Urinary potassium excretion

experimental_model

Same feeding study.

limitations

Urinary potassium alone is not an exact measure of food intake or intracellular stores.

nutrient_topic

Potassium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Potassium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

Urinary recovery and absorption are related but distinct measurements.

primary_references

[k-macdonald2016] Bioavailability of potassium from potatoes and potassium gluconate: a randomized dose response trial (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27413123/ DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.127225

tissue_or_cell_type

Urine and serum

Potassium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 1464–1473

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Same feeding study. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### k-potato-urinary-recovery Urinary potassium recovery was greater after potato intake than after the supplement despite no detected source difference in serum exposure. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Potassium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Urinary recovery and absorption are related but distinct measurements. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Urine and serum experimental_model: Same feeding study. limitations: Urinary potassium alone is not an exact measure of food intake or intracellular stores. [k-macdonald2016] Bioavailability of potassium from potatoes and potassium gluconate: a randomized dose response trial (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27413123/ DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.127225

evidence_location

Primary abstract; meal-plus-K and eplerenone comparisons.

experimental_model

Controlled meal challenges and MR-blockade comparison; 32 participants

limitations

Low-sodium controlled background; no gut receptor identified and complete aldosterone independence is an inference.

nutrient_topic

Potassium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Potassium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

People can increase potassium excretion after a meal before a measurable blood rise.

primary_references

[preston-2015-gut-human] Evidence for a gastrointestinal-renal kaliuretic signaling axis in humans (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26308672/ DOI: 10.1038/ki.2015.243

tissue_or_cell_type

Gastrointestinal-renal axis

Potassium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 472–482

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Controlled meal challenges and MR-blockade comparison; 32 participants · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### renal-human-meal-k-excretion-without-serum-rise A potassium-containing meal increased K excretion without a detected serum K rise in the human study; the response persisted with eplerenone. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Potassium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: People can increase potassium excretion after a meal before a measurable blood rise. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Gastrointestinal-renal axis experimental_model: Controlled meal challenges and MR-blockade comparison; 32 participants limitations: Low-sodium controlled background; no gut receptor identified and complete aldosterone independence is an inference. evidence_location: Primary abstract; meal-plus-K and eplerenone comparisons. [preston-2015-gut-human] Evidence for a gastrointestinal-renal kaliuretic signaling axis in humans (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26308672/ DOI: 10.1038/ki.2015.243

evidence_location

Study 1 and primary abstract.

experimental_model

Meal comparison with plasma-profile-matched KCl infusion

limitations

The responsible sensor/factor was unidentified; matching sampled plasma does not exclude every local signal.

nutrient_topic

Potassium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Potassium

organism

Rattus norvegicus

plain_language

The meal-associated signal adds to the effect of potassium measured in blood.

primary_references

[oh-2011-gut-k] Gut sensing of dietary K+ intake increases renal K+ excretion (2011). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3154709/ DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00095.2011

tissue_or_cell_type

Gastrointestinal-renal axis

Potassium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 460–470

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Meal comparison with plasma-profile-matched KCl infusion · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### renal-rat-meal-k-excretion-beyond-plasma Potassium-containing meals produced more renal K excretion than K-free meals plus intravenous KCl despite matched plasma K profiles in rats. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Potassium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The meal-associated signal adds to the effect of potassium measured in blood. organism: Rattus norvegicus tissue_or_cell_type: Gastrointestinal-renal axis experimental_model: Meal comparison with plasma-profile-matched KCl infusion limitations: The responsible sensor/factor was unidentified; matching sampled plasma does not exclude every local signal. evidence_location: Study 1 and primary abstract. [oh-2011-gut-k] Gut sensing of dietary K+ intake increases renal K+ excretion (2011). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3154709/ DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00095.2011

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

cross_nutrient

Impaired ENaC sodium-channel adaptation accompanies defective K clearance.

evidence_location

Results Figure 2; two-day versus five-day dietary comparison.

experimental_model

Inducible tubular deletion; two-day high-K citrate diet

limitations

Excretion approached controls after longer adaptation; ROMK apical localization increased rather than decreased.

nutrient_topic

Potassium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Potassium

organism

Mus musculus

plain_language

Removing kidney SGK1 impairs the initial ability to clear a potassium load.

primary_references

[al-qusairi-2016-renal-sgk1] Renal tubular SGK1 deficiency causes impaired K+ excretion via loss of regulation of NEDD4-2/WNK1 and ENaC (2016). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5005279/ DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00002.2016

tissue_or_cell_type

Kidney tubules

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Potassium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 434–445

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Inducible tubular deletion; two-day high-K citrate diet · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### renal-sgk1-loss-impairs-high-k-excretion Renal Sgk1 deletion blunted the early increase in urinary K excretion on high-K feeding, with hyperkalemia and reduced ENaC processing. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Potassium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Removing kidney SGK1 impairs the initial ability to clear a potassium load. organism: Mus musculus tissue_or_cell_type: Kidney tubules experimental_model: Inducible tubular deletion; two-day high-K citrate diet limitations: Excretion approached controls after longer adaptation; ROMK apical localization increased rather than decreased. cross_nutrient: Impaired ENaC sodium-channel adaptation accompanies defective K clearance. evidence_location: Results Figure 2; two-day versus five-day dietary comparison. [al-qusairi-2016-renal-sgk1] Renal tubular SGK1 deficiency causes impaired K+ excretion via loss of regulation of NEDD4-2/WNK1 and ENaC (2016). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5005279/ DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00002.2016

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Double-blind Latin-square metabolic-unit feeding in 13 postmenopausal women

exposure

Approximately 118 versus 318 mg Mg/day and 0.25 versus 3.25 mg B/day; 42-day periods

limitations

Boron had no obvious overall effect on the response to magnesium deprivation. Results cannot establish boron as a treatment for hypomagnesemia or a substitute for magnesium.

nutrient_topic

Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron

organism

Human

plain_language

Low boron intake changed potassium loss in this experiment; this does not establish clinical potassium deficiency.

primary_references

[boron-p15724868] The alteration of magnesium, calcium and phosphorus metabolism by dietary magnesium deprivation in postmenopausal women is not affected by dietary boron deprivation. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15724868/

tissue_or_cell_type

Mineral balance and endocrine measurements

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 729–740

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind Latin-square metabolic-unit feeding in 13 postmenopausal women · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### boron-potassium-low-boron Experimental boron deprivation increased urinary potassium excretion in the 2004 feeding study, whereas magnesium deprivation decreased it. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Low boron intake changed potassium loss in this experiment; this does not establish clinical potassium deficiency. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Mineral balance and endocrine measurements experimental_model: Double-blind Latin-square metabolic-unit feeding in 13 postmenopausal women limitations: Boron had no obvious overall effect on the response to magnesium deprivation. Results cannot establish boron as a treatment for hypomagnesemia or a substitute for magnesium. exposure: Approximately 118 versus 318 mg Mg/day and 0.25 versus 3.25 mg B/day; 42-day periods evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/15724868.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7009311021e781ba9b1e9a9244c081cf20700511cc8704e8294b1a2c55dc0e24", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2138, "text_sha256": "7009311021e781ba9b1e9a9244c081cf20700511cc8704e8294b1a2c55dc0e24"} [boron-p15724868] The alteration of magnesium, calcium and phosphorus metabolism by dietary magnesium deprivation in postmenopausal women is not affected by dietary boron deprivation. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15724868/

availability_state

biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/42581205.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "616a276982b68c86769b127edd0b346732467698b8da80259d093b842708aa4b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1953, "text_sha256": "616a276982b68c86769b127edd0b346732467698b8da80259d093b842708aa4b"}

experimental_model

Cross-sectional diet records and 24-hour urine study; 89 adults

exposure

28 lacto-ovo-vegetarians, 29 vegans and 32 omnivores in Germany

limitations

Observational diet-pattern comparisons cannot show that boron causes potassium loss; shared food sources, intake estimation and renal handling can affect correlations. No diagnostic deficiency cutoff was validated.

nutrient_topic

Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron

organism

Human

plain_language

People excreting more boron also tended to excrete more potassium; this does not mean boron caused potassium wasting.

primary_references

[boron-p42581205] Boron Intake and 24-hour Urinary Excretion in Long-term Omnivores, Vegetarians and Vegans: a Cross-sectional Study. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42581205/ DOI: 10.1007/s12011-026-05297-x

tissue_or_cell_type

Diet intake estimates and urine

trigger_kind

biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.

Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 1132–1143

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cross-sectional diet records and 24-hour urine study; 89 adults · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### boron-urine-potassium-correlation Higher urinary boron was associated with higher urinary potassium across the three dietary groups. Condition category: biomarker_context nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: People excreting more boron also tended to excrete more potassium; this does not mean boron caused potassium wasting. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Diet intake estimates and urine experimental_model: Cross-sectional diet records and 24-hour urine study; 89 adults limitations: Observational diet-pattern comparisons cannot show that boron causes potassium loss; shared food sources, intake estimation and renal handling can affect correlations. No diagnostic deficiency cutoff was validated. exposure: 28 lacto-ovo-vegetarians, 29 vegans and 32 omnivores in Germany evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/42581205.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "616a276982b68c86769b127edd0b346732467698b8da80259d093b842708aa4b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1953, "text_sha256": "616a276982b68c86769b127edd0b346732467698b8da80259d093b842708aa4b"} [boron-p42581205] Boron Intake and 24-hour Urinary Excretion in Long-term Omnivores, Vegetarians and Vegans: a Cross-sectional Study. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42581205/ DOI: 10.1007/s12011-026-05297-x

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

37 women, age 31–78; decaffeinated beverage with or without caffeine 6 mg/kg lean body mass; two-hour urine collection.

limitations

The abstract did not report a significant potassium/creatinine ratio change; total output must not be confused with selective potassium wasting.

nutrient_topic

Caffeine collection; salts, coffee, species and coexposure contexts retain their identities. · Caffeine

plain_language

Potassium output also changed in the short collection.

primary_references

Effects of dietary caffeine on renal handling of minerals in adult women. · 1990 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2402180/ · DOI 10.1016/0024-3205(90)90616-y

Caffeine: receptors, metabolism, nutrient interactions, adaptation and discovery questions (2026-09-18) · lines 332–338

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · 37 women, age 31–78; decaffeinated beverage with or without caffeine 6 mg/kg lean body mass; two-hour urine collection. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## caf-urine-k Potassium output also changed in the short collection. Total potassium output increased over the two-hour post-caffeine collection. Model: 37 women, age 31–78; decaffeinated beverage with or without caffeine 6 mg/kg lean body mass; two-hour urine collection. Limitations: The abstract did not report a significant potassium/creatinine ratio change; total output must not be confused with selective potassium wasting. Evidence access: Primary abstract Effects of dietary caffeine on renal handling of minerals in adult women. · 1990 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2402180/ · DOI 10.1016/0024-3205(90)90616-y

availability_state

biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.

cross_nutrient

magnesium -> potassium

experimental_model

Double-blind placebo-controlled randomized surgical-ICU trial

limitations

Usual K/Mg treatment continued in both groups; 30 completers; hypokalemia enrollment did not establish intracellular Mg depletion in every patient.

nutrient_topic

Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Magnesium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

The Mg group retained more of the potassium supplied even though blood potassium looked similar. This supports retention, not a directly proven human ROMK mechanism.

primary_references

[hamill-ruth-1996-potassium-balance] Magnesium repletion and its effect on potassium homeostasis in critically ill adults: results of a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. (1996). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8565536/ DOI: 10.1097/00003246-199601000-00009

tissue_or_cell_type

Blood and timed urine collections

trigger_kind

biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.

Magnesium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 241–251

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind placebo-controlled randomized surgical-ICU trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### icu-mg-repletion-improves-potassium-balance Randomized additional Mg sulfate improved 48-hour potassium input-minus-urine balance in hypokalemic ICU adults despite similar serum K; between-group total potassium replacement was not significantly different. Condition category: biomarker_context nutrient_topic: Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The Mg group retained more of the potassium supplied even though blood potassium looked similar. This supports retention, not a directly proven human ROMK mechanism. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Blood and timed urine collections experimental_model: Double-blind placebo-controlled randomized surgical-ICU trial limitations: Usual K/Mg treatment continued in both groups; 30 completers; hypokalemia enrollment did not establish intracellular Mg depletion in every patient. cross_nutrient: magnesium -> potassium [hamill-ruth-1996-potassium-balance] Magnesium repletion and its effect on potassium homeostasis in critically ill adults: results of a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. (1996). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8565536/ DOI: 10.1097/00003246-199601000-00009