HOMA-IR estimate of insulin resistance

What acts on it

1. Magnesium treatment lowered HOMA-IR compared with placebo in hypomagnesemic adults with type 2 diabetes receiving glibenclamide.

   Magnesium → HOMA-IR estimate of insulin resistance source_derived_draftungraded
   Experimental context and source evidence

   cross_nutrient

   Magnesium -> insulin/glucose endpoints; treatment context matters.

   experimental_model

   63-person, 16-week randomized trial.

   exposure

   Eligibility serum Mg at most 0.74 mmol/L. End-study HOMA-IR means 3.8 versus 5.0.

   limitations

   HOMA is a surrogate, not a clamp; renal impairment was excluded. Not proof that all diabetes responds to Mg.

   nutrient_topic

   Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Magnesium

   organism

   Homo sapiens

   plain_language

   One trial found improved insulin-resistance estimates in a specific low-magnesium group.

   primary_references

   [mg-rodriguezmoran2003] Oral magnesium supplementation improves insulin sensitivity and metabolic control in type 2 diabetic subjects: a randomized double-blind controlled trial (2003). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12663588/ DOI: 10.2337/diacare.26.4.1147

   tissue_or_cell_type

   Human blood-based metabolic endpoints

   Magnesium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 1551–1562

   AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · 63-person, 16-week randomized trial. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

   ### mg-diabetes-homa-trial2003 Magnesium treatment lowered HOMA-IR compared with placebo in hypomagnesemic adults with type 2 diabetes receiving glibenclamide. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: One trial found improved insulin-resistance estimates in a specific low-magnesium group. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Human blood-based metabolic endpoints experimental_model: 63-person, 16-week randomized trial. limitations: HOMA is a surrogate, not a clamp; renal impairment was excluded. Not proof that all diabetes responds to Mg. cross_nutrient: Magnesium -> insulin/glucose endpoints; treatment context matters. exposure: Eligibility serum Mg at most 0.74 mmol/L. End-study HOMA-IR means 3.8 versus 5.0. [mg-rodriguezmoran2003] Oral magnesium supplementation improves insulin sensitivity and metabolic control in type 2 diabetic subjects: a randomized double-blind controlled trial (2003). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12663588/ DOI: 10.2337/diacare.26.4.1147

   Complete structured claim and evidence

2. HOMA-IR decreased compared with placebo.

   Mangiferin → HOMA-IR estimate of insulin resistance source_derived_draftungraded
   Experimental context and source evidence

   evidence_span

   {"source_cache": "artifacts/mangiferin-research/25989216.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "2f57445ffe1eb20de3c2bf1170d152c358be1d7763cef2a091c0b3052040e539", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1522, "text_sha256": "2f57445ffe1eb20de3c2bf1170d152c358be1d7763cef2a091c0b3052040e539"}

   experimental_model

   Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial

   exposure

   Mangiferin 150 mg/day for 12 weeks

   limitations

   One trial in a selected population; biomarkers do not demonstrate clinical outcomes or directly measure fatty-acid flux.

   nutrient_topic

   Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Mangiferin

   organism

   Overweight adults with hyperlipidemia; 97 completers

   plain_language

   An estimated insulin-resistance index improved.

   primary_references

   [mangiferin-p25989216] Mangiferin supplementation improves serum lipid profiles in overweight patients with hyperlipidemia: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25989216/ DOI: 10.1038/srep10344

   tissue_or_cell_type

   Serum metabolic measurements

   Mangiferin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1173–1184

   AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

   ### mangiferin-trial-homa HOMA-IR decreased compared with placebo. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: An estimated insulin-resistance index improved. organism: Overweight adults with hyperlipidemia; 97 completers tissue_or_cell_type: Serum metabolic measurements experimental_model: Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial limitations: One trial in a selected population; biomarkers do not demonstrate clinical outcomes or directly measure fatty-acid flux. exposure: Mangiferin 150 mg/day for 12 weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/mangiferin-research/25989216.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "2f57445ffe1eb20de3c2bf1170d152c358be1d7763cef2a091c0b3052040e539", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1522, "text_sha256": "2f57445ffe1eb20de3c2bf1170d152c358be1d7763cef2a091c0b3052040e539"} [mangiferin-p25989216] Mangiferin supplementation improves serum lipid profiles in overweight patients with hyperlipidemia: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25989216/ DOI: 10.1038/srep10344

   Complete structured claim and evidence

3. At follow-up, the combined chromium-magnesium group had lower HOMA-IR and glycemic measures than the three other groups in the reported analysis.

   Chromium → HOMA-IR estimate of insulin resistance source_derived_draftungraded
   Experimental context and source evidence

   evidence_span

   {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/38228168.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b4c183c056f1fb256f33169031be43fd7c78d14601c85ea237e46987c7923be3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1788, "text_sha256": "b4c183c056f1fb256f33169031be43fd7c78d14601c85ea237e46987c7923be3"}

   experimental_model

   Four-arm three-month randomized supplementation study; 120 adults

   exposure

   Chromium, magnesium, combined supplementation or placebo; participants recruited February 2012–February 2015; trial chiCTR-TRC-14004863

   limitations

   Do not count this automatically as independent replication of the earlier 120-person report. Small groups and baseline sex imbalance limit interpretation. The abstract’s oxidative-marker wording must be read with its p>0.05 combination-versus-single result.

   nutrient_topic

   Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chromium

   organism

   Human with impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance

   plain_language

   This report included a comparison favoring the combination, while replication and a formal interaction test remain separate questions.

   primary_references

   [chromium-p38228168] Effects of co-supplementation of chromium and magnesium on metabolic profiles, inflammation, and oxidative stress in impaired glucose tolerance. (2024). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38228168/ DOI: 10.1177/14791641241228156

   tissue_or_cell_type

   Blood metabolic and oxidative-stress biomarkers

   Chromium: transport, insulin signaling, nutrient interactions and essentiality debate (2026-09-17) · lines 601–612

   AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Four-arm three-month randomized supplementation study; 120 adults · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

   ### chromium-magnesium-combination-2024 At follow-up, the combined chromium-magnesium group had lower HOMA-IR and glycemic measures than the three other groups in the reported analysis. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This report included a comparison favoring the combination, while replication and a formal interaction test remain separate questions. organism: Human with impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance tissue_or_cell_type: Blood metabolic and oxidative-stress biomarkers experimental_model: Four-arm three-month randomized supplementation study; 120 adults limitations: Do not count this automatically as independent replication of the earlier 120-person report. Small groups and baseline sex imbalance limit interpretation. The abstract’s oxidative-marker wording must be read with its p>0.05 combination-versus-single result. exposure: Chromium, magnesium, combined supplementation or placebo; participants recruited February 2012–February 2015; trial chiCTR-TRC-14004863 evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/38228168.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b4c183c056f1fb256f33169031be43fd7c78d14601c85ea237e46987c7923be3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1788, "text_sha256": "b4c183c056f1fb256f33169031be43fd7c78d14601c85ea237e46987c7923be3"} [chromium-p38228168] Effects of co-supplementation of chromium and magnesium on metabolic profiles, inflammation, and oxidative stress in impaired glucose tolerance. (2024). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38228168/ DOI: 10.1177/14791641241228156

   Complete structured claim and evidence

4. Neither tested dose improved glucose, insulin or HOMA-IR compared with placebo after six months; secondary outcomes also did not improve.

   Chromium(III) picolinate / CrPic → HOMA-IR estimate of insulin resistance source_derived_draftungraded
   Experimental context and source evidence

   evidence_span

   {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/20634174.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8a4617886df8215ff55fd78eac2a60d4e63ed726da4f1f1a9167fb9c41ceae26", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1529, "text_sha256": "8a4617886df8215ff55fd78eac2a60d4e63ed726da4f1f1a9167fb9c41ceae26"}

   experimental_model

   Randomized double-blind modified crossover trial; 59 enrolled

   exposure

   Six-month sequences of 500 or 1,000 µg/day chromium picolinate versus placebo

   limitations

   At-risk population rather than established diabetes; no demonstrated prevention effect. Exposure does not establish the participant’s nutritional chromium status.

   nutrient_topic

   Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chromium

   organism

   Human adults at high risk for type 2 diabetes

   plain_language

   The supplement did not improve the measured insulin-resistance outcomes in this at-risk group.

   primary_references

   [chromium-p20634174] Chromium effects on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in persons at risk for diabetes mellitus. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20634174/ DOI: 10.4158/ep10131.or

   tissue_or_cell_type

   Glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR and secondary cardiometabolic endpoints

   Chromium: transport, insulin signaling, nutrient interactions and essentiality debate (2026-09-17) · lines 1108–1119

   AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized double-blind modified crossover trial; 59 enrolled · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

   ### chromium-prediabetes-null Neither tested dose improved glucose, insulin or HOMA-IR compared with placebo after six months; secondary outcomes also did not improve. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The supplement did not improve the measured insulin-resistance outcomes in this at-risk group. organism: Human adults at high risk for type 2 diabetes tissue_or_cell_type: Glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR and secondary cardiometabolic endpoints experimental_model: Randomized double-blind modified crossover trial; 59 enrolled limitations: At-risk population rather than established diabetes; no demonstrated prevention effect. Exposure does not establish the participant’s nutritional chromium status. exposure: Six-month sequences of 500 or 1,000 µg/day chromium picolinate versus placebo evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/20634174.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8a4617886df8215ff55fd78eac2a60d4e63ed726da4f1f1a9167fb9c41ceae26", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1529, "text_sha256": "8a4617886df8215ff55fd78eac2a60d4e63ed726da4f1f1a9167fb9c41ceae26"} [chromium-p20634174] Chromium effects on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in persons at risk for diabetes mellitus. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20634174/ DOI: 10.4158/ep10131.or

   Complete structured claim and evidence

5. HOMA-IR rose in the placebo and vitamin-D3-only groups but was controlled in the chromium and chromium-plus-vitamin-D3 groups.

   Chromium(III) picolinate / CrPic → HOMA-IR estimate of insulin resistance source_derived_draftungraded
   Experimental context and source evidence

   evidence_span

   {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/31593637.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9815b482cfc5655a11a3192ca21b47c903e8722a3b9b9e7d770e92e9fb94bfa9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1523, "text_sha256": "9815b482cfc5655a11a3192ca21b47c903e8722a3b9b9e7d770e92e9fb94bfa9"}

   experimental_model

   Four-arm randomized supplementation trial; 92 participants

   exposure

   Four months; vitamin D3 50,000 IU/week, chromium picolinate reported as 500 µg/day, both or placebo

   limitations

   Study regimens are historical exposures, not recommendations. Stable versus rising HOMA-IR does not show direct mediation by TNF-alpha; no molecular target was tested.

   nutrient_topic

   Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chromium

   organism

   Human with type 2 diabetes

   plain_language

   The chromium-containing groups avoided the increase seen in other arms of this trial.

   primary_references

   [chromium-p31593637] The effects of chromium and vitamin D3 co-supplementation on insulin resistance and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in type 2 diabetes: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31593637/ DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0113

   tissue_or_cell_type

   Blood glycemia, HOMA-IR and TNF-alpha

   Chromium: transport, insulin signaling, nutrient interactions and essentiality debate (2026-09-17) · lines 653–664

   AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Four-arm randomized supplementation trial; 92 participants · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

   ### chromium-vitd-homa HOMA-IR rose in the placebo and vitamin-D3-only groups but was controlled in the chromium and chromium-plus-vitamin-D3 groups. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The chromium-containing groups avoided the increase seen in other arms of this trial. organism: Human with type 2 diabetes tissue_or_cell_type: Blood glycemia, HOMA-IR and TNF-alpha experimental_model: Four-arm randomized supplementation trial; 92 participants limitations: Study regimens are historical exposures, not recommendations. Stable versus rising HOMA-IR does not show direct mediation by TNF-alpha; no molecular target was tested. exposure: Four months; vitamin D3 50,000 IU/week, chromium picolinate reported as 500 µg/day, both or placebo evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/31593637.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9815b482cfc5655a11a3192ca21b47c903e8722a3b9b9e7d770e92e9fb94bfa9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1523, "text_sha256": "9815b482cfc5655a11a3192ca21b47c903e8722a3b9b9e7d770e92e9fb94bfa9"} [chromium-p31593637] The effects of chromium and vitamin D3 co-supplementation on insulin resistance and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in type 2 diabetes: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31593637/ DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0113

   Complete structured claim and evidence

6. Both potassium salts improved beta-cell-function estimates; only citrate improved insulin-sensitivity estimates in this small normokalemic pilot.

   Potassium citrate → HOMA-IR estimate of insulin resistance source_derived_draftungraded
   Experimental context and source evidence

   availability_state

   biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.

   cross_nutrient

   Potassium and accompanying alkali cannot be treated as an identical intervention.

   experimental_model

   Eleven non-acidotic normokalemic adults, 7 men/4 women, ages 47-63; double-blind placebo-controlled KCl/K-citrate 90 mEq/day, two weeks each.

   limitations

   Eleven subjects, short duration and surrogate estimates; no established molecular pathway or prevention effect.

   nutrient_topic

   Potassium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Potassium

   organism

   Human

   plain_language

   The accompanying anion changed the observed metabolic response.

   primary_references

   [conen-2016-pilot] Effects of potassium citrate or potassium chloride in patients with combined glucose intolerance: A placebo-controlled pilot study (2016). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S105687271630054X DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.03.017

   tissue_or_cell_type

   Systemic glucose regulation

   trigger_kind

   biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.

   Potassium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 946–956

   AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Eleven non-acidotic normokalemic adults, 7 men/4 women, ages 47-63; double-blind placebo-controlled KCl/K-citrate 90 mEq/day, two weeks each. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

   ### k-salt-glycemic-anion-boundary Both potassium salts improved beta-cell-function estimates; only citrate improved insulin-sensitivity estimates in this small normokalemic pilot. Condition category: biomarker_context nutrient_topic: Potassium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The accompanying anion changed the observed metabolic response. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Systemic glucose regulation experimental_model: Eleven non-acidotic normokalemic adults, 7 men/4 women, ages 47-63; double-blind placebo-controlled KCl/K-citrate 90 mEq/day, two weeks each. limitations: Eleven subjects, short duration and surrogate estimates; no established molecular pathway or prevention effect. cross_nutrient: Potassium and accompanying alkali cannot be treated as an identical intervention. [conen-2016-pilot] Effects of potassium citrate or potassium chloride in patients with combined glucose intolerance: A placebo-controlled pilot study (2016). https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S105687271630054X DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.03.017

   Complete structured claim and evidence