Magnesium

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

cross_nutrient

magnesium -> sodium -> potassium

experimental_model

Dietary restriction in C57BL/6J mice with renal transport assays

limitations

Unchanged concentration does not imply absent mineralocorticoid action or exclude other ENaC regulators.

nutrient_topic

Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Magnesium

organism

Mus musculus

plain_language

The potassium loss pattern did not require a measured rise in circulating aldosterone in this experiment.

primary_references

[maeoka-2025-enac-romk] Hypomagnesaemia-associated hypokalaemia requires activation of both ENaC and ROMK (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41137719/ DOI: 10.1113/JP287704

tissue_or_cell_type

Kidney distal nephron

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Magnesium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 191–201

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Dietary restriction in C57BL/6J mice with renal transport assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### combined-na-mg-restriction-aldosterone-not-elevated Plasma aldosterone in combined Na/Mg-restricted mice was not higher than with normal diet, although sodium restriction alone increased it. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The potassium loss pattern did not require a measured rise in circulating aldosterone in this experiment. organism: Mus musculus tissue_or_cell_type: Kidney distal nephron experimental_model: Dietary restriction in C57BL/6J mice with renal transport assays limitations: Unchanged concentration does not imply absent mineralocorticoid action or exclude other ENaC regulators. cross_nutrient: magnesium -> sodium -> potassium [maeoka-2025-enac-romk] Hypomagnesaemia-associated hypokalaemia requires activation of both ENaC and ROMK (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41137719/ DOI: 10.1113/JP287704

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

cross_nutrient

magnesium -> sodium -> potassium

duration

Seven days

experimental_contrast

{"combination": "joint", "comparator": "Normal diet", "conditions": [{"entity_slug": "sodium", "state": "Restricted"}, {"entity_slug": "magnesium", "state": "Restricted"}], "effect_direction": "increase", "endpoint": "Native ROMK activity in DCT2/CNT", "intervention": "Combined dietary sodium and magnesium restriction"} Primary abstract PMID 41137719 / DOI 10.1113/JP287704 rechecked 2026-09-20. This comparison must not be separated into two single-deficiency effects.

experimental_model

Dietary restriction in C57BL/6J mice with renal transport assays

limitations

Co-occurrence supports the proposed mechanism; intracellular Mg and distal Na delivery were not directly measured.

nutrient_topic

Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Magnesium

organism

Mus musculus

plain_language

In this combined shortage, the Mg-sensitive potassium pathway was more active while the sodium pathway that supports potassium exit remained available.

primary_references

[maeoka-2025-enac-romk] Hypomagnesaemia-associated hypokalaemia requires activation of both ENaC and ROMK (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41137719/ DOI: 10.1113/JP287704

tissue_or_cell_type

Kidney distal nephron

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Magnesium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 178–189

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Dietary restriction in C57BL/6J mice with renal transport assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### combined-na-mg-restriction-romk-hypokalemia Combined Na/Mg restriction increased native ROMK activity in DCT2/CNT and lowered plasma K, while ENaC cleavage markers were preserved relative to normal diet. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: In this combined shortage, the Mg-sensitive potassium pathway was more active while the sodium pathway that supports potassium exit remained available. organism: Mus musculus tissue_or_cell_type: Kidney distal nephron experimental_model: Dietary restriction in C57BL/6J mice with renal transport assays limitations: Co-occurrence supports the proposed mechanism; intracellular Mg and distal Na delivery were not directly measured. cross_nutrient: magnesium -> sodium -> potassium duration: Seven days [maeoka-2025-enac-romk] Hypomagnesaemia-associated hypokalaemia requires activation of both ENaC and ROMK (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41137719/ DOI: 10.1113/JP287704

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

cross_nutrient

magnesium -> potassium

experimental_model

Within-person dietary depletion and repletion

limitations

Two elderly men; no native human channel assay and no causal localization of potassium loss to ROMK.

nutrient_topic

Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Magnesium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

Supplying potassium became less effective at maintaining potassium status as Mg depletion progressed.

primary_references

[shils-1964-human-depletion] Experimental Human Magnesium Depletion. I. Clinical Observations and Blood Chemistry Alterations (1964). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14212747/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/15.3.133

tissue_or_cell_type

Blood and whole-body potassium pool

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Magnesium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 217–227

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Within-person dietary depletion and repletion · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### human-mg-depletion-increases-k-replacement-needs Prolonged experimental Mg depletion caused hypokalemia requiring substantial extra potassium intake to maintain serum K, alongside decreased exchangeable potassium. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Supplying potassium became less effective at maintaining potassium status as Mg depletion progressed. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Blood and whole-body potassium pool experimental_model: Within-person dietary depletion and repletion limitations: Two elderly men; no native human channel assay and no causal localization of potassium loss to ROMK. cross_nutrient: magnesium -> potassium [shils-1964-human-depletion] Experimental Human Magnesium Depletion. I. Clinical Observations and Blood Chemistry Alterations (1964). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14212747/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/15.3.133

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

cross_nutrient

magnesium -> potassium

experimental_model

Within-person dietary depletion and repletion

limitations

Two elderly men; no native human channel assay and no causal localization of potassium loss to ROMK.

nutrient_topic

Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Magnesium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

Restoring Mg improved potassium status in these depleted individuals; the experiment does not show that every low potassium result has this cause.

primary_references

[shils-1964-human-depletion] Experimental Human Magnesium Depletion. I. Clinical Observations and Blood Chemistry Alterations (1964). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14212747/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/15.3.133

tissue_or_cell_type

Blood and whole-body potassium pool

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Magnesium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 229–239

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Within-person dietary depletion and repletion · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### human-mg-repletion-restores-serum-k Serum potassium rose after Mg repletion in both men studied during prolonged experimental Mg depletion. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Restoring Mg improved potassium status in these depleted individuals; the experiment does not show that every low potassium result has this cause. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Blood and whole-body potassium pool experimental_model: Within-person dietary depletion and repletion limitations: Two elderly men; no native human channel assay and no causal localization of potassium loss to ROMK. cross_nutrient: magnesium -> potassium [shils-1964-human-depletion] Experimental Human Magnesium Depletion. I. Clinical Observations and Blood Chemistry Alterations (1964). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14212747/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/15.3.133

availability_state

biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.

cross_nutrient

magnesium -> potassium

experimental_model

Double-blind placebo-controlled randomized surgical-ICU trial

limitations

Usual K/Mg treatment continued in both groups; 30 completers; hypokalemia enrollment did not establish intracellular Mg depletion in every patient.

nutrient_topic

Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Magnesium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

The Mg group retained more of the potassium supplied even though blood potassium looked similar. This supports retention, not a directly proven human ROMK mechanism.

primary_references

[hamill-ruth-1996-potassium-balance] Magnesium repletion and its effect on potassium homeostasis in critically ill adults: results of a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. (1996). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8565536/ DOI: 10.1097/00003246-199601000-00009

tissue_or_cell_type

Blood and timed urine collections

trigger_kind

biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.

Magnesium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 241–251

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind placebo-controlled randomized surgical-ICU trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### icu-mg-repletion-improves-potassium-balance Randomized additional Mg sulfate improved 48-hour potassium input-minus-urine balance in hypokalemic ICU adults despite similar serum K; between-group total potassium replacement was not significantly different. Condition category: biomarker_context nutrient_topic: Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The Mg group retained more of the potassium supplied even though blood potassium looked similar. This supports retention, not a directly proven human ROMK mechanism. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Blood and timed urine collections experimental_model: Double-blind placebo-controlled randomized surgical-ICU trial limitations: Usual K/Mg treatment continued in both groups; 30 completers; hypokalemia enrollment did not establish intracellular Mg depletion in every patient. cross_nutrient: magnesium -> potassium [hamill-ruth-1996-potassium-balance] Magnesium repletion and its effect on potassium homeostasis in critically ill adults: results of a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. (1996). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8565536/ DOI: 10.1097/00003246-199601000-00009

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence-system

22 completers; 81-day low and supplemented Mg periods; Holter monitoring

experimental_model

22 completers; 81-day low and supplemented Mg periods; Holter monitoring

exposure

Chemically measured mean intake: 130 mg Mg/day in the low period versus 411 mg/day in the supplemented period; 81 days per period after 10-day equilibration. These are experimental exposures, not recommendations.

limitations

Ventricular ectopy alone was not significantly increased; small cohort. Dietary copper varied independently; reported Mg effect was unaffected by copper or sequence.

nutrient_topic

Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Magnesium

organism

Human

plain_language

Controlled magnesium restriction produced its own measurable cardiac electrical effect.

primary_references

[klevay-2002-ectopy] Low dietary magnesium increases supraventricular ectopy (2002). https://ajcn.nutrition.org/article/S0002-9165%2823%2906154-3/fulltext DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/75.3.550

tissue

Whole-body nutrition; cardiac electrophysiology

tissue_or_cell_type

Whole-body nutrition; cardiac electrophysiology

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Magnesium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 1318–1330

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · 22 completers; 81-day low and supplemented Mg periods; Holter monitoring · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### low-dietary-magnesium-increases-ectopy Lower Mg intake increased supraventricular ectopy in a randomized crossover feeding study of postmenopausal women. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Controlled magnesium restriction produced its own measurable cardiac electrical effect. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Whole-body nutrition; cardiac electrophysiology experimental_model: 22 completers; 81-day low and supplemented Mg periods; Holter monitoring limitations: Ventricular ectopy alone was not significantly increased; small cohort. Dietary copper varied independently; reported Mg effect was unaffected by copper or sequence. exposure: Chemically measured mean intake: 130 mg Mg/day in the low period versus 411 mg/day in the supplemented period; 81 days per period after 10-day equilibration. These are experimental exposures, not recommendations. evidence-system: 22 completers; 81-day low and supplemented Mg periods; Holter monitoring tissue: Whole-body nutrition; cardiac electrophysiology [klevay-2002-ectopy] Low dietary magnesium increases supraventricular ectopy (2002). https://ajcn.nutrition.org/article/S0002-9165%2823%2906154-3/fulltext DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/75.3.550

availability_state

biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence-system

Crossover feeding and biochemical monitoring

experimental_model

Crossover feeding and biochemical monitoring

exposure

Chemically measured mean intake: 130 mg Mg/day in the low period versus 411 mg/day in the supplemented period; 81 days per period after 10-day equilibration. These are experimental exposures, not recommendations.

limitations

A study-specific biomarker observation; not a diagnostic rule for all normal serum values.

nutrient_topic

Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Magnesium

organism

Human

plain_language

A normal-range serum result did not rule out the diet-related electrical phenotype in these participants.

primary_references

[klevay-2002-ectopy] Low dietary magnesium increases supraventricular ectopy (2002). https://ajcn.nutrition.org/article/S0002-9165%2823%2906154-3/fulltext DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/75.3.550

tissue

Serum, erythrocytes and urine

tissue_or_cell_type

Serum, erythrocytes and urine

trigger_kind

biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.

Magnesium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 1332–1344

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Crossover feeding and biochemical monitoring · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### low-magnesium-diet-without-hypomagnesemia Mg biomarkers declined on the low-Mg diet, but hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia and hypokalemia were not detected. Condition category: biomarker_context nutrient_topic: Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A normal-range serum result did not rule out the diet-related electrical phenotype in these participants. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Serum, erythrocytes and urine experimental_model: Crossover feeding and biochemical monitoring limitations: A study-specific biomarker observation; not a diagnostic rule for all normal serum values. exposure: Chemically measured mean intake: 130 mg Mg/day in the low period versus 411 mg/day in the supplemented period; 81 days per period after 10-day equilibration. These are experimental exposures, not recommendations. evidence-system: Crossover feeding and biochemical monitoring tissue: Serum, erythrocytes and urine [klevay-2002-ectopy] Low dietary magnesium increases supraventricular ectopy (2002). https://ajcn.nutrition.org/article/S0002-9165%2823%2906154-3/fulltext DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/75.3.550

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

cross_nutrient

Magnesium -> calcium response; vitamin D normalization is not obligatory in this cohort.

experimental_model

Five to thirteen days of parenteral Mg.

limitations

Nonrandomized clinical response; calcium recovery does not prove that calcitriol rose.

nutrient_topic

Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Magnesium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

Restoring magnesium did not automatically normalize every vitamin D result.

primary_references

[mg-rude1985] Low serum concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in human magnesium deficiency (1985). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3840173/ DOI: 10.1210/jcem-61-5-933

tissue_or_cell_type

Human serum; circulating mineral and vitamin D metabolites

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Magnesium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 1358–1368

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Five to thirteen days of parenteral Mg. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mg-calcium-recovery-precedes-calcitriol Magnesium treatment normalized mean serum calcium, while calcitriol rose into or above normal in only five of the 23 patients. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Restoring magnesium did not automatically normalize every vitamin D result. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Human serum; circulating mineral and vitamin D metabolites experimental_model: Five to thirteen days of parenteral Mg. limitations: Nonrandomized clinical response; calcium recovery does not prove that calcitriol rose. cross_nutrient: Magnesium -> calcium response; vitamin D normalization is not obligatory in this cohort. [mg-rude1985] Low serum concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in human magnesium deficiency (1985). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3840173/ DOI: 10.1210/jcem-61-5-933

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

cross_nutrient

Magnesium -> vitamin D/phosphate handling; transcript-level evidence.

experimental_model

Mg-free versus 0.05% Mg diet.

limitations

mRNA endpoint; no transporter flux or obligatory enzyme-bound Mg inference.

nutrient_topic

Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Magnesium

organism

Rattus norvegicus

plain_language

The message for a vitamin D breakdown enzyme rose.

primary_references

[mg-matsuzaki2013] Magnesium deficiency regulates vitamin D metabolizing enzymes and type II sodium-phosphate cotransporter mRNA expression in rats (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23816829/ DOI: 10.1684/mrh.2013.0341

tissue_or_cell_type

Rat kidney

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Magnesium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 1394–1404

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mg-free versus 0.05% Mg diet. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mg-deficiency-cyp24a1-transcript Magnesium deprivation increased renal cyp24a1-mrna abundance in the 21-day rat experiment. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The message for a vitamin D breakdown enzyme rose. organism: Rattus norvegicus tissue_or_cell_type: Rat kidney experimental_model: Mg-free versus 0.05% Mg diet. limitations: mRNA endpoint; no transporter flux or obligatory enzyme-bound Mg inference. cross_nutrient: Magnesium -> vitamin D/phosphate handling; transcript-level evidence. [mg-matsuzaki2013] Magnesium deficiency regulates vitamin D metabolizing enzymes and type II sodium-phosphate cotransporter mRNA expression in rats (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23816829/ DOI: 10.1684/mrh.2013.0341

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

cross_nutrient

Magnesium -> vitamin D/phosphate handling; transcript-level evidence.

experimental_model

Mg-free versus 0.05% Mg diet.

limitations

mRNA endpoint; no transporter flux or obligatory enzyme-bound Mg inference.

nutrient_topic

Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Magnesium

organism

Rattus norvegicus

plain_language

The kidney made less of the message for vitamin D activation.

primary_references

[mg-matsuzaki2013] Magnesium deficiency regulates vitamin D metabolizing enzymes and type II sodium-phosphate cotransporter mRNA expression in rats (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23816829/ DOI: 10.1684/mrh.2013.0341

tissue_or_cell_type

Rat kidney

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Magnesium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 1382–1392

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mg-free versus 0.05% Mg diet. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mg-deficiency-cyp27b1-transcript Magnesium deprivation decreased renal cyp27b1-mrna abundance in the 21-day rat experiment. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The kidney made less of the message for vitamin D activation. organism: Rattus norvegicus tissue_or_cell_type: Rat kidney experimental_model: Mg-free versus 0.05% Mg diet. limitations: mRNA endpoint; no transporter flux or obligatory enzyme-bound Mg inference. cross_nutrient: Magnesium -> vitamin D/phosphate handling; transcript-level evidence. [mg-matsuzaki2013] Magnesium deficiency regulates vitamin D metabolizing enzymes and type II sodium-phosphate cotransporter mRNA expression in rats (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23816829/ DOI: 10.1684/mrh.2013.0341

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

cross_nutrient

Magnesium -> insulin signaling -> carbohydrate handling.

experimental_model

Partially purified rat gastrocnemius receptors.

limitations

A depletion experiment; not isolated Mg binding to a particular receptor site.

nutrient_topic

Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Magnesium

organism

Rattus norvegicus

plain_language

The receptor could still bind insulin, but its downstream activation was impaired.

primary_references

[mg-suarez1995] Impaired tyrosine-kinase activity of muscle insulin receptors from hypomagnesaemic rats (1995). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8582534/ DOI: 10.1007/bf00401757

tissue_or_cell_type

Rat gastrocnemius receptor preparations and perfused hindquarter

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Magnesium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 1503–1513

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Partially purified rat gastrocnemius receptors. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mg-deficiency-insr-autophosphorylation Insulin receptor autophosphorylation was reduced about 50% in muscle preparations from Mg-deficient rats, despite similar insulin binding. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The receptor could still bind insulin, but its downstream activation was impaired. organism: Rattus norvegicus tissue_or_cell_type: Rat gastrocnemius receptor preparations and perfused hindquarter experimental_model: Partially purified rat gastrocnemius receptors. limitations: A depletion experiment; not isolated Mg binding to a particular receptor site. cross_nutrient: Magnesium -> insulin signaling -> carbohydrate handling. [mg-suarez1995] Impaired tyrosine-kinase activity of muscle insulin receptors from hypomagnesaemic rats (1995). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8582534/ DOI: 10.1007/bf00401757

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

cross_nutrient

Magnesium/insulin/glucose; impaired sensitivity is distinct from absence of transport.

experimental_model

Perfused rat hindquarter.

limitations

Muscle GLUT4 abundance was similar; the experiment does not establish a single causal intermediate.

nutrient_topic

Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Magnesium

organism

Rattus norvegicus

plain_language

The response became less sensitive rather than completely stopping.

primary_references

[mg-suarez1995] Impaired tyrosine-kinase activity of muscle insulin receptors from hypomagnesaemic rats (1995). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8582534/ DOI: 10.1007/bf00401757

tissue_or_cell_type

Rat gastrocnemius receptor preparations and perfused hindquarter

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Magnesium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 1515–1525

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Perfused rat hindquarter. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mg-deficiency-muscle-insulin-response Mg-deficient rat muscle had lower glucose uptake at submaximal insulin; basal and maximal-insulin uptake were preserved. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The response became less sensitive rather than completely stopping. organism: Rattus norvegicus tissue_or_cell_type: Rat gastrocnemius receptor preparations and perfused hindquarter experimental_model: Perfused rat hindquarter. limitations: Muscle GLUT4 abundance was similar; the experiment does not establish a single causal intermediate. cross_nutrient: Magnesium/insulin/glucose; impaired sensitivity is distinct from absence of transport. [mg-suarez1995] Impaired tyrosine-kinase activity of muscle insulin receptors from hypomagnesaemic rats (1995). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8582534/ DOI: 10.1007/bf00401757

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

cross_nutrient

Magnesium -> vitamin D/phosphate handling; transcript-level evidence.

experimental_model

Mg-free versus 0.05% Mg diet.

limitations

mRNA endpoint; no transporter flux or obligatory enzyme-bound Mg inference.

nutrient_topic

Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Magnesium

organism

Rattus norvegicus

plain_language

The message for one phosphate-reabsorbing transporter fell.

primary_references

[mg-matsuzaki2013] Magnesium deficiency regulates vitamin D metabolizing enzymes and type II sodium-phosphate cotransporter mRNA expression in rats (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23816829/ DOI: 10.1684/mrh.2013.0341

tissue_or_cell_type

Rat kidney

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Magnesium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 1406–1416

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mg-free versus 0.05% Mg diet. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mg-deficiency-napi2a-transcript Magnesium deprivation decreased renal slc34a1-mrna abundance in the 21-day rat experiment. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The message for one phosphate-reabsorbing transporter fell. organism: Rattus norvegicus tissue_or_cell_type: Rat kidney experimental_model: Mg-free versus 0.05% Mg diet. limitations: mRNA endpoint; no transporter flux or obligatory enzyme-bound Mg inference. cross_nutrient: Magnesium -> vitamin D/phosphate handling; transcript-level evidence. [mg-matsuzaki2013] Magnesium deficiency regulates vitamin D metabolizing enzymes and type II sodium-phosphate cotransporter mRNA expression in rats (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23816829/ DOI: 10.1684/mrh.2013.0341

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

cross_nutrient

Magnesium -> vitamin D/phosphate handling; transcript-level evidence.

experimental_model

Mg-free versus 0.05% Mg diet.

limitations

mRNA endpoint; no transporter flux or obligatory enzyme-bound Mg inference.

nutrient_topic

Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Magnesium

organism

Rattus norvegicus

plain_language

A second phosphate-transporter message also fell.

primary_references

[mg-matsuzaki2013] Magnesium deficiency regulates vitamin D metabolizing enzymes and type II sodium-phosphate cotransporter mRNA expression in rats (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23816829/ DOI: 10.1684/mrh.2013.0341

tissue_or_cell_type

Rat kidney

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Magnesium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 1418–1428

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mg-free versus 0.05% Mg diet. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mg-deficiency-napi2c-transcript Magnesium deprivation decreased renal slc34a3-mrna abundance in the 21-day rat experiment. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A second phosphate-transporter message also fell. organism: Rattus norvegicus tissue_or_cell_type: Rat kidney experimental_model: Mg-free versus 0.05% Mg diet. limitations: mRNA endpoint; no transporter flux or obligatory enzyme-bound Mg inference. cross_nutrient: Magnesium -> vitamin D/phosphate handling; transcript-level evidence. [mg-matsuzaki2013] Magnesium deficiency regulates vitamin D metabolizing enzymes and type II sodium-phosphate cotransporter mRNA expression in rats (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23816829/ DOI: 10.1684/mrh.2013.0341

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

cross_nutrient

Magnesium -> vitamin D/calcium regulation; direct CYP cofactor step not established.

experimental_model

Clinical metabolite measurements.

limitations

Association within an affected cohort; substrate supply, PTH and other illness can contribute.

nutrient_topic

Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Magnesium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

Magnesium depletion can accompany low active vitamin D.

primary_references

[mg-rude1985] Low serum concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in human magnesium deficiency (1985). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3840173/ DOI: 10.1210/jcem-61-5-933

tissue_or_cell_type

Human serum; circulating mineral and vitamin D metabolites

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Magnesium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 1346–1356

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Clinical metabolite measurements. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mg-deficient-human-low-calcitriol Sixteen of 23 hypocalcemic magnesium-deficient patients had low circulating calcitriol. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Magnesium depletion can accompany low active vitamin D. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Human serum; circulating mineral and vitamin D metabolites experimental_model: Clinical metabolite measurements. limitations: Association within an affected cohort; substrate supply, PTH and other illness can contribute. cross_nutrient: Magnesium -> vitamin D/calcium regulation; direct CYP cofactor step not established. [mg-rude1985] Low serum concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in human magnesium deficiency (1985). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3840173/ DOI: 10.1210/jcem-61-5-933

cross_nutrient

Magnesium/insulin/glucose: biochemical repletion and clinical response are separate.

experimental_model

14-person, six-week randomized crossover trial.

exposure

15 mmol/day trial exposure, not advice. Clamp M 4.6 versus 4.4 mg/kg/min; p=0.108.

limitations

Small trial and modest biochemical change; not proof of zero effect. Differs from the 2003 trial in treatment, duration and endpoint, not a fabricated scientific contradiction.

nutrient_topic

Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Magnesium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

Raising the blood magnesium value did not establish improved insulin sensitivity in this trial.

primary_references

[mg-drenthen2024] Oral magnesium supplementation does not affect insulin sensitivity in people with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes and a low serum magnesium: a randomised controlled trial (2024). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37922013/ DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-06029-9

tissue_or_cell_type

Human whole-body glucose clamp and blood measurements

Magnesium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 1564–1575

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · 14-person, six-week randomized crossover trial. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mg-diabetes-clamp-trial2024 Magnesium increased serum Mg but did not significantly change the primary clamp outcome in insulin-treated adults with low serum Mg. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Raising the blood magnesium value did not establish improved insulin sensitivity in this trial. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Human whole-body glucose clamp and blood measurements experimental_model: 14-person, six-week randomized crossover trial. limitations: Small trial and modest biochemical change; not proof of zero effect. Differs from the 2003 trial in treatment, duration and endpoint, not a fabricated scientific contradiction. cross_nutrient: Magnesium/insulin/glucose: biochemical repletion and clinical response are separate. exposure: 15 mmol/day trial exposure, not advice. Clamp M 4.6 versus 4.4 mg/kg/min; p=0.108. [mg-drenthen2024] Oral magnesium supplementation does not affect insulin sensitivity in people with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes and a low serum magnesium: a randomised controlled trial (2024). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37922013/ DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-06029-9

cross_nutrient

Magnesium -> insulin/glucose endpoints; treatment context matters.

experimental_model

63-person, 16-week randomized trial.

exposure

Eligibility serum Mg at most 0.74 mmol/L. End-study HOMA-IR means 3.8 versus 5.0.

limitations

HOMA is a surrogate, not a clamp; renal impairment was excluded. Not proof that all diabetes responds to Mg.

nutrient_topic

Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Magnesium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

One trial found improved insulin-resistance estimates in a specific low-magnesium group.

primary_references

[mg-rodriguezmoran2003] Oral magnesium supplementation improves insulin sensitivity and metabolic control in type 2 diabetic subjects: a randomized double-blind controlled trial (2003). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12663588/ DOI: 10.2337/diacare.26.4.1147

tissue_or_cell_type

Human blood-based metabolic endpoints

Magnesium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 1551–1562

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · 63-person, 16-week randomized trial. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mg-diabetes-homa-trial2003 Magnesium treatment lowered HOMA-IR compared with placebo in hypomagnesemic adults with type 2 diabetes receiving glibenclamide. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: One trial found improved insulin-resistance estimates in a specific low-magnesium group. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Human blood-based metabolic endpoints experimental_model: 63-person, 16-week randomized trial. limitations: HOMA is a surrogate, not a clamp; renal impairment was excluded. Not proof that all diabetes responds to Mg. cross_nutrient: Magnesium -> insulin/glucose endpoints; treatment context matters. exposure: Eligibility serum Mg at most 0.74 mmol/L. End-study HOMA-IR means 3.8 versus 5.0. [mg-rodriguezmoran2003] Oral magnesium supplementation improves insulin sensitivity and metabolic control in type 2 diabetic subjects: a randomized double-blind controlled trial (2003). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12663588/ DOI: 10.2337/diacare.26.4.1147

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

cross_nutrient

magnesium -> PTH -> calcium

experimental_model

Acute Mg administration across clinical groups

limitations

Biphasic/status-dependent response does not establish one serum Mg breakpoint applicable to all patients.

nutrient_topic

Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Magnesium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

Restoring missing Mg can release a suppressed PTH response, while adding Mg in another starting state can inhibit it.

primary_references

[rude-1978-status-dependent-pth] Parathyroid hormone secretion in magnesium deficiency (1978). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/263326/ DOI: 10.1210/jcem-47-4-800

tissue_or_cell_type

Blood; parathyroid axis

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Magnesium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 349–359

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Acute Mg administration across clinical groups · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mg-pth-response-depends-on-prior-status Mg administration promptly raised PTH in hypomagnesemic patients, whereas normal and hyperparathyroid comparison groups showed a decrease or little change. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Restoring missing Mg can release a suppressed PTH response, while adding Mg in another starting state can inhibit it. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Blood; parathyroid axis experimental_model: Acute Mg administration across clinical groups limitations: Biphasic/status-dependent response does not establish one serum Mg breakpoint applicable to all patients. cross_nutrient: magnesium -> PTH -> calcium [rude-1978-status-dependent-pth] Parathyroid hormone secretion in magnesium deficiency (1978). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/263326/ DOI: 10.1210/jcem-47-4-800

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

cross_nutrient

Magnesium/vitamin D: qualify a universal CYP27B1 shutdown claim.

experimental_model

In-vivo tracer and isolated mitochondrial assays.

limitations

No-added-Mg buffer does not prove a metal-free preparation. This result cannot be generalized to every species or illness.

nutrient_topic

Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Magnesium

organism

Rattus norvegicus

plain_language

Low magnesium did not switch off vitamin D activation in this rat experiment.

primary_references

[mg-carpenter1987] Effect of magnesium depletion on metabolism of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in rats (1987). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3605332/ DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1987.253.1.e106

tissue_or_cell_type

Rat circulation and isolated kidney mitochondria

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Magnesium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 1370–1380

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · In-vivo tracer and isolated mitochondrial assays. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mg-rat-calcitriol-conversion-preserved Magnesium depletion did not impair measured calcifediol-to-calcitriol conversion in these rats; isolated renal activity persisted without added Mg. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Low magnesium did not switch off vitamin D activation in this rat experiment. organism: Rattus norvegicus tissue_or_cell_type: Rat circulation and isolated kidney mitochondria experimental_model: In-vivo tracer and isolated mitochondrial assays. limitations: No-added-Mg buffer does not prove a metal-free preparation. This result cannot be generalized to every species or illness. cross_nutrient: Magnesium/vitamin D: qualify a universal CYP27B1 shutdown claim. [mg-carpenter1987] Effect of magnesium depletion on metabolism of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in rats (1987). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3605332/ DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1987.253.1.e106

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

cross_nutrient

magnesium -> PTH -> calcium

experimental_model

Human hypomagnesemic hypocalcemia clinical study

limitations

Three infusion experiments; timing supports but does not directly visualize secretory machinery.

nutrient_topic

Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Magnesium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

The fast hormone rise supports release of stored PTH after Mg restoration, rather than requiring new hormone synthesis first.

primary_references

[rude-1976-human-pth-resistance] Functional hypoparathyroidism and parathyroid hormone end-organ resistance in human magnesium deficiency (1976). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/182417/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1976.tb01947.x

tissue_or_cell_type

Blood; parathyroid-kidney axis

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Magnesium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 313–323

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human hypomagnesemic hypocalcemia clinical study · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mg-repletion-rapidly-releases-pth Acute Mg administration increased circulating immunoreactive PTH within one minute in the three tested Mg-deficient patients. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The fast hormone rise supports release of stored PTH after Mg restoration, rather than requiring new hormone synthesis first. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Blood; parathyroid-kidney axis experimental_model: Human hypomagnesemic hypocalcemia clinical study limitations: Three infusion experiments; timing supports but does not directly visualize secretory machinery. cross_nutrient: magnesium -> PTH -> calcium [rude-1976-human-pth-resistance] Functional hypoparathyroidism and parathyroid hormone end-organ resistance in human magnesium deficiency (1976). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/182417/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1976.tb01947.x

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

cross_nutrient

magnesium -> sodium -> potassium

experimental_model

Dietary restriction in C57BL/6J mice with renal transport assays

limitations

Model-specific non-sufficiency; not a claim that isolated Mg restriction can never lower K at other durations or in humans.

nutrient_topic

Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Magnesium

organism

Mus musculus

plain_language

A low Mg blood value alone did not guarantee falling potassium: sodium transport and the rest of the kidney response mattered.

primary_references

[maeoka-2025-enac-romk] Hypomagnesaemia-associated hypokalaemia requires activation of both ENaC and ROMK (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41137719/ DOI: 10.1113/JP287704

tissue_or_cell_type

Kidney distal nephron

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Magnesium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 166–176

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Dietary restriction in C57BL/6J mice with renal transport assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mg-restriction-alone-not-sufficient-hypokalemia Isolated Mg restriction produced hypomagnesemia without the hypokalemia observed under combined Na/Mg restriction in the tested mice. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A low Mg blood value alone did not guarantee falling potassium: sodium transport and the rest of the kidney response mattered. organism: Mus musculus tissue_or_cell_type: Kidney distal nephron experimental_model: Dietary restriction in C57BL/6J mice with renal transport assays limitations: Model-specific non-sufficiency; not a claim that isolated Mg restriction can never lower K at other durations or in humans. cross_nutrient: magnesium -> sodium -> potassium [maeoka-2025-enac-romk] Hypomagnesaemia-associated hypokalaemia requires activation of both ENaC and ROMK (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41137719/ DOI: 10.1113/JP287704

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

cross_nutrient

magnesium -> sodium -> potassium

experimental_model

Dietary restriction in C57BL/6J mice with renal transport assays

limitations

Cleaved subunits and amiloride response support ENaC inhibition; the molecular cause was unresolved.

nutrient_topic

Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Magnesium

organism

Mus musculus

plain_language

With less dietary Mg, these kidneys reduced the sodium entry pathway that normally helps drive potassium secretion.

primary_references

[maeoka-2025-enac-romk] Hypomagnesaemia-associated hypokalaemia requires activation of both ENaC and ROMK (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41137719/ DOI: 10.1113/JP287704

tissue_or_cell_type

Kidney distal nephron

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Magnesium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 154–164

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Dietary restriction in C57BL/6J mice with renal transport assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mg-restriction-reduces-enac-activity Mg restriction reduced cleaved alpha/gamma ENaC abundance and blunted amiloride-induced sodium excretion in mice. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: With less dietary Mg, these kidneys reduced the sodium entry pathway that normally helps drive potassium secretion. organism: Mus musculus tissue_or_cell_type: Kidney distal nephron experimental_model: Dietary restriction in C57BL/6J mice with renal transport assays limitations: Cleaved subunits and amiloride response support ENaC inhibition; the molecular cause was unresolved. cross_nutrient: magnesium -> sodium -> potassium [maeoka-2025-enac-romk] Hypomagnesaemia-associated hypokalaemia requires activation of both ENaC and ROMK (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41137719/ DOI: 10.1113/JP287704

cross_nutrient

Magnesium <-> vitamin D status; baseline-dependent clinical endpoint.

experimental_model

Randomized 12-week ancillary analysis, 180 adults.

exposure

Personalized Mg supplementation; baseline calcium:magnesium intake ratio at least 2.6. Ratios describe enrollment, not a recommended target.

limitations

Only two participants had overt vitamin D deficiency; the trial does not show universal deficiency rescue or identify the responsible enzyme.

nutrient_topic

Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Magnesium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

The vitamin D response depended on the starting level.

primary_references

[mg-dai2018] Magnesium status and supplementation influence vitamin D status and metabolism: results from a randomized trial (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30541089/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy274

tissue_or_cell_type

Human plasma

Magnesium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 1430–1441

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized 12-week ancillary analysis, 180 adults. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mg-supplement-calcifediol-baseline-dependent Magnesium assignment altered plasma 25(OH)D3 differently by baseline vitamin D: an increase near 30 ng/mL and a decrease at higher baseline concentrations. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The vitamin D response depended on the starting level. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Human plasma experimental_model: Randomized 12-week ancillary analysis, 180 adults. limitations: Only two participants had overt vitamin D deficiency; the trial does not show universal deficiency rescue or identify the responsible enzyme. cross_nutrient: Magnesium <-> vitamin D status; baseline-dependent clinical endpoint. exposure: Personalized Mg supplementation; baseline calcium:magnesium intake ratio at least 2.6. Ratios describe enrollment, not a recommended target. [mg-dai2018] Magnesium status and supplementation influence vitamin D status and metabolism: results from a randomized trial (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30541089/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy274

cross_nutrient

Magnesium/vitamin D: distinguish 25(OH)D from 1,25(OH)2D.

experimental_model

Same randomized ancillary analysis.

limitations

No significant interaction is not proof of no possible effect.

nutrient_topic

Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Magnesium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

A change in stored vitamin D did not establish the same pattern for its active form.

primary_references

[mg-dai2018] Magnesium status and supplementation influence vitamin D status and metabolism: results from a randomized trial (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30541089/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy274

tissue_or_cell_type

Human plasma

Magnesium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 1443–1453

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Same randomized ancillary analysis. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mg-supplement-calcitriol-no-baseline-interaction The trial did not detect a treatment-by-baseline-25(OH)D interaction for plasma calcitriol. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A change in stored vitamin D did not establish the same pattern for its active form. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Human plasma experimental_model: Same randomized ancillary analysis. limitations: No significant interaction is not proof of no possible effect. cross_nutrient: Magnesium/vitamin D: distinguish 25(OH)D from 1,25(OH)2D. [mg-dai2018] Magnesium status and supplementation influence vitamin D status and metabolism: results from a randomized trial (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30541089/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy274

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

cross_nutrient

magnesium -> PTH -> calcium

experimental_model

26 initially normal adults before/after three-week low-Mg diet

limitations

Before/after experiment; not a population diagnostic rule. Depletion was supported by serum Mg, retention, and red-cell free Mg changes.

nutrient_topic

Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Magnesium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

PTH compensation was impaired during an induced shortage, before a failed calcium-replacement attempt was needed to reveal it.

primary_references

[fatemi-1991-selective-depletion] Effect of experimental human magnesium depletion on parathyroid hormone secretion and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D metabolism. (1991). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1939521/ DOI: 10.1210/jcem-73-5-1067

tissue_or_cell_type

Blood; parathyroid and renal mineral axis

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Magnesium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 361–371

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · 26 initially normal adults before/after three-week low-Mg diet · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### selective-mg-depletion-impairs-pth-compensation After selective dietary Mg depletion, 20 of 26 adults showed unchanged or reduced PTH despite falling serum Mg and Ca. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: PTH compensation was impaired during an induced shortage, before a failed calcium-replacement attempt was needed to reveal it. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Blood; parathyroid and renal mineral axis experimental_model: 26 initially normal adults before/after three-week low-Mg diet limitations: Before/after experiment; not a population diagnostic rule. Depletion was supported by serum Mg, retention, and red-cell free Mg changes. cross_nutrient: magnesium -> PTH -> calcium [fatemi-1991-selective-depletion] Effect of experimental human magnesium depletion on parathyroid hormone secretion and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D metabolism. (1991). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1939521/ DOI: 10.1210/jcem-73-5-1067

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

cross_nutrient

magnesium -> calcium

experimental_model

26 initially normal adults before/after three-week low-Mg diet

limitations

Mean change in a small controlled study; not evidence that every mildly low Mg value causes clinical hypocalcemia.

nutrient_topic

Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Magnesium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

Calcium regulation changed during experimental Mg shortage even without a preceding calcium-repletion failure.

primary_references

[fatemi-1991-selective-depletion] Effect of experimental human magnesium depletion on parathyroid hormone secretion and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D metabolism. (1991). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1939521/ DOI: 10.1210/jcem-73-5-1067

tissue_or_cell_type

Blood; parathyroid and renal mineral axis

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Magnesium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 373–383

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · 26 initially normal adults before/after three-week low-Mg diet · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### selective-mg-depletion-lowers-circulating-calcium Three weeks of selective Mg depletion produced a small but significant reduction in serum calcium in the adult study. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Calcium regulation changed during experimental Mg shortage even without a preceding calcium-repletion failure. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Blood; parathyroid and renal mineral axis experimental_model: 26 initially normal adults before/after three-week low-Mg diet limitations: Mean change in a small controlled study; not evidence that every mildly low Mg value causes clinical hypocalcemia. cross_nutrient: magnesium -> calcium [fatemi-1991-selective-depletion] Effect of experimental human magnesium depletion on parathyroid hormone secretion and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D metabolism. (1991). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1939521/ DOI: 10.1210/jcem-73-5-1067

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

cross_nutrient

magnesium -> PTH -> calcium

experimental_model

Human hypomagnesemic hypocalcemia clinical study

limitations

Observational baseline result; older immunoreactive PTH assays differ from modern intact-PTH methods.

nutrient_topic

Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Magnesium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

A PTH value within a laboratory reference range can still be too low for someone whose calcium is very low.

primary_references

[rude-1976-human-pth-resistance] Functional hypoparathyroidism and parathyroid hormone end-organ resistance in human magnesium deficiency (1976). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/182417/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1976.tb01947.x

tissue_or_cell_type

Blood; parathyroid-kidney axis

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Magnesium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 301–311

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human hypomagnesemic hypocalcemia clinical study · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### severe-mg-deficiency-inadequate-pth-response Most untreated patients in the clinical series had normal or undetectable immunoreactive PTH despite severe hypocalcemia. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A PTH value within a laboratory reference range can still be too low for someone whose calcium is very low. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Blood; parathyroid-kidney axis experimental_model: Human hypomagnesemic hypocalcemia clinical study limitations: Observational baseline result; older immunoreactive PTH assays differ from modern intact-PTH methods. cross_nutrient: magnesium -> PTH -> calcium [rude-1976-human-pth-resistance] Functional hypoparathyroidism and parathyroid hormone end-organ resistance in human magnesium deficiency (1976). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/182417/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1976.tb01947.x

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Controlled dietary magnesium-deficiency pilot

exposure

150 versus 1000 ppm magnesium diet for four weeks

limitations

Animal dietary exposure; enzyme mechanism was not established by this experiment. No human intake threshold or universal repletion-failure rule can be derived.

nutrient_topic

Melatonin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Melatonin

organism

Male Sprague-Dawley rats

plain_language

A nutrient shortage altered the measured hormone level in an animal experiment.

primary_references

[melatonin-p17172005] Dietary magnesium deficiency decreases plasma melatonin in rats. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17172005/

tissue_or_cell_type

Dark-phase plasma melatonin

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Melatonin: synthesis, receptors, circadian timing and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 760–771

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Controlled dietary magnesium-deficiency pilot · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### melatonin-magnesium-low-melatonin Mean plasma melatonin was about 50 versus 75 pg/mL in magnesium-deficient versus adequate-diet rats. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Melatonin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A nutrient shortage altered the measured hormone level in an animal experiment. organism: Male Sprague-Dawley rats tissue_or_cell_type: Dark-phase plasma melatonin experimental_model: Controlled dietary magnesium-deficiency pilot limitations: Animal dietary exposure; enzyme mechanism was not established by this experiment. No human intake threshold or universal repletion-failure rule can be derived. exposure: 150 versus 1000 ppm magnesium diet for four weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/melatonin-research/17172005.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "32a85d5fa095aeb2258c9ee44e480deb8c3292aafc9bd13edb4172d1743caf50", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 969, "text_sha256": "32a85d5fa095aeb2258c9ee44e480deb8c3292aafc9bd13edb4172d1743caf50"} [melatonin-p17172005] Dietary magnesium deficiency decreases plasma melatonin in rats. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17172005/

cross_nutrient

Manganese (measured_nutrient)

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/manganese-clinical-sources/davidsson1991.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed primary abstract", "file_sha256": "7570e2285532eac2292b252a3813f1be97b46d68529a4d4150a88b4f9038676a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 912, "text_sha256": "7570e2285532eac2292b252a3813f1be97b46d68529a4d4150a88b4f9038676a", "text_characters": 912}

experimental_model

Paired radiotracer test-meal study in adults

exposure

Human milk, infant formula and wheat bread used as adult test meals; individual mineral and dietary-component additions.

limitations

These were adult experiments even when milk or infant formula was the matrix. Added amounts were not independently verified from the indexed abstract; no universal interaction or spacing rule follows.

nutrient_topic

Manganese research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Manganese

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

Magnesium did not inhibit manganese uptake in this bread experiment.

primary_references

[mn-clin-davidsson1991] The effect of individual dietary components on manganese absorption in humans. (1991). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1957822/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/54.6.1065

tissue_or_cell_type

Intestinal absorption

Manganese: enzyme cofactors, glycosylation, transport and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1048–1060

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Paired radiotracer test-meal study in adults · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mn-clin-meal-magnesium Magnesium added to the wheat-bread test meal did not significantly change manganese absorption. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Manganese research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Magnesium did not inhibit manganese uptake in this bread experiment. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal absorption experimental_model: Paired radiotracer test-meal study in adults limitations: These were adult experiments even when milk or infant formula was the matrix. Added amounts were not independently verified from the indexed abstract; no universal interaction or spacing rule follows. exposure: Human milk, infant formula and wheat bread used as adult test meals; individual mineral and dietary-component additions. cross_nutrient: Manganese (measured_nutrient) evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/manganese-clinical-sources/davidsson1991.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed primary abstract", "file_sha256": "7570e2285532eac2292b252a3813f1be97b46d68529a4d4150a88b4f9038676a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 912, "text_sha256": "7570e2285532eac2292b252a3813f1be97b46d68529a4d4150a88b4f9038676a", "text_characters": 912} [mn-clin-davidsson1991] The effect of individual dietary components on manganese absorption in humans. (1991). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1957822/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/54.6.1065

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

cross_nutrient

Mg depletion reduced Mn status in this rat dietary model.

experimental_model

Forty 3-week-old male Wistar rats assigned Mg-deficient or control diets for two weeks

exposure

Mg-deficient versus normal synthetic diet for two weeks, starting at three weeks of age.

limitations

Dietary Mg perturbation; association of Mn with PC does not isolate Mn as causal mediator.

nutrient_topic

Manganese research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Manganese

organism

Rattus norvegicus

plain_language

Magnesium depletion changed manganese status in rats.

primary_references

[mn-enz-8773758] Tissue manganese levels and liver pyruvate carboxylase activity in magnesium-deficient rats. (1996). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8773758/ DOI: 10.1007/bf02789459

tissue_or_cell_type

Liver crude mitochondrial fraction; tissues and plasma

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Manganese: enzyme cofactors, glycosylation, transport and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 672–683

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Forty 3-week-old male Wistar rats assigned Mg-deficient or control diets for two weeks · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mn-enz-mg-depletion-mn-status Mg-depleted rats had lower manganese concentrations in plasma and every sampled tissue except adrenal glands and blood. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Manganese research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Magnesium depletion changed manganese status in rats. organism: Rattus norvegicus tissue_or_cell_type: Liver crude mitochondrial fraction; tissues and plasma experimental_model: Forty 3-week-old male Wistar rats assigned Mg-deficient or control diets for two weeks limitations: Dietary Mg perturbation; association of Mn with PC does not isolate Mn as causal mediator. exposure: Mg-deficient versus normal synthetic diet for two weeks, starting at three weeks of age. cross_nutrient: Mg depletion reduced Mn status in this rat dietary model. [mn-enz-8773758] Tissue manganese levels and liver pyruvate carboxylase activity in magnesium-deficient rats. (1996). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8773758/ DOI: 10.1007/bf02789459

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

cross_nutrient

Mg–Mn association with PC function; no demonstration of Mn-mediated rescue.

experimental_model

Forty 3-week-old male Wistar rats assigned Mg-deficient or control diets for two weeks

exposure

Mg-deficient versus normal synthetic diet for two weeks, starting at three weeks of age.

limitations

Correlation does not establish direct Mn causation. No human PC metal requirement or biotin-rescue claim is inferred.

nutrient_topic

Manganese research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Manganese

organism

Rattus norvegicus

plain_language

Lower PC activity accompanied the altered manganese status during rat magnesium depletion.

primary_references

[mn-enz-8773758] Tissue manganese levels and liver pyruvate carboxylase activity in magnesium-deficient rats. (1996). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8773758/ DOI: 10.1007/bf02789459

tissue_or_cell_type

Liver crude mitochondrial fraction; tissues and plasma

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Manganese: enzyme cofactors, glycosylation, transport and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 685–696

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Forty 3-week-old male Wistar rats assigned Mg-deficient or control diets for two weeks · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mn-enz-mg-depletion-pc Mg depletion decreased liver crude-mitochondrial pyruvate-carboxylase activity; activity correlated positively with liver Mn concentration. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Manganese research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Lower PC activity accompanied the altered manganese status during rat magnesium depletion. organism: Rattus norvegicus tissue_or_cell_type: Liver crude mitochondrial fraction; tissues and plasma experimental_model: Forty 3-week-old male Wistar rats assigned Mg-deficient or control diets for two weeks limitations: Correlation does not establish direct Mn causation. No human PC metal requirement or biotin-rescue claim is inferred. exposure: Mg-deficient versus normal synthetic diet for two weeks, starting at three weeks of age. cross_nutrient: Mg–Mn association with PC function; no demonstration of Mn-mediated rescue. [mn-enz-8773758] Tissue manganese levels and liver pyruvate carboxylase activity in magnesium-deficient rats. (1996). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8773758/ DOI: 10.1007/bf02789459

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

cross_nutrient

magnesium -> PTH -> calcium

experimental_model

Human hypomagnesemic hypocalcemia clinical study

limitations

Delay is indirect evidence for resistance and does not by itself identify a receptor or cyclase defect.

nutrient_topic

Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Magnesium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

Restoring the hormone signal did not immediately restore calcium; this pattern suggested an additional target-organ response problem.

primary_references

[rude-1976-human-pth-resistance] Functional hypoparathyroidism and parathyroid hormone end-organ resistance in human magnesium deficiency (1976). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/182417/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1976.tb01947.x

tissue_or_cell_type

Blood; parathyroid-kidney axis

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Magnesium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 325–335

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human hypomagnesemic hypocalcemia clinical study · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### calcium-recovery-can-lag-pth-after-mg During early Mg repletion, PTH recovered before serum calcium normalized in the serially studied patients. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Restoring the hormone signal did not immediately restore calcium; this pattern suggested an additional target-organ response problem. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Blood; parathyroid-kidney axis experimental_model: Human hypomagnesemic hypocalcemia clinical study limitations: Delay is indirect evidence for resistance and does not by itself identify a receptor or cyclase defect. cross_nutrient: magnesium -> PTH -> calcium [rude-1976-human-pth-resistance] Functional hypoparathyroidism and parathyroid hormone end-organ resistance in human magnesium deficiency (1976). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/182417/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1976.tb01947.x

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

cross_nutrient

magnesium -> PTH -> calcium/phosphate

experimental_model

Single-child Mg withdrawal/repletion with hormone challenge

limitations

Single case; shows PTH resistance is not obligatory. Primary hypomagnesemia was not genetically assigned in this study.

nutrient_topic

Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Magnesium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

In this child the main failure was releasing the hormone; tissues could still respond when hormone was provided.

primary_references

[suh-1973-preserved-pth-response] Pathogenesis of Hypocalcemia in Primary Hypomagnesemia: Normal End-Organ Responsiveness to Parathyroid Hormone, Impaired Parathyroid Gland Function (1973). https://www.jci.org/articles/view/107159 DOI: 10.1172/JCI107159

tissue_or_cell_type

Blood and kidney

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Magnesium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 397–407

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Single-child Mg withdrawal/repletion with hormone challenge · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### primary-hypomagnesemia-can-preserve-pth-response A child with primary hypomagnesemia retained calcemic and renal phosphate/cAMP responses to parathyroid extract during Mg depletion despite impaired endogenous PTH secretion. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: In this child the main failure was releasing the hormone; tissues could still respond when hormone was provided. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Blood and kidney experimental_model: Single-child Mg withdrawal/repletion with hormone challenge limitations: Single case; shows PTH resistance is not obligatory. Primary hypomagnesemia was not genetically assigned in this study. cross_nutrient: magnesium -> PTH -> calcium/phosphate [suh-1973-preserved-pth-response] Pathogenesis of Hypocalcemia in Primary Hypomagnesemia: Normal End-Organ Responsiveness to Parathyroid Hormone, Impaired Parathyroid Gland Function (1973). https://www.jci.org/articles/view/107159 DOI: 10.1172/JCI107159

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

cross_nutrient

magnesium -> PTH response -> vitamin D/calcium

experimental_model

26 initially normal adults before/after three-week low-Mg diet

limitations

Circulating metabolite response does not identify CYP27B1 as a directly Mg-dependent enzyme or distinguish all production/clearance effects.

nutrient_topic

Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Magnesium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

Even when PTH was supplied directly, the downstream vitamin-D response was reduced, supporting a target-organ component beyond reduced hormone release.

primary_references

[fatemi-1991-selective-depletion] Effect of experimental human magnesium depletion on parathyroid hormone secretion and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D metabolism. (1991). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1939521/ DOI: 10.1210/jcem-73-5-1067

tissue_or_cell_type

Blood; parathyroid and renal mineral axis

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Magnesium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 385–395

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · 26 initially normal adults before/after three-week low-Mg diet · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### selective-mg-depletion-blunts-pth-calcitriol-response The rise in circulating calcitriol during a six-hour human PTH(1-34) infusion was smaller after dietary Mg depletion. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Even when PTH was supplied directly, the downstream vitamin-D response was reduced, supporting a target-organ component beyond reduced hormone release. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Blood; parathyroid and renal mineral axis experimental_model: 26 initially normal adults before/after three-week low-Mg diet limitations: Circulating metabolite response does not identify CYP27B1 as a directly Mg-dependent enzyme or distinguish all production/clearance effects. cross_nutrient: magnesium -> PTH response -> vitamin D/calcium [fatemi-1991-selective-depletion] Effect of experimental human magnesium depletion on parathyroid hormone secretion and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D metabolism. (1991). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1939521/ DOI: 10.1210/jcem-73-5-1067

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence-system

Constitutive knockout with dietary Mg restriction challenge

experimental_model

Constitutive knockout with dietary Mg restriction challenge

limitations

Does not prove absence of all cell-specific functions; zebrafish and overexpression findings have different scope.

nutrient_topic

Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Magnesium

organism

Mouse

plain_language

Deleting SLC41A1 did not make these mice uniquely unable to maintain magnesium balance.

primary_references

[ilenwabor-2022-slc41a1] SLC41A1 knockout mice display normal magnesium homeostasis (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36049064/ DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00101.2022

tissue

Kidney; serum and urine

tissue_or_cell_type

Kidney; serum and urine

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Magnesium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 1195–1206

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Constitutive knockout with dietary Mg restriction challenge · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### slc41a1-null-mouse-magnesium-preserved Slc41a1-null mice maintained serum and urinary Mg similarly to littermates under standard and Mg-restricted diets. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Deleting SLC41A1 did not make these mice uniquely unable to maintain magnesium balance. organism: Mouse tissue_or_cell_type: Kidney; serum and urine experimental_model: Constitutive knockout with dietary Mg restriction challenge limitations: Does not prove absence of all cell-specific functions; zebrafish and overexpression findings have different scope. evidence-system: Constitutive knockout with dietary Mg restriction challenge tissue: Kidney; serum and urine [ilenwabor-2022-slc41a1] SLC41A1 knockout mice display normal magnesium homeostasis (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36049064/ DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00101.2022

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/melatonin-research/21226679.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "2381a465728ea91061029d1d1d565623a15bdb941acf0cc9dbd2ed872fda32cf", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1911, "text_sha256": "2381a465728ea91061029d1d1d565623a15bdb941acf0cc9dbd2ed872fda32cf"}

experimental_model

Double-blind placebo-controlled mixture trial

exposure

5 mg melatonin, 225 mg magnesium and 11.25 mg zinc nightly for eight weeks

limitations

Three active ingredients without separate ingredient arms; cannot demonstrate synergy or identify which ingredient caused the improvement. Single facility and short duration.

nutrient_topic

Melatonin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Melatonin

organism

43 elderly long-term-care residents with primary insomnia

plain_language

The tested product helped this outcome, but it does not isolate magnesium, zinc or melatonin.

primary_references

[melatonin-p21226679] The effect of melatonin, magnesium, and zinc on primary insomnia in long-term care facility residents in Italy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21226679/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.03232.x

tissue_or_cell_type

Subjective and device-estimated sleep

Melatonin: synthesis, receptors, circadian timing and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 825–836

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind placebo-controlled mixture trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### melatonin-mg-zinc-mixture-sleep The combination improved global PSQI sleep-quality scores compared with placebo. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Melatonin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The tested product helped this outcome, but it does not isolate magnesium, zinc or melatonin. organism: 43 elderly long-term-care residents with primary insomnia tissue_or_cell_type: Subjective and device-estimated sleep experimental_model: Double-blind placebo-controlled mixture trial limitations: Three active ingredients without separate ingredient arms; cannot demonstrate synergy or identify which ingredient caused the improvement. Single facility and short duration. exposure: 5 mg melatonin, 225 mg magnesium and 11.25 mg zinc nightly for eight weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/melatonin-research/21226679.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "2381a465728ea91061029d1d1d565623a15bdb941acf0cc9dbd2ed872fda32cf", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1911, "text_sha256": "2381a465728ea91061029d1d1d565623a15bdb941acf0cc9dbd2ed872fda32cf"} [melatonin-p21226679] The effect of melatonin, magnesium, and zinc on primary insomnia in long-term care facility residents in Italy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21226679/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.03232.x

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/27702717.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5a066f8a51a4f0d4b33648166fc5bae559c5132e1ae35d65347c178359447d7e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1556, "text_sha256": "5a066f8a51a4f0d4b33648166fc5bae559c5132e1ae35d65347c178359447d7e"}

experimental_model

Four-arm randomized supplementation study; 120 insulin-resistant adults

exposure

Three months: chromium 160 µg/day, magnesium 200 mg/day, both, or placebo

limitations

The abstract principally reports within-group changes, which alone do not establish a between-group interaction. T-lymphocyte mRNA is not skeletal-muscle transporter activity. Possible participant overlap with later reports is not resolved.

nutrient_topic

Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chromium

organism

Human

plain_language

The combination showed a signal in this trial, but comparing which groups reached significance does not by itself prove synergy.

primary_references

[chromium-p27702717] Combined chromium and magnesium decreases insulin resistance more effectively than either alone. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27702717/ DOI: 10.6133/apjcn.092015.48

tissue_or_cell_type

Blood measures and activated T lymphocytes

Chromium: transport, insulin signaling, nutrient interactions and essentiality debate (2026-09-17) · lines 562–573

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Four-arm randomized supplementation study; 120 insulin-resistant adults · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### chromium-magnesium-combination-2016 The chromium-plus-magnesium group had lower fasting glucose, fasting insulin and the reported insulin-resistance index than its own baseline; the individual-treatment groups lacked significant within-group changes. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The combination showed a signal in this trial, but comparing which groups reached significance does not by itself prove synergy. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Blood measures and activated T lymphocytes experimental_model: Four-arm randomized supplementation study; 120 insulin-resistant adults limitations: The abstract principally reports within-group changes, which alone do not establish a between-group interaction. T-lymphocyte mRNA is not skeletal-muscle transporter activity. Possible participant overlap with later reports is not resolved. exposure: Three months: chromium 160 µg/day, magnesium 200 mg/day, both, or placebo evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/27702717.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5a066f8a51a4f0d4b33648166fc5bae559c5132e1ae35d65347c178359447d7e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1556, "text_sha256": "5a066f8a51a4f0d4b33648166fc5bae559c5132e1ae35d65347c178359447d7e"} [chromium-p27702717] Combined chromium and magnesium decreases insulin resistance more effectively than either alone. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27702717/ DOI: 10.6133/apjcn.092015.48

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/38228168.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b4c183c056f1fb256f33169031be43fd7c78d14601c85ea237e46987c7923be3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1788, "text_sha256": "b4c183c056f1fb256f33169031be43fd7c78d14601c85ea237e46987c7923be3"}

experimental_model

Four-arm three-month randomized supplementation study; 120 adults

exposure

Chromium, magnesium, combined supplementation or placebo; participants recruited February 2012–February 2015; trial chiCTR-TRC-14004863

limitations

Do not count this automatically as independent replication of the earlier 120-person report. Small groups and baseline sex imbalance limit interpretation. The abstract’s oxidative-marker wording must be read with its p>0.05 combination-versus-single result.

nutrient_topic

Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chromium

organism

Human with impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance

plain_language

This report included a comparison favoring the combination, while replication and a formal interaction test remain separate questions.

primary_references

[chromium-p38228168] Effects of co-supplementation of chromium and magnesium on metabolic profiles, inflammation, and oxidative stress in impaired glucose tolerance. (2024). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38228168/ DOI: 10.1177/14791641241228156

tissue_or_cell_type

Blood metabolic and oxidative-stress biomarkers

Chromium: transport, insulin signaling, nutrient interactions and essentiality debate (2026-09-17) · lines 601–612

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Four-arm three-month randomized supplementation study; 120 adults · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### chromium-magnesium-combination-2024 At follow-up, the combined chromium-magnesium group had lower HOMA-IR and glycemic measures than the three other groups in the reported analysis. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This report included a comparison favoring the combination, while replication and a formal interaction test remain separate questions. organism: Human with impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance tissue_or_cell_type: Blood metabolic and oxidative-stress biomarkers experimental_model: Four-arm three-month randomized supplementation study; 120 adults limitations: Do not count this automatically as independent replication of the earlier 120-person report. Small groups and baseline sex imbalance limit interpretation. The abstract’s oxidative-marker wording must be read with its p>0.05 combination-versus-single result. exposure: Chromium, magnesium, combined supplementation or placebo; participants recruited February 2012–February 2015; trial chiCTR-TRC-14004863 evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/38228168.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b4c183c056f1fb256f33169031be43fd7c78d14601c85ea237e46987c7923be3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1788, "text_sha256": "b4c183c056f1fb256f33169031be43fd7c78d14601c85ea237e46987c7923be3"} [chromium-p38228168] Effects of co-supplementation of chromium and magnesium on metabolic profiles, inflammation, and oxidative stress in impaired glucose tolerance. (2024). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38228168/ DOI: 10.1177/14791641241228156

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/27702717.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5a066f8a51a4f0d4b33648166fc5bae559c5132e1ae35d65347c178359447d7e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1556, "text_sha256": "5a066f8a51a4f0d4b33648166fc5bae559c5132e1ae35d65347c178359447d7e"}

experimental_model

Four-arm randomized supplementation study; 120 insulin-resistant adults

exposure

Three months: chromium 160 µg/day, magnesium 200 mg/day, both, or placebo

limitations

The abstract principally reports within-group changes, which alone do not establish a between-group interaction. T-lymphocyte mRNA is not skeletal-muscle transporter activity. Possible participant overlap with later reports is not resolved.

nutrient_topic

Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chromium

organism

Human

plain_language

The combination changed a transporter’s gene-expression measurement in immune cells.

primary_references

[chromium-p27702717] Combined chromium and magnesium decreases insulin resistance more effectively than either alone. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27702717/ DOI: 10.6133/apjcn.092015.48

tissue_or_cell_type

Blood measures and activated T lymphocytes

Chromium: transport, insulin signaling, nutrient interactions and essentiality debate (2026-09-17) · lines 575–586

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Four-arm randomized supplementation study; 120 insulin-resistant adults · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### chromium-magnesium-glut4-transcript GLUT4 mRNA increased 2.9-fold from baseline in activated T lymphocytes in the combined-treatment group. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The combination changed a transporter’s gene-expression measurement in immune cells. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Blood measures and activated T lymphocytes experimental_model: Four-arm randomized supplementation study; 120 insulin-resistant adults limitations: The abstract principally reports within-group changes, which alone do not establish a between-group interaction. T-lymphocyte mRNA is not skeletal-muscle transporter activity. Possible participant overlap with later reports is not resolved. exposure: Three months: chromium 160 µg/day, magnesium 200 mg/day, both, or placebo evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/27702717.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5a066f8a51a4f0d4b33648166fc5bae559c5132e1ae35d65347c178359447d7e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1556, "text_sha256": "5a066f8a51a4f0d4b33648166fc5bae559c5132e1ae35d65347c178359447d7e"} [chromium-p27702717] Combined chromium and magnesium decreases insulin resistance more effectively than either alone. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27702717/ DOI: 10.6133/apjcn.092015.48

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/27702717.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5a066f8a51a4f0d4b33648166fc5bae559c5132e1ae35d65347c178359447d7e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1556, "text_sha256": "5a066f8a51a4f0d4b33648166fc5bae559c5132e1ae35d65347c178359447d7e"}

experimental_model

Four-arm randomized supplementation study; 120 insulin-resistant adults

exposure

Three months: chromium 160 µg/day, magnesium 200 mg/day, both, or placebo

limitations

The abstract principally reports within-group changes, which alone do not establish a between-group interaction. T-lymphocyte mRNA is not skeletal-muscle transporter activity. Possible participant overlap with later reports is not resolved.

nutrient_topic

Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chromium

organism

Human

plain_language

A separate regulator of insulin-related metabolism showed lower gene expression in those immune cells.

primary_references

[chromium-p27702717] Combined chromium and magnesium decreases insulin resistance more effectively than either alone. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27702717/ DOI: 10.6133/apjcn.092015.48

tissue_or_cell_type

Blood measures and activated T lymphocytes

Chromium: transport, insulin signaling, nutrient interactions and essentiality debate (2026-09-17) · lines 588–599

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Four-arm randomized supplementation study; 120 insulin-resistant adults · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### chromium-magnesium-gsk3-transcript GSK3β mRNA decreased 2.2-fold from baseline in activated T lymphocytes in the combined-treatment group. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A separate regulator of insulin-related metabolism showed lower gene expression in those immune cells. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Blood measures and activated T lymphocytes experimental_model: Four-arm randomized supplementation study; 120 insulin-resistant adults limitations: The abstract principally reports within-group changes, which alone do not establish a between-group interaction. T-lymphocyte mRNA is not skeletal-muscle transporter activity. Possible participant overlap with later reports is not resolved. exposure: Three months: chromium 160 µg/day, magnesium 200 mg/day, both, or placebo evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/27702717.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5a066f8a51a4f0d4b33648166fc5bae559c5132e1ae35d65347c178359447d7e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1556, "text_sha256": "5a066f8a51a4f0d4b33648166fc5bae559c5132e1ae35d65347c178359447d7e"} [chromium-p27702717] Combined chromium and magnesium decreases insulin resistance more effectively than either alone. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27702717/ DOI: 10.6133/apjcn.092015.48

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/38228168.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b4c183c056f1fb256f33169031be43fd7c78d14601c85ea237e46987c7923be3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1788, "text_sha256": "b4c183c056f1fb256f33169031be43fd7c78d14601c85ea237e46987c7923be3"}

experimental_model

Four-arm three-month randomized supplementation study; 120 adults

exposure

Chromium, magnesium, combined supplementation or placebo; participants recruited February 2012–February 2015; trial chiCTR-TRC-14004863

limitations

Do not count this automatically as independent replication of the earlier 120-person report. Small groups and baseline sex imbalance limit interpretation. The abstract’s oxidative-marker wording must be read with its p>0.05 combination-versus-single result.

nutrient_topic

Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chromium

organism

Human with impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance

plain_language

The trial also reported a lipid change with the combination.

primary_references

[chromium-p38228168] Effects of co-supplementation of chromium and magnesium on metabolic profiles, inflammation, and oxidative stress in impaired glucose tolerance. (2024). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38228168/ DOI: 10.1177/14791641241228156

tissue_or_cell_type

Blood metabolic and oxidative-stress biomarkers

Chromium: transport, insulin signaling, nutrient interactions and essentiality debate (2026-09-17) · lines 614–625

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Four-arm three-month randomized supplementation study; 120 adults · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### chromium-magnesium-hdl The combined-treatment group had higher HDL cholesterol than the other groups in the reported analysis. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The trial also reported a lipid change with the combination. organism: Human with impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance tissue_or_cell_type: Blood metabolic and oxidative-stress biomarkers experimental_model: Four-arm three-month randomized supplementation study; 120 adults limitations: Do not count this automatically as independent replication of the earlier 120-person report. Small groups and baseline sex imbalance limit interpretation. The abstract’s oxidative-marker wording must be read with its p>0.05 combination-versus-single result. exposure: Chromium, magnesium, combined supplementation or placebo; participants recruited February 2012–February 2015; trial chiCTR-TRC-14004863 evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/38228168.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b4c183c056f1fb256f33169031be43fd7c78d14601c85ea237e46987c7923be3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1788, "text_sha256": "b4c183c056f1fb256f33169031be43fd7c78d14601c85ea237e46987c7923be3"} [chromium-p38228168] Effects of co-supplementation of chromium and magnesium on metabolic profiles, inflammation, and oxidative stress in impaired glucose tolerance. (2024). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38228168/ DOI: 10.1177/14791641241228156

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/29773176.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6107419f3b2f125a5a9971f56f24c1bd454a97512ef432f154c79d26b85c1067", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1208, "text_sha256": "6107419f3b2f125a5a9971f56f24c1bd454a97512ef432f154c79d26b85c1067"}

experimental_model

Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial; 32 adults

exposure

24 weeks: 300 mg magnesium, 600 µg chromium and 36 mg zinc daily versus placebo

limitations

Only the three-mineral combination was tested; individual effects and synergy cannot be separated. Small sample and multiple endpoints.

nutrient_topic

Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chromium

organism

Human with metabolic syndrome

plain_language

An inflammation marker changed even though the main metabolic measures did not.

primary_references

[chromium-p29773176] Effects of zinc, magnesium, and chromium supplementation on cardiometabolic risk in adults with metabolic syndrome: A double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised trial. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29773176/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.03.022

tissue_or_cell_type

Metabolic-risk endpoints and CRP

Chromium: transport, insulin signaling, nutrient interactions and essentiality debate (2026-09-17) · lines 640–651

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial; 32 adults · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### chromium-triple-mineral-crp The three-mineral regimen reduced serum CRP relative to placebo despite the lack of improvement in the measured metabolic-risk components. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: An inflammation marker changed even though the main metabolic measures did not. organism: Human with metabolic syndrome tissue_or_cell_type: Metabolic-risk endpoints and CRP experimental_model: Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial; 32 adults limitations: Only the three-mineral combination was tested; individual effects and synergy cannot be separated. Small sample and multiple endpoints. exposure: 24 weeks: 300 mg magnesium, 600 µg chromium and 36 mg zinc daily versus placebo evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/29773176.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6107419f3b2f125a5a9971f56f24c1bd454a97512ef432f154c79d26b85c1067", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1208, "text_sha256": "6107419f3b2f125a5a9971f56f24c1bd454a97512ef432f154c79d26b85c1067"} [chromium-p29773176] Effects of zinc, magnesium, and chromium supplementation on cardiometabolic risk in adults with metabolic syndrome: A double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised trial. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29773176/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.03.022

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/29773176.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6107419f3b2f125a5a9971f56f24c1bd454a97512ef432f154c79d26b85c1067", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1208, "text_sha256": "6107419f3b2f125a5a9971f56f24c1bd454a97512ef432f154c79d26b85c1067"}

experimental_model

Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial; 32 adults

exposure

24 weeks: 300 mg magnesium, 600 µg chromium and 36 mg zinc daily versus placebo

limitations

Only the three-mineral combination was tested; individual effects and synergy cannot be separated. Small sample and multiple endpoints.

nutrient_topic

Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chromium

organism

Human with metabolic syndrome

plain_language

Adding three minerals did not consistently improve the metabolic endpoints in this small trial.

primary_references

[chromium-p29773176] Effects of zinc, magnesium, and chromium supplementation on cardiometabolic risk in adults with metabolic syndrome: A double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised trial. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29773176/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.03.022

tissue_or_cell_type

Circulating glucose; the paper describes serum glucose rather than a tissue-specific transport endpoint

Chromium: transport, insulin signaling, nutrient interactions and essentiality debate (2026-09-17) · lines 627–638

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial; 32 adults · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### chromium-triple-mineral-glycemia-null The zinc-magnesium-chromium regimen did not significantly improve measured metabolic-syndrome risk components, including serum glucose, relative to placebo. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Adding three minerals did not consistently improve the metabolic endpoints in this small trial. organism: Human with metabolic syndrome tissue_or_cell_type: Circulating glucose; the paper describes serum glucose rather than a tissue-specific transport endpoint experimental_model: Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial; 32 adults limitations: Only the three-mineral combination was tested; individual effects and synergy cannot be separated. Small sample and multiple endpoints. exposure: 24 weeks: 300 mg magnesium, 600 µg chromium and 36 mg zinc daily versus placebo evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/29773176.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6107419f3b2f125a5a9971f56f24c1bd454a97512ef432f154c79d26b85c1067", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1208, "text_sha256": "6107419f3b2f125a5a9971f56f24c1bd454a97512ef432f154c79d26b85c1067"} [chromium-p29773176] Effects of zinc, magnesium, and chromium supplementation on cardiometabolic risk in adults with metabolic syndrome: A double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised trial. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29773176/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.03.022

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/9062533.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a23cd1fe09277bdd83b690746d4bbaf4742cdd74e51d5b27ee898bd87208b2be", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1720, "text_sha256": "a23cd1fe09277bdd83b690746d4bbaf4742cdd74e51d5b27ee898bd87208b2be"}

experimental_model

Metabolic-ward feeding; 11 postmenopausal volunteers

exposure

167-day study; basal 0.36 mg B and 109 mg Mg/8400 kJ; 3 mg/day B supplement in last two 24-day periods; magnesium supplement 0 or 200 mg/day

limitations

Small study with multiple dietary periods and supplements. Do not assume independence from related reports from the same research program. Urine composition is not a kidney-stone clinical endpoint.

nutrient_topic

Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron

organism

Human

plain_language

The calcium response changed direction with the magnesium diet.

primary_references

[boron-p9062533] Metabolic responses of postmenopausal women to supplemental dietary boron and aluminum during usual and low magnesium intake: boron, calcium, and magnesium absorption and retention and blood mineral concentrations. (1997). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9062533/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/65.3.803

tissue_or_cell_type

Mineral balance, blood and excreta

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 664–675

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Metabolic-ward feeding; 11 postmenopausal volunteers · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### boron-calcium-magnesium-context-1997 Boron supplementation lowered the fraction of dietary calcium excreted in urine under basal magnesium intake but increased that fraction with magnesium supplementation. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The calcium response changed direction with the magnesium diet. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Mineral balance, blood and excreta experimental_model: Metabolic-ward feeding; 11 postmenopausal volunteers limitations: Small study with multiple dietary periods and supplements. Do not assume independence from related reports from the same research program. Urine composition is not a kidney-stone clinical endpoint. exposure: 167-day study; basal 0.36 mg B and 109 mg Mg/8400 kJ; 3 mg/day B supplement in last two 24-day periods; magnesium supplement 0 or 200 mg/day evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/9062533.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a23cd1fe09277bdd83b690746d4bbaf4742cdd74e51d5b27ee898bd87208b2be", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1720, "text_sha256": "a23cd1fe09277bdd83b690746d4bbaf4742cdd74e51d5b27ee898bd87208b2be"} [boron-p9062533] Metabolic responses of postmenopausal women to supplemental dietary boron and aluminum during usual and low magnesium intake: boron, calcium, and magnesium absorption and retention and blood mineral concentrations. (1997). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9062533/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/65.3.803

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/3678698.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8f95ac01b63502b366e2bd79785b7203deb793d258df065f13cc1e0123c89fb7", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1373, "text_sha256": "8f95ac01b63502b366e2bd79785b7203deb793d258df065f13cc1e0123c89fb7"}

experimental_model

Sequential controlled feeding in a metabolic unit; 12 postmenopausal women

exposure

About 0.25 mg boron/day for 119 days, then 3 mg/day supplement; seven low-magnesium and five adequate-magnesium participants

limitations

Small sequential study, not a fracture or bone-density trial. Diet and magnesium status matter. Later studies did not consistently reproduce the reported effects.

nutrient_topic

Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron

organism

Human

plain_language

A hormone measurement rose in this small study; later findings do not support a reliable hormone-boosting rule.

primary_references

[boron-p3678698] Effect of dietary boron on mineral, estrogen, and testosterone metabolism in postmenopausal women. (1987). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3678698/ DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.1.5.3678698

tissue_or_cell_type

Systemic mineral balance and circulating hormones

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 638–649

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Sequential controlled feeding in a metabolic unit; 12 postmenopausal women · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### boron-estradiol-1987 Boron supplementation increased circulating 17β-estradiol in the 1987 postmenopausal feeding study, with an apparently larger response when dietary magnesium was low. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A hormone measurement rose in this small study; later findings do not support a reliable hormone-boosting rule. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Systemic mineral balance and circulating hormones experimental_model: Sequential controlled feeding in a metabolic unit; 12 postmenopausal women limitations: Small sequential study, not a fracture or bone-density trial. Diet and magnesium status matter. Later studies did not consistently reproduce the reported effects. exposure: About 0.25 mg boron/day for 119 days, then 3 mg/day supplement; seven low-magnesium and five adequate-magnesium participants evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/3678698.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8f95ac01b63502b366e2bd79785b7203deb793d258df065f13cc1e0123c89fb7", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1373, "text_sha256": "8f95ac01b63502b366e2bd79785b7203deb793d258df065f13cc1e0123c89fb7"} [boron-p3678698] Effect of dietary boron on mineral, estrogen, and testosterone metabolism in postmenopausal women. (1987). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3678698/ DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.1.5.3678698

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/15724868.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7009311021e781ba9b1e9a9244c081cf20700511cc8704e8294b1a2c55dc0e24", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2138, "text_sha256": "7009311021e781ba9b1e9a9244c081cf20700511cc8704e8294b1a2c55dc0e24"}

experimental_model

Double-blind Latin-square metabolic-unit feeding in 13 postmenopausal women

exposure

Approximately 118 versus 318 mg Mg/day and 0.25 versus 3.25 mg B/day; 42-day periods

limitations

Boron had no obvious overall effect on the response to magnesium deprivation. Results cannot establish boron as a treatment for hypomagnesemia or a substitute for magnesium.

nutrient_topic

Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron

organism

Human

plain_language

Under this low-magnesium regimen the hormone response went downward.

primary_references

[boron-p15724868] The alteration of magnesium, calcium and phosphorus metabolism by dietary magnesium deprivation in postmenopausal women is not affected by dietary boron deprivation. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15724868/

tissue_or_cell_type

Mineral balance and endocrine measurements

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 755–766

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind Latin-square metabolic-unit feeding in 13 postmenopausal women · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### boron-estradiol-low-mg-2004 Boron supplementation decreased serum 17β-estradiol when dietary magnesium was low in the 2004 study. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Under this low-magnesium regimen the hormone response went downward. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Mineral balance and endocrine measurements experimental_model: Double-blind Latin-square metabolic-unit feeding in 13 postmenopausal women limitations: Boron had no obvious overall effect on the response to magnesium deprivation. Results cannot establish boron as a treatment for hypomagnesemia or a substitute for magnesium. exposure: Approximately 118 versus 318 mg Mg/day and 0.25 versus 3.25 mg B/day; 42-day periods evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/15724868.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7009311021e781ba9b1e9a9244c081cf20700511cc8704e8294b1a2c55dc0e24", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2138, "text_sha256": "7009311021e781ba9b1e9a9244c081cf20700511cc8704e8294b1a2c55dc0e24"} [boron-p15724868] The alteration of magnesium, calcium and phosphorus metabolism by dietary magnesium deprivation in postmenopausal women is not affected by dietary boron deprivation. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15724868/

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/3678698.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8f95ac01b63502b366e2bd79785b7203deb793d258df065f13cc1e0123c89fb7", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1373, "text_sha256": "8f95ac01b63502b366e2bd79785b7203deb793d258df065f13cc1e0123c89fb7"}

experimental_model

Sequential controlled feeding in a metabolic unit; 12 postmenopausal women

exposure

About 0.25 mg boron/day for 119 days, then 3 mg/day supplement; seven low-magnesium and five adequate-magnesium participants

limitations

Small sequential study, not a fracture or bone-density trial. Diet and magnesium status matter. Later studies did not consistently reproduce the reported effects.

nutrient_topic

Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron

organism

Human

plain_language

The women lost less calcium in urine under this particular feeding regimen.

primary_references

[boron-p3678698] Effect of dietary boron on mineral, estrogen, and testosterone metabolism in postmenopausal women. (1987). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3678698/ DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.1.5.3678698

tissue_or_cell_type

Systemic mineral balance and circulating hormones

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 599–610

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Sequential controlled feeding in a metabolic unit; 12 postmenopausal women · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### boron-human-calcium-sparing-1987 A 3 mg/day boron supplement after prolonged low intake reduced urinary calcium in the 1987 postmenopausal feeding study, apparently more strongly with low magnesium intake. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The women lost less calcium in urine under this particular feeding regimen. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Systemic mineral balance and circulating hormones experimental_model: Sequential controlled feeding in a metabolic unit; 12 postmenopausal women limitations: Small sequential study, not a fracture or bone-density trial. Diet and magnesium status matter. Later studies did not consistently reproduce the reported effects. exposure: About 0.25 mg boron/day for 119 days, then 3 mg/day supplement; seven low-magnesium and five adequate-magnesium participants evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/3678698.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8f95ac01b63502b366e2bd79785b7203deb793d258df065f13cc1e0123c89fb7", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1373, "text_sha256": "8f95ac01b63502b366e2bd79785b7203deb793d258df065f13cc1e0123c89fb7"} [boron-p3678698] Effect of dietary boron on mineral, estrogen, and testosterone metabolism in postmenopausal women. (1987). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3678698/ DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.1.5.3678698

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/3678698.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8f95ac01b63502b366e2bd79785b7203deb793d258df065f13cc1e0123c89fb7", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1373, "text_sha256": "8f95ac01b63502b366e2bd79785b7203deb793d258df065f13cc1e0123c89fb7"}

experimental_model

Sequential controlled feeding in a metabolic unit; 12 postmenopausal women

exposure

About 0.25 mg boron/day for 119 days, then 3 mg/day supplement; seven low-magnesium and five adequate-magnesium participants

limitations

Small sequential study, not a fracture or bone-density trial. Diet and magnesium status matter. Later studies did not consistently reproduce the reported effects.

nutrient_topic

Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron

organism

Human

plain_language

The measured magnesium loss in urine decreased; this does not by itself demonstrate correction of magnesium deficiency.

primary_references

[boron-p3678698] Effect of dietary boron on mineral, estrogen, and testosterone metabolism in postmenopausal women. (1987). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3678698/ DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.1.5.3678698

tissue_or_cell_type

Systemic mineral balance and circulating hormones

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 612–623

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Sequential controlled feeding in a metabolic unit; 12 postmenopausal women · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### boron-human-magnesium-sparing-1987 Boron supplementation reduced urinary magnesium in the 1987 postmenopausal feeding study, apparently more strongly in the low-magnesium group. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The measured magnesium loss in urine decreased; this does not by itself demonstrate correction of magnesium deficiency. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Systemic mineral balance and circulating hormones experimental_model: Sequential controlled feeding in a metabolic unit; 12 postmenopausal women limitations: Small sequential study, not a fracture or bone-density trial. Diet and magnesium status matter. Later studies did not consistently reproduce the reported effects. exposure: About 0.25 mg boron/day for 119 days, then 3 mg/day supplement; seven low-magnesium and five adequate-magnesium participants evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/3678698.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8f95ac01b63502b366e2bd79785b7203deb793d258df065f13cc1e0123c89fb7", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1373, "text_sha256": "8f95ac01b63502b366e2bd79785b7203deb793d258df065f13cc1e0123c89fb7"} [boron-p3678698] Effect of dietary boron on mineral, estrogen, and testosterone metabolism in postmenopausal women. (1987). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3678698/ DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.1.5.3678698

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/3678698.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8f95ac01b63502b366e2bd79785b7203deb793d258df065f13cc1e0123c89fb7", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1373, "text_sha256": "8f95ac01b63502b366e2bd79785b7203deb793d258df065f13cc1e0123c89fb7"}

experimental_model

Sequential controlled feeding in a metabolic unit; 12 postmenopausal women

exposure

About 0.25 mg boron/day for 119 days, then 3 mg/day supplement; seven low-magnesium and five adequate-magnesium participants

limitations

Small sequential study, not a fracture or bone-density trial. Diet and magnesium status matter. Later studies did not consistently reproduce the reported effects.

nutrient_topic

Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron

organism

Human

plain_language

The phosphorus response depended on the background magnesium diet.

primary_references

[boron-p3678698] Effect of dietary boron on mineral, estrogen, and testosterone metabolism in postmenopausal women. (1987). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3678698/ DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.1.5.3678698

tissue_or_cell_type

Systemic mineral balance and circulating hormones

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 625–636

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Sequential controlled feeding in a metabolic unit; 12 postmenopausal women · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### boron-human-phosphorus-1987 Boron supplementation reduced urinary phosphorus in the low-magnesium group but not the adequate-magnesium group in the 1987 study. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The phosphorus response depended on the background magnesium diet. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Systemic mineral balance and circulating hormones experimental_model: Sequential controlled feeding in a metabolic unit; 12 postmenopausal women limitations: Small sequential study, not a fracture or bone-density trial. Diet and magnesium status matter. Later studies did not consistently reproduce the reported effects. exposure: About 0.25 mg boron/day for 119 days, then 3 mg/day supplement; seven low-magnesium and five adequate-magnesium participants evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/3678698.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8f95ac01b63502b366e2bd79785b7203deb793d258df065f13cc1e0123c89fb7", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1373, "text_sha256": "8f95ac01b63502b366e2bd79785b7203deb793d258df065f13cc1e0123c89fb7"} [boron-p3678698] Effect of dietary boron on mineral, estrogen, and testosterone metabolism in postmenopausal women. (1987). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3678698/ DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.1.5.3678698

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/15724868.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7009311021e781ba9b1e9a9244c081cf20700511cc8704e8294b1a2c55dc0e24", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2138, "text_sha256": "7009311021e781ba9b1e9a9244c081cf20700511cc8704e8294b1a2c55dc0e24"}

experimental_model

Double-blind Latin-square metabolic-unit feeding in 13 postmenopausal women

exposure

Approximately 118 versus 318 mg Mg/day and 0.25 versus 3.25 mg B/day; 42-day periods

limitations

Boron had no obvious overall effect on the response to magnesium deprivation. Results cannot establish boron as a treatment for hypomagnesemia or a substitute for magnesium.

nutrient_topic

Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron

organism

Human

plain_language

This study does not support a claim that boron makes up for inadequate magnesium.

primary_references

[boron-p15724868] The alteration of magnesium, calcium and phosphorus metabolism by dietary magnesium deprivation in postmenopausal women is not affected by dietary boron deprivation. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15724868/

tissue_or_cell_type

Mineral balance and endocrine measurements

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 742–753

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind Latin-square metabolic-unit feeding in 13 postmenopausal women · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### boron-magnesium-balance-no-rescue Magnesium balance became negative at 118 mg/day magnesium, and changing boron intake did not obviously modify the overall response to magnesium deprivation. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This study does not support a claim that boron makes up for inadequate magnesium. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Mineral balance and endocrine measurements experimental_model: Double-blind Latin-square metabolic-unit feeding in 13 postmenopausal women limitations: Boron had no obvious overall effect on the response to magnesium deprivation. Results cannot establish boron as a treatment for hypomagnesemia or a substitute for magnesium. exposure: Approximately 118 versus 318 mg Mg/day and 0.25 versus 3.25 mg B/day; 42-day periods evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/15724868.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7009311021e781ba9b1e9a9244c081cf20700511cc8704e8294b1a2c55dc0e24", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2138, "text_sha256": "7009311021e781ba9b1e9a9244c081cf20700511cc8704e8294b1a2c55dc0e24"} [boron-p15724868] The alteration of magnesium, calcium and phosphorus metabolism by dietary magnesium deprivation in postmenopausal women is not affected by dietary boron deprivation. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15724868/

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/41075129.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d3cf6234f51fd5e8a999607442cd1c8abcc1fe0781369b54797661f18561fbf3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1591, "text_sha256": "d3cf6234f51fd5e8a999607442cd1c8abcc1fe0781369b54797661f18561fbf3"}

experimental_model

Five-group ovariectomy experiment; 30 rats

exposure

Sham, ovariectomy, ovariectomy plus magnesium, boron or both; six rats/group

limitations

Small animal experiment. Combination benefit does not by itself prove pharmacological synergy or efficacy in human osteoporosis. Doses are not specified in the indexed abstract used here.

nutrient_topic

Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron

organism

Female rat

plain_language

The combination performed better in this rat model of hormone-related bone loss.

primary_references

[boron-p41075129] Combined Supplementation OF Magnesium AND Boron Ameliorate Menopause-Associated Osteogenic Disturbances in Ovariectomized Rats. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41075129/ DOI: 10.1007/s12011-025-04870-0

tissue_or_cell_type

Bone density and mineral/endocrine endpoints

Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 924–935

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Five-group ovariectomy experiment; 30 rats · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### boron-ovx-boron-magnesium Magnesium, boron and their combination improved measured bone endpoints after ovariectomy in rats, with the combined intervention reported to outperform the individual interventions. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The combination performed better in this rat model of hormone-related bone loss. organism: Female rat tissue_or_cell_type: Bone density and mineral/endocrine endpoints experimental_model: Five-group ovariectomy experiment; 30 rats limitations: Small animal experiment. Combination benefit does not by itself prove pharmacological synergy or efficacy in human osteoporosis. Doses are not specified in the indexed abstract used here. exposure: Sham, ovariectomy, ovariectomy plus magnesium, boron or both; six rats/group evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/41075129.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d3cf6234f51fd5e8a999607442cd1c8abcc1fe0781369b54797661f18561fbf3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1591, "text_sha256": "d3cf6234f51fd5e8a999607442cd1c8abcc1fe0781369b54797661f18561fbf3"} [boron-p41075129] Combined Supplementation OF Magnesium AND Boron Ameliorate Menopause-Associated Osteogenic Disturbances in Ovariectomized Rats. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41075129/ DOI: 10.1007/s12011-025-04870-0

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/9062533.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a23cd1fe09277bdd83b690746d4bbaf4742cdd74e51d5b27ee898bd87208b2be", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1720, "text_sha256": "a23cd1fe09277bdd83b690746d4bbaf4742cdd74e51d5b27ee898bd87208b2be"}

experimental_model

Metabolic-ward feeding; 11 postmenopausal volunteers

exposure

167-day study; basal 0.36 mg B and 109 mg Mg/8400 kJ; 3 mg/day B supplement in last two 24-day periods; magnesium supplement 0 or 200 mg/day

limitations

Small study with multiple dietary periods and supplements. Do not assume independence from related reports from the same research program. Urine composition is not a kidney-stone clinical endpoint.

nutrient_topic

Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron

organism

Human

plain_language

Less oxalate appeared in urine in this setting; fewer kidney stones were not demonstrated.

primary_references

[boron-p9062533] Metabolic responses of postmenopausal women to supplemental dietary boron and aluminum during usual and low magnesium intake: boron, calcium, and magnesium absorption and retention and blood mineral concentrations. (1997). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9062533/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/65.3.803

tissue_or_cell_type

Mineral balance, blood and excreta

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 677–688

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Metabolic-ward feeding; 11 postmenopausal volunteers · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### boron-oxalate-low-magnesium Boron supplementation decreased total urinary oxalate in the low-magnesium group. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Less oxalate appeared in urine in this setting; fewer kidney stones were not demonstrated. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Mineral balance, blood and excreta experimental_model: Metabolic-ward feeding; 11 postmenopausal volunteers limitations: Small study with multiple dietary periods and supplements. Do not assume independence from related reports from the same research program. Urine composition is not a kidney-stone clinical endpoint. exposure: 167-day study; basal 0.36 mg B and 109 mg Mg/8400 kJ; 3 mg/day B supplement in last two 24-day periods; magnesium supplement 0 or 200 mg/day evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/9062533.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a23cd1fe09277bdd83b690746d4bbaf4742cdd74e51d5b27ee898bd87208b2be", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1720, "text_sha256": "a23cd1fe09277bdd83b690746d4bbaf4742cdd74e51d5b27ee898bd87208b2be"} [boron-p9062533] Metabolic responses of postmenopausal women to supplemental dietary boron and aluminum during usual and low magnesium intake: boron, calcium, and magnesium absorption and retention and blood mineral concentrations. (1997). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9062533/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/65.3.803

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/15724868.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7009311021e781ba9b1e9a9244c081cf20700511cc8704e8294b1a2c55dc0e24", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2138, "text_sha256": "7009311021e781ba9b1e9a9244c081cf20700511cc8704e8294b1a2c55dc0e24"}

experimental_model

Double-blind Latin-square metabolic-unit feeding in 13 postmenopausal women

exposure

Approximately 118 versus 318 mg Mg/day and 0.25 versus 3.25 mg B/day; 42-day periods

limitations

Boron had no obvious overall effect on the response to magnesium deprivation. Results cannot establish boron as a treatment for hypomagnesemia or a substitute for magnesium.

nutrient_topic

Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron

organism

Human

plain_language

Low boron intake changed potassium loss in this experiment; this does not establish clinical potassium deficiency.

primary_references

[boron-p15724868] The alteration of magnesium, calcium and phosphorus metabolism by dietary magnesium deprivation in postmenopausal women is not affected by dietary boron deprivation. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15724868/

tissue_or_cell_type

Mineral balance and endocrine measurements

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 729–740

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind Latin-square metabolic-unit feeding in 13 postmenopausal women · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### boron-potassium-low-boron Experimental boron deprivation increased urinary potassium excretion in the 2004 feeding study, whereas magnesium deprivation decreased it. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Low boron intake changed potassium loss in this experiment; this does not establish clinical potassium deficiency. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Mineral balance and endocrine measurements experimental_model: Double-blind Latin-square metabolic-unit feeding in 13 postmenopausal women limitations: Boron had no obvious overall effect on the response to magnesium deprivation. Results cannot establish boron as a treatment for hypomagnesemia or a substitute for magnesium. exposure: Approximately 118 versus 318 mg Mg/day and 0.25 versus 3.25 mg B/day; 42-day periods evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/15724868.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7009311021e781ba9b1e9a9244c081cf20700511cc8704e8294b1a2c55dc0e24", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2138, "text_sha256": "7009311021e781ba9b1e9a9244c081cf20700511cc8704e8294b1a2c55dc0e24"} [boron-p15724868] The alteration of magnesium, calcium and phosphorus metabolism by dietary magnesium deprivation in postmenopausal women is not affected by dietary boron deprivation. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15724868/

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/15724868.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7009311021e781ba9b1e9a9244c081cf20700511cc8704e8294b1a2c55dc0e24", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2138, "text_sha256": "7009311021e781ba9b1e9a9244c081cf20700511cc8704e8294b1a2c55dc0e24"}

experimental_model

Double-blind Latin-square metabolic-unit feeding in 13 postmenopausal women

exposure

Approximately 118 versus 318 mg Mg/day and 0.25 versus 3.25 mg B/day; 42-day periods

limitations

Boron had no obvious overall effect on the response to magnesium deprivation. Results cannot establish boron as a treatment for hypomagnesemia or a substitute for magnesium.

nutrient_topic

Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron

organism

Human

plain_language

Under this low-magnesium regimen the hormone response went downward.

primary_references

[boron-p15724868] The alteration of magnesium, calcium and phosphorus metabolism by dietary magnesium deprivation in postmenopausal women is not affected by dietary boron deprivation. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15724868/

tissue_or_cell_type

Mineral balance and endocrine measurements

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 768–779

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind Latin-square metabolic-unit feeding in 13 postmenopausal women · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### boron-progesterone-low-mg-2004 Boron supplementation decreased serum progesterone when dietary magnesium was low in the 2004 study. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Under this low-magnesium regimen the hormone response went downward. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Mineral balance and endocrine measurements experimental_model: Double-blind Latin-square metabolic-unit feeding in 13 postmenopausal women limitations: Boron had no obvious overall effect on the response to magnesium deprivation. Results cannot establish boron as a treatment for hypomagnesemia or a substitute for magnesium. exposure: Approximately 118 versus 318 mg Mg/day and 0.25 versus 3.25 mg B/day; 42-day periods evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/15724868.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7009311021e781ba9b1e9a9244c081cf20700511cc8704e8294b1a2c55dc0e24", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2138, "text_sha256": "7009311021e781ba9b1e9a9244c081cf20700511cc8704e8294b1a2c55dc0e24"} [boron-p15724868] The alteration of magnesium, calcium and phosphorus metabolism by dietary magnesium deprivation in postmenopausal women is not affected by dietary boron deprivation. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15724868/

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/15724868.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7009311021e781ba9b1e9a9244c081cf20700511cc8704e8294b1a2c55dc0e24", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2138, "text_sha256": "7009311021e781ba9b1e9a9244c081cf20700511cc8704e8294b1a2c55dc0e24"}

experimental_model

Double-blind Latin-square metabolic-unit feeding in 13 postmenopausal women

exposure

Approximately 118 versus 318 mg Mg/day and 0.25 versus 3.25 mg B/day; 42-day periods

limitations

Boron had no obvious overall effect on the response to magnesium deprivation. Results cannot establish boron as a treatment for hypomagnesemia or a substitute for magnesium.

nutrient_topic

Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron

organism

Human

plain_language

The study did not demonstrate that boron improves mineral balance by raising or lowering PTH.

primary_references

[boron-p15724868] The alteration of magnesium, calcium and phosphorus metabolism by dietary magnesium deprivation in postmenopausal women is not affected by dietary boron deprivation. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15724868/

tissue_or_cell_type

Mineral balance and endocrine measurements

Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 781–792

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind Latin-square metabolic-unit feeding in 13 postmenopausal women · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### boron-pth-null-2004 The tested boron and magnesium dietary treatments did not significantly affect serum PTH in the 2004 study. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The study did not demonstrate that boron improves mineral balance by raising or lowering PTH. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Mineral balance and endocrine measurements experimental_model: Double-blind Latin-square metabolic-unit feeding in 13 postmenopausal women limitations: Boron had no obvious overall effect on the response to magnesium deprivation. Results cannot establish boron as a treatment for hypomagnesemia or a substitute for magnesium. exposure: Approximately 118 versus 318 mg Mg/day and 0.25 versus 3.25 mg B/day; 42-day periods evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/15724868.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7009311021e781ba9b1e9a9244c081cf20700511cc8704e8294b1a2c55dc0e24", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2138, "text_sha256": "7009311021e781ba9b1e9a9244c081cf20700511cc8704e8294b1a2c55dc0e24"} [boron-p15724868] The alteration of magnesium, calcium and phosphorus metabolism by dietary magnesium deprivation in postmenopausal women is not affected by dietary boron deprivation. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15724868/

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/2484371.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "324fa75871a385d9890c32c6d4ddd62af6fff561174e439afb94f3bd4662ed13", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2179, "text_sha256": "324fa75871a385d9890c32c6d4ddd62af6fff561174e439afb94f3bd4662ed13"}

experimental_model

Nine factorial dietary experiments in rats

exposure

Six to ten weeks; boron supplement 0 or 3 µg/g; magnesium 100/200 versus 400 µg/g; methionine and arginine contexts varied

limitations

Dependence on severe magnesium restriction and amino-acid background is central. Rat growth/bone findings do not establish an essential human role, a methylation mechanism or a human rescue regimen.

nutrient_topic

Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron

organism

Sprague-Dawley rats and one spontaneously hypertensive rat experiment

plain_language

The effect of low boron depended strongly on the rest of the diet.

primary_references

[boron-p2484371] Magnesium and methionine deprivation affect the response of rats to boron deprivation. (1988). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2484371/ DOI: 10.1007/bf02795449

tissue_or_cell_type

Whole-animal growth and bone mineral endpoints

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 794–805

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Nine factorial dietary experiments in rats · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### boron-rat-mg-amino-acid-context Boron-deprived rats with marginal methionine had lower bone magnesium; interactions with magnesium deprivation were strongest under severe restriction and abundant arginine. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The effect of low boron depended strongly on the rest of the diet. organism: Sprague-Dawley rats and one spontaneously hypertensive rat experiment tissue_or_cell_type: Whole-animal growth and bone mineral endpoints experimental_model: Nine factorial dietary experiments in rats limitations: Dependence on severe magnesium restriction and amino-acid background is central. Rat growth/bone findings do not establish an essential human role, a methylation mechanism or a human rescue regimen. exposure: Six to ten weeks; boron supplement 0 or 3 µg/g; magnesium 100/200 versus 400 µg/g; methionine and arginine contexts varied evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/2484371.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "324fa75871a385d9890c32c6d4ddd62af6fff561174e439afb94f3bd4662ed13", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2179, "text_sha256": "324fa75871a385d9890c32c6d4ddd62af6fff561174e439afb94f3bd4662ed13"} [boron-p2484371] Magnesium and methionine deprivation affect the response of rats to boron deprivation. (1988). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2484371/ DOI: 10.1007/bf02795449

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/3678698.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8f95ac01b63502b366e2bd79785b7203deb793d258df065f13cc1e0123c89fb7", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1373, "text_sha256": "8f95ac01b63502b366e2bd79785b7203deb793d258df065f13cc1e0123c89fb7"}

experimental_model

Sequential controlled feeding in a metabolic unit; 12 postmenopausal women

exposure

About 0.25 mg boron/day for 119 days, then 3 mg/day supplement; seven low-magnesium and five adequate-magnesium participants

limitations

Small sequential study, not a fracture or bone-density trial. Diet and magnesium status matter. Later studies did not consistently reproduce the reported effects.

nutrient_topic

Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron

organism

Human

plain_language

A hormone measurement rose in this small study; later findings do not support a reliable hormone-boosting rule.

primary_references

[boron-p3678698] Effect of dietary boron on mineral, estrogen, and testosterone metabolism in postmenopausal women. (1987). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3678698/ DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.1.5.3678698

tissue_or_cell_type

Systemic mineral balance and circulating hormones

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 651–662

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Sequential controlled feeding in a metabolic unit; 12 postmenopausal women · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### boron-testosterone-1987 Boron supplementation increased circulating testosterone in the 1987 postmenopausal feeding study, with an apparently larger response when dietary magnesium was low. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A hormone measurement rose in this small study; later findings do not support a reliable hormone-boosting rule. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Systemic mineral balance and circulating hormones experimental_model: Sequential controlled feeding in a metabolic unit; 12 postmenopausal women limitations: Small sequential study, not a fracture or bone-density trial. Diet and magnesium status matter. Later studies did not consistently reproduce the reported effects. exposure: About 0.25 mg boron/day for 119 days, then 3 mg/day supplement; seven low-magnesium and five adequate-magnesium participants evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/3678698.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8f95ac01b63502b366e2bd79785b7203deb793d258df065f13cc1e0123c89fb7", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1373, "text_sha256": "8f95ac01b63502b366e2bd79785b7203deb793d258df065f13cc1e0123c89fb7"} [boron-p3678698] Effect of dietary boron on mineral, estrogen, and testosterone metabolism in postmenopausal women. (1987). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3678698/ DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.1.5.3678698