. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16545389/ DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.02.066
tissue_or_cell_type
Purified enzyme and metabolites
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 170–181
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified Aplysia cyclase kinetics and electrospray complex analysis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-cadpr-binding Boric acid bound cyclic ADP-ribose with an apparent association constant of 655 ± 99 L/mol in the electrospray assay at pH 10.3. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Boron can complex the calcium messenger cADPR under the tested chemical conditions. organism: Aplysia enzyme; cell-free chemistry tissue_or_cell_type: Purified enzyme and metabolites experimental_model: Purified Aplysia cyclase kinetics and electrospray complex analysis limitations: The enzyme was Aplysia cyclase, not human CD38. Millimolar enzyme inhibition and alkaline binding data do not establish effects of ordinary dietary boron. exposure: Noncompetitive inhibition Ki 40.5 ± 0.5 mM boric acid; cADPR-binding assay pH 10.3 evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/16545389.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "720b1c99bd2628157e48db8085947552afc30029faeb65fb9235541b95c4b655", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 724, "text_sha256": "720b1c99bd2628157e48db8085947552afc30029faeb65fb9235541b95c4b655"} [boron-p16545389] Boric acid inhibits adenosine diphosphate-ribosyl cyclase non-competitively. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16545389/ DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.02.066
Complete structured claim and evidence
In the 2013 replication study, 10 mM borate did not change the SLC4A11-associated intracellular-pH response during a sodium-free pulse, arguing against sodium–borate cotransport.
Human SLC4A11 / NaBC1 → Cellular borate transport source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/23864606.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b35216315076720b687cb692519b340957bdadbeb1ce71ae26972aa301dd7df1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1835, "text_sha256": "b35216315076720b687cb692519b340957bdadbeb1ce71ae26972aa301dd7df1"}
experimental_model
HEK293 and NHE-deficient PS120 functional transport experiments
exposure
10 mM borate during sodium removal/readdition; comparison with control cells
limitations
Negative borate transport result applies to the tested assays. Sodium replacement and buffer chemistry were investigated; they do not establish a universal explanation of all discordant assays.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human SLC4A11 in heterologous cells
plain_language
A direct follow-up failed to detect the borate transport predicted by the original model.
primary_references
[boron-p23864606] SLC4A11 is an EIPA-sensitive Na(+) permeable pHi regulator. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23864606/ DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00056.2013
tissue_or_cell_type
Cell membrane; intracellular pH and sodium flux
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 209–220
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · HEK293 and NHE-deficient PS120 functional transport experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-human-transport-negative-2013 In the 2013 replication study, 10 mM borate did not change the SLC4A11-associated intracellular-pH response during a sodium-free pulse, arguing against sodium–borate cotransport. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A direct follow-up failed to detect the borate transport predicted by the original model. organism: Human SLC4A11 in heterologous cells tissue_or_cell_type: Cell membrane; intracellular pH and sodium flux experimental_model: HEK293 and NHE-deficient PS120 functional transport experiments limitations: Negative borate transport result applies to the tested assays. Sodium replacement and buffer chemistry were investigated; they do not establish a universal explanation of all discordant assays. exposure: 10 mM borate during sodium removal/readdition; comparison with control cells evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/23864606.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b35216315076720b687cb692519b340957bdadbeb1ce71ae26972aa301dd7df1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1835, "text_sha256": "b35216315076720b687cb692519b340957bdadbeb1ce71ae26972aa301dd7df1"} [boron-p23864606] SLC4A11 is an EIPA-sensitive Na(+) permeable pHi regulator. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23864606/ DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00056.2013
Complete structured claim and evidence
The 2024 study supported NH4Cl-induced allosteric activation of human SLC4A11 proton conductance through an acidic shift in its intracellular-pH dependence.
Human SLC4A11 / NaBC1 → SLC4A11-associated proton conductance source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/39206384.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c27f8cf16ff99f2c01490828570d4ed7e71ca07290e31c70218917ea285b5df9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1152, "text_sha256": "c27f8cf16ff99f2c01490828570d4ed7e71ca07290e31c70218917ea285b5df9"}
experimental_model
Human SLC4A11 electrophysiology and intracellular-pH analysis
exposure
NH4Cl and extracellular/intracellular pH manipulations
limitations
Supports an allosteric proton-conductance model; ammonia cotransport versus indirect activation remains debated. This is not evidence of boron transport.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human protein in Xenopus oocytes
plain_language
The protein has experimentally supported roles in proton handling; its old borate-transporter name is not proof that it carries boron.
primary_references
[boron-p39206384] NH3/NH4 + allosterically activates SLC4A11 by causing an acidic shift in the intracellular pK that governs H+(OH-) conductance. (2024). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39206384/ DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1440720
tissue_or_cell_type
Heterologous membrane
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 235–246
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human SLC4A11 electrophysiology and intracellular-pH analysis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-human-proton-conductance The 2024 study supported NH4Cl-induced allosteric activation of human SLC4A11 proton conductance through an acidic shift in its intracellular-pH dependence. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The protein has experimentally supported roles in proton handling; its old borate-transporter name is not proof that it carries boron. organism: Human protein in Xenopus oocytes tissue_or_cell_type: Heterologous membrane experimental_model: Human SLC4A11 electrophysiology and intracellular-pH analysis limitations: Supports an allosteric proton-conductance model; ammonia cotransport versus indirect activation remains debated. This is not evidence of boron transport. exposure: NH4Cl and extracellular/intracellular pH manipulations evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/39206384.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c27f8cf16ff99f2c01490828570d4ed7e71ca07290e31c70218917ea285b5df9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1152, "text_sha256": "c27f8cf16ff99f2c01490828570d4ed7e71ca07290e31c70218917ea285b5df9"} [boron-p39206384] NH3/NH4 + allosterically activates SLC4A11 by causing an acidic shift in the intracellular pK that governs H+(OH-) conductance. (2024). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39206384/ DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1440720
Complete structured claim and evidence
Pufferfish Slc4a11A expression increased boron accumulation, intracellular pH and outward currents during boric-acid exposure in oocytes, independently of extracellular sodium.
Takifugu obscurus Slc4a11A → Cellular boric-acid-equivalent transport source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/36435196.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f33e845c95cab0ebe899c99562ebb23f43292cbab645601a5ab51a421fdc5f8c", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1651, "text_sha256": "f33e845c95cab0ebe899c99562ebb23f43292cbab645601a5ab51a421fdc5f8c"}
experimental_model
Freshwater/seawater acclimation and Xenopus oocyte transporter expression
exposure
Freshwater versus seawater; boric-acid exposure during voltage clamp
limitations
Fish paralog is distinct from human SLC4A11. Borate uniport, boric-acid/OH cotransport and boric-acid/H exchange were not distinguished.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Takifugu obscurus pufferfish; Xenopus expression host
plain_language
A fish version really did transport boric-acid equivalents in this experiment; that does not validate the disputed human assignment.
primary_references
[boron-p36435196] Seawater fish use an electrogenic boric acid transporter, Slc4a11A, for boric acid excretion by the kidney. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36435196/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102740
tissue_or_cell_type
Kidney tubular apical membrane and heterologous membrane
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 248–259
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Freshwater/seawater acclimation and Xenopus oocyte transporter expression · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-pufferfish-transporter Pufferfish Slc4a11A expression increased boron accumulation, intracellular pH and outward currents during boric-acid exposure in oocytes, independently of extracellular sodium. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A fish version really did transport boric-acid equivalents in this experiment; that does not validate the disputed human assignment. organism: Takifugu obscurus pufferfish; Xenopus expression host tissue_or_cell_type: Kidney tubular apical membrane and heterologous membrane experimental_model: Freshwater/seawater acclimation and Xenopus oocyte transporter expression limitations: Fish paralog is distinct from human SLC4A11. Borate uniport, boric-acid/OH cotransport and boric-acid/H exchange were not distinguished. exposure: Freshwater versus seawater; boric-acid exposure during voltage clamp evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/36435196.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f33e845c95cab0ebe899c99562ebb23f43292cbab645601a5ab51a421fdc5f8c", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1651, "text_sha256": "f33e845c95cab0ebe899c99562ebb23f43292cbab645601a5ab51a421fdc5f8c"} [boron-p36435196] Seawater fish use an electrogenic boric acid transporter, Slc4a11A, for boric acid excretion by the kidney. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36435196/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102740
Complete structured claim and evidence
Seawater acclimation increased renal apical Slc4a11A expression and accompanied urine boric-acid concentrations of 19 mM versus 0.020 mM in freshwater fish.
Takifugu obscurus Slc4a11A → Urinary boron excretion source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/36435196.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f33e845c95cab0ebe899c99562ebb23f43292cbab645601a5ab51a421fdc5f8c", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1651, "text_sha256": "f33e845c95cab0ebe899c99562ebb23f43292cbab645601a5ab51a421fdc5f8c"}
experimental_model
Freshwater/seawater acclimation and Xenopus oocyte transporter expression
exposure
Freshwater versus seawater; boric-acid exposure during voltage clamp
limitations
Fish paralog is distinct from human SLC4A11. Borate uniport, boric-acid/OH cotransport and boric-acid/H exchange were not distinguished.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Takifugu obscurus pufferfish; Xenopus expression host
plain_language
The fish kidney adjusts to the much greater boron exposure from seawater.
primary_references
[boron-p36435196] Seawater fish use an electrogenic boric acid transporter, Slc4a11A, for boric acid excretion by the kidney. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36435196/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102740
tissue_or_cell_type
Kidney tubular apical membrane and heterologous membrane
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 261–272
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Freshwater/seawater acclimation and Xenopus oocyte transporter expression · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-pufferfish-renal-adaptation Seawater acclimation increased renal apical Slc4a11A expression and accompanied urine boric-acid concentrations of 19 mM versus 0.020 mM in freshwater fish. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The fish kidney adjusts to the much greater boron exposure from seawater. organism: Takifugu obscurus pufferfish; Xenopus expression host tissue_or_cell_type: Kidney tubular apical membrane and heterologous membrane experimental_model: Freshwater/seawater acclimation and Xenopus oocyte transporter expression limitations: Fish paralog is distinct from human SLC4A11. Borate uniport, boric-acid/OH cotransport and boric-acid/H exchange were not distinguished. exposure: Freshwater versus seawater; boric-acid exposure during voltage clamp evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/36435196.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f33e845c95cab0ebe899c99562ebb23f43292cbab645601a5ab51a421fdc5f8c", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1651, "text_sha256": "f33e845c95cab0ebe899c99562ebb23f43292cbab645601a5ab51a421fdc5f8c"} [boron-p36435196] Seawater fish use an electrogenic boric acid transporter, Slc4a11A, for boric acid excretion by the kidney. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36435196/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102740
Complete structured claim and evidence
Boric acid partly inhibited NAD+-evoked calcium transients at 250 µM and completely at 1,000 µM in DU-145 cells; NADP+-evoked and mechanical responses were inhibited at 1,000 µM.
Boric acid / orthoboric acid / B(OH)3 → Intracellular calcium-store release source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/18516691.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5fc4f02e11634c2a2d111a99ee4c6175fe8839a8f28152b656b3c29be6745206", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1733, "text_sha256": "5fc4f02e11634c2a2d111a99ee4c6175fe8839a8f28152b656b3c29be6745206"}
experimental_model
Human prostate cancer cell culture and mass spectrometry
exposure
Boric acid 100–1,000 µM; methylboronic acid comparator
limitations
These are cell-culture exposures, including concentrations far above usual circulating levels. Adduct detection and calcium responses do not prove cancer prevention or direct channel binding.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human DU-145 cells; cell-free complex analysis
plain_language
At the tested concentrations, boric acid reduced several ways these cancer cells released stored calcium.
primary_references
[boron-p18516691] Boric acid inhibits stored Ca2+ release in DU-145 prostate cancer cells. (2009). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18516691/ DOI: 10.1007/s10565-008-9085-7
tissue_or_cell_type
Prostate cancer cells
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 274–285
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human prostate cancer cell culture and mass spectrometry · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-nad-calcium-response Boric acid partly inhibited NAD+-evoked calcium transients at 250 µM and completely at 1,000 µM in DU-145 cells; NADP+-evoked and mechanical responses were inhibited at 1,000 µM. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: At the tested concentrations, boric acid reduced several ways these cancer cells released stored calcium. organism: Human DU-145 cells; cell-free complex analysis tissue_or_cell_type: Prostate cancer cells experimental_model: Human prostate cancer cell culture and mass spectrometry limitations: These are cell-culture exposures, including concentrations far above usual circulating levels. Adduct detection and calcium responses do not prove cancer prevention or direct channel binding. exposure: Boric acid 100–1,000 µM; methylboronic acid comparator evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/18516691.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5fc4f02e11634c2a2d111a99ee4c6175fe8839a8f28152b656b3c29be6745206", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1733, "text_sha256": "5fc4f02e11634c2a2d111a99ee4c6175fe8839a8f28152b656b3c29be6745206"} [boron-p18516691] Boric acid inhibits stored Ca2+ release in DU-145 prostate cancer cells. (2009). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18516691/ DOI: 10.1007/s10565-008-9085-7
Complete structured claim and evidence
CD38 protein abundance increased across 0–1,000 µM boric-acid exposure in DU-145 cells.
Boric acid / orthoboric acid / B(OH)3 → Human CD38 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/18516691.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5fc4f02e11634c2a2d111a99ee4c6175fe8839a8f28152b656b3c29be6745206", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1733, "text_sha256": "5fc4f02e11634c2a2d111a99ee4c6175fe8839a8f28152b656b3c29be6745206"}
experimental_model
Human prostate cancer cell culture and mass spectrometry
exposure
Boric acid 100–1,000 µM; methylboronic acid comparator
limitations
These are cell-culture exposures, including concentrations far above usual circulating levels. Adduct detection and calcium responses do not prove cancer prevention or direct channel binding.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human DU-145 cells; cell-free complex analysis
plain_language
The cells increased CD38 protein; more protein does not by itself prove more enzyme activity.
primary_references
[boron-p18516691] Boric acid inhibits stored Ca2+ release in DU-145 prostate cancer cells. (2009). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18516691/ DOI: 10.1007/s10565-008-9085-7
tissue_or_cell_type
Prostate cancer cells
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 287–298
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human prostate cancer cell culture and mass spectrometry · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-cd38-expression CD38 protein abundance increased across 0–1,000 µM boric-acid exposure in DU-145 cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The cells increased CD38 protein; more protein does not by itself prove more enzyme activity. organism: Human DU-145 cells; cell-free complex analysis tissue_or_cell_type: Prostate cancer cells experimental_model: Human prostate cancer cell culture and mass spectrometry limitations: These are cell-culture exposures, including concentrations far above usual circulating levels. Adduct detection and calcium responses do not prove cancer prevention or direct channel binding. exposure: Boric acid 100–1,000 µM; methylboronic acid comparator evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/18516691.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5fc4f02e11634c2a2d111a99ee4c6175fe8839a8f28152b656b3c29be6745206", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1733, "text_sha256": "5fc4f02e11634c2a2d111a99ee4c6175fe8839a8f28152b656b3c29be6745206"} [boron-p18516691] Boric acid inhibits stored Ca2+ release in DU-145 prostate cancer cells. (2009). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18516691/ DOI: 10.1007/s10565-008-9085-7
Complete structured claim and evidence
Mass spectrometry detected boric-acid adducts of NAADP in the study of DU-145 calcium signaling.
Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate / NAADP → Boron complex with NAADP source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/18516691.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5fc4f02e11634c2a2d111a99ee4c6175fe8839a8f28152b656b3c29be6745206", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1733, "text_sha256": "5fc4f02e11634c2a2d111a99ee4c6175fe8839a8f28152b656b3c29be6745206"}
experimental_model
Human prostate cancer cell culture and mass spectrometry
exposure
Boric acid 100–1,000 µM; methylboronic acid comparator
limitations
These are cell-culture exposures, including concentrations far above usual circulating levels. Adduct detection and calcium responses do not prove cancer prevention or direct channel binding.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human DU-145 cells; cell-free complex analysis
plain_language
Boron can attach to another calcium-signaling molecule, NAADP, in the chemical assay.
primary_references
[boron-p18516691] Boric acid inhibits stored Ca2+ release in DU-145 prostate cancer cells. (2009). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18516691/ DOI: 10.1007/s10565-008-9085-7
tissue_or_cell_type
Cell-free mass-spectrometry assay associated with the cell study
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 300–311
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human prostate cancer cell culture and mass spectrometry · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-naadp-complex Mass spectrometry detected boric-acid adducts of NAADP in the study of DU-145 calcium signaling. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Boron can attach to another calcium-signaling molecule, NAADP, in the chemical assay. organism: Human DU-145 cells; cell-free complex analysis tissue_or_cell_type: Cell-free mass-spectrometry assay associated with the cell study experimental_model: Human prostate cancer cell culture and mass spectrometry limitations: These are cell-culture exposures, including concentrations far above usual circulating levels. Adduct detection and calcium responses do not prove cancer prevention or direct channel binding. exposure: Boric acid 100–1,000 µM; methylboronic acid comparator evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/18516691.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5fc4f02e11634c2a2d111a99ee4c6175fe8839a8f28152b656b3c29be6745206", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1733, "text_sha256": "5fc4f02e11634c2a2d111a99ee4c6175fe8839a8f28152b656b3c29be6745206"} [boron-p18516691] Boric acid inhibits stored Ca2+ release in DU-145 prostate cancer cells. (2009). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18516691/ DOI: 10.1007/s10565-008-9085-7
Complete structured claim and evidence
Mass spectrometry detected boric-acid adducts of cyclic ADP-ribose in the study of DU-145 calcium signaling.
Cyclic ADP-ribose → Boron complex with cyclic ADP-ribose source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/18516691.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5fc4f02e11634c2a2d111a99ee4c6175fe8839a8f28152b656b3c29be6745206", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1733, "text_sha256": "5fc4f02e11634c2a2d111a99ee4c6175fe8839a8f28152b656b3c29be6745206"}
experimental_model
Human prostate cancer cell culture and mass spectrometry
exposure
Boric acid 100–1,000 µM; methylboronic acid comparator
limitations
These are cell-culture exposures, including concentrations far above usual circulating levels. Adduct detection and calcium responses do not prove cancer prevention or direct channel binding.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human DU-145 cells; cell-free complex analysis
plain_language
The study found a chemical interaction with cADPR, while its cellular role still requires separate evidence.
primary_references
[boron-p18516691] Boric acid inhibits stored Ca2+ release in DU-145 prostate cancer cells. (2009). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18516691/ DOI: 10.1007/s10565-008-9085-7
tissue_or_cell_type
Cell-free mass-spectrometry assay associated with the cell study
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 313–324
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human prostate cancer cell culture and mass spectrometry · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-cadpr-complex-cell-study Mass spectrometry detected boric-acid adducts of cyclic ADP-ribose in the study of DU-145 calcium signaling. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The study found a chemical interaction with cADPR, while its cellular role still requires separate evidence. organism: Human DU-145 cells; cell-free complex analysis tissue_or_cell_type: Cell-free mass-spectrometry assay associated with the cell study experimental_model: Human prostate cancer cell culture and mass spectrometry limitations: These are cell-culture exposures, including concentrations far above usual circulating levels. Adduct detection and calcium responses do not prove cancer prevention or direct channel binding. exposure: Boric acid 100–1,000 µM; methylboronic acid comparator evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/18516691.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5fc4f02e11634c2a2d111a99ee4c6175fe8839a8f28152b656b3c29be6745206", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1733, "text_sha256": "5fc4f02e11634c2a2d111a99ee4c6175fe8839a8f28152b656b3c29be6745206"} [boron-p18516691] Boric acid inhibits stored Ca2+ release in DU-145 prostate cancer cells. (2009). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18516691/ DOI: 10.1007/s10565-008-9085-7
Complete structured claim and evidence
Boric acid reduced calcium release evoked by ryanodine-receptor agonists in DU-145 cells; cADPR inhibition was detected at 50 µM and responses to other agonists at different concentrations.
Boric acid / orthoboric acid / B(OH)3 → Intracellular calcium-store release source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/19554099.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "17bd65bde36f54d1bb0688118212419b31643b9fc61323d12ef1ad6a78a173bb", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1809, "text_sha256": "17bd65bde36f54d1bb0688118212419b31643b9fc61323d12ef1ad6a78a173bb"}
experimental_model
Calcium imaging and flow cytometry in three human prostate cell lines
exposure
Boric acid 1–150 µM depending on agonist and cell line; DU-145 storage assay 50 µM for 1 hour
limitations
RyR-sensitive flux is not proof of direct binding to a particular RyR isoform. Cell-line exposure responses do not establish dietary prevention of prostate cancer.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human DU-145, LNCaP and PWR1E cells
plain_language
Boric acid changed release from a particular calcium store in these cells.
primary_references
[boron-p19554099] Receptor activated Ca(2+) release is inhibited by boric acid in prostate cancer cells. (2009). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19554099/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006009
tissue_or_cell_type
Cancer and non-tumor prostate cell cultures
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 326–337
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Calcium imaging and flow cytometry in three human prostate cell lines · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-ryr-sensitive-calcium Boric acid reduced calcium release evoked by ryanodine-receptor agonists in DU-145 cells; cADPR inhibition was detected at 50 µM and responses to other agonists at different concentrations. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Boric acid changed release from a particular calcium store in these cells. organism: Human DU-145, LNCaP and PWR1E cells tissue_or_cell_type: Cancer and non-tumor prostate cell cultures experimental_model: Calcium imaging and flow cytometry in three human prostate cell lines limitations: RyR-sensitive flux is not proof of direct binding to a particular RyR isoform. Cell-line exposure responses do not establish dietary prevention of prostate cancer. exposure: Boric acid 1–150 µM depending on agonist and cell line; DU-145 storage assay 50 µM for 1 hour evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/19554099.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "17bd65bde36f54d1bb0688118212419b31643b9fc61323d12ef1ad6a78a173bb", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1809, "text_sha256": "17bd65bde36f54d1bb0688118212419b31643b9fc61323d12ef1ad6a78a173bb"} [boron-p19554099] Receptor activated Ca(2+) release is inhibited by boric acid in prostate cancer cells. (2009). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19554099/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006009
Complete structured claim and evidence
Exposure to 50 µM boric acid for one hour reduced stored calcium by 32% in DU-145 cells.
Boric acid / orthoboric acid / B(OH)3 → Endoplasmic-reticulum calcium storage source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/19554099.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "17bd65bde36f54d1bb0688118212419b31643b9fc61323d12ef1ad6a78a173bb", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1809, "text_sha256": "17bd65bde36f54d1bb0688118212419b31643b9fc61323d12ef1ad6a78a173bb"}
experimental_model
Calcium imaging and flow cytometry in three human prostate cell lines
exposure
Boric acid 1–150 µM depending on agonist and cell line; DU-145 storage assay 50 µM for 1 hour
limitations
RyR-sensitive flux is not proof of direct binding to a particular RyR isoform. Cell-line exposure responses do not establish dietary prevention of prostate cancer.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human DU-145, LNCaP and PWR1E cells
plain_language
Less calcium remained in the measured internal stores after exposure.
primary_references
[boron-p19554099] Receptor activated Ca(2+) release is inhibited by boric acid in prostate cancer cells. (2009). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19554099/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006009
tissue_or_cell_type
Cancer and non-tumor prostate cell cultures
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 339–350
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Calcium imaging and flow cytometry in three human prostate cell lines · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-er-calcium-storage Exposure to 50 µM boric acid for one hour reduced stored calcium by 32% in DU-145 cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Less calcium remained in the measured internal stores after exposure. organism: Human DU-145, LNCaP and PWR1E cells tissue_or_cell_type: Cancer and non-tumor prostate cell cultures experimental_model: Calcium imaging and flow cytometry in three human prostate cell lines limitations: RyR-sensitive flux is not proof of direct binding to a particular RyR isoform. Cell-line exposure responses do not establish dietary prevention of prostate cancer. exposure: Boric acid 1–150 µM depending on agonist and cell line; DU-145 storage assay 50 µM for 1 hour evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/19554099.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "17bd65bde36f54d1bb0688118212419b31643b9fc61323d12ef1ad6a78a173bb", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1809, "text_sha256": "17bd65bde36f54d1bb0688118212419b31643b9fc61323d12ef1ad6a78a173bb"} [boron-p19554099] Receptor activated Ca(2+) release is inhibited by boric acid in prostate cancer cells. (2009). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19554099/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006009
Complete structured claim and evidence
Significant inhibition of caffeine-evoked calcium release required 20 µM boric acid in LNCaP cells and 150 µM in non-tumor PWR1E cells.
Boric acid / orthoboric acid / B(OH)3 → Intracellular calcium-store release source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/19554099.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "17bd65bde36f54d1bb0688118212419b31643b9fc61323d12ef1ad6a78a173bb", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1809, "text_sha256": "17bd65bde36f54d1bb0688118212419b31643b9fc61323d12ef1ad6a78a173bb"}
experimental_model
Calcium imaging and flow cytometry in three human prostate cell lines
exposure
Boric acid 1–150 µM depending on agonist and cell line; DU-145 storage assay 50 µM for 1 hour
limitations
RyR-sensitive flux is not proof of direct binding to a particular RyR isoform. Cell-line exposure responses do not establish dietary prevention of prostate cancer.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human DU-145, LNCaP and PWR1E cells
plain_language
Different prostate cell types needed different concentrations for the measured response.
primary_references
[boron-p19554099] Receptor activated Ca(2+) release is inhibited by boric acid in prostate cancer cells. (2009). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19554099/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006009
tissue_or_cell_type
Cancer and non-tumor prostate cell cultures
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 352–363
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Calcium imaging and flow cytometry in three human prostate cell lines · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-cell-type-calcium-threshold Significant inhibition of caffeine-evoked calcium release required 20 µM boric acid in LNCaP cells and 150 µM in non-tumor PWR1E cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Different prostate cell types needed different concentrations for the measured response. organism: Human DU-145, LNCaP and PWR1E cells tissue_or_cell_type: Cancer and non-tumor prostate cell cultures experimental_model: Calcium imaging and flow cytometry in three human prostate cell lines limitations: RyR-sensitive flux is not proof of direct binding to a particular RyR isoform. Cell-line exposure responses do not establish dietary prevention of prostate cancer. exposure: Boric acid 1–150 µM depending on agonist and cell line; DU-145 storage assay 50 µM for 1 hour evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/19554099.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "17bd65bde36f54d1bb0688118212419b31643b9fc61323d12ef1ad6a78a173bb", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1809, "text_sha256": "17bd65bde36f54d1bb0688118212419b31643b9fc61323d12ef1ad6a78a173bb"} [boron-p19554099] Receptor activated Ca(2+) release is inhibited by boric acid in prostate cancer cells. (2009). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19554099/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006009
Complete structured claim and evidence
Boric-acid treatment induced stress granules and mild activation of the eIF2α/ATF4 response in DU-145 cells.
Boric acid / orthoboric acid / B(OH)3 → Stress granule formation source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/25425213.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5bd1560c24d673e3b1d1fc3d44f0c910ac981ffd2f53a3b90c6259f136c69fca", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1068, "text_sha256": "5bd1560c24d673e3b1d1fc3d44f0c910ac981ffd2f53a3b90c6259f136c69fca"}
experimental_model
Human prostate cancer cell stress-response assays
exposure
Boric-acid exposure in the physiological-range conditions reported by the study
limitations
This study measured stress responses in a tumor cell line. Proposed consequences for bone differentiation or cancer risk were not tested clinical outcomes.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human DU-145 cells
plain_language
These cells reorganized parts of their protein-making machinery as a mild stress response.
primary_references
[boron-p25425213] Boric acid induces cytoplasmic stress granule formation, eIF2α phosphorylation, and ATF4 in prostate DU-145 cells. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25425213/ DOI: 10.1007/s10534-014-9809-5
tissue_or_cell_type
Prostate cancer cell culture
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 365–376
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human prostate cancer cell stress-response assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-stress-granules Boric-acid treatment induced stress granules and mild activation of the eIF2α/ATF4 response in DU-145 cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: These cells reorganized parts of their protein-making machinery as a mild stress response. organism: Human DU-145 cells tissue_or_cell_type: Prostate cancer cell culture experimental_model: Human prostate cancer cell stress-response assays limitations: This study measured stress responses in a tumor cell line. Proposed consequences for bone differentiation or cancer risk were not tested clinical outcomes. exposure: Boric-acid exposure in the physiological-range conditions reported by the study evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/25425213.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5bd1560c24d673e3b1d1fc3d44f0c910ac981ffd2f53a3b90c6259f136c69fca", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1068, "text_sha256": "5bd1560c24d673e3b1d1fc3d44f0c910ac981ffd2f53a3b90c6259f136c69fca"} [boron-p25425213] Boric acid induces cytoplasmic stress granule formation, eIF2α phosphorylation, and ATF4 in prostate DU-145 cells. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25425213/ DOI: 10.1007/s10534-014-9809-5
Complete structured claim and evidence
Boric acid increased total eIF2α protein at 30 minutes in DU-145 cells.
Boric acid / orthoboric acid / B(OH)3 → Human eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha / eIF2α / EIF2S1 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/27587023.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "421c3ea56e2b1058bb780928a63bb648246560a0ba3a070d82dc3fdd37ff0725", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1886, "text_sha256": "421c3ea56e2b1058bb780928a63bb648246560a0ba3a070d82dc3fdd37ff0725"}
experimental_model
Time-course immunoblotting and ER-stress gene expression
exposure
10 µM boric acid; early time points from 30 minutes
limitations
Expression changes do not establish direct molecular targets or clinical effects. Total eIF2α abundance is distinct from Ser51 phosphorylation. The study did not activate every ER-stress branch.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human DU-145 cells
plain_language
The amount of a translation-control protein increased; this measurement is distinct from its phosphorylation.
primary_references
[boron-p27587023] Activation of the EIF2α/ATF4 and ATF6 Pathways in DU-145 Cells by Boric Acid at the Concentration Reported in Men at the US Mean Boron Intake. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27587023/ DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0824-y
tissue_or_cell_type
Prostate cancer cell culture
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 378–389
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Time-course immunoblotting and ER-stress gene expression · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-eif2alpha-abundance Boric acid increased total eIF2α protein at 30 minutes in DU-145 cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The amount of a translation-control protein increased; this measurement is distinct from its phosphorylation. organism: Human DU-145 cells tissue_or_cell_type: Prostate cancer cell culture experimental_model: Time-course immunoblotting and ER-stress gene expression limitations: Expression changes do not establish direct molecular targets or clinical effects. Total eIF2α abundance is distinct from Ser51 phosphorylation. The study did not activate every ER-stress branch. exposure: 10 µM boric acid; early time points from 30 minutes evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/27587023.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "421c3ea56e2b1058bb780928a63bb648246560a0ba3a070d82dc3fdd37ff0725", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1886, "text_sha256": "421c3ea56e2b1058bb780928a63bb648246560a0ba3a070d82dc3fdd37ff0725"} [boron-p27587023] Activation of the EIF2α/ATF4 and ATF6 Pathways in DU-145 Cells by Boric Acid at the Concentration Reported in Men at the US Mean Boron Intake. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27587023/ DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0824-y
Complete structured claim and evidence
Boric acid increased ATF4 protein at one hour in DU-145 cells.
Boric acid / orthoboric acid / B(OH)3 → Human activating transcription factor 4 / ATF4 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/27587023.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "421c3ea56e2b1058bb780928a63bb648246560a0ba3a070d82dc3fdd37ff0725", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1886, "text_sha256": "421c3ea56e2b1058bb780928a63bb648246560a0ba3a070d82dc3fdd37ff0725"}
experimental_model
Time-course immunoblotting and ER-stress gene expression
exposure
10 µM boric acid; early time points from 30 minutes
limitations
Expression changes do not establish direct molecular targets or clinical effects. Total eIF2α abundance is distinct from Ser51 phosphorylation. The study did not activate every ER-stress branch.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human DU-145 cells
plain_language
A regulator of the cellular stress response increased.
primary_references
[boron-p27587023] Activation of the EIF2α/ATF4 and ATF6 Pathways in DU-145 Cells by Boric Acid at the Concentration Reported in Men at the US Mean Boron Intake. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27587023/ DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0824-y
tissue_or_cell_type
Prostate cancer cell culture
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 391–402
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Time-course immunoblotting and ER-stress gene expression · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-atf4-abundance Boric acid increased ATF4 protein at one hour in DU-145 cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A regulator of the cellular stress response increased. organism: Human DU-145 cells tissue_or_cell_type: Prostate cancer cell culture experimental_model: Time-course immunoblotting and ER-stress gene expression limitations: Expression changes do not establish direct molecular targets or clinical effects. Total eIF2α abundance is distinct from Ser51 phosphorylation. The study did not activate every ER-stress branch. exposure: 10 µM boric acid; early time points from 30 minutes evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/27587023.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "421c3ea56e2b1058bb780928a63bb648246560a0ba3a070d82dc3fdd37ff0725", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1886, "text_sha256": "421c3ea56e2b1058bb780928a63bb648246560a0ba3a070d82dc3fdd37ff0725"} [boron-p27587023] Activation of the EIF2α/ATF4 and ATF6 Pathways in DU-145 Cells by Boric Acid at the Concentration Reported in Men at the US Mean Boron Intake. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27587023/ DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0824-y
Complete structured claim and evidence
Boric acid increased ATF6 protein at 30 minutes in DU-145 cells.
Boric acid / orthoboric acid / B(OH)3 → Human activating transcription factor 6 / ATF6 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/27587023.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "421c3ea56e2b1058bb780928a63bb648246560a0ba3a070d82dc3fdd37ff0725", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1886, "text_sha256": "421c3ea56e2b1058bb780928a63bb648246560a0ba3a070d82dc3fdd37ff0725"}
experimental_model
Time-course immunoblotting and ER-stress gene expression
exposure
10 µM boric acid; early time points from 30 minutes
limitations
Expression changes do not establish direct molecular targets or clinical effects. Total eIF2α abundance is distinct from Ser51 phosphorylation. The study did not activate every ER-stress branch.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human DU-145 cells
plain_language
A separate regulator of the ER stress response increased.
primary_references
[boron-p27587023] Activation of the EIF2α/ATF4 and ATF6 Pathways in DU-145 Cells by Boric Acid at the Concentration Reported in Men at the US Mean Boron Intake. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27587023/ DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0824-y
tissue_or_cell_type
Prostate cancer cell culture
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 404–415
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Time-course immunoblotting and ER-stress gene expression · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-atf6-abundance Boric acid increased ATF6 protein at 30 minutes in DU-145 cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A separate regulator of the ER stress response increased. organism: Human DU-145 cells tissue_or_cell_type: Prostate cancer cell culture experimental_model: Time-course immunoblotting and ER-stress gene expression limitations: Expression changes do not establish direct molecular targets or clinical effects. Total eIF2α abundance is distinct from Ser51 phosphorylation. The study did not activate every ER-stress branch. exposure: 10 µM boric acid; early time points from 30 minutes evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/27587023.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "421c3ea56e2b1058bb780928a63bb648246560a0ba3a070d82dc3fdd37ff0725", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1886, "text_sha256": "421c3ea56e2b1058bb780928a63bb648246560a0ba3a070d82dc3fdd37ff0725"} [boron-p27587023] Activation of the EIF2α/ATF4 and ATF6 Pathways in DU-145 Cells by Boric Acid at the Concentration Reported in Men at the US Mean Boron Intake. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27587023/ DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0824-y
Complete structured claim and evidence
Boric-acid treatment increased GADD34 expression alongside the ATF4 response in DU-145 cells.
Boric acid / orthoboric acid / B(OH)3 → Human GADD34 / PPP1R15A source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/27587023.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "421c3ea56e2b1058bb780928a63bb648246560a0ba3a070d82dc3fdd37ff0725", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1886, "text_sha256": "421c3ea56e2b1058bb780928a63bb648246560a0ba3a070d82dc3fdd37ff0725"}
experimental_model
Time-course immunoblotting and ER-stress gene expression
exposure
10 µM boric acid; early time points from 30 minutes
limitations
Expression changes do not establish direct molecular targets or clinical effects. Total eIF2α abundance is distinct from Ser51 phosphorylation. The study did not activate every ER-stress branch.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human DU-145 cells
plain_language
A feedback component of the stress response increased.
primary_references
[boron-p27587023] Activation of the EIF2α/ATF4 and ATF6 Pathways in DU-145 Cells by Boric Acid at the Concentration Reported in Men at the US Mean Boron Intake. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27587023/ DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0824-y
tissue_or_cell_type
Prostate cancer cell culture
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 417–428
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Time-course immunoblotting and ER-stress gene expression · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-gadd34-expression Boric-acid treatment increased GADD34 expression alongside the ATF4 response in DU-145 cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A feedback component of the stress response increased. organism: Human DU-145 cells tissue_or_cell_type: Prostate cancer cell culture experimental_model: Time-course immunoblotting and ER-stress gene expression limitations: Expression changes do not establish direct molecular targets or clinical effects. Total eIF2α abundance is distinct from Ser51 phosphorylation. The study did not activate every ER-stress branch. exposure: 10 µM boric acid; early time points from 30 minutes evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/27587023.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "421c3ea56e2b1058bb780928a63bb648246560a0ba3a070d82dc3fdd37ff0725", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1886, "text_sha256": "421c3ea56e2b1058bb780928a63bb648246560a0ba3a070d82dc3fdd37ff0725"} [boron-p27587023] Activation of the EIF2α/ATF4 and ATF6 Pathways in DU-145 Cells by Boric Acid at the Concentration Reported in Men at the US Mean Boron Intake. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27587023/ DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0824-y
Complete structured claim and evidence
Boric-acid treatment increased HERP expression alongside the ATF4 response in DU-145 cells.
Boric acid / orthoboric acid / B(OH)3 → Human homocysteine-responsive ER-resident ubiquitin-like domain member 1 / HERPUD1 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/27587023.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "421c3ea56e2b1058bb780928a63bb648246560a0ba3a070d82dc3fdd37ff0725", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1886, "text_sha256": "421c3ea56e2b1058bb780928a63bb648246560a0ba3a070d82dc3fdd37ff0725"}
experimental_model
Time-course immunoblotting and ER-stress gene expression
exposure
10 µM boric acid; early time points from 30 minutes
limitations
Expression changes do not establish direct molecular targets or clinical effects. Total eIF2α abundance is distinct from Ser51 phosphorylation. The study did not activate every ER-stress branch.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human DU-145 cells
plain_language
A protein involved in handling ER stress increased; its name does not show that boron changes homocysteine metabolism.
primary_references
[boron-p27587023] Activation of the EIF2α/ATF4 and ATF6 Pathways in DU-145 Cells by Boric Acid at the Concentration Reported in Men at the US Mean Boron Intake. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27587023/ DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0824-y
tissue_or_cell_type
Prostate cancer cell culture
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 430–441
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Time-course immunoblotting and ER-stress gene expression · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-herp-expression Boric-acid treatment increased HERP expression alongside the ATF4 response in DU-145 cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A protein involved in handling ER stress increased; its name does not show that boron changes homocysteine metabolism. organism: Human DU-145 cells tissue_or_cell_type: Prostate cancer cell culture experimental_model: Time-course immunoblotting and ER-stress gene expression limitations: Expression changes do not establish direct molecular targets or clinical effects. Total eIF2α abundance is distinct from Ser51 phosphorylation. The study did not activate every ER-stress branch. exposure: 10 µM boric acid; early time points from 30 minutes evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/27587023.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "421c3ea56e2b1058bb780928a63bb648246560a0ba3a070d82dc3fdd37ff0725", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1886, "text_sha256": "421c3ea56e2b1058bb780928a63bb648246560a0ba3a070d82dc3fdd37ff0725"} [boron-p27587023] Activation of the EIF2α/ATF4 and ATF6 Pathways in DU-145 Cells by Boric Acid at the Concentration Reported in Men at the US Mean Boron Intake. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27587023/ DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0824-y
Complete structured claim and evidence
Boric-acid treatment increased GRP78/BiP expression alongside the ATF6 response in DU-145 cells.
Boric acid / orthoboric acid / B(OH)3 → Human GRP78 / BiP / HSPA5 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/27587023.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "421c3ea56e2b1058bb780928a63bb648246560a0ba3a070d82dc3fdd37ff0725", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1886, "text_sha256": "421c3ea56e2b1058bb780928a63bb648246560a0ba3a070d82dc3fdd37ff0725"}
experimental_model
Time-course immunoblotting and ER-stress gene expression
exposure
10 µM boric acid; early time points from 30 minutes
limitations
Expression changes do not establish direct molecular targets or clinical effects. Total eIF2α abundance is distinct from Ser51 phosphorylation. The study did not activate every ER-stress branch.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human DU-145 cells
plain_language
The cells increased an ER protein-folding helper.
primary_references
[boron-p27587023] Activation of the EIF2α/ATF4 and ATF6 Pathways in DU-145 Cells by Boric Acid at the Concentration Reported in Men at the US Mean Boron Intake. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27587023/ DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0824-y
tissue_or_cell_type
Prostate cancer cell culture
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 443–454
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Time-course immunoblotting and ER-stress gene expression · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-bip-expression Boric-acid treatment increased GRP78/BiP expression alongside the ATF6 response in DU-145 cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The cells increased an ER protein-folding helper. organism: Human DU-145 cells tissue_or_cell_type: Prostate cancer cell culture experimental_model: Time-course immunoblotting and ER-stress gene expression limitations: Expression changes do not establish direct molecular targets or clinical effects. Total eIF2α abundance is distinct from Ser51 phosphorylation. The study did not activate every ER-stress branch. exposure: 10 µM boric acid; early time points from 30 minutes evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/27587023.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "421c3ea56e2b1058bb780928a63bb648246560a0ba3a070d82dc3fdd37ff0725", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1886, "text_sha256": "421c3ea56e2b1058bb780928a63bb648246560a0ba3a070d82dc3fdd37ff0725"} [boron-p27587023] Activation of the EIF2α/ATF4 and ATF6 Pathways in DU-145 Cells by Boric Acid at the Concentration Reported in Men at the US Mean Boron Intake. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27587023/ DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0824-y
Complete structured claim and evidence
Boric-acid treatment increased calreticulin expression in DU-145 cells.
Boric acid / orthoboric acid / B(OH)3 → Human calreticulin / CALR source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/27587023.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "421c3ea56e2b1058bb780928a63bb648246560a0ba3a070d82dc3fdd37ff0725", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1886, "text_sha256": "421c3ea56e2b1058bb780928a63bb648246560a0ba3a070d82dc3fdd37ff0725"}
experimental_model
Time-course immunoblotting and ER-stress gene expression
exposure
10 µM boric acid; early time points from 30 minutes
limitations
Expression changes do not establish direct molecular targets or clinical effects. Total eIF2α abundance is distinct from Ser51 phosphorylation. The study did not activate every ER-stress branch.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human DU-145 cells
plain_language
The cells increased another protein involved in ER folding and calcium handling.
primary_references
[boron-p27587023] Activation of the EIF2α/ATF4 and ATF6 Pathways in DU-145 Cells by Boric Acid at the Concentration Reported in Men at the US Mean Boron Intake. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27587023/ DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0824-y
tissue_or_cell_type
Prostate cancer cell culture
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 456–467
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Time-course immunoblotting and ER-stress gene expression · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-calreticulin-expression Boric-acid treatment increased calreticulin expression in DU-145 cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The cells increased another protein involved in ER folding and calcium handling. organism: Human DU-145 cells tissue_or_cell_type: Prostate cancer cell culture experimental_model: Time-course immunoblotting and ER-stress gene expression limitations: Expression changes do not establish direct molecular targets or clinical effects. Total eIF2α abundance is distinct from Ser51 phosphorylation. The study did not activate every ER-stress branch. exposure: 10 µM boric acid; early time points from 30 minutes evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/27587023.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "421c3ea56e2b1058bb780928a63bb648246560a0ba3a070d82dc3fdd37ff0725", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1886, "text_sha256": "421c3ea56e2b1058bb780928a63bb648246560a0ba3a070d82dc3fdd37ff0725"} [boron-p27587023] Activation of the EIF2α/ATF4 and ATF6 Pathways in DU-145 Cells by Boric Acid at the Concentration Reported in Men at the US Mean Boron Intake. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27587023/ DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0824-y
Complete structured claim and evidence
Boric-acid treatment increased GRP94 expression in DU-145 cells.
Boric acid / orthoboric acid / B(OH)3 → Human GRP94 / HSP90B1 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/27587023.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "421c3ea56e2b1058bb780928a63bb648246560a0ba3a070d82dc3fdd37ff0725", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1886, "text_sha256": "421c3ea56e2b1058bb780928a63bb648246560a0ba3a070d82dc3fdd37ff0725"}
experimental_model
Time-course immunoblotting and ER-stress gene expression
exposure
10 µM boric acid; early time points from 30 minutes
limitations
Expression changes do not establish direct molecular targets or clinical effects. Total eIF2α abundance is distinct from Ser51 phosphorylation. The study did not activate every ER-stress branch.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human DU-145 cells
plain_language
An additional ER protein-folding helper increased.
primary_references
[boron-p27587023] Activation of the EIF2α/ATF4 and ATF6 Pathways in DU-145 Cells by Boric Acid at the Concentration Reported in Men at the US Mean Boron Intake. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27587023/ DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0824-y
tissue_or_cell_type
Prostate cancer cell culture
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 469–480
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Time-course immunoblotting and ER-stress gene expression · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-grp94-expression Boric-acid treatment increased GRP94 expression in DU-145 cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: An additional ER protein-folding helper increased. organism: Human DU-145 cells tissue_or_cell_type: Prostate cancer cell culture experimental_model: Time-course immunoblotting and ER-stress gene expression limitations: Expression changes do not establish direct molecular targets or clinical effects. Total eIF2α abundance is distinct from Ser51 phosphorylation. The study did not activate every ER-stress branch. exposure: 10 µM boric acid; early time points from 30 minutes evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/27587023.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "421c3ea56e2b1058bb780928a63bb648246560a0ba3a070d82dc3fdd37ff0725", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1886, "text_sha256": "421c3ea56e2b1058bb780928a63bb648246560a0ba3a070d82dc3fdd37ff0725"} [boron-p27587023] Activation of the EIF2α/ATF4 and ATF6 Pathways in DU-145 Cells by Boric Acid at the Concentration Reported in Men at the US Mean Boron Intake. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27587023/ DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0824-y
Complete structured claim and evidence
Boric-acid treatment decreased the pro-apoptotic CHOP/GADD153 response in DU-145 cells despite increasing several other ER-stress-associated genes.
Boric acid / orthoboric acid / B(OH)3 → Human CHOP / GADD153 / DDIT3 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/27587023.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "421c3ea56e2b1058bb780928a63bb648246560a0ba3a070d82dc3fdd37ff0725", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1886, "text_sha256": "421c3ea56e2b1058bb780928a63bb648246560a0ba3a070d82dc3fdd37ff0725"}
experimental_model
Time-course immunoblotting and ER-stress gene expression
exposure
10 µM boric acid; early time points from 30 minutes
limitations
Expression changes do not establish direct molecular targets or clinical effects. Total eIF2α abundance is distinct from Ser51 phosphorylation. The study did not activate every ER-stress branch.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human DU-145 cells
plain_language
The stress response was selective; a signal linked to cell death decreased.
primary_references
[boron-p27587023] Activation of the EIF2α/ATF4 and ATF6 Pathways in DU-145 Cells by Boric Acid at the Concentration Reported in Men at the US Mean Boron Intake. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27587023/ DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0824-y
tissue_or_cell_type
Prostate cancer cell culture
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 482–493
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Time-course immunoblotting and ER-stress gene expression · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-chop-expression Boric-acid treatment decreased the pro-apoptotic CHOP/GADD153 response in DU-145 cells despite increasing several other ER-stress-associated genes. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The stress response was selective; a signal linked to cell death decreased. organism: Human DU-145 cells tissue_or_cell_type: Prostate cancer cell culture experimental_model: Time-course immunoblotting and ER-stress gene expression limitations: Expression changes do not establish direct molecular targets or clinical effects. Total eIF2α abundance is distinct from Ser51 phosphorylation. The study did not activate every ER-stress branch. exposure: 10 µM boric acid; early time points from 30 minutes evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/27587023.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "421c3ea56e2b1058bb780928a63bb648246560a0ba3a070d82dc3fdd37ff0725", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1886, "text_sha256": "421c3ea56e2b1058bb780928a63bb648246560a0ba3a070d82dc3fdd37ff0725"} [boron-p27587023] Activation of the EIF2α/ATF4 and ATF6 Pathways in DU-145 Cells by Boric Acid at the Concentration Reported in Men at the US Mean Boron Intake. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27587023/ DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0824-y
Complete structured claim and evidence
Boric acid induced eIF2α Ser51 phosphorylation in wild-type mouse fibroblasts at one hour, but not in Perk-null cells tested for up to six hours.
Mouse PERK / Eif2ak3 → Mouse eIF2α / Eif2s1 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
availability_state
machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/30196486.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e220df5fb0f9b8653035f7a144259ce66778467a7a72acbf7cd7d113f8b6030a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2006, "text_sha256": "e220df5fb0f9b8653035f7a144259ce66778467a7a72acbf7cd7d113f8b6030a"}
experimental_model
PERK knockout comparison, immunofluorescence and quantitative PCR
exposure
10 µM boric acid; 1–6 hour comparisons
limitations
Knockout dependence in mouse fibroblasts is separate from human tumor-cell transcription. Increased GCLC mRNA is not a measured increase in glutathione synthesis or clinical antioxidant benefit.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Mouse embryonic fibroblasts and human DU-145 cells
plain_language
Removing PERK blocked this step of the boric-acid response.
primary_references
[boron-p30196486] Boric Acid Activation of eIF2α and Nrf2 Is PERK Dependent: a Mechanism that Explains How Boron Prevents DNA Damage and Enhances Antioxidant Status. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30196486/ DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1498-4
tissue_or_cell_type
Cell culture
trigger_kind
machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 495–506
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · PERK knockout comparison, immunofluorescence and quantitative PCR · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-perk-eif2alpha-dependence Boric acid induced eIF2α Ser51 phosphorylation in wild-type mouse fibroblasts at one hour, but not in Perk-null cells tested for up to six hours. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Removing PERK blocked this step of the boric-acid response. organism: Mouse embryonic fibroblasts and human DU-145 cells tissue_or_cell_type: Cell culture experimental_model: PERK knockout comparison, immunofluorescence and quantitative PCR limitations: Knockout dependence in mouse fibroblasts is separate from human tumor-cell transcription. Increased GCLC mRNA is not a measured increase in glutathione synthesis or clinical antioxidant benefit. exposure: 10 µM boric acid; 1–6 hour comparisons evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/30196486.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e220df5fb0f9b8653035f7a144259ce66778467a7a72acbf7cd7d113f8b6030a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2006, "text_sha256": "e220df5fb0f9b8653035f7a144259ce66778467a7a72acbf7cd7d113f8b6030a"} [boron-p30196486] Boric Acid Activation of eIF2α and Nrf2 Is PERK Dependent: a Mechanism that Explains How Boron Prevents DNA Damage and Enhances Antioxidant Status. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30196486/ DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1498-4
Complete structured claim and evidence
Boric acid induced Nrf2 nuclear translocation in wild-type mouse fibroblasts but not in Perk-null cells.
Mouse PERK / Eif2ak3 → Mouse Nrf2 / Nfe2l2 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
availability_state
machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/30196486.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e220df5fb0f9b8653035f7a144259ce66778467a7a72acbf7cd7d113f8b6030a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2006, "text_sha256": "e220df5fb0f9b8653035f7a144259ce66778467a7a72acbf7cd7d113f8b6030a"}
experimental_model
PERK knockout comparison, immunofluorescence and quantitative PCR
exposure
10 µM boric acid; 1–6 hour comparisons
limitations
Knockout dependence in mouse fibroblasts is separate from human tumor-cell transcription. Increased GCLC mRNA is not a measured increase in glutathione synthesis or clinical antioxidant benefit.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Mouse embryonic fibroblasts and human DU-145 cells
plain_language
PERK was also needed for the measured movement of Nrf2 into the nucleus.
primary_references
[boron-p30196486] Boric Acid Activation of eIF2α and Nrf2 Is PERK Dependent: a Mechanism that Explains How Boron Prevents DNA Damage and Enhances Antioxidant Status. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30196486/ DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1498-4
tissue_or_cell_type
Cell culture
trigger_kind
machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 508–519
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · PERK knockout comparison, immunofluorescence and quantitative PCR · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-perk-nrf2-dependence Boric acid induced Nrf2 nuclear translocation in wild-type mouse fibroblasts but not in Perk-null cells. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: PERK was also needed for the measured movement of Nrf2 into the nucleus. organism: Mouse embryonic fibroblasts and human DU-145 cells tissue_or_cell_type: Cell culture experimental_model: PERK knockout comparison, immunofluorescence and quantitative PCR limitations: Knockout dependence in mouse fibroblasts is separate from human tumor-cell transcription. Increased GCLC mRNA is not a measured increase in glutathione synthesis or clinical antioxidant benefit. exposure: 10 µM boric acid; 1–6 hour comparisons evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/30196486.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e220df5fb0f9b8653035f7a144259ce66778467a7a72acbf7cd7d113f8b6030a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2006, "text_sha256": "e220df5fb0f9b8653035f7a144259ce66778467a7a72acbf7cd7d113f8b6030a"} [boron-p30196486] Boric Acid Activation of eIF2α and Nrf2 Is PERK Dependent: a Mechanism that Explains How Boron Prevents DNA Damage and Enhances Antioxidant Status. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30196486/ DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1498-4
Complete structured claim and evidence
Nrf2 moved from the cytoplasm to the nucleus at 1.5–2 hours after boric-acid treatment of human DU-145 cells.
Boric acid / orthoboric acid / B(OH)3 → Nrf2 nuclear localization source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/30196486.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e220df5fb0f9b8653035f7a144259ce66778467a7a72acbf7cd7d113f8b6030a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2006, "text_sha256": "e220df5fb0f9b8653035f7a144259ce66778467a7a72acbf7cd7d113f8b6030a"}
experimental_model
PERK knockout comparison, immunofluorescence and quantitative PCR
exposure
10 µM boric acid; 1–6 hour comparisons
limitations
Knockout dependence in mouse fibroblasts is separate from human tumor-cell transcription. Increased GCLC mRNA is not a measured increase in glutathione synthesis or clinical antioxidant benefit.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human
plain_language
An antioxidant-response regulator moved to the place where it can influence gene expression.
primary_references
[boron-p30196486] Boric Acid Activation of eIF2α and Nrf2 Is PERK Dependent: a Mechanism that Explains How Boron Prevents DNA Damage and Enhances Antioxidant Status. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30196486/ DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1498-4
tissue_or_cell_type
DU-145 prostate cancer cell culture
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 521–532
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · PERK knockout comparison, immunofluorescence and quantitative PCR · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-human-nrf2-localization Nrf2 moved from the cytoplasm to the nucleus at 1.5–2 hours after boric-acid treatment of human DU-145 cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: An antioxidant-response regulator moved to the place where it can influence gene expression. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: DU-145 prostate cancer cell culture experimental_model: PERK knockout comparison, immunofluorescence and quantitative PCR limitations: Knockout dependence in mouse fibroblasts is separate from human tumor-cell transcription. Increased GCLC mRNA is not a measured increase in glutathione synthesis or clinical antioxidant benefit. exposure: 10 µM boric acid; 1–6 hour comparisons evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/30196486.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e220df5fb0f9b8653035f7a144259ce66778467a7a72acbf7cd7d113f8b6030a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2006, "text_sha256": "e220df5fb0f9b8653035f7a144259ce66778467a7a72acbf7cd7d113f8b6030a"} [boron-p30196486] Boric Acid Activation of eIF2α and Nrf2 Is PERK Dependent: a Mechanism that Explains How Boron Prevents DNA Damage and Enhances Antioxidant Status. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30196486/ DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1498-4
Complete structured claim and evidence
Boric acid increased HMOX1 mRNA at measured time points within 1–4 hours in human DU-145 cells.
Boric acid / orthoboric acid / B(OH)3 → Human heme oxygenase 1 / HMOX1 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/30196486.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e220df5fb0f9b8653035f7a144259ce66778467a7a72acbf7cd7d113f8b6030a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2006, "text_sha256": "e220df5fb0f9b8653035f7a144259ce66778467a7a72acbf7cd7d113f8b6030a"}
experimental_model
PERK knockout comparison, immunofluorescence and quantitative PCR
exposure
10 µM boric acid; 1–6 hour comparisons
limitations
Knockout dependence in mouse fibroblasts is separate from human tumor-cell transcription. Increased GCLC mRNA is not a measured increase in glutathione synthesis or clinical antioxidant benefit.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human
plain_language
The cells increased instructions for HMOX1; this does not measure the protein’s activity or a health benefit.
primary_references
[boron-p30196486] Boric Acid Activation of eIF2α and Nrf2 Is PERK Dependent: a Mechanism that Explains How Boron Prevents DNA Damage and Enhances Antioxidant Status. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30196486/ DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1498-4
tissue_or_cell_type
DU-145 prostate cancer cell culture
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 534–545
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · PERK knockout comparison, immunofluorescence and quantitative PCR · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-hmox1-transcription Boric acid increased HMOX1 mRNA at measured time points within 1–4 hours in human DU-145 cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The cells increased instructions for HMOX1; this does not measure the protein’s activity or a health benefit. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: DU-145 prostate cancer cell culture experimental_model: PERK knockout comparison, immunofluorescence and quantitative PCR limitations: Knockout dependence in mouse fibroblasts is separate from human tumor-cell transcription. Increased GCLC mRNA is not a measured increase in glutathione synthesis or clinical antioxidant benefit. exposure: 10 µM boric acid; 1–6 hour comparisons evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/30196486.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e220df5fb0f9b8653035f7a144259ce66778467a7a72acbf7cd7d113f8b6030a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2006, "text_sha256": "e220df5fb0f9b8653035f7a144259ce66778467a7a72acbf7cd7d113f8b6030a"} [boron-p30196486] Boric Acid Activation of eIF2α and Nrf2 Is PERK Dependent: a Mechanism that Explains How Boron Prevents DNA Damage and Enhances Antioxidant Status. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30196486/ DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1498-4
Complete structured claim and evidence
Boric acid increased NQO1 mRNA at measured time points within 1–4 hours in human DU-145 cells.
Boric acid / orthoboric acid / B(OH)3 → Human NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 / NQO1 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/30196486.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e220df5fb0f9b8653035f7a144259ce66778467a7a72acbf7cd7d113f8b6030a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2006, "text_sha256": "e220df5fb0f9b8653035f7a144259ce66778467a7a72acbf7cd7d113f8b6030a"}
experimental_model
PERK knockout comparison, immunofluorescence and quantitative PCR
exposure
10 µM boric acid; 1–6 hour comparisons
limitations
Knockout dependence in mouse fibroblasts is separate from human tumor-cell transcription. Increased GCLC mRNA is not a measured increase in glutathione synthesis or clinical antioxidant benefit.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human
plain_language
The cells increased instructions for NQO1; this does not measure the protein’s activity or a health benefit.
primary_references
[boron-p30196486] Boric Acid Activation of eIF2α and Nrf2 Is PERK Dependent: a Mechanism that Explains How Boron Prevents DNA Damage and Enhances Antioxidant Status. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30196486/ DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1498-4
tissue_or_cell_type
DU-145 prostate cancer cell culture
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 547–558
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · PERK knockout comparison, immunofluorescence and quantitative PCR · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-nqo1-transcription Boric acid increased NQO1 mRNA at measured time points within 1–4 hours in human DU-145 cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The cells increased instructions for NQO1; this does not measure the protein’s activity or a health benefit. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: DU-145 prostate cancer cell culture experimental_model: PERK knockout comparison, immunofluorescence and quantitative PCR limitations: Knockout dependence in mouse fibroblasts is separate from human tumor-cell transcription. Increased GCLC mRNA is not a measured increase in glutathione synthesis or clinical antioxidant benefit. exposure: 10 µM boric acid; 1–6 hour comparisons evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/30196486.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e220df5fb0f9b8653035f7a144259ce66778467a7a72acbf7cd7d113f8b6030a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2006, "text_sha256": "e220df5fb0f9b8653035f7a144259ce66778467a7a72acbf7cd7d113f8b6030a"} [boron-p30196486] Boric Acid Activation of eIF2α and Nrf2 Is PERK Dependent: a Mechanism that Explains How Boron Prevents DNA Damage and Enhances Antioxidant Status. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30196486/ DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1498-4
Complete structured claim and evidence
Boric acid increased GCLC mRNA at measured time points within 1–4 hours in human DU-145 cells.
Boric acid / orthoboric acid / B(OH)3 → Human glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit / GCLC source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/30196486.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e220df5fb0f9b8653035f7a144259ce66778467a7a72acbf7cd7d113f8b6030a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2006, "text_sha256": "e220df5fb0f9b8653035f7a144259ce66778467a7a72acbf7cd7d113f8b6030a"}
experimental_model
PERK knockout comparison, immunofluorescence and quantitative PCR
exposure
10 µM boric acid; 1–6 hour comparisons
limitations
Knockout dependence in mouse fibroblasts is separate from human tumor-cell transcription. Increased GCLC mRNA is not a measured increase in glutathione synthesis or clinical antioxidant benefit.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human
plain_language
The cells increased instructions for GCLC; this does not measure the protein’s activity or a health benefit.
primary_references
[boron-p30196486] Boric Acid Activation of eIF2α and Nrf2 Is PERK Dependent: a Mechanism that Explains How Boron Prevents DNA Damage and Enhances Antioxidant Status. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30196486/ DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1498-4
tissue_or_cell_type
DU-145 prostate cancer cell culture
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 560–571
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · PERK knockout comparison, immunofluorescence and quantitative PCR · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-gclc-transcription Boric acid increased GCLC mRNA at measured time points within 1–4 hours in human DU-145 cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The cells increased instructions for GCLC; this does not measure the protein’s activity or a health benefit. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: DU-145 prostate cancer cell culture experimental_model: PERK knockout comparison, immunofluorescence and quantitative PCR limitations: Knockout dependence in mouse fibroblasts is separate from human tumor-cell transcription. Increased GCLC mRNA is not a measured increase in glutathione synthesis or clinical antioxidant benefit. exposure: 10 µM boric acid; 1–6 hour comparisons evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/30196486.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e220df5fb0f9b8653035f7a144259ce66778467a7a72acbf7cd7d113f8b6030a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2006, "text_sha256": "e220df5fb0f9b8653035f7a144259ce66778467a7a72acbf7cd7d113f8b6030a"} [boron-p30196486] Boric Acid Activation of eIF2α and Nrf2 Is PERK Dependent: a Mechanism that Explains How Boron Prevents DNA Damage and Enhances Antioxidant Status. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30196486/ DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1498-4
Complete structured claim and evidence
Soluble boron increased retrograde actin flow and traction forces in C2C12 myoblasts on fibronectin hydrogels, with responses also dependent on hydrogel stiffness.
Sodium tetraborate / borax → Retrograde actin flow source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/40270477.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e55fb244b3c6f4adc9c4b1ab4ed2e8bb2a866b01bc9b50b16ed85e1f4737aeab", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 997, "text_sha256": "e55fb244b3c6f4adc9c4b1ab4ed2e8bb2a866b01bc9b50b16ed85e1f4737aeab"}
experimental_model
Substrate-stiffness experiments, traction measurements and Slc4a11 silencing
exposure
Soluble boron supplied as borax; reported experimental concentrations 0.59 and 1.47 mM; variable substrate stiffness
limitations
Protein-dependence of a cell-mechanics phenotype does not demonstrate transmembrane borate transport. The authors use the historical transporter label; human transport remains disputed. Matrix coating and exposure are essential context.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Mouse C2C12 myoblasts
plain_language
The boron exposure changed how cultured muscle precursor cells pulled on their surroundings.
primary_references
[boron-p40270477] NaBC1 Boron Transporter Enables Myoblast Response to Substrate Rigidity via Fibronectin-Binding Integrins. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40270477/ DOI: 10.1002/advs.202407548
tissue_or_cell_type
Cells on fibronectin-functionalized polyacrylamide hydrogels
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 573–584
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Substrate-stiffness experiments, traction measurements and Slc4a11 silencing · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-myoblast-mechanics Soluble boron increased retrograde actin flow and traction forces in C2C12 myoblasts on fibronectin hydrogels, with responses also dependent on hydrogel stiffness. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The boron exposure changed how cultured muscle precursor cells pulled on their surroundings. organism: Mouse C2C12 myoblasts tissue_or_cell_type: Cells on fibronectin-functionalized polyacrylamide hydrogels experimental_model: Substrate-stiffness experiments, traction measurements and Slc4a11 silencing limitations: Protein-dependence of a cell-mechanics phenotype does not demonstrate transmembrane borate transport. The authors use the historical transporter label; human transport remains disputed. Matrix coating and exposure are essential context. exposure: Soluble boron supplied as borax; reported experimental concentrations 0.59 and 1.47 mM; variable substrate stiffness evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/40270477.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e55fb244b3c6f4adc9c4b1ab4ed2e8bb2a866b01bc9b50b16ed85e1f4737aeab", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 997, "text_sha256": "e55fb244b3c6f4adc9c4b1ab4ed2e8bb2a866b01bc9b50b16ed85e1f4737aeab"} [boron-p40270477] NaBC1 Boron Transporter Enables Myoblast Response to Substrate Rigidity via Fibronectin-Binding Integrins. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40270477/ DOI: 10.1002/advs.202407548
Complete structured claim and evidence
Slc4a11 silencing abolished the boron-associated enhancement of adhesion and tension in C2C12 cells; replacing fibronectin with laminin-111 also abolished the response.
Mouse Slc4a11 / NaBC1 → Cell adhesion and intracellular mechanical tension source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
availability_state
machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/40270477.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e55fb244b3c6f4adc9c4b1ab4ed2e8bb2a866b01bc9b50b16ed85e1f4737aeab", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 997, "text_sha256": "e55fb244b3c6f4adc9c4b1ab4ed2e8bb2a866b01bc9b50b16ed85e1f4737aeab"}
experimental_model
Substrate-stiffness experiments, traction measurements and Slc4a11 silencing
exposure
Soluble boron supplied as borax; reported experimental concentrations 0.59 and 1.47 mM; variable substrate stiffness
limitations
Protein-dependence of a cell-mechanics phenotype does not demonstrate transmembrane borate transport. The authors use the historical transporter label; human transport remains disputed. Matrix coating and exposure are essential context.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Mouse C2C12 myoblasts
plain_language
Both the protein and the cells’ attachment surface mattered.
primary_references
[boron-p40270477] NaBC1 Boron Transporter Enables Myoblast Response to Substrate Rigidity via Fibronectin-Binding Integrins. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40270477/ DOI: 10.1002/advs.202407548
tissue_or_cell_type
Cells on fibronectin-functionalized polyacrylamide hydrogels
trigger_kind
machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 586–597
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Substrate-stiffness experiments, traction measurements and Slc4a11 silencing · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-myoblast-slc4a11-dependence Slc4a11 silencing abolished the boron-associated enhancement of adhesion and tension in C2C12 cells; replacing fibronectin with laminin-111 also abolished the response. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Both the protein and the cells’ attachment surface mattered. organism: Mouse C2C12 myoblasts tissue_or_cell_type: Cells on fibronectin-functionalized polyacrylamide hydrogels experimental_model: Substrate-stiffness experiments, traction measurements and Slc4a11 silencing limitations: Protein-dependence of a cell-mechanics phenotype does not demonstrate transmembrane borate transport. The authors use the historical transporter label; human transport remains disputed. Matrix coating and exposure are essential context. exposure: Soluble boron supplied as borax; reported experimental concentrations 0.59 and 1.47 mM; variable substrate stiffness evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/40270477.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e55fb244b3c6f4adc9c4b1ab4ed2e8bb2a866b01bc9b50b16ed85e1f4737aeab", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 997, "text_sha256": "e55fb244b3c6f4adc9c4b1ab4ed2e8bb2a866b01bc9b50b16ed85e1f4737aeab"} [boron-p40270477] NaBC1 Boron Transporter Enables Myoblast Response to Substrate Rigidity via Fibronectin-Binding Integrins. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40270477/ DOI: 10.1002/advs.202407548
Complete structured claim and evidence
Boron supplementation reduced urinary magnesium in the 1987 postmenopausal feeding study, apparently more strongly in the low-magnesium group.
Boron → Urinary magnesium excretion source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
availability_state
nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/3678698.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8f95ac01b63502b366e2bd79785b7203deb793d258df065f13cc1e0123c89fb7", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1373, "text_sha256": "8f95ac01b63502b366e2bd79785b7203deb793d258df065f13cc1e0123c89fb7"}
experimental_model
Sequential controlled feeding in a metabolic unit; 12 postmenopausal women
exposure
About 0.25 mg boron/day for 119 days, then 3 mg/day supplement; seven low-magnesium and five adequate-magnesium participants
limitations
Small sequential study, not a fracture or bone-density trial. Diet and magnesium status matter. Later studies did not consistently reproduce the reported effects.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human
plain_language
The measured magnesium loss in urine decreased; this does not by itself demonstrate correction of magnesium deficiency.
primary_references
[boron-p3678698] Effect of dietary boron on mineral, estrogen, and testosterone metabolism in postmenopausal women. (1987). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3678698/ DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.1.5.3678698
tissue_or_cell_type
Systemic mineral balance and circulating hormones
trigger_kind
nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 612–623
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Sequential controlled feeding in a metabolic unit; 12 postmenopausal women · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-human-magnesium-sparing-1987 Boron supplementation reduced urinary magnesium in the 1987 postmenopausal feeding study, apparently more strongly in the low-magnesium group. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The measured magnesium loss in urine decreased; this does not by itself demonstrate correction of magnesium deficiency. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Systemic mineral balance and circulating hormones experimental_model: Sequential controlled feeding in a metabolic unit; 12 postmenopausal women limitations: Small sequential study, not a fracture or bone-density trial. Diet and magnesium status matter. Later studies did not consistently reproduce the reported effects. exposure: About 0.25 mg boron/day for 119 days, then 3 mg/day supplement; seven low-magnesium and five adequate-magnesium participants evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/3678698.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8f95ac01b63502b366e2bd79785b7203deb793d258df065f13cc1e0123c89fb7", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1373, "text_sha256": "8f95ac01b63502b366e2bd79785b7203deb793d258df065f13cc1e0123c89fb7"} [boron-p3678698] Effect of dietary boron on mineral, estrogen, and testosterone metabolism in postmenopausal women. (1987). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3678698/ DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.1.5.3678698
Complete structured claim and evidence
Boron supplementation reduced urinary phosphorus in the low-magnesium group but not the adequate-magnesium group in the 1987 study.
Boron → Urinary phosphorus excretion source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
availability_state
nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/3678698.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8f95ac01b63502b366e2bd79785b7203deb793d258df065f13cc1e0123c89fb7", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1373, "text_sha256": "8f95ac01b63502b366e2bd79785b7203deb793d258df065f13cc1e0123c89fb7"}
experimental_model
Sequential controlled feeding in a metabolic unit; 12 postmenopausal women
exposure
About 0.25 mg boron/day for 119 days, then 3 mg/day supplement; seven low-magnesium and five adequate-magnesium participants
limitations
Small sequential study, not a fracture or bone-density trial. Diet and magnesium status matter. Later studies did not consistently reproduce the reported effects.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human
plain_language
The phosphorus response depended on the background magnesium diet.
primary_references
[boron-p3678698] Effect of dietary boron on mineral, estrogen, and testosterone metabolism in postmenopausal women. (1987). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3678698/ DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.1.5.3678698
tissue_or_cell_type
Systemic mineral balance and circulating hormones
trigger_kind
nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 625–636
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Sequential controlled feeding in a metabolic unit; 12 postmenopausal women · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-human-phosphorus-1987 Boron supplementation reduced urinary phosphorus in the low-magnesium group but not the adequate-magnesium group in the 1987 study. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The phosphorus response depended on the background magnesium diet. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Systemic mineral balance and circulating hormones experimental_model: Sequential controlled feeding in a metabolic unit; 12 postmenopausal women limitations: Small sequential study, not a fracture or bone-density trial. Diet and magnesium status matter. Later studies did not consistently reproduce the reported effects. exposure: About 0.25 mg boron/day for 119 days, then 3 mg/day supplement; seven low-magnesium and five adequate-magnesium participants evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/3678698.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8f95ac01b63502b366e2bd79785b7203deb793d258df065f13cc1e0123c89fb7", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1373, "text_sha256": "8f95ac01b63502b366e2bd79785b7203deb793d258df065f13cc1e0123c89fb7"} [boron-p3678698] Effect of dietary boron on mineral, estrogen, and testosterone metabolism in postmenopausal women. (1987). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3678698/ DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.1.5.3678698
Complete structured claim and evidence
Boron supplementation increased circulating 17β-estradiol in the 1987 postmenopausal feeding study, with an apparently larger response when dietary magnesium was low.
Boron → Circulating estradiol concentration source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
availability_state
nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/3678698.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8f95ac01b63502b366e2bd79785b7203deb793d258df065f13cc1e0123c89fb7", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1373, "text_sha256": "8f95ac01b63502b366e2bd79785b7203deb793d258df065f13cc1e0123c89fb7"}
experimental_model
Sequential controlled feeding in a metabolic unit; 12 postmenopausal women
exposure
About 0.25 mg boron/day for 119 days, then 3 mg/day supplement; seven low-magnesium and five adequate-magnesium participants
limitations
Small sequential study, not a fracture or bone-density trial. Diet and magnesium status matter. Later studies did not consistently reproduce the reported effects.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human
plain_language
A hormone measurement rose in this small study; later findings do not support a reliable hormone-boosting rule.
primary_references
[boron-p3678698] Effect of dietary boron on mineral, estrogen, and testosterone metabolism in postmenopausal women. (1987). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3678698/ DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.1.5.3678698
tissue_or_cell_type
Systemic mineral balance and circulating hormones
trigger_kind
nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 638–649
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Sequential controlled feeding in a metabolic unit; 12 postmenopausal women · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-estradiol-1987 Boron supplementation increased circulating 17β-estradiol in the 1987 postmenopausal feeding study, with an apparently larger response when dietary magnesium was low. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A hormone measurement rose in this small study; later findings do not support a reliable hormone-boosting rule. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Systemic mineral balance and circulating hormones experimental_model: Sequential controlled feeding in a metabolic unit; 12 postmenopausal women limitations: Small sequential study, not a fracture or bone-density trial. Diet and magnesium status matter. Later studies did not consistently reproduce the reported effects. exposure: About 0.25 mg boron/day for 119 days, then 3 mg/day supplement; seven low-magnesium and five adequate-magnesium participants evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/3678698.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8f95ac01b63502b366e2bd79785b7203deb793d258df065f13cc1e0123c89fb7", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1373, "text_sha256": "8f95ac01b63502b366e2bd79785b7203deb793d258df065f13cc1e0123c89fb7"} [boron-p3678698] Effect of dietary boron on mineral, estrogen, and testosterone metabolism in postmenopausal women. (1987). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3678698/ DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.1.5.3678698
Complete structured claim and evidence
Boron supplementation increased circulating testosterone in the 1987 postmenopausal feeding study, with an apparently larger response when dietary magnesium was low.
Boron → Circulating total testosterone concentration source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
availability_state
nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/3678698.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8f95ac01b63502b366e2bd79785b7203deb793d258df065f13cc1e0123c89fb7", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1373, "text_sha256": "8f95ac01b63502b366e2bd79785b7203deb793d258df065f13cc1e0123c89fb7"}
experimental_model
Sequential controlled feeding in a metabolic unit; 12 postmenopausal women
exposure
About 0.25 mg boron/day for 119 days, then 3 mg/day supplement; seven low-magnesium and five adequate-magnesium participants
limitations
Small sequential study, not a fracture or bone-density trial. Diet and magnesium status matter. Later studies did not consistently reproduce the reported effects.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human
plain_language
A hormone measurement rose in this small study; later findings do not support a reliable hormone-boosting rule.
primary_references
[boron-p3678698] Effect of dietary boron on mineral, estrogen, and testosterone metabolism in postmenopausal women. (1987). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3678698/ DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.1.5.3678698
tissue_or_cell_type
Systemic mineral balance and circulating hormones
trigger_kind
nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 651–662
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Sequential controlled feeding in a metabolic unit; 12 postmenopausal women · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-testosterone-1987 Boron supplementation increased circulating testosterone in the 1987 postmenopausal feeding study, with an apparently larger response when dietary magnesium was low. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A hormone measurement rose in this small study; later findings do not support a reliable hormone-boosting rule. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Systemic mineral balance and circulating hormones experimental_model: Sequential controlled feeding in a metabolic unit; 12 postmenopausal women limitations: Small sequential study, not a fracture or bone-density trial. Diet and magnesium status matter. Later studies did not consistently reproduce the reported effects. exposure: About 0.25 mg boron/day for 119 days, then 3 mg/day supplement; seven low-magnesium and five adequate-magnesium participants evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/3678698.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8f95ac01b63502b366e2bd79785b7203deb793d258df065f13cc1e0123c89fb7", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1373, "text_sha256": "8f95ac01b63502b366e2bd79785b7203deb793d258df065f13cc1e0123c89fb7"} [boron-p3678698] Effect of dietary boron on mineral, estrogen, and testosterone metabolism in postmenopausal women. (1987). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3678698/ DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.1.5.3678698
Complete structured claim and evidence
Boron supplementation decreased total urinary oxalate in the low-magnesium group.
Boron → Urinary oxalate excretion source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
availability_state
nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/9062533.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a23cd1fe09277bdd83b690746d4bbaf4742cdd74e51d5b27ee898bd87208b2be", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1720, "text_sha256": "a23cd1fe09277bdd83b690746d4bbaf4742cdd74e51d5b27ee898bd87208b2be"}
experimental_model
Metabolic-ward feeding; 11 postmenopausal volunteers
exposure
167-day study; basal 0.36 mg B and 109 mg Mg/8400 kJ; 3 mg/day B supplement in last two 24-day periods; magnesium supplement 0 or 200 mg/day
limitations
Small study with multiple dietary periods and supplements. Do not assume independence from related reports from the same research program. Urine composition is not a kidney-stone clinical endpoint.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human
plain_language
Less oxalate appeared in urine in this setting; fewer kidney stones were not demonstrated.
primary_references
[boron-p9062533] Metabolic responses of postmenopausal women to supplemental dietary boron and aluminum during usual and low magnesium intake: boron, calcium, and magnesium absorption and retention and blood mineral concentrations. (1997). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9062533/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/65.3.803
tissue_or_cell_type
Mineral balance, blood and excreta
trigger_kind
nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 677–688
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Metabolic-ward feeding; 11 postmenopausal volunteers · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-oxalate-low-magnesium Boron supplementation decreased total urinary oxalate in the low-magnesium group. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Less oxalate appeared in urine in this setting; fewer kidney stones were not demonstrated. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Mineral balance, blood and excreta experimental_model: Metabolic-ward feeding; 11 postmenopausal volunteers limitations: Small study with multiple dietary periods and supplements. Do not assume independence from related reports from the same research program. Urine composition is not a kidney-stone clinical endpoint. exposure: 167-day study; basal 0.36 mg B and 109 mg Mg/8400 kJ; 3 mg/day B supplement in last two 24-day periods; magnesium supplement 0 or 200 mg/day evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/9062533.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a23cd1fe09277bdd83b690746d4bbaf4742cdd74e51d5b27ee898bd87208b2be", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1720, "text_sha256": "a23cd1fe09277bdd83b690746d4bbaf4742cdd74e51d5b27ee898bd87208b2be"} [boron-p9062533] Metabolic responses of postmenopausal women to supplemental dietary boron and aluminum during usual and low magnesium intake: boron, calcium, and magnesium absorption and retention and blood mineral concentrations. (1997). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9062533/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/65.3.803
Complete structured claim and evidence
A ninefold difference in dietary boron produced only a 1.5-fold difference in plasma boron; fecal plus urinary excretion accounted for almost all intake without progressive accumulation.
Boron → Circulating boron concentration source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/9062533.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a23cd1fe09277bdd83b690746d4bbaf4742cdd74e51d5b27ee898bd87208b2be", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1720, "text_sha256": "a23cd1fe09277bdd83b690746d4bbaf4742cdd74e51d5b27ee898bd87208b2be"}
experimental_model
Metabolic-ward feeding; 11 postmenopausal volunteers
exposure
167-day study; basal 0.36 mg B and 109 mg Mg/8400 kJ; 3 mg/day B supplement in last two 24-day periods; magnesium supplement 0 or 200 mg/day
limitations
Small study with multiple dietary periods and supplements. Do not assume independence from related reports from the same research program. Urine composition is not a kidney-stone clinical endpoint.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human
plain_language
Blood boron did not rise in proportion to intake because the body eliminated much of the exposure.
primary_references
[boron-p9062533] Metabolic responses of postmenopausal women to supplemental dietary boron and aluminum during usual and low magnesium intake: boron, calcium, and magnesium absorption and retention and blood mineral concentrations. (1997). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9062533/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/65.3.803
tissue_or_cell_type
Mineral balance, blood and excreta
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 690–701
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Metabolic-ward feeding; 11 postmenopausal volunteers · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-feeding-boron-homeostasis A ninefold difference in dietary boron produced only a 1.5-fold difference in plasma boron; fecal plus urinary excretion accounted for almost all intake without progressive accumulation. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Blood boron did not rise in proportion to intake because the body eliminated much of the exposure. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Mineral balance, blood and excreta experimental_model: Metabolic-ward feeding; 11 postmenopausal volunteers limitations: Small study with multiple dietary periods and supplements. Do not assume independence from related reports from the same research program. Urine composition is not a kidney-stone clinical endpoint. exposure: 167-day study; basal 0.36 mg B and 109 mg Mg/8400 kJ; 3 mg/day B supplement in last two 24-day periods; magnesium supplement 0 or 200 mg/day evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/9062533.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a23cd1fe09277bdd83b690746d4bbaf4742cdd74e51d5b27ee898bd87208b2be", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1720, "text_sha256": "a23cd1fe09277bdd83b690746d4bbaf4742cdd74e51d5b27ee898bd87208b2be"} [boron-p9062533] Metabolic responses of postmenopausal women to supplemental dietary boron and aluminum during usual and low magnesium intake: boron, calcium, and magnesium absorption and retention and blood mineral concentrations. (1997). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9062533/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/65.3.803
Complete structured claim and evidence
The 1993 low-boron/supplementation study found no effect of the added boron on measured plasma sex steroids.
Boron → Circulating estradiol concentration source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
availability_state
nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/8329361.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3e6e2137f75699ea6dce582375f335a85139fea1cfa7ec502f033e8bfe026d63", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1079, "text_sha256": "3e6e2137f75699ea6dce582375f335a85139fea1cfa7ec502f033e8bfe026d63"}
experimental_model
Metabolic-unit low-intake/supplementation follow-up
exposure
0.33 mg boron/day for three weeks, then an additional 3 mg/day for three weeks
limitations
Small, short sequential study. The background diet produced positive calcium balance with increased urinary calcium; the authors proposed that this could mask a boron effect, but did not prove the explanation.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human postmenopausal volunteers
plain_language
The earlier hormone rise was not reproduced under this shorter regimen.
primary_references
[boron-p8329361] The influence of a low-boron diet and boron supplementation on bone, major mineral and sex steroid metabolism in postmenopausal women. (1993). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8329361/ DOI: 10.1079/bjn19930087
tissue_or_cell_type
Mineral balance, hormones and bone-turnover markers
trigger_kind
nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 716–727
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Metabolic-unit low-intake/supplementation follow-up · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-human-estradiol-null-1993 The 1993 low-boron/supplementation study found no effect of the added boron on measured plasma sex steroids. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The earlier hormone rise was not reproduced under this shorter regimen. organism: Human postmenopausal volunteers tissue_or_cell_type: Mineral balance, hormones and bone-turnover markers experimental_model: Metabolic-unit low-intake/supplementation follow-up limitations: Small, short sequential study. The background diet produced positive calcium balance with increased urinary calcium; the authors proposed that this could mask a boron effect, but did not prove the explanation. exposure: 0.33 mg boron/day for three weeks, then an additional 3 mg/day for three weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/8329361.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3e6e2137f75699ea6dce582375f335a85139fea1cfa7ec502f033e8bfe026d63", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1079, "text_sha256": "3e6e2137f75699ea6dce582375f335a85139fea1cfa7ec502f033e8bfe026d63"} [boron-p8329361] The influence of a low-boron diet and boron supplementation on bone, major mineral and sex steroid metabolism in postmenopausal women. (1993). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8329361/ DOI: 10.1079/bjn19930087
Complete structured claim and evidence
Experimental boron deprivation increased urinary potassium excretion in the 2004 feeding study, whereas magnesium deprivation decreased it.
Boron → Urinary potassium excretion source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
availability_state
nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/15724868.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7009311021e781ba9b1e9a9244c081cf20700511cc8704e8294b1a2c55dc0e24", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2138, "text_sha256": "7009311021e781ba9b1e9a9244c081cf20700511cc8704e8294b1a2c55dc0e24"}
experimental_model
Double-blind Latin-square metabolic-unit feeding in 13 postmenopausal women
exposure
Approximately 118 versus 318 mg Mg/day and 0.25 versus 3.25 mg B/day; 42-day periods
limitations
Boron had no obvious overall effect on the response to magnesium deprivation. Results cannot establish boron as a treatment for hypomagnesemia or a substitute for magnesium.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human
plain_language
Low boron intake changed potassium loss in this experiment; this does not establish clinical potassium deficiency.
primary_references
[boron-p15724868] The alteration of magnesium, calcium and phosphorus metabolism by dietary magnesium deprivation in postmenopausal women is not affected by dietary boron deprivation. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15724868/
tissue_or_cell_type
Mineral balance and endocrine measurements
trigger_kind
nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 729–740
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind Latin-square metabolic-unit feeding in 13 postmenopausal women · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-potassium-low-boron Experimental boron deprivation increased urinary potassium excretion in the 2004 feeding study, whereas magnesium deprivation decreased it. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Low boron intake changed potassium loss in this experiment; this does not establish clinical potassium deficiency. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Mineral balance and endocrine measurements experimental_model: Double-blind Latin-square metabolic-unit feeding in 13 postmenopausal women limitations: Boron had no obvious overall effect on the response to magnesium deprivation. Results cannot establish boron as a treatment for hypomagnesemia or a substitute for magnesium. exposure: Approximately 118 versus 318 mg Mg/day and 0.25 versus 3.25 mg B/day; 42-day periods evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/15724868.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7009311021e781ba9b1e9a9244c081cf20700511cc8704e8294b1a2c55dc0e24", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2138, "text_sha256": "7009311021e781ba9b1e9a9244c081cf20700511cc8704e8294b1a2c55dc0e24"} [boron-p15724868] The alteration of magnesium, calcium and phosphorus metabolism by dietary magnesium deprivation in postmenopausal women is not affected by dietary boron deprivation. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15724868/
Complete structured claim and evidence
Boron supplementation decreased serum 17β-estradiol when dietary magnesium was low in the 2004 study.
Boron → Circulating estradiol concentration source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
availability_state
nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/15724868.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7009311021e781ba9b1e9a9244c081cf20700511cc8704e8294b1a2c55dc0e24", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2138, "text_sha256": "7009311021e781ba9b1e9a9244c081cf20700511cc8704e8294b1a2c55dc0e24"}
experimental_model
Double-blind Latin-square metabolic-unit feeding in 13 postmenopausal women
exposure
Approximately 118 versus 318 mg Mg/day and 0.25 versus 3.25 mg B/day; 42-day periods
limitations
Boron had no obvious overall effect on the response to magnesium deprivation. Results cannot establish boron as a treatment for hypomagnesemia or a substitute for magnesium.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human
plain_language
Under this low-magnesium regimen the hormone response went downward.
primary_references
[boron-p15724868] The alteration of magnesium, calcium and phosphorus metabolism by dietary magnesium deprivation in postmenopausal women is not affected by dietary boron deprivation. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15724868/
tissue_or_cell_type
Mineral balance and endocrine measurements
trigger_kind
nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 755–766
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind Latin-square metabolic-unit feeding in 13 postmenopausal women · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-estradiol-low-mg-2004 Boron supplementation decreased serum 17β-estradiol when dietary magnesium was low in the 2004 study. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Under this low-magnesium regimen the hormone response went downward. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Mineral balance and endocrine measurements experimental_model: Double-blind Latin-square metabolic-unit feeding in 13 postmenopausal women limitations: Boron had no obvious overall effect on the response to magnesium deprivation. Results cannot establish boron as a treatment for hypomagnesemia or a substitute for magnesium. exposure: Approximately 118 versus 318 mg Mg/day and 0.25 versus 3.25 mg B/day; 42-day periods evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/15724868.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7009311021e781ba9b1e9a9244c081cf20700511cc8704e8294b1a2c55dc0e24", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2138, "text_sha256": "7009311021e781ba9b1e9a9244c081cf20700511cc8704e8294b1a2c55dc0e24"} [boron-p15724868] The alteration of magnesium, calcium and phosphorus metabolism by dietary magnesium deprivation in postmenopausal women is not affected by dietary boron deprivation. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15724868/
Complete structured claim and evidence
Boron supplementation decreased serum progesterone when dietary magnesium was low in the 2004 study.
Boron → Circulating progesterone concentration source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
availability_state
nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/15724868.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7009311021e781ba9b1e9a9244c081cf20700511cc8704e8294b1a2c55dc0e24", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2138, "text_sha256": "7009311021e781ba9b1e9a9244c081cf20700511cc8704e8294b1a2c55dc0e24"}
experimental_model
Double-blind Latin-square metabolic-unit feeding in 13 postmenopausal women
exposure
Approximately 118 versus 318 mg Mg/day and 0.25 versus 3.25 mg B/day; 42-day periods
limitations
Boron had no obvious overall effect on the response to magnesium deprivation. Results cannot establish boron as a treatment for hypomagnesemia or a substitute for magnesium.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human
plain_language
Under this low-magnesium regimen the hormone response went downward.
primary_references
[boron-p15724868] The alteration of magnesium, calcium and phosphorus metabolism by dietary magnesium deprivation in postmenopausal women is not affected by dietary boron deprivation. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15724868/
tissue_or_cell_type
Mineral balance and endocrine measurements
trigger_kind
nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 768–779
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind Latin-square metabolic-unit feeding in 13 postmenopausal women · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-progesterone-low-mg-2004 Boron supplementation decreased serum progesterone when dietary magnesium was low in the 2004 study. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Under this low-magnesium regimen the hormone response went downward. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Mineral balance and endocrine measurements experimental_model: Double-blind Latin-square metabolic-unit feeding in 13 postmenopausal women limitations: Boron had no obvious overall effect on the response to magnesium deprivation. Results cannot establish boron as a treatment for hypomagnesemia or a substitute for magnesium. exposure: Approximately 118 versus 318 mg Mg/day and 0.25 versus 3.25 mg B/day; 42-day periods evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/15724868.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7009311021e781ba9b1e9a9244c081cf20700511cc8704e8294b1a2c55dc0e24", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2138, "text_sha256": "7009311021e781ba9b1e9a9244c081cf20700511cc8704e8294b1a2c55dc0e24"} [boron-p15724868] The alteration of magnesium, calcium and phosphorus metabolism by dietary magnesium deprivation in postmenopausal women is not affected by dietary boron deprivation. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15724868/
Complete structured claim and evidence
The tested boron and magnesium dietary treatments did not significantly affect serum PTH in the 2004 study.
Boron → Serum PTH concentration source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/15724868.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7009311021e781ba9b1e9a9244c081cf20700511cc8704e8294b1a2c55dc0e24", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2138, "text_sha256": "7009311021e781ba9b1e9a9244c081cf20700511cc8704e8294b1a2c55dc0e24"}
experimental_model
Double-blind Latin-square metabolic-unit feeding in 13 postmenopausal women
exposure
Approximately 118 versus 318 mg Mg/day and 0.25 versus 3.25 mg B/day; 42-day periods
limitations
Boron had no obvious overall effect on the response to magnesium deprivation. Results cannot establish boron as a treatment for hypomagnesemia or a substitute for magnesium.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human
plain_language
The study did not demonstrate that boron improves mineral balance by raising or lowering PTH.
primary_references
[boron-p15724868] The alteration of magnesium, calcium and phosphorus metabolism by dietary magnesium deprivation in postmenopausal women is not affected by dietary boron deprivation. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15724868/
tissue_or_cell_type
Mineral balance and endocrine measurements
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 781–792
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind Latin-square metabolic-unit feeding in 13 postmenopausal women · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-pth-null-2004 The tested boron and magnesium dietary treatments did not significantly affect serum PTH in the 2004 study. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The study did not demonstrate that boron improves mineral balance by raising or lowering PTH. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Mineral balance and endocrine measurements experimental_model: Double-blind Latin-square metabolic-unit feeding in 13 postmenopausal women limitations: Boron had no obvious overall effect on the response to magnesium deprivation. Results cannot establish boron as a treatment for hypomagnesemia or a substitute for magnesium. exposure: Approximately 118 versus 318 mg Mg/day and 0.25 versus 3.25 mg B/day; 42-day periods evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/15724868.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7009311021e781ba9b1e9a9244c081cf20700511cc8704e8294b1a2c55dc0e24", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2138, "text_sha256": "7009311021e781ba9b1e9a9244c081cf20700511cc8704e8294b1a2c55dc0e24"} [boron-p15724868] The alteration of magnesium, calcium and phosphorus metabolism by dietary magnesium deprivation in postmenopausal women is not affected by dietary boron deprivation. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15724868/
Complete structured claim and evidence
Boron-deprived rats with marginal methionine had lower bone magnesium; interactions with magnesium deprivation were strongest under severe restriction and abundant arginine.
Boron → Bone magnesium concentration source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
availability_state
nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/2484371.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "324fa75871a385d9890c32c6d4ddd62af6fff561174e439afb94f3bd4662ed13", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2179, "text_sha256": "324fa75871a385d9890c32c6d4ddd62af6fff561174e439afb94f3bd4662ed13"}
experimental_model
Nine factorial dietary experiments in rats
exposure
Six to ten weeks; boron supplement 0 or 3 µg/g; magnesium 100/200 versus 400 µg/g; methionine and arginine contexts varied
limitations
Dependence on severe magnesium restriction and amino-acid background is central. Rat growth/bone findings do not establish an essential human role, a methylation mechanism or a human rescue regimen.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Sprague-Dawley rats and one spontaneously hypertensive rat experiment
plain_language
The effect of low boron depended strongly on the rest of the diet.
primary_references
[boron-p2484371] Magnesium and methionine deprivation affect the response of rats to boron deprivation. (1988). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2484371/ DOI: 10.1007/bf02795449
tissue_or_cell_type
Whole-animal growth and bone mineral endpoints
trigger_kind
nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 794–805
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Nine factorial dietary experiments in rats · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-rat-mg-amino-acid-context Boron-deprived rats with marginal methionine had lower bone magnesium; interactions with magnesium deprivation were strongest under severe restriction and abundant arginine. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The effect of low boron depended strongly on the rest of the diet. organism: Sprague-Dawley rats and one spontaneously hypertensive rat experiment tissue_or_cell_type: Whole-animal growth and bone mineral endpoints experimental_model: Nine factorial dietary experiments in rats limitations: Dependence on severe magnesium restriction and amino-acid background is central. Rat growth/bone findings do not establish an essential human role, a methylation mechanism or a human rescue regimen. exposure: Six to ten weeks; boron supplement 0 or 3 µg/g; magnesium 100/200 versus 400 µg/g; methionine and arginine contexts varied evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/2484371.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "324fa75871a385d9890c32c6d4ddd62af6fff561174e439afb94f3bd4662ed13", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2179, "text_sha256": "324fa75871a385d9890c32c6d4ddd62af6fff561174e439afb94f3bd4662ed13"} [boron-p2484371] Magnesium and methionine deprivation affect the response of rats to boron deprivation. (1988). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2484371/ DOI: 10.1007/bf02795449
Complete structured claim and evidence
The higher-boron diet increased apparent calcium balance in vitamin-D-deprived rats, with substantial variability.
Boron → Apparent calcium balance source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
availability_state
nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/7889882.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f9da927645dac0989b9d9a3eda4ebacc69e7b1b0abdb411e0112b9b51a8b8f1a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1082, "text_sha256": "f9da927645dac0989b9d9a3eda4ebacc69e7b1b0abdb411e0112b9b51a8b8f1a"}
experimental_model
Vitamin-D-deficient rat feeding experiment
exposure
Dietary boron 2.72 versus 0.16 ppm with vitamin D deprivation
limitations
Apparent balances were variable. Previous vitamin D stores were a proposed explanation of variability, not proof that boron inhibits a vitamin D enzyme.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Rat
plain_language
The animal experiment measured greater apparent retention of calcium under the higher-boron diet.
primary_references
[boron-p7889882] Effects of dietary boron in rats fed a vitamin D-deficient diet. (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7889882/ DOI: 10.1289/ehp.94102s755
tissue_or_cell_type
Whole-body apparent mineral balance
trigger_kind
nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 807–818
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Vitamin-D-deficient rat feeding experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-rat-calcium-balance The higher-boron diet increased apparent calcium balance in vitamin-D-deprived rats, with substantial variability. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The animal experiment measured greater apparent retention of calcium under the higher-boron diet. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Whole-body apparent mineral balance experimental_model: Vitamin-D-deficient rat feeding experiment limitations: Apparent balances were variable. Previous vitamin D stores were a proposed explanation of variability, not proof that boron inhibits a vitamin D enzyme. exposure: Dietary boron 2.72 versus 0.16 ppm with vitamin D deprivation evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/7889882.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f9da927645dac0989b9d9a3eda4ebacc69e7b1b0abdb411e0112b9b51a8b8f1a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1082, "text_sha256": "f9da927645dac0989b9d9a3eda4ebacc69e7b1b0abdb411e0112b9b51a8b8f1a"} [boron-p7889882] Effects of dietary boron in rats fed a vitamin D-deficient diet. (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7889882/ DOI: 10.1289/ehp.94102s755
Complete structured claim and evidence
The higher-boron diet increased apparent magnesium balance in vitamin-D-deprived rats, with substantial variability.
Boron → Whole-body magnesium balance source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
availability_state
nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/7889882.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f9da927645dac0989b9d9a3eda4ebacc69e7b1b0abdb411e0112b9b51a8b8f1a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1082, "text_sha256": "f9da927645dac0989b9d9a3eda4ebacc69e7b1b0abdb411e0112b9b51a8b8f1a"}
experimental_model
Vitamin-D-deficient rat feeding experiment
exposure
Dietary boron 2.72 versus 0.16 ppm with vitamin D deprivation
limitations
Apparent balances were variable. Previous vitamin D stores were a proposed explanation of variability, not proof that boron inhibits a vitamin D enzyme.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Rat
plain_language
The animal experiment measured greater apparent retention of magnesium under the higher-boron diet.
primary_references
[boron-p7889882] Effects of dietary boron in rats fed a vitamin D-deficient diet. (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7889882/ DOI: 10.1289/ehp.94102s755
tissue_or_cell_type
Whole-body apparent mineral balance
trigger_kind
nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 820–831
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Vitamin-D-deficient rat feeding experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-rat-magnesium-balance The higher-boron diet increased apparent magnesium balance in vitamin-D-deprived rats, with substantial variability. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The animal experiment measured greater apparent retention of magnesium under the higher-boron diet. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Whole-body apparent mineral balance experimental_model: Vitamin-D-deficient rat feeding experiment limitations: Apparent balances were variable. Previous vitamin D stores were a proposed explanation of variability, not proof that boron inhibits a vitamin D enzyme. exposure: Dietary boron 2.72 versus 0.16 ppm with vitamin D deprivation evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/7889882.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f9da927645dac0989b9d9a3eda4ebacc69e7b1b0abdb411e0112b9b51a8b8f1a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1082, "text_sha256": "f9da927645dac0989b9d9a3eda4ebacc69e7b1b0abdb411e0112b9b51a8b8f1a"} [boron-p7889882] Effects of dietary boron in rats fed a vitamin D-deficient diet. (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7889882/ DOI: 10.1289/ehp.94102s755
Complete structured claim and evidence
The higher-boron diet increased apparent phosphorus balance in vitamin-D-deprived rats, with substantial variability.
Boron → Apparent phosphorus balance source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
availability_state
nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/7889882.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f9da927645dac0989b9d9a3eda4ebacc69e7b1b0abdb411e0112b9b51a8b8f1a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1082, "text_sha256": "f9da927645dac0989b9d9a3eda4ebacc69e7b1b0abdb411e0112b9b51a8b8f1a"}
experimental_model
Vitamin-D-deficient rat feeding experiment
exposure
Dietary boron 2.72 versus 0.16 ppm with vitamin D deprivation
limitations
Apparent balances were variable. Previous vitamin D stores were a proposed explanation of variability, not proof that boron inhibits a vitamin D enzyme.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Rat
plain_language
The animal experiment measured greater apparent retention of phosphorus under the higher-boron diet.
primary_references
[boron-p7889882] Effects of dietary boron in rats fed a vitamin D-deficient diet. (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7889882/ DOI: 10.1289/ehp.94102s755
tissue_or_cell_type
Whole-body apparent mineral balance
trigger_kind
nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 833–844
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Vitamin-D-deficient rat feeding experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-rat-phosphorus-balance The higher-boron diet increased apparent phosphorus balance in vitamin-D-deprived rats, with substantial variability. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The animal experiment measured greater apparent retention of phosphorus under the higher-boron diet. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Whole-body apparent mineral balance experimental_model: Vitamin-D-deficient rat feeding experiment limitations: Apparent balances were variable. Previous vitamin D stores were a proposed explanation of variability, not proof that boron inhibits a vitamin D enzyme. exposure: Dietary boron 2.72 versus 0.16 ppm with vitamin D deprivation evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/7889882.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f9da927645dac0989b9d9a3eda4ebacc69e7b1b0abdb411e0112b9b51a8b8f1a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1082, "text_sha256": "f9da927645dac0989b9d9a3eda4ebacc69e7b1b0abdb411e0112b9b51a8b8f1a"} [boron-p7889882] Effects of dietary boron in rats fed a vitamin D-deficient diet. (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7889882/ DOI: 10.1289/ehp.94102s755
Complete structured claim and evidence
Boron supplementation returned elevated plasma glucose concentrations in vitamin-D3-inadequate chicks toward those in vitamin-D3-adequate chicks.
Boric acid / orthoboric acid / B(OH)3 → Plasma glucose concentration source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
availability_state
nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/8140930.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6f8776234acbd0efd282761bbbcb0f51b39d8882c651b3f64686a890f646d4fc", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1621, "text_sha256": "6f8776234acbd0efd282761bbbcb0f51b39d8882c651b3f64686a890f646d4fc"}
experimental_model
Factorial boron/vitamin-D3 feeding experiment in chicks
exposure
26 days; basal boron ≤0.18 mg/kg with 0 or 1.4 mg/kg orthoboric acid supplement; vitamin D3 3.13 or 15.6 µg/kg
limitations
Animal developmental experiment. It did not demonstrate direct CYP24A1 inhibition or that boron replaces vitamin D in humans.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Day-old cockerel chicks
plain_language
Some metabolic changes from inadequate vitamin D improved in this chick experiment.
primary_references
[boron-p8140930] Dietary boron modifies the effects of vitamin D3 nutrition on indices of energy substrate utilization and mineral metabolism in the chick. (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8140930/ DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.5650090206
tissue_or_cell_type
Plasma metabolism and growth plates
trigger_kind
nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 846–857
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Factorial boron/vitamin-D3 feeding experiment in chicks · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-chick-glucose Boron supplementation returned elevated plasma glucose concentrations in vitamin-D3-inadequate chicks toward those in vitamin-D3-adequate chicks. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Some metabolic changes from inadequate vitamin D improved in this chick experiment. organism: Day-old cockerel chicks tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma metabolism and growth plates experimental_model: Factorial boron/vitamin-D3 feeding experiment in chicks limitations: Animal developmental experiment. It did not demonstrate direct CYP24A1 inhibition or that boron replaces vitamin D in humans. exposure: 26 days; basal boron ≤0.18 mg/kg with 0 or 1.4 mg/kg orthoboric acid supplement; vitamin D3 3.13 or 15.6 µg/kg evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/8140930.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6f8776234acbd0efd282761bbbcb0f51b39d8882c651b3f64686a890f646d4fc", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1621, "text_sha256": "6f8776234acbd0efd282761bbbcb0f51b39d8882c651b3f64686a890f646d4fc"} [boron-p8140930] Dietary boron modifies the effects of vitamin D3 nutrition on indices of energy substrate utilization and mineral metabolism in the chick. (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8140930/ DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.5650090206
Complete structured claim and evidence
Boron supplementation returned elevated plasma triglyceride concentrations in vitamin-D3-inadequate chicks toward those in vitamin-D3-adequate chicks.
Boric acid / orthoboric acid / B(OH)3 → Plasma triglyceride concentration source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
availability_state
nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/8140930.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6f8776234acbd0efd282761bbbcb0f51b39d8882c651b3f64686a890f646d4fc", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1621, "text_sha256": "6f8776234acbd0efd282761bbbcb0f51b39d8882c651b3f64686a890f646d4fc"}
experimental_model
Factorial boron/vitamin-D3 feeding experiment in chicks
exposure
26 days; basal boron ≤0.18 mg/kg with 0 or 1.4 mg/kg orthoboric acid supplement; vitamin D3 3.13 or 15.6 µg/kg
limitations
Animal developmental experiment. It did not demonstrate direct CYP24A1 inhibition or that boron replaces vitamin D in humans.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Day-old cockerel chicks
plain_language
Some metabolic changes from inadequate vitamin D improved in this chick experiment.
primary_references
[boron-p8140930] Dietary boron modifies the effects of vitamin D3 nutrition on indices of energy substrate utilization and mineral metabolism in the chick. (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8140930/ DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.5650090206
tissue_or_cell_type
Plasma metabolism and growth plates
trigger_kind
nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 859–870
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Factorial boron/vitamin-D3 feeding experiment in chicks · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-chick-triglycerides Boron supplementation returned elevated plasma triglyceride concentrations in vitamin-D3-inadequate chicks toward those in vitamin-D3-adequate chicks. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Some metabolic changes from inadequate vitamin D improved in this chick experiment. organism: Day-old cockerel chicks tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma metabolism and growth plates experimental_model: Factorial boron/vitamin-D3 feeding experiment in chicks limitations: Animal developmental experiment. It did not demonstrate direct CYP24A1 inhibition or that boron replaces vitamin D in humans. exposure: 26 days; basal boron ≤0.18 mg/kg with 0 or 1.4 mg/kg orthoboric acid supplement; vitamin D3 3.13 or 15.6 µg/kg evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/8140930.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6f8776234acbd0efd282761bbbcb0f51b39d8882c651b3f64686a890f646d4fc", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1621, "text_sha256": "6f8776234acbd0efd282761bbbcb0f51b39d8882c651b3f64686a890f646d4fc"} [boron-p8140930] Dietary boron modifies the effects of vitamin D3 nutrition on indices of energy substrate utilization and mineral metabolism in the chick. (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8140930/ DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.5650090206
Complete structured claim and evidence
Growth-plate histology suggested enhanced maturation with boron supplementation in the chick feeding experiment.
Boric acid / orthoboric acid / B(OH)3 → Growth plate maturation source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/8140930.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6f8776234acbd0efd282761bbbcb0f51b39d8882c651b3f64686a890f646d4fc", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1621, "text_sha256": "6f8776234acbd0efd282761bbbcb0f51b39d8882c651b3f64686a890f646d4fc"}
experimental_model
Factorial boron/vitamin-D3 feeding experiment in chicks
exposure
26 days; basal boron ≤0.18 mg/kg with 0 or 1.4 mg/kg orthoboric acid supplement; vitamin D3 3.13 or 15.6 µg/kg
limitations
Animal developmental experiment. It did not demonstrate direct CYP24A1 inhibition or that boron replaces vitamin D in humans.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Day-old cockerel chicks
plain_language
The developing growth plate appeared to mature differently; this is an animal histology finding.
primary_references
[boron-p8140930] Dietary boron modifies the effects of vitamin D3 nutrition on indices of energy substrate utilization and mineral metabolism in the chick. (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8140930/ DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.5650090206
tissue_or_cell_type
Plasma metabolism and growth plates
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 872–883
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Factorial boron/vitamin-D3 feeding experiment in chicks · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-chick-growth-plate Growth-plate histology suggested enhanced maturation with boron supplementation in the chick feeding experiment. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The developing growth plate appeared to mature differently; this is an animal histology finding. organism: Day-old cockerel chicks tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma metabolism and growth plates experimental_model: Factorial boron/vitamin-D3 feeding experiment in chicks limitations: Animal developmental experiment. It did not demonstrate direct CYP24A1 inhibition or that boron replaces vitamin D in humans. exposure: 26 days; basal boron ≤0.18 mg/kg with 0 or 1.4 mg/kg orthoboric acid supplement; vitamin D3 3.13 or 15.6 µg/kg evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/8140930.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6f8776234acbd0efd282761bbbcb0f51b39d8882c651b3f64686a890f646d4fc", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1621, "text_sha256": "6f8776234acbd0efd282761bbbcb0f51b39d8882c651b3f64686a890f646d4fc"} [boron-p8140930] Dietary boron modifies the effects of vitamin D3 nutrition on indices of energy substrate utilization and mineral metabolism in the chick. (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8140930/ DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.5650090206
Complete structured claim and evidence
The 10 ng/mL boron plus 10 pg/mL vitamin D3 condition enriched sp7-positive intermediate osteoblasts at 6 and 9 days post-fertilization.
Boron → Zebrafish intermediate sp7-positive osteoblast abundance source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/35571926.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "cf22409e40b52d79a9f1738a942771e626afdb39fce0e8bc16cbf877cdf7ea30", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2097, "text_sha256": "cf22409e40b52d79a9f1738a942771e626afdb39fce0e8bc16cbf877cdf7ea30"}
experimental_model
Larval zebrafish morphology, transcriptomics and fluorescent osteoblast reporters
exposure
Waterborne boron 10 or 100 ng/mL, vitamin D3 10 pg/mL and combinations; developmental time points
limitations
Fish water exposure cannot be translated directly into human supplement intake. Combination superiority alone is not proof of a formal statistical interaction; pathway enrichment is not proof of direct molecular activation.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Danio rerio
plain_language
Earlier bone-building cells increased at these stages in the fish experiment.
primary_references
[boron-p35571926] Zebrafish as a Model to Unveil the Pro-Osteogenic Effects of Boron-Vitamin D3 Synergism. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35571926/ DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.868805
tissue_or_cell_type
Opercular bone and osteoblast development
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 898–909
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Larval zebrafish morphology, transcriptomics and fluorescent osteoblast reporters · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-zebrafish-intermediate-osteoblasts The 10 ng/mL boron plus 10 pg/mL vitamin D3 condition enriched sp7-positive intermediate osteoblasts at 6 and 9 days post-fertilization. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Earlier bone-building cells increased at these stages in the fish experiment. organism: Danio rerio tissue_or_cell_type: Opercular bone and osteoblast development experimental_model: Larval zebrafish morphology, transcriptomics and fluorescent osteoblast reporters limitations: Fish water exposure cannot be translated directly into human supplement intake. Combination superiority alone is not proof of a formal statistical interaction; pathway enrichment is not proof of direct molecular activation. exposure: Waterborne boron 10 or 100 ng/mL, vitamin D3 10 pg/mL and combinations; developmental time points evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/35571926.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "cf22409e40b52d79a9f1738a942771e626afdb39fce0e8bc16cbf877cdf7ea30", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2097, "text_sha256": "cf22409e40b52d79a9f1738a942771e626afdb39fce0e8bc16cbf877cdf7ea30"} [boron-p35571926] Zebrafish as a Model to Unveil the Pro-Osteogenic Effects of Boron-Vitamin D3 Synergism. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35571926/ DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.868805
Complete structured claim and evidence
The 10 ng/mL boron plus 10 pg/mL vitamin D3 condition enriched bglap-positive mature osteoblasts at 15 days post-fertilization.
Boron → Zebrafish mature bglap-positive osteoblast abundance source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/35571926.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "cf22409e40b52d79a9f1738a942771e626afdb39fce0e8bc16cbf877cdf7ea30", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2097, "text_sha256": "cf22409e40b52d79a9f1738a942771e626afdb39fce0e8bc16cbf877cdf7ea30"}
experimental_model
Larval zebrafish morphology, transcriptomics and fluorescent osteoblast reporters
exposure
Waterborne boron 10 or 100 ng/mL, vitamin D3 10 pg/mL and combinations; developmental time points
limitations
Fish water exposure cannot be translated directly into human supplement intake. Combination superiority alone is not proof of a formal statistical interaction; pathway enrichment is not proof of direct molecular activation.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Danio rerio
plain_language
More mature bone-building cells appeared later in the fish experiment.
primary_references
[boron-p35571926] Zebrafish as a Model to Unveil the Pro-Osteogenic Effects of Boron-Vitamin D3 Synergism. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35571926/ DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.868805
tissue_or_cell_type
Opercular bone and osteoblast development
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 911–922
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Larval zebrafish morphology, transcriptomics and fluorescent osteoblast reporters · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-zebrafish-mature-osteoblasts The 10 ng/mL boron plus 10 pg/mL vitamin D3 condition enriched bglap-positive mature osteoblasts at 15 days post-fertilization. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: More mature bone-building cells appeared later in the fish experiment. organism: Danio rerio tissue_or_cell_type: Opercular bone and osteoblast development experimental_model: Larval zebrafish morphology, transcriptomics and fluorescent osteoblast reporters limitations: Fish water exposure cannot be translated directly into human supplement intake. Combination superiority alone is not proof of a formal statistical interaction; pathway enrichment is not proof of direct molecular activation. exposure: Waterborne boron 10 or 100 ng/mL, vitamin D3 10 pg/mL and combinations; developmental time points evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/35571926.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "cf22409e40b52d79a9f1738a942771e626afdb39fce0e8bc16cbf877cdf7ea30", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2097, "text_sha256": "cf22409e40b52d79a9f1738a942771e626afdb39fce0e8bc16cbf877cdf7ea30"} [boron-p35571926] Zebrafish as a Model to Unveil the Pro-Osteogenic Effects of Boron-Vitamin D3 Synergism. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35571926/ DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.868805
Complete structured claim and evidence
Magnesium, boron and their combination improved measured bone endpoints after ovariectomy in rats, with the combined intervention reported to outperform the individual interventions.
Boron → Bone mineral density source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/41075129.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d3cf6234f51fd5e8a999607442cd1c8abcc1fe0781369b54797661f18561fbf3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1591, "text_sha256": "d3cf6234f51fd5e8a999607442cd1c8abcc1fe0781369b54797661f18561fbf3"}
experimental_model
Five-group ovariectomy experiment; 30 rats
exposure
Sham, ovariectomy, ovariectomy plus magnesium, boron or both; six rats/group
limitations
Small animal experiment. Combination benefit does not by itself prove pharmacological synergy or efficacy in human osteoporosis. Doses are not specified in the indexed abstract used here.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Female rat
plain_language
The combination performed better in this rat model of hormone-related bone loss.
primary_references
[boron-p41075129] Combined Supplementation OF Magnesium AND Boron Ameliorate Menopause-Associated Osteogenic Disturbances in Ovariectomized Rats. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41075129/ DOI: 10.1007/s12011-025-04870-0
tissue_or_cell_type
Bone density and mineral/endocrine endpoints
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 924–935
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Five-group ovariectomy experiment; 30 rats · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-ovx-boron-magnesium Magnesium, boron and their combination improved measured bone endpoints after ovariectomy in rats, with the combined intervention reported to outperform the individual interventions. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The combination performed better in this rat model of hormone-related bone loss. organism: Female rat tissue_or_cell_type: Bone density and mineral/endocrine endpoints experimental_model: Five-group ovariectomy experiment; 30 rats limitations: Small animal experiment. Combination benefit does not by itself prove pharmacological synergy or efficacy in human osteoporosis. Doses are not specified in the indexed abstract used here. exposure: Sham, ovariectomy, ovariectomy plus magnesium, boron or both; six rats/group evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/41075129.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d3cf6234f51fd5e8a999607442cd1c8abcc1fe0781369b54797661f18561fbf3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1591, "text_sha256": "d3cf6234f51fd5e8a999607442cd1c8abcc1fe0781369b54797661f18561fbf3"} [boron-p41075129] Combined Supplementation OF Magnesium AND Boron Ameliorate Menopause-Associated Osteogenic Disturbances in Ovariectomized Rats. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41075129/ DOI: 10.1007/s12011-025-04870-0
Complete structured claim and evidence
Approximately two thirds of 14 patients evaluated after boric-acid ingestion had markedly increased urinary riboflavin excretion.
Boric acid / orthoboric acid / B(OH)3 → Urinary riboflavin excretion source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/659962.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "903bb51f45f538c7ce8d0a73e5247e4619efb74ce4cd3fa8fc06f9bf108ba92f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 696, "text_sha256": "903bb51f45f538c7ce8d0a73e5247e4619efb74ce4cd3fa8fc06f9bf108ba92f"}
experimental_model
Poison-control case series; 14 children and adults
exposure
Poisoning-related ingestion; most increased urinary riboflavin appeared in the first 24 hours
limitations
Uncontrolled case series, not ordinary dietary exposure. Increased excretion does not alone establish tissue deficiency or the responsible molecular transport mechanism.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human
plain_language
High boric-acid exposure was associated with loss of vitamin B2 into urine in this case series.
primary_references
[boron-p659962] Increased urinary riboflavin excretion resulting from boric acid ingestion. (1978). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/659962/
tissue_or_cell_type
Urine after boric-acid ingestion
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 937–948
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Poison-control case series; 14 children and adults · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-poisoning-riboflavinuria Approximately two thirds of 14 patients evaluated after boric-acid ingestion had markedly increased urinary riboflavin excretion. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: High boric-acid exposure was associated with loss of vitamin B2 into urine in this case series. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Urine after boric-acid ingestion experimental_model: Poison-control case series; 14 children and adults limitations: Uncontrolled case series, not ordinary dietary exposure. Increased excretion does not alone establish tissue deficiency or the responsible molecular transport mechanism. exposure: Poisoning-related ingestion; most increased urinary riboflavin appeared in the first 24 hours evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/659962.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "903bb51f45f538c7ce8d0a73e5247e4619efb74ce4cd3fa8fc06f9bf108ba92f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 696, "text_sha256": "903bb51f45f538c7ce8d0a73e5247e4619efb74ce4cd3fa8fc06f9bf108ba92f"} [boron-p659962] Increased urinary riboflavin excretion resulting from boric acid ingestion. (1978). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/659962/
Complete structured claim and evidence
Low boron intake increased the proportion of slow-frequency EEG activity and reduced higher-frequency activity in two of three feeding studies.
Boron → Slow-frequency electroencephalographic activity source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
availability_state
nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/7889884.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "43b5379945cb12895fc3c4933fedf66ccc237cf0fba9fdfec965b0910a13b3d1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1661, "text_sha256": "43b5379945cb12895fc3c4933fedf66ccc237cf0fba9fdfec965b0910a13b3d1"}
experimental_model
Three within-subject controlled feeding studies
exposure
Approximately 0.25 versus 3.25 mg boron/2000 kcal/day
limitations
Small experimental studies with variable responses across tests and studies. Findings do not establish a specific clinical deficiency syndrome, dementia prevention or a molecular brain mechanism.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human older men and women
plain_language
Brain electrical activity changed in two studies, while the third did not show the same EEG effect.
primary_references
[boron-p7889884] Dietary boron, brain function, and cognitive performance. (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7889884/ DOI: 10.1289/ehp.94102s765
tissue_or_cell_type
EEG and cognitive/psychomotor testing
trigger_kind
nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 950–961
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Three within-subject controlled feeding studies · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-low-intake-eeg Low boron intake increased the proportion of slow-frequency EEG activity and reduced higher-frequency activity in two of three feeding studies. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Brain electrical activity changed in two studies, while the third did not show the same EEG effect. organism: Human older men and women tissue_or_cell_type: EEG and cognitive/psychomotor testing experimental_model: Three within-subject controlled feeding studies limitations: Small experimental studies with variable responses across tests and studies. Findings do not establish a specific clinical deficiency syndrome, dementia prevention or a molecular brain mechanism. exposure: Approximately 0.25 versus 3.25 mg boron/2000 kcal/day evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/7889884.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "43b5379945cb12895fc3c4933fedf66ccc237cf0fba9fdfec965b0910a13b3d1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1661, "text_sha256": "43b5379945cb12895fc3c4933fedf66ccc237cf0fba9fdfec965b0910a13b3d1"} [boron-p7889884] Dietary boron, brain function, and cognitive performance. (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7889884/ DOI: 10.1289/ehp.94102s765
Complete structured claim and evidence
Low boron intake was associated with poorer attention and encoding/short-term-memory performance in all three feeding studies; manual dexterity, coordination, perception and long-term-memory effects varied by study.
Boron → Cognitive task performance source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
availability_state
nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/7889884.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "43b5379945cb12895fc3c4933fedf66ccc237cf0fba9fdfec965b0910a13b3d1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1661, "text_sha256": "43b5379945cb12895fc3c4933fedf66ccc237cf0fba9fdfec965b0910a13b3d1"}
experimental_model
Three within-subject controlled feeding studies
exposure
Approximately 0.25 versus 3.25 mg boron/2000 kcal/day
limitations
Small experimental studies with variable responses across tests and studies. Findings do not establish a specific clinical deficiency syndrome, dementia prevention or a molecular brain mechanism.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human older men and women
plain_language
Some test performance was poorer during lower intake, but the pattern was not identical across studies.
primary_references
[boron-p7889884] Dietary boron, brain function, and cognitive performance. (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7889884/ DOI: 10.1289/ehp.94102s765
tissue_or_cell_type
EEG and cognitive/psychomotor testing
trigger_kind
nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 963–974
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Three within-subject controlled feeding studies · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-low-intake-cognition Low boron intake was associated with poorer attention and encoding/short-term-memory performance in all three feeding studies; manual dexterity, coordination, perception and long-term-memory effects varied by study. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Some test performance was poorer during lower intake, but the pattern was not identical across studies. organism: Human older men and women tissue_or_cell_type: EEG and cognitive/psychomotor testing experimental_model: Three within-subject controlled feeding studies limitations: Small experimental studies with variable responses across tests and studies. Findings do not establish a specific clinical deficiency syndrome, dementia prevention or a molecular brain mechanism. exposure: Approximately 0.25 versus 3.25 mg boron/2000 kcal/day evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/7889884.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "43b5379945cb12895fc3c4933fedf66ccc237cf0fba9fdfec965b0910a13b3d1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1661, "text_sha256": "43b5379945cb12895fc3c4933fedf66ccc237cf0fba9fdfec965b0910a13b3d1"} [boron-p7889884] Dietary boron, brain function, and cognitive performance. (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7889884/ DOI: 10.1289/ehp.94102s765
Complete structured claim and evidence
Boron supplementation did not significantly improve total or free testosterone relative to placebo in the seven-week bodybuilding study.
Boron → Circulating total testosterone concentration source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/8508192.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "91f7c44f1eb8036fa77ee50cc2cc993c8fcf0bd65f26752b1c9d6d504db34770", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1032, "text_sha256": "91f7c44f1eb8036fa77ee50cc2cc993c8fcf0bd65f26752b1c9d6d504db34770"}
experimental_model
Placebo-controlled supplementation trial; 19 male bodybuilders aged 20–27
exposure
Ten participants received 2.5 mg boron/day and nine placebo for seven weeks
limitations
Small trial in a training context; null results do not prove absence of effects at all doses or in all populations. Training-related improvement in both groups was not a boron effect.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human
plain_language
This controlled study did not find a testosterone benefit.
primary_references
[boron-p8508192] The effect of boron supplementation on lean body mass, plasma testosterone levels, and strength in male bodybuilders. (1993). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8508192/ DOI: 10.1123/ijsn.3.2.140
tissue_or_cell_type
Hormone, lean-mass and strength outcomes
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 976–987
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Placebo-controlled supplementation trial; 19 male bodybuilders aged 20–27 · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-bodybuilding-testosterone-null Boron supplementation did not significantly improve total or free testosterone relative to placebo in the seven-week bodybuilding study. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This controlled study did not find a testosterone benefit. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Hormone, lean-mass and strength outcomes experimental_model: Placebo-controlled supplementation trial; 19 male bodybuilders aged 20–27 limitations: Small trial in a training context; null results do not prove absence of effects at all doses or in all populations. Training-related improvement in both groups was not a boron effect. exposure: Ten participants received 2.5 mg boron/day and nine placebo for seven weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/8508192.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "91f7c44f1eb8036fa77ee50cc2cc993c8fcf0bd65f26752b1c9d6d504db34770", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1032, "text_sha256": "91f7c44f1eb8036fa77ee50cc2cc993c8fcf0bd65f26752b1c9d6d504db34770"} [boron-p8508192] The effect of boron supplementation on lean body mass, plasma testosterone levels, and strength in male bodybuilders. (1993). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8508192/ DOI: 10.1123/ijsn.3.2.140
Complete structured claim and evidence
Boron supplementation did not significantly improve measured strength or lean body mass relative to placebo, although both groups improved with training.
Boron → Skeletal muscle strength source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/8508192.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "91f7c44f1eb8036fa77ee50cc2cc993c8fcf0bd65f26752b1c9d6d504db34770", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1032, "text_sha256": "91f7c44f1eb8036fa77ee50cc2cc993c8fcf0bd65f26752b1c9d6d504db34770"}
experimental_model
Placebo-controlled supplementation trial; 19 male bodybuilders aged 20–27
exposure
Ten participants received 2.5 mg boron/day and nine placebo for seven weeks
limitations
Small trial in a training context; null results do not prove absence of effects at all doses or in all populations. Training-related improvement in both groups was not a boron effect.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human
plain_language
The training gains were not evidence of a boron effect.
primary_references
[boron-p8508192] The effect of boron supplementation on lean body mass, plasma testosterone levels, and strength in male bodybuilders. (1993). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8508192/ DOI: 10.1123/ijsn.3.2.140
tissue_or_cell_type
Hormone, lean-mass and strength outcomes
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 989–1000
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Placebo-controlled supplementation trial; 19 male bodybuilders aged 20–27 · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-bodybuilding-strength-null Boron supplementation did not significantly improve measured strength or lean body mass relative to placebo, although both groups improved with training. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The training gains were not evidence of a boron effect. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Hormone, lean-mass and strength outcomes experimental_model: Placebo-controlled supplementation trial; 19 male bodybuilders aged 20–27 limitations: Small trial in a training context; null results do not prove absence of effects at all doses or in all populations. Training-related improvement in both groups was not a boron effect. exposure: Ten participants received 2.5 mg boron/day and nine placebo for seven weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/8508192.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "91f7c44f1eb8036fa77ee50cc2cc993c8fcf0bd65f26752b1c9d6d504db34770", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1032, "text_sha256": "91f7c44f1eb8036fa77ee50cc2cc993c8fcf0bd65f26752b1c9d6d504db34770"} [boron-p8508192] The effect of boron supplementation on lean body mass, plasma testosterone levels, and strength in male bodybuilders. (1993). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8508192/ DOI: 10.1123/ijsn.3.2.140
Complete structured claim and evidence
SHBG concentrations decreased six hours after boron supplementation in the eight-man study.
Boron → Circulating sex-hormone-binding globulin concentration source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/21129941.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4e5892df5d6f2cf5e87f6bd3c7c12dae16cc2fa2517d5a81267b810175485157", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1706, "text_sha256": "4e5892df5d6f2cf5e87f6bd3c7c12dae16cc2fa2517d5a81267b810175485157"}
experimental_model
Sequential placebo-day and supplementation observations in eight men
exposure
10 mg boron/day for one week; acute six-hour and day-seven measurements
limitations
Eight participants without a randomized parallel control. Time effects, short duration and multiple endpoints limit causal and clinical interpretation. Lower SHBG does not demonstrate direct boron binding to SHBG.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human healthy male volunteers
plain_language
A hormone-carrier measurement fell in a small short study; the molecular reason was not established.
primary_references
[boron-p21129941] Comparative effects of daily and weekly boron supplementation on plasma steroid hormones and proinflammatory cytokines. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21129941/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2010.10.001
tissue_or_cell_type
Plasma hormones and inflammatory biomarkers
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 1002–1013
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Sequential placebo-day and supplementation observations in eight men · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-short-study-shbg SHBG concentrations decreased six hours after boron supplementation in the eight-man study. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A hormone-carrier measurement fell in a small short study; the molecular reason was not established. organism: Human healthy male volunteers tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma hormones and inflammatory biomarkers experimental_model: Sequential placebo-day and supplementation observations in eight men limitations: Eight participants without a randomized parallel control. Time effects, short duration and multiple endpoints limit causal and clinical interpretation. Lower SHBG does not demonstrate direct boron binding to SHBG. exposure: 10 mg boron/day for one week; acute six-hour and day-seven measurements evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/21129941.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4e5892df5d6f2cf5e87f6bd3c7c12dae16cc2fa2517d5a81267b810175485157", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1706, "text_sha256": "4e5892df5d6f2cf5e87f6bd3c7c12dae16cc2fa2517d5a81267b810175485157"} [boron-p21129941] Comparative effects of daily and weekly boron supplementation on plasma steroid hormones and proinflammatory cytokines. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21129941/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2010.10.001
Complete structured claim and evidence
Mean free testosterone increased at the one-week morning measurement in the eight-man supplementation study.
Boron → Circulating free testosterone concentration source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/21129941.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4e5892df5d6f2cf5e87f6bd3c7c12dae16cc2fa2517d5a81267b810175485157", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1706, "text_sha256": "4e5892df5d6f2cf5e87f6bd3c7c12dae16cc2fa2517d5a81267b810175485157"}
experimental_model
Sequential placebo-day and supplementation observations in eight men
exposure
10 mg boron/day for one week; acute six-hour and day-seven measurements
limitations
Eight participants without a randomized parallel control. Time effects, short duration and multiple endpoints limit causal and clinical interpretation. Lower SHBG does not demonstrate direct boron binding to SHBG.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human healthy male volunteers
plain_language
A short uncontrolled comparison reported a rise in free testosterone; it is not reliable evidence of a general testosterone-boosting effect.
primary_references
[boron-p21129941] Comparative effects of daily and weekly boron supplementation on plasma steroid hormones and proinflammatory cytokines. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21129941/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2010.10.001
tissue_or_cell_type
Plasma hormones and inflammatory biomarkers
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 1015–1026
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Sequential placebo-day and supplementation observations in eight men · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-short-study-free-testosterone Mean free testosterone increased at the one-week morning measurement in the eight-man supplementation study. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A short uncontrolled comparison reported a rise in free testosterone; it is not reliable evidence of a general testosterone-boosting effect. organism: Human healthy male volunteers tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma hormones and inflammatory biomarkers experimental_model: Sequential placebo-day and supplementation observations in eight men limitations: Eight participants without a randomized parallel control. Time effects, short duration and multiple endpoints limit causal and clinical interpretation. Lower SHBG does not demonstrate direct boron binding to SHBG. exposure: 10 mg boron/day for one week; acute six-hour and day-seven measurements evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/21129941.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4e5892df5d6f2cf5e87f6bd3c7c12dae16cc2fa2517d5a81267b810175485157", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1706, "text_sha256": "4e5892df5d6f2cf5e87f6bd3c7c12dae16cc2fa2517d5a81267b810175485157"} [boron-p21129941] Comparative effects of daily and weekly boron supplementation on plasma steroid hormones and proinflammatory cytokines. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21129941/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2010.10.001
Complete structured claim and evidence
Mean estradiol decreased at the one-week morning measurement in the eight-man supplementation study.
Boron → Circulating estradiol concentration source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/21129941.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4e5892df5d6f2cf5e87f6bd3c7c12dae16cc2fa2517d5a81267b810175485157", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1706, "text_sha256": "4e5892df5d6f2cf5e87f6bd3c7c12dae16cc2fa2517d5a81267b810175485157"}
experimental_model
Sequential placebo-day and supplementation observations in eight men
exposure
10 mg boron/day for one week; acute six-hour and day-seven measurements
limitations
Eight participants without a randomized parallel control. Time effects, short duration and multiple endpoints limit causal and clinical interpretation. Lower SHBG does not demonstrate direct boron binding to SHBG.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human healthy male volunteers
plain_language
The hormone response differed from the earlier postmenopausal result.
primary_references
[boron-p21129941] Comparative effects of daily and weekly boron supplementation on plasma steroid hormones and proinflammatory cytokines. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21129941/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2010.10.001
tissue_or_cell_type
Plasma hormones and inflammatory biomarkers
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 1028–1039
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Sequential placebo-day and supplementation observations in eight men · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-short-study-estradiol Mean estradiol decreased at the one-week morning measurement in the eight-man supplementation study. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The hormone response differed from the earlier postmenopausal result. organism: Human healthy male volunteers tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma hormones and inflammatory biomarkers experimental_model: Sequential placebo-day and supplementation observations in eight men limitations: Eight participants without a randomized parallel control. Time effects, short duration and multiple endpoints limit causal and clinical interpretation. Lower SHBG does not demonstrate direct boron binding to SHBG. exposure: 10 mg boron/day for one week; acute six-hour and day-seven measurements evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/21129941.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4e5892df5d6f2cf5e87f6bd3c7c12dae16cc2fa2517d5a81267b810175485157", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1706, "text_sha256": "4e5892df5d6f2cf5e87f6bd3c7c12dae16cc2fa2517d5a81267b810175485157"} [boron-p21129941] Comparative effects of daily and weekly boron supplementation on plasma steroid hormones and proinflammatory cytokines. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21129941/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2010.10.001
Complete structured claim and evidence
High-sensitivity CRP decreased at the six-hour measurement after boron supplementation in the eight-man study.
Boron → Plasma C-reactive protein concentration source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/21129941.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4e5892df5d6f2cf5e87f6bd3c7c12dae16cc2fa2517d5a81267b810175485157", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1706, "text_sha256": "4e5892df5d6f2cf5e87f6bd3c7c12dae16cc2fa2517d5a81267b810175485157"}
experimental_model
Sequential placebo-day and supplementation observations in eight men
exposure
10 mg boron/day for one week; acute six-hour and day-seven measurements
limitations
Eight participants without a randomized parallel control. Time effects, short duration and multiple endpoints limit causal and clinical interpretation. Lower SHBG does not demonstrate direct boron binding to SHBG.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human healthy male volunteers
plain_language
One inflammation marker fell over the short observation period.
primary_references
[boron-p21129941] Comparative effects of daily and weekly boron supplementation on plasma steroid hormones and proinflammatory cytokines. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21129941/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2010.10.001
tissue_or_cell_type
Circulating CRP assay; sample matrix retained as reported by the indexed abstract
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 1041–1052
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Sequential placebo-day and supplementation observations in eight men · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-short-study-crp High-sensitivity CRP decreased at the six-hour measurement after boron supplementation in the eight-man study. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: One inflammation marker fell over the short observation period. organism: Human healthy male volunteers tissue_or_cell_type: Circulating CRP assay; sample matrix retained as reported by the indexed abstract experimental_model: Sequential placebo-day and supplementation observations in eight men limitations: Eight participants without a randomized parallel control. Time effects, short duration and multiple endpoints limit causal and clinical interpretation. Lower SHBG does not demonstrate direct boron binding to SHBG. exposure: 10 mg boron/day for one week; acute six-hour and day-seven measurements evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/21129941.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4e5892df5d6f2cf5e87f6bd3c7c12dae16cc2fa2517d5a81267b810175485157", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1706, "text_sha256": "4e5892df5d6f2cf5e87f6bd3c7c12dae16cc2fa2517d5a81267b810175485157"} [boron-p21129941] Comparative effects of daily and weekly boron supplementation on plasma steroid hormones and proinflammatory cytokines. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21129941/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2010.10.001
Complete structured claim and evidence
The pilot reported improved CRP and other measured inflammatory markers with calcium fructoborate compared with placebo over about two weeks.
Calcium fructoborate → Serum C-reactive protein concentration source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/21607703.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "791318eaf72d7d13719549d6c655fa4023ebe6b5582776b785db1d403456a35d", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1236, "text_sha256": "791318eaf72d7d13719549d6c655fa4023ebe6b5582776b785db1d403456a35d"}
experimental_model
Randomized placebo-controlled double-blind pilot in knee osteoarthritis
exposure
Approximately 15 days calcium-fructoborate supplementation; 116 recruited, 72 started and 60 completed
limitations
Short pilot with attrition and biomarker outcomes; it does not establish cartilage repair, disease modification or equivalence of all boron compounds.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human
plain_language
The trial reported changes in blood markers; it did not show that damaged joints were rebuilt.
primary_references
[boron-p21607703] A double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study to evaluate the effect of calcium fructoborate on systemic inflammation and dyslipidemia markers for middle-aged people with primary osteoarthritis. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21607703/ DOI: 10.1007/s12011-011-9083-0
tissue_or_cell_type
Blood inflammatory markers
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 1054–1065
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized placebo-controlled double-blind pilot in knee osteoarthritis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-fructoborate-inflammatory-markers The pilot reported improved CRP and other measured inflammatory markers with calcium fructoborate compared with placebo over about two weeks. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The trial reported changes in blood markers; it did not show that damaged joints were rebuilt. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Blood inflammatory markers experimental_model: Randomized placebo-controlled double-blind pilot in knee osteoarthritis limitations: Short pilot with attrition and biomarker outcomes; it does not establish cartilage repair, disease modification or equivalence of all boron compounds. exposure: Approximately 15 days calcium-fructoborate supplementation; 116 recruited, 72 started and 60 completed evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/21607703.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "791318eaf72d7d13719549d6c655fa4023ebe6b5582776b785db1d403456a35d", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1236, "text_sha256": "791318eaf72d7d13719549d6c655fa4023ebe6b5582776b785db1d403456a35d"} [boron-p21607703] A double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study to evaluate the effect of calcium fructoborate on systemic inflammation and dyslipidemia markers for middle-aged people with primary osteoarthritis. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21607703/ DOI: 10.1007/s12011-011-9083-0
Complete structured claim and evidence
Calcium fructoborate reduced MPQ pain scores relative to placebo at day 7 (estimated difference −5.8, p=0.0009) and day 14 (−8.9, p<0.0001).
Calcium fructoborate → Knee pain assessed by McGill Pain Questionnaire source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/24940052.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "67109609237051de9522fd8d5c1dc3a6d96babf2f8b3931e4564c675f88c80be", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1393, "text_sha256": "67109609237051de9522fd8d5c1dc3a6d96babf2f8b3931e4564c675f88c80be"}
experimental_model
Randomized placebo-controlled trial; 60 participants with self-reported knee discomfort
exposure
Calcium fructoborate 110 mg twice daily for 14 days; compound mass is not elemental boron dose
limitations
Short symptom trial. The 2021 correction (PMID 33564230, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33564230/) disclosed FutureCeuticals funding/product supply, company employment and patent interests; the journal requested retrospective registration. Day-seven WOMAC p=0.06 was not conventionally significant despite broader wording in the original abstract. These are corrections/qualifications, not a new scientific conflict.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human
plain_language
Participants reported less knee pain during this short trial.
primary_references
[boron-p24940052] Short-term efficacy of calcium fructoborate on subjects with knee discomfort: a comparative, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24940052/ DOI: 10.2147/cia.s64590
tissue_or_cell_type
Pain and WOMAC questionnaire outcomes
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 1067–1078
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized placebo-controlled trial; 60 participants with self-reported knee discomfort · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-fructoborate-knee-pain Calcium fructoborate reduced MPQ pain scores relative to placebo at day 7 (estimated difference −5.8, p=0.0009) and day 14 (−8.9, p<0.0001). Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Participants reported less knee pain during this short trial. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Pain and WOMAC questionnaire outcomes experimental_model: Randomized placebo-controlled trial; 60 participants with self-reported knee discomfort limitations: Short symptom trial. The 2021 correction (PMID 33564230, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33564230/) disclosed FutureCeuticals funding/product supply, company employment and patent interests; the journal requested retrospective registration. Day-seven WOMAC p=0.06 was not conventionally significant despite broader wording in the original abstract. These are corrections/qualifications, not a new scientific conflict. exposure: Calcium fructoborate 110 mg twice daily for 14 days; compound mass is not elemental boron dose evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/24940052.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "67109609237051de9522fd8d5c1dc3a6d96babf2f8b3931e4564c675f88c80be", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1393, "text_sha256": "67109609237051de9522fd8d5c1dc3a6d96babf2f8b3931e4564c675f88c80be"} [boron-p24940052] Short-term efficacy of calcium fructoborate on subjects with knee discomfort: a comparative, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24940052/ DOI: 10.2147/cia.s64590
Complete structured claim and evidence
The WOMAC treatment difference was −13.73 at day 14 (p<0.0001); the day-seven difference of −5.3 had p=0.06 and was not conventionally significant.
Calcium fructoborate → Knee symptoms and function assessed by WOMAC source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/24940052.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "67109609237051de9522fd8d5c1dc3a6d96babf2f8b3931e4564c675f88c80be", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1393, "text_sha256": "67109609237051de9522fd8d5c1dc3a6d96babf2f8b3931e4564c675f88c80be"}
experimental_model
Randomized placebo-controlled trial; 60 participants with self-reported knee discomfort
exposure
Calcium fructoborate 110 mg twice daily for 14 days; compound mass is not elemental boron dose
limitations
Short symptom trial. The 2021 correction (PMID 33564230, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33564230/) disclosed FutureCeuticals funding/product supply, company employment and patent interests; the journal requested retrospective registration. Day-seven WOMAC p=0.06 was not conventionally significant despite broader wording in the original abstract. These are corrections/qualifications, not a new scientific conflict.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human
plain_language
The combined knee symptom/function score improved at two weeks; the one-week result was uncertain.
primary_references
[boron-p24940052] Short-term efficacy of calcium fructoborate on subjects with knee discomfort: a comparative, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24940052/ DOI: 10.2147/cia.s64590
tissue_or_cell_type
Pain and WOMAC questionnaire outcomes
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 1080–1091
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized placebo-controlled trial; 60 participants with self-reported knee discomfort · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-fructoborate-womac The WOMAC treatment difference was −13.73 at day 14 (p<0.0001); the day-seven difference of −5.3 had p=0.06 and was not conventionally significant. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The combined knee symptom/function score improved at two weeks; the one-week result was uncertain. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Pain and WOMAC questionnaire outcomes experimental_model: Randomized placebo-controlled trial; 60 participants with self-reported knee discomfort limitations: Short symptom trial. The 2021 correction (PMID 33564230, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33564230/) disclosed FutureCeuticals funding/product supply, company employment and patent interests; the journal requested retrospective registration. Day-seven WOMAC p=0.06 was not conventionally significant despite broader wording in the original abstract. These are corrections/qualifications, not a new scientific conflict. exposure: Calcium fructoborate 110 mg twice daily for 14 days; compound mass is not elemental boron dose evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/24940052.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "67109609237051de9522fd8d5c1dc3a6d96babf2f8b3931e4564c675f88c80be", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1393, "text_sha256": "67109609237051de9522fd8d5c1dc3a6d96babf2f8b3931e4564c675f88c80be"} [boron-p24940052] Short-term efficacy of calcium fructoborate on subjects with knee discomfort: a comparative, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24940052/ DOI: 10.2147/cia.s64590
Complete structured claim and evidence
After intravenous boric acid, urinary recovery over 120 hours was 98.7 ± 9.1% of the dose.
Boric acid / orthoboric acid / B(OH)3 → Urinary boron excretion source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/6732506.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7deee2df94fd1ab9d173e7ddf97660bd8402d51bed8ac2bb8cac8810be66ca61", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 652, "text_sha256": "7deee2df94fd1ab9d173e7ddf97660bd8402d51bed8ac2bb8cac8810be66ca61"}
experimental_model
Single-dose intravenous pharmacokinetics in eight adult men
exposure
562–611 mg boric acid over 20 minutes; plasma followed three days and urine 120 hours
limitations
Historical intravenous experimental exposure is not an oral supplement regimen. These kinetics should not be generalized to kidney impairment or every exposure route.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human
plain_language
The kidneys removed almost all of the administered amount over the collection period.
primary_references
[boron-p6732506] Boric acid single dose pharmacokinetics after intravenous administration to man. (1984). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6732506/ DOI: 10.1007/bf00316588
tissue_or_cell_type
Plasma and urine; six participants included in compartment fitting
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 1093–1104
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Single-dose intravenous pharmacokinetics in eight adult men · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-renal-elimination After intravenous boric acid, urinary recovery over 120 hours was 98.7 ± 9.1% of the dose. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The kidneys removed almost all of the administered amount over the collection period. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma and urine; six participants included in compartment fitting experimental_model: Single-dose intravenous pharmacokinetics in eight adult men limitations: Historical intravenous experimental exposure is not an oral supplement regimen. These kinetics should not be generalized to kidney impairment or every exposure route. exposure: 562–611 mg boric acid over 20 minutes; plasma followed three days and urine 120 hours evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/6732506.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7deee2df94fd1ab9d173e7ddf97660bd8402d51bed8ac2bb8cac8810be66ca61", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 652, "text_sha256": "7deee2df94fd1ab9d173e7ddf97660bd8402d51bed8ac2bb8cac8810be66ca61"} [boron-p6732506] Boric acid single dose pharmacokinetics after intravenous administration to man. (1984). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6732506/ DOI: 10.1007/bf00316588
Complete structured claim and evidence
The fitted terminal boric-acid half-life was 21.0 ± 4.9 hours and total clearance 54.6 ± 8.0 mL/min/1.73 m² in the intravenous study.
Boric acid / orthoboric acid / B(OH)3 → Circulating boron concentration source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/6732506.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7deee2df94fd1ab9d173e7ddf97660bd8402d51bed8ac2bb8cac8810be66ca61", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 652, "text_sha256": "7deee2df94fd1ab9d173e7ddf97660bd8402d51bed8ac2bb8cac8810be66ca61"}
experimental_model
Single-dose intravenous pharmacokinetics in eight adult men
exposure
562–611 mg boric acid over 20 minutes; plasma followed three days and urine 120 hours
limitations
Historical intravenous experimental exposure is not an oral supplement regimen. These kinetics should not be generalized to kidney impairment or every exposure route.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human
plain_language
The measured blood level reflected elimination over roughly a day, with variation among participants.
primary_references
[boron-p6732506] Boric acid single dose pharmacokinetics after intravenous administration to man. (1984). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6732506/ DOI: 10.1007/bf00316588
tissue_or_cell_type
Plasma and urine; six participants included in compartment fitting
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 1106–1117
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Single-dose intravenous pharmacokinetics in eight adult men · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-plasma-kinetics The fitted terminal boric-acid half-life was 21.0 ± 4.9 hours and total clearance 54.6 ± 8.0 mL/min/1.73 m² in the intravenous study. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The measured blood level reflected elimination over roughly a day, with variation among participants. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma and urine; six participants included in compartment fitting experimental_model: Single-dose intravenous pharmacokinetics in eight adult men limitations: Historical intravenous experimental exposure is not an oral supplement regimen. These kinetics should not be generalized to kidney impairment or every exposure route. exposure: 562–611 mg boric acid over 20 minutes; plasma followed three days and urine 120 hours evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/6732506.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7deee2df94fd1ab9d173e7ddf97660bd8402d51bed8ac2bb8cac8810be66ca61", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 652, "text_sha256": "7deee2df94fd1ab9d173e7ddf97660bd8402d51bed8ac2bb8cac8810be66ca61"} [boron-p6732506] Boric acid single dose pharmacokinetics after intravenous administration to man. (1984). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6732506/ DOI: 10.1007/bf00316588
Complete structured claim and evidence
Estimated intake correlated with 24-hour urinary boron excretion in vegans (r=0.79), omnivores (r=0.74) and less strongly in lacto-ovo-vegetarians (r=0.43).
Boron → Urinary boron excretion source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
availability_state
biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/42581205.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "616a276982b68c86769b127edd0b346732467698b8da80259d093b842708aa4b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1953, "text_sha256": "616a276982b68c86769b127edd0b346732467698b8da80259d093b842708aa4b"}
experimental_model
Cross-sectional diet records and 24-hour urine study; 89 adults
exposure
28 lacto-ovo-vegetarians, 29 vegans and 32 omnivores in Germany
limitations
Observational diet-pattern comparisons cannot show that boron causes potassium loss; shared food sources, intake estimation and renal handling can affect correlations. No diagnostic deficiency cutoff was validated.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human
plain_language
Urine boron tracked dietary exposure reasonably well in some groups; it did not diagnose deficiency.
primary_references
[boron-p42581205] Boron Intake and 24-hour Urinary Excretion in Long-term Omnivores, Vegetarians and Vegans: a Cross-sectional Study. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42581205/ DOI: 10.1007/s12011-026-05297-x
tissue_or_cell_type
Diet intake estimates and urine
trigger_kind
biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 1119–1130
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cross-sectional diet records and 24-hour urine study; 89 adults · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-urine-intake-marker Estimated intake correlated with 24-hour urinary boron excretion in vegans (r=0.79), omnivores (r=0.74) and less strongly in lacto-ovo-vegetarians (r=0.43). Condition category: biomarker_context nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Urine boron tracked dietary exposure reasonably well in some groups; it did not diagnose deficiency. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Diet intake estimates and urine experimental_model: Cross-sectional diet records and 24-hour urine study; 89 adults limitations: Observational diet-pattern comparisons cannot show that boron causes potassium loss; shared food sources, intake estimation and renal handling can affect correlations. No diagnostic deficiency cutoff was validated. exposure: 28 lacto-ovo-vegetarians, 29 vegans and 32 omnivores in Germany evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/42581205.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "616a276982b68c86769b127edd0b346732467698b8da80259d093b842708aa4b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1953, "text_sha256": "616a276982b68c86769b127edd0b346732467698b8da80259d093b842708aa4b"} [boron-p42581205] Boron Intake and 24-hour Urinary Excretion in Long-term Omnivores, Vegetarians and Vegans: a Cross-sectional Study. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42581205/ DOI: 10.1007/s12011-026-05297-x
Complete structured claim and evidence
Higher urinary boron was associated with higher urinary potassium across the three dietary groups.
Urinary boron excretion → Urinary potassium excretion source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
availability_state
biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/42581205.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "616a276982b68c86769b127edd0b346732467698b8da80259d093b842708aa4b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1953, "text_sha256": "616a276982b68c86769b127edd0b346732467698b8da80259d093b842708aa4b"}
experimental_model
Cross-sectional diet records and 24-hour urine study; 89 adults
exposure
28 lacto-ovo-vegetarians, 29 vegans and 32 omnivores in Germany
limitations
Observational diet-pattern comparisons cannot show that boron causes potassium loss; shared food sources, intake estimation and renal handling can affect correlations. No diagnostic deficiency cutoff was validated.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human
plain_language
People excreting more boron also tended to excrete more potassium; this does not mean boron caused potassium wasting.
primary_references
[boron-p42581205] Boron Intake and 24-hour Urinary Excretion in Long-term Omnivores, Vegetarians and Vegans: a Cross-sectional Study. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42581205/ DOI: 10.1007/s12011-026-05297-x
tissue_or_cell_type
Diet intake estimates and urine
trigger_kind
biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 1132–1143
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cross-sectional diet records and 24-hour urine study; 89 adults · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-urine-potassium-correlation Higher urinary boron was associated with higher urinary potassium across the three dietary groups. Condition category: biomarker_context nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: People excreting more boron also tended to excrete more potassium; this does not mean boron caused potassium wasting. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Diet intake estimates and urine experimental_model: Cross-sectional diet records and 24-hour urine study; 89 adults limitations: Observational diet-pattern comparisons cannot show that boron causes potassium loss; shared food sources, intake estimation and renal handling can affect correlations. No diagnostic deficiency cutoff was validated. exposure: 28 lacto-ovo-vegetarians, 29 vegans and 32 omnivores in Germany evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/42581205.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "616a276982b68c86769b127edd0b346732467698b8da80259d093b842708aa4b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1953, "text_sha256": "616a276982b68c86769b127edd0b346732467698b8da80259d093b842708aa4b"} [boron-p42581205] Boron Intake and 24-hour Urinary Excretion in Long-term Omnivores, Vegetarians and Vegans: a Cross-sectional Study. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42581205/ DOI: 10.1007/s12011-026-05297-x
Complete structured claim and evidence
High-dose boric acid inhibited spermiation in adult rats, with lesions able to progress to testicular atrophy.
Boric acid / orthoboric acid / B(OH)3 → Release of mature spermatids / spermiation source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/7889890.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "73e5c915a0c7a8fa107ff62480430e94c1cf5c40648f37e08d0266394b05b70a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1729, "text_sha256": "73e5c915a0c7a8fa107ff62480430e94c1cf5c40648f37e08d0266394b05b70a"}
experimental_model
High-dose rat toxicity experiments with supporting cell assays
exposure
High boric-acid exposure; testis boron approximately 1–2 mM
limitations
High-exposure animal toxicity does not specify a human dietary threshold. The indexed abstract is truncated; no unreported plasminogen-activator or cAMP result is inferred.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Rat
plain_language
At high exposures, the rat testis failed to release developing sperm normally.
primary_references
[boron-p7889890] Mechanism of the testicular toxicity of boric acid in rats: in vivo and in vitro studies. (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7889890/ DOI: 10.1289/ehp.94102s799
tissue_or_cell_type
Testis, brain, tissue flavins and isolated Leydig cells
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 1145–1156
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · High-dose rat toxicity experiments with supporting cell assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-rat-spermiation-toxicity High-dose boric acid inhibited spermiation in adult rats, with lesions able to progress to testicular atrophy. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: At high exposures, the rat testis failed to release developing sperm normally. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Testis, brain, tissue flavins and isolated Leydig cells experimental_model: High-dose rat toxicity experiments with supporting cell assays limitations: High-exposure animal toxicity does not specify a human dietary threshold. The indexed abstract is truncated; no unreported plasminogen-activator or cAMP result is inferred. exposure: High boric-acid exposure; testis boron approximately 1–2 mM evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/7889890.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "73e5c915a0c7a8fa107ff62480430e94c1cf5c40648f37e08d0266394b05b70a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1729, "text_sha256": "73e5c915a0c7a8fa107ff62480430e94c1cf5c40648f37e08d0266394b05b70a"} [boron-p7889890] Mechanism of the testicular toxicity of boric acid in rats: in vivo and in vitro studies. (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7889890/ DOI: 10.1289/ehp.94102s799
Complete structured claim and evidence
The rat toxicity study found neither tissue-flavin changes nor overt riboflavin-deficiency signs supporting B2 depletion as the cause of boric-acid testicular toxicity.
Riboflavin (vitamin B2) → Testicular atrophy source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/7889890.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "73e5c915a0c7a8fa107ff62480430e94c1cf5c40648f37e08d0266394b05b70a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1729, "text_sha256": "73e5c915a0c7a8fa107ff62480430e94c1cf5c40648f37e08d0266394b05b70a"}
experimental_model
High-dose rat toxicity experiments with supporting cell assays
exposure
High boric-acid exposure; testis boron approximately 1–2 mM
limitations
High-exposure animal toxicity does not specify a human dietary threshold. The indexed abstract is truncated; no unreported plasminogen-activator or cAMP result is inferred.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Rat
plain_language
The researchers tested the B2-depletion explanation and did not find support for it.
primary_references
[boron-p7889890] Mechanism of the testicular toxicity of boric acid in rats: in vivo and in vitro studies. (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7889890/ DOI: 10.1289/ehp.94102s799
tissue_or_cell_type
Testis, brain, tissue flavins and isolated Leydig cells
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 1158–1169
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · High-dose rat toxicity experiments with supporting cell assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-rat-toxicity-not-b2-depletion The rat toxicity study found neither tissue-flavin changes nor overt riboflavin-deficiency signs supporting B2 depletion as the cause of boric-acid testicular toxicity. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The researchers tested the B2-depletion explanation and did not find support for it. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Testis, brain, tissue flavins and isolated Leydig cells experimental_model: High-dose rat toxicity experiments with supporting cell assays limitations: High-exposure animal toxicity does not specify a human dietary threshold. The indexed abstract is truncated; no unreported plasminogen-activator or cAMP result is inferred. exposure: High boric-acid exposure; testis boron approximately 1–2 mM evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/7889890.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "73e5c915a0c7a8fa107ff62480430e94c1cf5c40648f37e08d0266394b05b70a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1729, "text_sha256": "73e5c915a0c7a8fa107ff62480430e94c1cf5c40648f37e08d0266394b05b70a"} [boron-p7889890] Mechanism of the testicular toxicity of boric acid in rats: in vivo and in vitro studies. (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7889890/ DOI: 10.1289/ehp.94102s799
Complete structured claim and evidence
Changes in testicular calcium, phosphorus and zinc did not precede atrophy in the rat boric-acid study, arguing against those measured changes as the initiating mechanism.
Boric acid / orthoboric acid / B(OH)3 → Testicular atrophy source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/7889890.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "73e5c915a0c7a8fa107ff62480430e94c1cf5c40648f37e08d0266394b05b70a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1729, "text_sha256": "73e5c915a0c7a8fa107ff62480430e94c1cf5c40648f37e08d0266394b05b70a"}
experimental_model
High-dose rat toxicity experiments with supporting cell assays
exposure
High boric-acid exposure; testis boron approximately 1–2 mM
limitations
High-exposure animal toxicity does not specify a human dietary threshold. The indexed abstract is truncated; no unreported plasminogen-activator or cAMP result is inferred.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Rat
plain_language
Mineral changes appeared too late to explain the start of the injury in this experiment.
primary_references
[boron-p7889890] Mechanism of the testicular toxicity of boric acid in rats: in vivo and in vitro studies. (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7889890/ DOI: 10.1289/ehp.94102s799
tissue_or_cell_type
Testis, brain, tissue flavins and isolated Leydig cells
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 1171–1182
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · High-dose rat toxicity experiments with supporting cell assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-rat-testis-minerals-not-upstream Changes in testicular calcium, phosphorus and zinc did not precede atrophy in the rat boric-acid study, arguing against those measured changes as the initiating mechanism. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Mineral changes appeared too late to explain the start of the injury in this experiment. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Testis, brain, tissue flavins and isolated Leydig cells experimental_model: High-dose rat toxicity experiments with supporting cell assays limitations: High-exposure animal toxicity does not specify a human dietary threshold. The indexed abstract is truncated; no unreported plasminogen-activator or cAMP result is inferred. exposure: High boric-acid exposure; testis boron approximately 1–2 mM evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/7889890.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "73e5c915a0c7a8fa107ff62480430e94c1cf5c40648f37e08d0266394b05b70a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1729, "text_sha256": "73e5c915a0c7a8fa107ff62480430e94c1cf5c40648f37e08d0266394b05b70a"} [boron-p7889890] Mechanism of the testicular toxicity of boric acid in rats: in vivo and in vitro studies. (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7889890/ DOI: 10.1289/ehp.94102s799
Complete structured claim and evidence
This worker study did not detect boron-associated adverse semen or measured reproductive-hormone effects, including in its highest-exposure subgroup.
Boron → Semen quality measurements source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/30143848.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "84c4eb762a64b875d8586c084c3b64e9ec0b2246cba0f05164d94b04d7b26899", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1123, "text_sha256": "84c4eb762a64b875d8586c084c3b64e9ec0b2246cba0f05164d94b04d7b26899"}
experimental_model
Occupational observational study; 212 male workers
exposure
Extreme-exposure subgroup n=98; estimated daily boron exposure mean 47.17 ± 17.47 mg; blood boron mean 570.6 ± 160.1 ng/g
limitations
Observed absence of an association does not prove safety at all exposures or rule out selection, confounding or unmeasured outcomes. Do not extend the authors’ broad safety conclusion beyond the observed data.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Human
plain_language
The observed workers did not show the predicted changes in the measured outcomes; this does not cancel the animal toxicity evidence or establish universal safety.
primary_references
[boron-p30143848] Evaluation of FSH, LH, testosterone levels and semen parameters in male boron workers under extreme exposure conditions. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30143848/ DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2296-7
tissue_or_cell_type
Semen and circulating FSH, LH and testosterone
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 1184–1195
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Occupational observational study; 212 male workers · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-worker-semen-observation This worker study did not detect boron-associated adverse semen or measured reproductive-hormone effects, including in its highest-exposure subgroup. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The observed workers did not show the predicted changes in the measured outcomes; this does not cancel the animal toxicity evidence or establish universal safety. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Semen and circulating FSH, LH and testosterone experimental_model: Occupational observational study; 212 male workers limitations: Observed absence of an association does not prove safety at all exposures or rule out selection, confounding or unmeasured outcomes. Do not extend the authors’ broad safety conclusion beyond the observed data. exposure: Extreme-exposure subgroup n=98; estimated daily boron exposure mean 47.17 ± 17.47 mg; blood boron mean 570.6 ± 160.1 ng/g evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/30143848.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "84c4eb762a64b875d8586c084c3b64e9ec0b2246cba0f05164d94b04d7b26899", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1123, "text_sha256": "84c4eb762a64b875d8586c084c3b64e9ec0b2246cba0f05164d94b04d7b26899"} [boron-p30143848] Evaluation of FSH, LH, testosterone levels and semen parameters in male boron workers under extreme exposure conditions. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30143848/ DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2296-7
Complete structured claim and evidence
Extracellular cyclic ADP-ribose generated by human CD38-expressing COS1 cells was detected by calcium release from sea-urchin egg microsomes.
Cyclic ADP-ribose → Intracellular calcium-store release source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
cross_nutrient
true
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/niacin-consumption-sources/cd381993.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 540, "file_sha256": "e8ba405a5300f922bcf34c358d95735b86637331f4cf15a009ac5bf8df93f1e5", "text_sha256": "e8ba405a5300f922bcf34c358d95735b86637331f4cf15a009ac5bf8df93f1e5"}
experimental_model
Human CD38 expression in monkey COS1 cells with sea-urchin microsome bioassay
exposure
CD38 cDNA transfection; NAD+ extracellular substrate
limitations
This mixed-species bioassay does not demonstrate intracellular trafficking of extracellular cADPR or calcium regulation after oral niacin.
nutrient_topic
Niacin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Niacin (vitamin B3)
organism
Human protein; African green monkey cells; sea urchin microsomes
plain_language
A CD38-generated messenger mobilized calcium in an egg-microsome bioassay.
primary_references
[b3-cons-cd381993] Human lymphocyte antigen CD38 catalyzes the production of cyclic ADP-ribose. (1993). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8253202/ DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)80735-d
tissue_or_cell_type
COS1 kidney-cell culture; sea-urchin egg microsomes
Niacin: NAD metabolism, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 607–619
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human CD38 expression in monkey COS1 cells with sea-urchin microsome bioassay · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### b3-cons-cadpr-store-calcium Extracellular cyclic ADP-ribose generated by human CD38-expressing COS1 cells was detected by calcium release from sea-urchin egg microsomes. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Niacin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A CD38-generated messenger mobilized calcium in an egg-microsome bioassay. organism: Human protein; African green monkey cells; sea urchin microsomes tissue_or_cell_type: COS1 kidney-cell culture; sea-urchin egg microsomes experimental_model: Human CD38 expression in monkey COS1 cells with sea-urchin microsome bioassay limitations: This mixed-species bioassay does not demonstrate intracellular trafficking of extracellular cADPR or calcium regulation after oral niacin. exposure: CD38 cDNA transfection; NAD+ extracellular substrate cross_nutrient: true evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/niacin-consumption-sources/cd381993.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 540, "file_sha256": "e8ba405a5300f922bcf34c358d95735b86637331f4cf15a009ac5bf8df93f1e5", "text_sha256": "e8ba405a5300f922bcf34c358d95735b86637331f4cf15a009ac5bf8df93f1e5"} [b3-cons-cd381993] Human lymphocyte antigen CD38 catalyzes the production of cyclic ADP-ribose. (1993). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8253202/ DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)80735-d
Complete structured claim and evidence
Human CD38 also hydrolyzes cyclic ADP-ribose to ADP-ribose.
Human CD38 → Cyclic ADP-ribose source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
cross_nutrient
false
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/niacin-consumption-sources/cd381998.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1755, "file_sha256": "39f90bb382ddfee34e808fc93c5a1afafc1d9638a9dc73f2770e815827b4f2ad", "text_sha256": "39f90bb382ddfee34e808fc93c5a1afafc1d9638a9dc73f2770e815827b4f2ad"}
experimental_model
Biochemical characterization of human CD38
exposure
Cyclic ADP-ribose substrate
limitations
Primary human enzyme study; source abstract used. Product proportions are assay-specific and do not establish tissue flux or supplementation outcomes.
nutrient_topic
Niacin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Niacin (vitamin B3)
organism
Human
plain_language
CD38 also breaks down cyclic ADP-ribose.
primary_references
[b3-cons-cd381998] Human CD38 is an authentic NAD(P)+ glycohydrolase. (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9494110/ DOI: 10.1042/bj3301383
tissue_or_cell_type
Cell-free enzyme preparation
Niacin: NAD metabolism, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 593–605
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Biochemical characterization of human CD38 · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### b3-cons-cd38-cadpr-hydrolysis Human CD38 also hydrolyzes cyclic ADP-ribose to ADP-ribose. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Niacin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: CD38 also breaks down cyclic ADP-ribose. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Cell-free enzyme preparation experimental_model: Biochemical characterization of human CD38 limitations: Primary human enzyme study; source abstract used. Product proportions are assay-specific and do not establish tissue flux or supplementation outcomes. exposure: Cyclic ADP-ribose substrate cross_nutrient: false evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/niacin-consumption-sources/cd381998.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1755, "file_sha256": "39f90bb382ddfee34e808fc93c5a1afafc1d9638a9dc73f2770e815827b4f2ad", "text_sha256": "39f90bb382ddfee34e808fc93c5a1afafc1d9638a9dc73f2770e815827b4f2ad"} [b3-cons-cd381998] Human CD38 is an authentic NAD(P)+ glycohydrolase. (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9494110/ DOI: 10.1042/bj3301383
Complete structured claim and evidence
Human CD38 produces cyclic ADP-ribose as a low-efficiency branch of NAD+ cleavage.
Human CD38 → Cyclic ADP-ribose source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
cross_nutrient
false
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/niacin-consumption-sources/cd381998.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1755, "file_sha256": "39f90bb382ddfee34e808fc93c5a1afafc1d9638a9dc73f2770e815827b4f2ad", "text_sha256": "39f90bb382ddfee34e808fc93c5a1afafc1d9638a9dc73f2770e815827b4f2ad"}
experimental_model
Biochemical characterization of human CD38
exposure
NAD+ as substrate
limitations
Primary human enzyme study; source abstract used. Product proportions are assay-specific and do not establish tissue flux or supplementation outcomes.
nutrient_topic
Niacin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Niacin (vitamin B3)
organism
Human
plain_language
Some CD38 cleavage produces the cyclic calcium messenger.
primary_references
[b3-cons-cd381998] Human CD38 is an authentic NAD(P)+ glycohydrolase. (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9494110/ DOI: 10.1042/bj3301383
tissue_or_cell_type
Cell-free enzyme preparation
Niacin: NAD metabolism, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 579–591
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Biochemical characterization of human CD38 · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### b3-cons-cd38-cyclization Human CD38 produces cyclic ADP-ribose as a low-efficiency branch of NAD+ cleavage. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Niacin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Some CD38 cleavage produces the cyclic calcium messenger. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Cell-free enzyme preparation experimental_model: Biochemical characterization of human CD38 limitations: Primary human enzyme study; source abstract used. Product proportions are assay-specific and do not establish tissue flux or supplementation outcomes. exposure: NAD+ as substrate cross_nutrient: false evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/niacin-consumption-sources/cd381998.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1755, "file_sha256": "39f90bb382ddfee34e808fc93c5a1afafc1d9638a9dc73f2770e815827b4f2ad", "text_sha256": "39f90bb382ddfee34e808fc93c5a1afafc1d9638a9dc73f2770e815827b4f2ad"} [b3-cons-cd381998] Human CD38 is an authentic NAD(P)+ glycohydrolase. (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9494110/ DOI: 10.1042/bj3301383
Complete structured claim and evidence
Human CD38 hydrolyzes NAD+ to free ADP-ribose and nicotinamide.
Human CD38 → NAD+ source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
cross_nutrient
false
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/niacin-consumption-sources/cd381998.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1755, "file_sha256": "39f90bb382ddfee34e808fc93c5a1afafc1d9638a9dc73f2770e815827b4f2ad", "text_sha256": "39f90bb382ddfee34e808fc93c5a1afafc1d9638a9dc73f2770e815827b4f2ad"}
experimental_model
Biochemical characterization of human CD38
exposure
NAD+ as substrate
limitations
Primary human enzyme study; source abstract used. Product proportions are assay-specific and do not establish tissue flux or supplementation outcomes.
nutrient_topic
Niacin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Niacin (vitamin B3)
organism
Human
plain_language
CD38 can break NAD into ADP-ribose and nicotinamide.
primary_references
[b3-cons-cd381998] Human CD38 is an authentic NAD(P)+ glycohydrolase. (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9494110/ DOI: 10.1042/bj3301383
tissue_or_cell_type
Cell-free enzyme preparation
Niacin: NAD metabolism, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 565–577
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Biochemical characterization of human CD38 · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### b3-cons-cd38-hydrolysis Human CD38 hydrolyzes NAD+ to free ADP-ribose and nicotinamide. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Niacin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: CD38 can break NAD into ADP-ribose and nicotinamide. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Cell-free enzyme preparation experimental_model: Biochemical characterization of human CD38 limitations: Primary human enzyme study; source abstract used. Product proportions are assay-specific and do not establish tissue flux or supplementation outcomes. exposure: NAD+ as substrate cross_nutrient: false evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/niacin-consumption-sources/cd381998.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1755, "file_sha256": "39f90bb382ddfee34e808fc93c5a1afafc1d9638a9dc73f2770e815827b4f2ad", "text_sha256": "39f90bb382ddfee34e808fc93c5a1afafc1d9638a9dc73f2770e815827b4f2ad"} [b3-cons-cd381998] Human CD38 is an authentic NAD(P)+ glycohydrolase. (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9494110/ DOI: 10.1042/bj3301383
Complete structured claim and evidence

Availability and dependencies

Each situation shows the normal role first, then what the sources report under a specific condition. A shortfall in the diet, a fault in the machinery, and a low blood reading are kept separate because they are not the same thing.

When PERK is absent, the cellular boric-acid response changes

Condition: machinery_impairment · Genetic deletion of Perk in mouse embryonic fibroblasts.

Normal role: PERK participates in stress-dependent eIF2α phosphorylation.

Recorded consequence: Boric-acid-induced eIF2α phosphorylation and Nrf2 nuclear movement were absent in the tested knockout cells.

Scope: Mouse fibroblasts; 10 µM boric acid. This is a machinery defect, not boron deficiency.

Loss of mouse Slc4a11 removes a matrix-dependent boron response

Condition: machinery_impairment · esiRNA silencing of Slc4a11 or replacement of fibronectin with laminin-111.

Normal role: Slc4a11 contributes to the measured response of C2C12 cells on fibronectin.

Recorded consequence: The boron-associated increase in adhesion and mechanical tension was lost.

Scope: Mouse cell culture. Does not establish human borate transport, a dietary need, or a muscle-building effect.

Experimental low boron intake: mineral and hormone responses are inconsistent

Condition: nutrient_deficiency · Experimentally low-boron diets followed by boron supplementation.

Normal role: Boron exposure can modify measured mineral or hormone endpoints in some feeding studies; an essential human function is not established.

Recorded consequence: Some studies reported reduced urinary calcium or magnesium and hormone changes; others found no effect or opposite context-dependent responses.

Scope: Human metabolic-unit feeding studies. The schema category nutrient_deficiency denotes experimentally low intake here, not a recognized human boron-deficiency syndrome.

Rat low-boron effects depend on magnesium and amino acids

Condition: nutrient_deficiency · Combined low boron, severe magnesium restriction and marginal methionine, sometimes with abundant arginine.

Normal role: Adequate mineral and amino-acid supply supports growth and bone mineralization.

Recorded consequence: The deprivation effects became more evident; low boron was associated with lower growth and bone magnesium.

Scope: Factorial rat experiments. No validated human boron-deficiency threshold.

Experimental low boron intake and brain-function tests

Condition: nutrient_deficiency · Approximately 0.25 versus 3.25 mg boron/2000 kcal/day in controlled feeding studies.

Normal role: The studies compared performance and EEG under two boron intakes; a required human brain function remains unestablished.

Recorded consequence: Some EEG and cognitive/psychomotor measures differed under lower intake.

Scope: Three within-person studies in older adults. Experimental low intake is recorded in the nutrient_deficiency category without asserting a recognized human boron-deficiency disease.

Urinary boron reflects exposure, not a validated deficiency diagnosis

Condition: biomarker_context · Different dietary patterns and recent boron intake.

Normal role: Much absorbed boron is excreted in urine.

Recorded consequence: Urinary boron correlates with estimated intake and with other urinary nutrients.

Scope: Cross-sectional human 24-hour urine study; intake correlation is not causation or a validated deficiency threshold.

The sources

Every document behind this chapter is preserved word for word. Open one to read it in full with its recorded conflicts marked in place.

Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17)AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · unverified_draftRead preserved source
Niacin: NAD metabolism, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17)AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · unverified_draftRead preserved source

Recorded disagreements

Where two sources say different things, both are kept and the difference is explained. You can discuss a disagreement or propose a mechanism that might account for it.

Does boron supplementation consistently reduce urinary calcium after low intake?The 1987 study reported lower urinary calcium after boron supplementation. A 1993 follow-up designed to examine the proposed effect found no mineral response. Differences in low-intake duration, background diet, magnesium status and calcium balance may matter, but no single explanation has been established. The later magnesium-dependent reversal further limits any universal calcium-sparing claim.Read the recorded disagreement
Does human SLC4A11 transport borate?The 2004 paper assigned sodium-coupled borate transport to human SLC4A11. Two later experimental studies failed to reproduce borate transport, including one with a functioning plant positive control. This is a disagreement in published functional assignments, not a correction to our source text. The 2013 full text discusses NMDG–borate buffer interactions as a possible source of apparent pH responses; assay and expression-system differences also require consideration.Read the recorded disagreement

Open questions in this collection

Questions the curators could not answer from the sources in front of them, kept here with the reason each one is still open. These are gaps in this collection, not findings or proof that no one has studied them.

Which boron–nucleotide complexes exist at meaningful concentrations inside living human cells?Chemical binding assays establish possible chemistry, but not intracellular occupancy, direction of metabolic change, or benefit from supplementation.
Does boron directly inhibit human CYP24A1 and thereby preserve active vitamin D?This is a proposed explanation, not a verified enzymatic edge in this collection. The hypothesis article (PMID 15504575, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15504575/) is not an inhibition experiment; animal co-exposure outcomes do not establish this target.
Does boron directly displace sex hormones from SHBG?The proposal in PMID 30037620 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30037620/) calls for further experiments. A reduction in circulating SHBG is not a demonstration of binding competition.
Does ordinary dietary boron meaningfully alter human riboflavin status?Alkaline binding chemistry and poisoning-associated riboflavinuria are distinct from usual food exposure; rat toxicity experiments did not support B2 depletion as the cause of testicular injury.
What constitutes inadequate boron availability in humans?A specific human deficiency syndrome, validated diagnostic threshold and essential biochemical requirement are not established. Low-intake experimental findings must not be converted into a diagnosis from nonspecific symptoms or a single blood/urine result.
Why do circulating sex steroids respond differently across boron feeding studies?The 1987 postmenopausal study reported increases; the 1993 follow-up found no effect, and the 2004 low-magnesium condition produced decreases in estradiol and progesterone. Duration, background diet and design differ; a shared causal explanation has not been established.
Can boron reliably prevent fractures or correct magnesium, calcium or vitamin D deficiency in humans?Animal interactions and small human mineral-balance studies do not establish these clinical effects. A combination result should not be promoted to a universal nutrient gate.
Do the cultured-cell calcium and PERK responses mediate any demonstrated human benefit from dietary boron?The proposed chain combines chemistry, tumor-cell responses and mouse knockout experiments. It is a research hypothesis across models, not a clinical causal chain.

Chapters are assembled from supplied drafts and curated literature summaries. Statements remain unverified against the primary studies, and the ledger is not medical advice.

Evidence, AI assistance and curation standards

Boron

The mechanisms

A 3 mg/day boron supplement after prolonged low intake reduced urinary calcium in the 1987 postmenopausal feeding study, apparently more strongly with low magnesium intake.

Boron supplementation lowered the fraction of dietary calcium excreted in urine under basal magnesium intake but increased that fraction with magnesium supplementation.

Increasing boron intake from 0.33 to 3.33 mg/day did not alter the measured mineral absorption or excretion endpoints in the 1993 follow-up study.

Magnesium balance became negative at 118 mg/day magnesium, and changing boron intake did not obviously modify the overall response to magnesium deprivation.

Boron plus vitamin D3 increased opercular bone growth more than vitamin D3 alone in zebrafish larvae.

S-adenosylmethionine formed a boron complex in capillary-electrophoresis experiments and ranked among the strongest ligands tested.

An additional m/z 401.3 ion was consistent with a 1:1 riboflavin–boric-acid complex in alkaline electrospray experiments; the ribityl binding site was not resolved.

The 2004 NaBC1 study assigned human SLC4A11 electrogenic, sodium-coupled borate transport.

Human SLC4A11 did not support borate-associated transport in Xenopus oocytes, whereas the plant NIP5;1 positive control did.

Boron binding in the tested nucleotide series depended on suitable cis-diol groups, and NAD+ bound more strongly than NADH in the capillary-electrophoresis assay.

NAD+ formed monoester, diester and diborate adducts through ribose cis-2,3-diol groups rather than phosphate hydroxyls; the 1:1 monoester localized to the adenosine ribose.

NADH formed a monoester boron adduct in the analyzed solutions, whereas the additional diester and diborate forms observed for NAD+ were not detected for NADH.

The reported boron-binding order was NAD+ > NADH > NADP+ > NADPH at pH 10.3; only the NAD+ complex was observed in the separate pH 7.4 ammonium-bicarbonate condition.

Boric acid inhibited purified Aplysia ADP-ribosyl cyclase noncompetitively with a reported Ki of 40.5 ± 0.5 mM.

Boric acid bound cyclic ADP-ribose with an apparent association constant of 655 ± 99 L/mol in the electrospray assay at pH 10.3.

In the 2013 replication study, 10 mM borate did not change the SLC4A11-associated intracellular-pH response during a sodium-free pulse, arguing against sodium–borate cotransport.

The 2024 study supported NH4Cl-induced allosteric activation of human SLC4A11 proton conductance through an acidic shift in its intracellular-pH dependence.

Pufferfish Slc4a11A expression increased boron accumulation, intracellular pH and outward currents during boric-acid exposure in oocytes, independently of extracellular sodium.

Seawater acclimation increased renal apical Slc4a11A expression and accompanied urine boric-acid concentrations of 19 mM versus 0.020 mM in freshwater fish.

Boric acid partly inhibited NAD+-evoked calcium transients at 250 µM and completely at 1,000 µM in DU-145 cells; NADP+-evoked and mechanical responses were inhibited at 1,000 µM.

CD38 protein abundance increased across 0–1,000 µM boric-acid exposure in DU-145 cells.

Mass spectrometry detected boric-acid adducts of NAADP in the study of DU-145 calcium signaling.

Mass spectrometry detected boric-acid adducts of cyclic ADP-ribose in the study of DU-145 calcium signaling.

Boric acid reduced calcium release evoked by ryanodine-receptor agonists in DU-145 cells; cADPR inhibition was detected at 50 µM and responses to other agonists at different concentrations.

Exposure to 50 µM boric acid for one hour reduced stored calcium by 32% in DU-145 cells.

Significant inhibition of caffeine-evoked calcium release required 20 µM boric acid in LNCaP cells and 150 µM in non-tumor PWR1E cells.

Boric-acid treatment induced stress granules and mild activation of the eIF2α/ATF4 response in DU-145 cells.

Boric acid increased total eIF2α protein at 30 minutes in DU-145 cells.

Boric acid increased ATF4 protein at one hour in DU-145 cells.

Boric acid increased ATF6 protein at 30 minutes in DU-145 cells.

Boric-acid treatment increased GADD34 expression alongside the ATF4 response in DU-145 cells.

Boric-acid treatment increased HERP expression alongside the ATF4 response in DU-145 cells.

Boric-acid treatment increased GRP78/BiP expression alongside the ATF6 response in DU-145 cells.

Boric-acid treatment increased calreticulin expression in DU-145 cells.

Boric-acid treatment increased GRP94 expression in DU-145 cells.

Boric-acid treatment decreased the pro-apoptotic CHOP/GADD153 response in DU-145 cells despite increasing several other ER-stress-associated genes.

Boric acid induced eIF2α Ser51 phosphorylation in wild-type mouse fibroblasts at one hour, but not in Perk-null cells tested for up to six hours.

Boric acid induced Nrf2 nuclear translocation in wild-type mouse fibroblasts but not in Perk-null cells.

Nrf2 moved from the cytoplasm to the nucleus at 1.5–2 hours after boric-acid treatment of human DU-145 cells.

Boric acid increased HMOX1 mRNA at measured time points within 1–4 hours in human DU-145 cells.

Boric acid increased NQO1 mRNA at measured time points within 1–4 hours in human DU-145 cells.

Boric acid increased GCLC mRNA at measured time points within 1–4 hours in human DU-145 cells.

Soluble boron increased retrograde actin flow and traction forces in C2C12 myoblasts on fibronectin hydrogels, with responses also dependent on hydrogel stiffness.

Slc4a11 silencing abolished the boron-associated enhancement of adhesion and tension in C2C12 cells; replacing fibronectin with laminin-111 also abolished the response.

Boron supplementation reduced urinary magnesium in the 1987 postmenopausal feeding study, apparently more strongly in the low-magnesium group.

Boron supplementation reduced urinary phosphorus in the low-magnesium group but not the adequate-magnesium group in the 1987 study.

Boron supplementation increased circulating 17β-estradiol in the 1987 postmenopausal feeding study, with an apparently larger response when dietary magnesium was low.

Boron supplementation increased circulating testosterone in the 1987 postmenopausal feeding study, with an apparently larger response when dietary magnesium was low.

Boron supplementation decreased total urinary oxalate in the low-magnesium group.

A ninefold difference in dietary boron produced only a 1.5-fold difference in plasma boron; fecal plus urinary excretion accounted for almost all intake without progressive accumulation.

The 1993 low-boron/supplementation study found no effect of the added boron on measured plasma sex steroids.

Experimental boron deprivation increased urinary potassium excretion in the 2004 feeding study, whereas magnesium deprivation decreased it.

Boron supplementation decreased serum 17β-estradiol when dietary magnesium was low in the 2004 study.

Boron supplementation decreased serum progesterone when dietary magnesium was low in the 2004 study.

The tested boron and magnesium dietary treatments did not significantly affect serum PTH in the 2004 study.

Boron-deprived rats with marginal methionine had lower bone magnesium; interactions with magnesium deprivation were strongest under severe restriction and abundant arginine.

The higher-boron diet increased apparent calcium balance in vitamin-D-deprived rats, with substantial variability.

The higher-boron diet increased apparent magnesium balance in vitamin-D-deprived rats, with substantial variability.

The higher-boron diet increased apparent phosphorus balance in vitamin-D-deprived rats, with substantial variability.

Boron supplementation returned elevated plasma glucose concentrations in vitamin-D3-inadequate chicks toward those in vitamin-D3-adequate chicks.

Boron supplementation returned elevated plasma triglyceride concentrations in vitamin-D3-inadequate chicks toward those in vitamin-D3-adequate chicks.

Growth-plate histology suggested enhanced maturation with boron supplementation in the chick feeding experiment.

The 10 ng/mL boron plus 10 pg/mL vitamin D3 condition enriched sp7-positive intermediate osteoblasts at 6 and 9 days post-fertilization.

The 10 ng/mL boron plus 10 pg/mL vitamin D3 condition enriched bglap-positive mature osteoblasts at 15 days post-fertilization.

Magnesium, boron and their combination improved measured bone endpoints after ovariectomy in rats, with the combined intervention reported to outperform the individual interventions.

Approximately two thirds of 14 patients evaluated after boric-acid ingestion had markedly increased urinary riboflavin excretion.

Low boron intake increased the proportion of slow-frequency EEG activity and reduced higher-frequency activity in two of three feeding studies.

Low boron intake was associated with poorer attention and encoding/short-term-memory performance in all three feeding studies; manual dexterity, coordination, perception and long-term-memory effects varied by study.

Boron supplementation did not significantly improve total or free testosterone relative to placebo in the seven-week bodybuilding study.

Boron supplementation did not significantly improve measured strength or lean body mass relative to placebo, although both groups improved with training.

SHBG concentrations decreased six hours after boron supplementation in the eight-man study.

Mean free testosterone increased at the one-week morning measurement in the eight-man supplementation study.

Mean estradiol decreased at the one-week morning measurement in the eight-man supplementation study.

High-sensitivity CRP decreased at the six-hour measurement after boron supplementation in the eight-man study.

The pilot reported improved CRP and other measured inflammatory markers with calcium fructoborate compared with placebo over about two weeks.

Calcium fructoborate reduced MPQ pain scores relative to placebo at day 7 (estimated difference −5.8, p=0.0009) and day 14 (−8.9, p<0.0001).

The WOMAC treatment difference was −13.73 at day 14 (p<0.0001); the day-seven difference of −5.3 had p=0.06 and was not conventionally significant.

After intravenous boric acid, urinary recovery over 120 hours was 98.7 ± 9.1% of the dose.