Chromium

What it acts on

1. Estimated fractional chromium absorption fell from about 2% at 10 µg/day intake to about 0.5% at 40 µg/day in the study.

   Chromium → Intestinal chromium uptake source_derived_draftungraded
   Experimental context and source evidence

   evidence_span

   {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/4003325.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e60f6f96d0d74aaba16b4f3e04bdd6c9fe3944c6605df6c4e84180d1987e2013", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1004, "text_sha256": "e60f6f96d0d74aaba16b4f3e04bdd6c9fe3944c6605df6c4e84180d1987e2013"}

   experimental_model

   Duplicate-diet collection and absorption estimates in 32 adults

   exposure

   Seven-day self-selected diets in 10 men and 22 women; approximate intake range 10–40 µg/day for reported absorption relation

   limitations

   Historical analytical and intake-reference context. A diet below the old suggested intake is not a validated diagnosis of chromium deficiency.

   nutrient_topic

   Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chromium

   organism

   Human

   plain_language

   A greater intake did not translate into a proportionally greater absorbed fraction.

   primary_references

   [chromium-p4003325] Chromium intake, absorption and excretion of subjects consuming self-selected diets. (1985). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4003325/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/41.6.1177

   tissue_or_cell_type

   Diet and whole-body absorption estimates

   Chromium: transport, insulin signaling, nutrient interactions and essentiality debate (2026-09-17) · lines 107–118

   AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Duplicate-diet collection and absorption estimates in 32 adults · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

   ### chromium-human-fractional-absorption Estimated fractional chromium absorption fell from about 2% at 10 µg/day intake to about 0.5% at 40 µg/day in the study. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A greater intake did not translate into a proportionally greater absorbed fraction. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Diet and whole-body absorption estimates experimental_model: Duplicate-diet collection and absorption estimates in 32 adults limitations: Historical analytical and intake-reference context. A diet below the old suggested intake is not a validated diagnosis of chromium deficiency. exposure: Seven-day self-selected diets in 10 men and 22 women; approximate intake range 10–40 µg/day for reported absorption relation evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/4003325.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e60f6f96d0d74aaba16b4f3e04bdd6c9fe3944c6605df6c4e84180d1987e2013", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1004, "text_sha256": "e60f6f96d0d74aaba16b4f3e04bdd6c9fe3944c6605df6c4e84180d1987e2013"} [chromium-p4003325] Chromium intake, absorption and excretion of subjects consuming self-selected diets. (1985). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4003325/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/41.6.1177

   Complete structured claim and evidence

2. Subjects randomized to chromium had lower intramyocellular lipid measurements in the substudy.

   Chromium → Intramyocellular lipid content source_derived_draftungraded
   Experimental context and source evidence

   evidence_span

   {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/20022616.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0c9e6d805526dd6fa08c3a57f750df6d1f2312932e04ea8c3ce7975f46d65ab2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1864, "text_sha256": "0c9e6d805526dd6fa08c3a57f750df6d1f2312932e04ea8c3ce7975f46d65ab2"}

   experimental_model

   Randomized supplementation with euglycemic-clamp and tissue-lipid substudy

   exposure

   1,000 µg chromium/day or placebo; responders classified by ≥10% change in insulin sensitivity

   limitations

   Response-defined subgroup comparisons can be affected by regression to the mean and post-treatment selection. They do not validate a deficiency test or a prospective rule for choosing treatment.

   nutrient_topic

   Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chromium

   organism

   Human with type 2 diabetes across a range of phenotypes

   plain_language

   A muscle-lipid measurement changed, offering a possible research lead rather than a proven universal mediator.

   primary_references

   [chromium-p20022616] Characterization of the metabolic and physiologic response to chromium supplementation in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20022616/ DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.09.023

   tissue_or_cell_type

   Insulin sensitivity, muscle/liver lipid and chromium measurements

   Chromium: transport, insulin signaling, nutrient interactions and essentiality debate (2026-09-17) · lines 1095–1106

   AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized supplementation with euglycemic-clamp and tissue-lipid substudy · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

   ### chromium-human-muscle-lipid Subjects randomized to chromium had lower intramyocellular lipid measurements in the substudy. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A muscle-lipid measurement changed, offering a possible research lead rather than a proven universal mediator. organism: Human with type 2 diabetes across a range of phenotypes tissue_or_cell_type: Insulin sensitivity, muscle/liver lipid and chromium measurements experimental_model: Randomized supplementation with euglycemic-clamp and tissue-lipid substudy limitations: Response-defined subgroup comparisons can be affected by regression to the mean and post-treatment selection. They do not validate a deficiency test or a prospective rule for choosing treatment. exposure: 1,000 µg chromium/day or placebo; responders classified by ≥10% change in insulin sensitivity evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/20022616.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0c9e6d805526dd6fa08c3a57f750df6d1f2312932e04ea8c3ce7975f46d65ab2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1864, "text_sha256": "0c9e6d805526dd6fa08c3a57f750df6d1f2312932e04ea8c3ce7975f46d65ab2"} [chromium-p20022616] Characterization of the metabolic and physiologic response to chromium supplementation in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20022616/ DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.09.023

   Complete structured claim and evidence

3. Chromium did not consistently improve insulin action across the full phenotype range; response-defined subgroups differed in baseline insulin resistance and glycemia but not chromium status.

   Chromium → Insulin sensitivity source_derived_draftungraded
   Experimental context and source evidence

   evidence_span

   {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/20022616.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0c9e6d805526dd6fa08c3a57f750df6d1f2312932e04ea8c3ce7975f46d65ab2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1864, "text_sha256": "0c9e6d805526dd6fa08c3a57f750df6d1f2312932e04ea8c3ce7975f46d65ab2"}

   experimental_model

   Randomized supplementation with euglycemic-clamp and tissue-lipid substudy

   exposure

   1,000 µg chromium/day or placebo; responders classified by ≥10% change in insulin sensitivity

   limitations

   Response-defined subgroup comparisons can be affected by regression to the mean and post-treatment selection. They do not validate a deficiency test or a prospective rule for choosing treatment.

   nutrient_topic

   Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chromium

   organism

   Human with type 2 diabetes across a range of phenotypes

   plain_language

   Not everyone responded, and the measured chromium level did not distinguish responders from nonresponders.

   primary_references

   [chromium-p20022616] Characterization of the metabolic and physiologic response to chromium supplementation in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20022616/ DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.09.023

   tissue_or_cell_type

   Insulin sensitivity, muscle/liver lipid and chromium measurements

   Chromium: transport, insulin signaling, nutrient interactions and essentiality debate (2026-09-17) · lines 1082–1093

   AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized supplementation with euglycemic-clamp and tissue-lipid substudy · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

   ### chromium-human-response-heterogeneity Chromium did not consistently improve insulin action across the full phenotype range; response-defined subgroups differed in baseline insulin resistance and glycemia but not chromium status. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Not everyone responded, and the measured chromium level did not distinguish responders from nonresponders. organism: Human with type 2 diabetes across a range of phenotypes tissue_or_cell_type: Insulin sensitivity, muscle/liver lipid and chromium measurements experimental_model: Randomized supplementation with euglycemic-clamp and tissue-lipid substudy limitations: Response-defined subgroup comparisons can be affected by regression to the mean and post-treatment selection. They do not validate a deficiency test or a prospective rule for choosing treatment. exposure: 1,000 µg chromium/day or placebo; responders classified by ≥10% change in insulin sensitivity evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/20022616.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0c9e6d805526dd6fa08c3a57f750df6d1f2312932e04ea8c3ce7975f46d65ab2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1864, "text_sha256": "0c9e6d805526dd6fa08c3a57f750df6d1f2312932e04ea8c3ce7975f46d65ab2"} [chromium-p20022616] Characterization of the metabolic and physiologic response to chromium supplementation in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20022616/ DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.09.023

   Complete structured claim and evidence

4. The low-chromium group consumed more energy later in the experiment and accumulated more body fat than the normal-chromium group.

   Chromium → Whole-body fat mass source_derived_draftungraded
   Experimental context and source evidence

   availability_state

   nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

   evidence_span

   {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/36701335.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "762bdd075019b97831308c39060063214abcb5c5075bfc69afd9b1e250b41a48", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1806, "text_sha256": "762bdd075019b97831308c39060063214abcb5c5075bfc69afd9b1e250b41a48"}

   experimental_model

   Twelve-week dietary chromium experiment in both sexes

   exposure

   From day 35 of age; moderately high-fat/high-sucrose diets with 0.33, 1.20 or 9.15 mg Cr/kg; 10 males and 10 females/group

   limitations

   Different diet, strain and duration from the 2011 study. Greater food intake can contribute to adiposity and insulin changes. Low is relative to this rodent formulation, not a human deficiency cutoff.

   nutrient_topic

   Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chromium

   organism

   Sprague-Dawley CD rats

   plain_language

   The result involved food intake and body composition as well as glucose-related measurements.

   primary_references

   [chromium-p36701335] A low chromium diet increases body fat, energy intake and circulating triglycerides and insulin in male and female rats fed a moderately high-fat, high-sucrose diet from peripuberty to young adult age. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36701335/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281019

   tissue_or_cell_type

   Whole-body fat and circulating metabolic measures

   trigger_kind

   nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

   Chromium: transport, insulin signaling, nutrient interactions and essentiality debate (2026-09-17) · lines 991–1002

   AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Twelve-week dietary chromium experiment in both sexes · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

   ### chromium-low-diet-fat-2023 The low-chromium group consumed more energy later in the experiment and accumulated more body fat than the normal-chromium group. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The result involved food intake and body composition as well as glucose-related measurements. organism: Sprague-Dawley CD rats tissue_or_cell_type: Whole-body fat and circulating metabolic measures experimental_model: Twelve-week dietary chromium experiment in both sexes limitations: Different diet, strain and duration from the 2011 study. Greater food intake can contribute to adiposity and insulin changes. Low is relative to this rodent formulation, not a human deficiency cutoff. exposure: From day 35 of age; moderately high-fat/high-sucrose diets with 0.33, 1.20 or 9.15 mg Cr/kg; 10 males and 10 females/group evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/36701335.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "762bdd075019b97831308c39060063214abcb5c5075bfc69afd9b1e250b41a48", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1806, "text_sha256": "762bdd075019b97831308c39060063214abcb5c5075bfc69afd9b1e250b41a48"} [chromium-p36701335] A low chromium diet increases body fat, energy intake and circulating triglycerides and insulin in male and female rats fed a moderately high-fat, high-sucrose diet from peripuberty to young adult age. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36701335/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281019

   Complete structured claim and evidence

5. The six-month low-chromium diet did not alter glucose responses in glucose- or insulin-tolerance tests relative to the standard diet.

   Chromium → Glucose tolerance source_derived_draftungraded
   Experimental context and source evidence

   availability_state

   nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

   evidence_span

   {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/21086001.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "308018cb4483d2b09c61c09f63a45811cc801750fd4f7922b8c9f010f5165abd", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1561, "text_sha256": "308018cb4483d2b09c61c09f63a45811cc801750fd4f7922b8c9f010f5165abd"}

   experimental_model

   Six-month metal-controlled low-chromium feeding experiment

   exposure

   AIN-93G with no added chromium versus standard diet and supplemental 200 or 1,000 µg Cr/kg

   limitations

   Low intake is not absolute zero exposure. Lack of abnormality in this rat model challenges essentiality claims but is not by itself a complete human requirement experiment.

   nutrient_topic

   Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chromium

   organism

   Male Zucker lean rats

   plain_language

   The rats did not develop the expected glucose-control defect in this carefully controlled model.

   primary_references

   [chromium-p21086001] Chromium is not an essential trace element for mammals: effects of a "low-chromium" diet. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21086001/ DOI: 10.1007/s00775-010-0734-y

   tissue_or_cell_type

   Body composition and glucose/insulin tolerance

   trigger_kind

   nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

   Chromium: transport, insulin signaling, nutrient interactions and essentiality debate (2026-09-17) · lines 952–963

   AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Six-month metal-controlled low-chromium feeding experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

   ### chromium-low-diet-glucose-null-2011 The six-month low-chromium diet did not alter glucose responses in glucose- or insulin-tolerance tests relative to the standard diet. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The rats did not develop the expected glucose-control defect in this carefully controlled model. organism: Male Zucker lean rats tissue_or_cell_type: Body composition and glucose/insulin tolerance experimental_model: Six-month metal-controlled low-chromium feeding experiment limitations: Low intake is not absolute zero exposure. Lack of abnormality in this rat model challenges essentiality claims but is not by itself a complete human requirement experiment. exposure: AIN-93G with no added chromium versus standard diet and supplemental 200 or 1,000 µg Cr/kg evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/21086001.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "308018cb4483d2b09c61c09f63a45811cc801750fd4f7922b8c9f010f5165abd", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1561, "text_sha256": "308018cb4483d2b09c61c09f63a45811cc801750fd4f7922b8c9f010f5165abd"} [chromium-p21086001] Chromium is not an essential trace element for mammals: effects of a "low-chromium" diet. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21086001/ DOI: 10.1007/s00775-010-0734-y

   Complete structured claim and evidence

6. The low-chromium group had higher fasting insulin and higher insulin at 30 and 60 minutes after glucose than the normal-chromium group, without a difference in glucose levels.

   Chromium → Fasting plasma insulin concentration source_derived_draftungraded
   Experimental context and source evidence

   availability_state

   nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

   evidence_span

   {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/36701335.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "762bdd075019b97831308c39060063214abcb5c5075bfc69afd9b1e250b41a48", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1806, "text_sha256": "762bdd075019b97831308c39060063214abcb5c5075bfc69afd9b1e250b41a48"}

   experimental_model

   Twelve-week dietary chromium experiment in both sexes

   exposure

   From day 35 of age; moderately high-fat/high-sucrose diets with 0.33, 1.20 or 9.15 mg Cr/kg; 10 males and 10 females/group

   limitations

   Different diet, strain and duration from the 2011 study. Greater food intake can contribute to adiposity and insulin changes. Low is relative to this rodent formulation, not a human deficiency cutoff.

   nutrient_topic

   Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chromium

   organism

   Sprague-Dawley CD rats

   plain_language

   The animals needed a different insulin response while measured glucose stayed similar.

   primary_references

   [chromium-p36701335] A low chromium diet increases body fat, energy intake and circulating triglycerides and insulin in male and female rats fed a moderately high-fat, high-sucrose diet from peripuberty to young adult age. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36701335/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281019

   tissue_or_cell_type

   Whole-body fat and circulating metabolic measures

   trigger_kind

   nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

   Chromium: transport, insulin signaling, nutrient interactions and essentiality debate (2026-09-17) · lines 978–989

   AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Twelve-week dietary chromium experiment in both sexes · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

   ### chromium-low-diet-insulin-2023 The low-chromium group had higher fasting insulin and higher insulin at 30 and 60 minutes after glucose than the normal-chromium group, without a difference in glucose levels. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The animals needed a different insulin response while measured glucose stayed similar. organism: Sprague-Dawley CD rats tissue_or_cell_type: Whole-body fat and circulating metabolic measures experimental_model: Twelve-week dietary chromium experiment in both sexes limitations: Different diet, strain and duration from the 2011 study. Greater food intake can contribute to adiposity and insulin changes. Low is relative to this rodent formulation, not a human deficiency cutoff. exposure: From day 35 of age; moderately high-fat/high-sucrose diets with 0.33, 1.20 or 9.15 mg Cr/kg; 10 males and 10 females/group evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/36701335.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "762bdd075019b97831308c39060063214abcb5c5075bfc69afd9b1e250b41a48", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1806, "text_sha256": "762bdd075019b97831308c39060063214abcb5c5075bfc69afd9b1e250b41a48"} [chromium-p36701335] A low chromium diet increases body fat, energy intake and circulating triglycerides and insulin in male and female rats fed a moderately high-fat, high-sucrose diet from peripuberty to young adult age. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36701335/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281019

   Complete structured claim and evidence

7. Fasting triglycerides were higher in the low-chromium group than the normal-chromium group at the end of the rat experiment.

   Chromium → Plasma triglyceride concentration source_derived_draftungraded
   Experimental context and source evidence

   availability_state

   nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

   evidence_span

   {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/36701335.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "762bdd075019b97831308c39060063214abcb5c5075bfc69afd9b1e250b41a48", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1806, "text_sha256": "762bdd075019b97831308c39060063214abcb5c5075bfc69afd9b1e250b41a48"}

   experimental_model

   Twelve-week dietary chromium experiment in both sexes

   exposure

   From day 35 of age; moderately high-fat/high-sucrose diets with 0.33, 1.20 or 9.15 mg Cr/kg; 10 males and 10 females/group

   limitations

   Different diet, strain and duration from the 2011 study. Greater food intake can contribute to adiposity and insulin changes. Low is relative to this rodent formulation, not a human deficiency cutoff.

   nutrient_topic

   Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chromium

   organism

   Sprague-Dawley CD rats

   plain_language

   The lower-chromium diet also changed a circulating lipid measurement.

   primary_references

   [chromium-p36701335] A low chromium diet increases body fat, energy intake and circulating triglycerides and insulin in male and female rats fed a moderately high-fat, high-sucrose diet from peripuberty to young adult age. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36701335/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281019

   tissue_or_cell_type

   Whole-body fat and circulating metabolic measures

   trigger_kind

   nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

   Chromium: transport, insulin signaling, nutrient interactions and essentiality debate (2026-09-17) · lines 1004–1015

   AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Twelve-week dietary chromium experiment in both sexes · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

   ### chromium-low-diet-triglycerides-2023 Fasting triglycerides were higher in the low-chromium group than the normal-chromium group at the end of the rat experiment. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The lower-chromium diet also changed a circulating lipid measurement. organism: Sprague-Dawley CD rats tissue_or_cell_type: Whole-body fat and circulating metabolic measures experimental_model: Twelve-week dietary chromium experiment in both sexes limitations: Different diet, strain and duration from the 2011 study. Greater food intake can contribute to adiposity and insulin changes. Low is relative to this rodent formulation, not a human deficiency cutoff. exposure: From day 35 of age; moderately high-fat/high-sucrose diets with 0.33, 1.20 or 9.15 mg Cr/kg; 10 males and 10 females/group evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/36701335.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "762bdd075019b97831308c39060063214abcb5c5075bfc69afd9b1e250b41a48", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1806, "text_sha256": "762bdd075019b97831308c39060063214abcb5c5075bfc69afd9b1e250b41a48"} [chromium-p36701335] A low chromium diet increases body fat, energy intake and circulating triglycerides and insulin in male and female rats fed a moderately high-fat, high-sucrose diet from peripuberty to young adult age. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36701335/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281019

   Complete structured claim and evidence

8. The chromium-plus-magnesium group had lower fasting glucose, fasting insulin and the reported insulin-resistance index than its own baseline; the individual-treatment groups lacked significant within-group changes.

   Chromium → Calculated insulin-resistance index (formula not verified) source_derived_draftungraded
   Experimental context and source evidence

   evidence_span

   {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/27702717.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5a066f8a51a4f0d4b33648166fc5bae559c5132e1ae35d65347c178359447d7e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1556, "text_sha256": "5a066f8a51a4f0d4b33648166fc5bae559c5132e1ae35d65347c178359447d7e"}

   experimental_model

   Four-arm randomized supplementation study; 120 insulin-resistant adults

   exposure

   Three months: chromium 160 µg/day, magnesium 200 mg/day, both, or placebo

   limitations

   The abstract principally reports within-group changes, which alone do not establish a between-group interaction. T-lymphocyte mRNA is not skeletal-muscle transporter activity. Possible participant overlap with later reports is not resolved.

   nutrient_topic

   Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chromium

   organism

   Human

   plain_language

   The combination showed a signal in this trial, but comparing which groups reached significance does not by itself prove synergy.

   primary_references

   [chromium-p27702717] Combined chromium and magnesium decreases insulin resistance more effectively than either alone. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27702717/ DOI: 10.6133/apjcn.092015.48

   tissue_or_cell_type

   Blood measures and activated T lymphocytes

   Chromium: transport, insulin signaling, nutrient interactions and essentiality debate (2026-09-17) · lines 562–573

   AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Four-arm randomized supplementation study; 120 insulin-resistant adults · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

   ### chromium-magnesium-combination-2016 The chromium-plus-magnesium group had lower fasting glucose, fasting insulin and the reported insulin-resistance index than its own baseline; the individual-treatment groups lacked significant within-group changes. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The combination showed a signal in this trial, but comparing which groups reached significance does not by itself prove synergy. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Blood measures and activated T lymphocytes experimental_model: Four-arm randomized supplementation study; 120 insulin-resistant adults limitations: The abstract principally reports within-group changes, which alone do not establish a between-group interaction. T-lymphocyte mRNA is not skeletal-muscle transporter activity. Possible participant overlap with later reports is not resolved. exposure: Three months: chromium 160 µg/day, magnesium 200 mg/day, both, or placebo evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/27702717.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5a066f8a51a4f0d4b33648166fc5bae559c5132e1ae35d65347c178359447d7e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1556, "text_sha256": "5a066f8a51a4f0d4b33648166fc5bae559c5132e1ae35d65347c178359447d7e"} [chromium-p27702717] Combined chromium and magnesium decreases insulin resistance more effectively than either alone. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27702717/ DOI: 10.6133/apjcn.092015.48

   Complete structured claim and evidence

9. At follow-up, the combined chromium-magnesium group had lower HOMA-IR and glycemic measures than the three other groups in the reported analysis.

   Chromium → HOMA-IR estimate of insulin resistance source_derived_draftungraded
   Experimental context and source evidence

   evidence_span

   {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/38228168.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b4c183c056f1fb256f33169031be43fd7c78d14601c85ea237e46987c7923be3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1788, "text_sha256": "b4c183c056f1fb256f33169031be43fd7c78d14601c85ea237e46987c7923be3"}

   experimental_model

   Four-arm three-month randomized supplementation study; 120 adults

   exposure

   Chromium, magnesium, combined supplementation or placebo; participants recruited February 2012–February 2015; trial chiCTR-TRC-14004863

   limitations

   Do not count this automatically as independent replication of the earlier 120-person report. Small groups and baseline sex imbalance limit interpretation. The abstract’s oxidative-marker wording must be read with its p>0.05 combination-versus-single result.

   nutrient_topic

   Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chromium

   organism

   Human with impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance

   plain_language

   This report included a comparison favoring the combination, while replication and a formal interaction test remain separate questions.

   primary_references

   [chromium-p38228168] Effects of co-supplementation of chromium and magnesium on metabolic profiles, inflammation, and oxidative stress in impaired glucose tolerance. (2024). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38228168/ DOI: 10.1177/14791641241228156

   tissue_or_cell_type

   Blood metabolic and oxidative-stress biomarkers

   Chromium: transport, insulin signaling, nutrient interactions and essentiality debate (2026-09-17) · lines 601–612

   AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Four-arm three-month randomized supplementation study; 120 adults · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

   ### chromium-magnesium-combination-2024 At follow-up, the combined chromium-magnesium group had lower HOMA-IR and glycemic measures than the three other groups in the reported analysis. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This report included a comparison favoring the combination, while replication and a formal interaction test remain separate questions. organism: Human with impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance tissue_or_cell_type: Blood metabolic and oxidative-stress biomarkers experimental_model: Four-arm three-month randomized supplementation study; 120 adults limitations: Do not count this automatically as independent replication of the earlier 120-person report. Small groups and baseline sex imbalance limit interpretation. The abstract’s oxidative-marker wording must be read with its p>0.05 combination-versus-single result. exposure: Chromium, magnesium, combined supplementation or placebo; participants recruited February 2012–February 2015; trial chiCTR-TRC-14004863 evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/38228168.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b4c183c056f1fb256f33169031be43fd7c78d14601c85ea237e46987c7923be3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1788, "text_sha256": "b4c183c056f1fb256f33169031be43fd7c78d14601c85ea237e46987c7923be3"} [chromium-p38228168] Effects of co-supplementation of chromium and magnesium on metabolic profiles, inflammation, and oxidative stress in impaired glucose tolerance. (2024). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38228168/ DOI: 10.1177/14791641241228156

   Complete structured claim and evidence

10. GLUT4 mRNA increased 2.9-fold from baseline in activated T lymphocytes in the combined-treatment group.

    Chromium → Human glucose transporter 4 / SLC2A4 source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence

    evidence_span

    {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/27702717.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5a066f8a51a4f0d4b33648166fc5bae559c5132e1ae35d65347c178359447d7e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1556, "text_sha256": "5a066f8a51a4f0d4b33648166fc5bae559c5132e1ae35d65347c178359447d7e"}

    experimental_model

    Four-arm randomized supplementation study; 120 insulin-resistant adults

    exposure

    Three months: chromium 160 µg/day, magnesium 200 mg/day, both, or placebo

    limitations

    The abstract principally reports within-group changes, which alone do not establish a between-group interaction. T-lymphocyte mRNA is not skeletal-muscle transporter activity. Possible participant overlap with later reports is not resolved.

    nutrient_topic

    Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chromium

    organism

    Human

    plain_language

    The combination changed a transporter’s gene-expression measurement in immune cells.

    primary_references

    [chromium-p27702717] Combined chromium and magnesium decreases insulin resistance more effectively than either alone. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27702717/ DOI: 10.6133/apjcn.092015.48

    tissue_or_cell_type

    Blood measures and activated T lymphocytes

    Chromium: transport, insulin signaling, nutrient interactions and essentiality debate (2026-09-17) · lines 575–586

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Four-arm randomized supplementation study; 120 insulin-resistant adults · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### chromium-magnesium-glut4-transcript GLUT4 mRNA increased 2.9-fold from baseline in activated T lymphocytes in the combined-treatment group. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The combination changed a transporter’s gene-expression measurement in immune cells. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Blood measures and activated T lymphocytes experimental_model: Four-arm randomized supplementation study; 120 insulin-resistant adults limitations: The abstract principally reports within-group changes, which alone do not establish a between-group interaction. T-lymphocyte mRNA is not skeletal-muscle transporter activity. Possible participant overlap with later reports is not resolved. exposure: Three months: chromium 160 µg/day, magnesium 200 mg/day, both, or placebo evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/27702717.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5a066f8a51a4f0d4b33648166fc5bae559c5132e1ae35d65347c178359447d7e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1556, "text_sha256": "5a066f8a51a4f0d4b33648166fc5bae559c5132e1ae35d65347c178359447d7e"} [chromium-p27702717] Combined chromium and magnesium decreases insulin resistance more effectively than either alone. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27702717/ DOI: 10.6133/apjcn.092015.48

    Complete structured claim and evidence

11. GSK3β mRNA decreased 2.2-fold from baseline in activated T lymphocytes in the combined-treatment group.

    Chromium → Human glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta / GSK3B source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence

    evidence_span

    {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/27702717.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5a066f8a51a4f0d4b33648166fc5bae559c5132e1ae35d65347c178359447d7e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1556, "text_sha256": "5a066f8a51a4f0d4b33648166fc5bae559c5132e1ae35d65347c178359447d7e"}

    experimental_model

    Four-arm randomized supplementation study; 120 insulin-resistant adults

    exposure

    Three months: chromium 160 µg/day, magnesium 200 mg/day, both, or placebo

    limitations

    The abstract principally reports within-group changes, which alone do not establish a between-group interaction. T-lymphocyte mRNA is not skeletal-muscle transporter activity. Possible participant overlap with later reports is not resolved.

    nutrient_topic

    Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chromium

    organism

    Human

    plain_language

    A separate regulator of insulin-related metabolism showed lower gene expression in those immune cells.

    primary_references

    [chromium-p27702717] Combined chromium and magnesium decreases insulin resistance more effectively than either alone. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27702717/ DOI: 10.6133/apjcn.092015.48

    tissue_or_cell_type

    Blood measures and activated T lymphocytes

    Chromium: transport, insulin signaling, nutrient interactions and essentiality debate (2026-09-17) · lines 588–599

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Four-arm randomized supplementation study; 120 insulin-resistant adults · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### chromium-magnesium-gsk3-transcript GSK3β mRNA decreased 2.2-fold from baseline in activated T lymphocytes in the combined-treatment group. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A separate regulator of insulin-related metabolism showed lower gene expression in those immune cells. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Blood measures and activated T lymphocytes experimental_model: Four-arm randomized supplementation study; 120 insulin-resistant adults limitations: The abstract principally reports within-group changes, which alone do not establish a between-group interaction. T-lymphocyte mRNA is not skeletal-muscle transporter activity. Possible participant overlap with later reports is not resolved. exposure: Three months: chromium 160 µg/day, magnesium 200 mg/day, both, or placebo evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/27702717.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5a066f8a51a4f0d4b33648166fc5bae559c5132e1ae35d65347c178359447d7e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1556, "text_sha256": "5a066f8a51a4f0d4b33648166fc5bae559c5132e1ae35d65347c178359447d7e"} [chromium-p27702717] Combined chromium and magnesium decreases insulin resistance more effectively than either alone. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27702717/ DOI: 10.6133/apjcn.092015.48

    Complete structured claim and evidence

12. The combined-treatment group had higher HDL cholesterol than the other groups in the reported analysis.

    Chromium → HDL cholesterol concentration source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence

    evidence_span

    {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/38228168.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b4c183c056f1fb256f33169031be43fd7c78d14601c85ea237e46987c7923be3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1788, "text_sha256": "b4c183c056f1fb256f33169031be43fd7c78d14601c85ea237e46987c7923be3"}

    experimental_model

    Four-arm three-month randomized supplementation study; 120 adults

    exposure

    Chromium, magnesium, combined supplementation or placebo; participants recruited February 2012–February 2015; trial chiCTR-TRC-14004863

    limitations

    Do not count this automatically as independent replication of the earlier 120-person report. Small groups and baseline sex imbalance limit interpretation. The abstract’s oxidative-marker wording must be read with its p>0.05 combination-versus-single result.

    nutrient_topic

    Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chromium

    organism

    Human with impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance

    plain_language

    The trial also reported a lipid change with the combination.

    primary_references

    [chromium-p38228168] Effects of co-supplementation of chromium and magnesium on metabolic profiles, inflammation, and oxidative stress in impaired glucose tolerance. (2024). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38228168/ DOI: 10.1177/14791641241228156

    tissue_or_cell_type

    Blood metabolic and oxidative-stress biomarkers

    Chromium: transport, insulin signaling, nutrient interactions and essentiality debate (2026-09-17) · lines 614–625

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Four-arm three-month randomized supplementation study; 120 adults · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### chromium-magnesium-hdl The combined-treatment group had higher HDL cholesterol than the other groups in the reported analysis. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The trial also reported a lipid change with the combination. organism: Human with impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance tissue_or_cell_type: Blood metabolic and oxidative-stress biomarkers experimental_model: Four-arm three-month randomized supplementation study; 120 adults limitations: Do not count this automatically as independent replication of the earlier 120-person report. Small groups and baseline sex imbalance limit interpretation. The abstract’s oxidative-marker wording must be read with its p>0.05 combination-versus-single result. exposure: Chromium, magnesium, combined supplementation or placebo; participants recruited February 2012–February 2015; trial chiCTR-TRC-14004863 evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/38228168.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b4c183c056f1fb256f33169031be43fd7c78d14601c85ea237e46987c7923be3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1788, "text_sha256": "b4c183c056f1fb256f33169031be43fd7c78d14601c85ea237e46987c7923be3"} [chromium-p38228168] Effects of co-supplementation of chromium and magnesium on metabolic profiles, inflammation, and oxidative stress in impaired glucose tolerance. (2024). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38228168/ DOI: 10.1177/14791641241228156

    Complete structured claim and evidence

13. Plasma chromium increased with longer parenteral-nutrition exposure even when the trace-mineral supplement contained no chromium.

    Chromium → Circulating chromium concentration source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence

    availability_state

    biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.

    evidence_span

    {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/39898458.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1776af33c0e684df33140b02e64d6cb2b4fa727cc167e6b17662e0f4c74275c7", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1530, "text_sha256": "1776af33c0e684df33140b02e64d6cb2b4fa727cc167e6b17662e0f4c74275c7"}

    experimental_model

    Prospective observational study; 97 very-low-birthweight infants

    exposure

    Parenteral nutrition without added chromium from day 1; plasma days 15/30 and urine day 30

    limitations

    No added chromium does not mean zero exposure because components can contain chromium. Observational biomarker findings do not establish adequacy thresholds or universal neonatal dosing guidance.

    nutrient_topic

    Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chromium

    organism

    Human premature infants

    plain_language

    The infants were still exposed to chromium through the nutrition system.

    primary_references

    [chromium-p39898458] Chromium-free parenteral nutrition and its effects on chromium levels in very low birth weight infants. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39898458/ DOI: 10.20960/nh.05609

    tissue_or_cell_type

    Plasma and urine during neonatal nutrition

    trigger_kind

    biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Chromium: transport, insulin signaling, nutrient interactions and essentiality debate (2026-09-17) · lines 926–937

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Prospective observational study; 97 very-low-birthweight infants · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### chromium-neonatal-pn-exposure Plasma chromium increased with longer parenteral-nutrition exposure even when the trace-mineral supplement contained no chromium. Condition category: biomarker_context nutrient_topic: Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The infants were still exposed to chromium through the nutrition system. organism: Human premature infants tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma and urine during neonatal nutrition experimental_model: Prospective observational study; 97 very-low-birthweight infants limitations: No added chromium does not mean zero exposure because components can contain chromium. Observational biomarker findings do not establish adequacy thresholds or universal neonatal dosing guidance. exposure: Parenteral nutrition without added chromium from day 1; plasma days 15/30 and urine day 30 evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/39898458.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1776af33c0e684df33140b02e64d6cb2b4fa727cc167e6b17662e0f4c74275c7", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1530, "text_sha256": "1776af33c0e684df33140b02e64d6cb2b4fa727cc167e6b17662e0f4c74275c7"} [chromium-p39898458] Chromium-free parenteral nutrition and its effects on chromium levels in very low birth weight infants. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39898458/ DOI: 10.20960/nh.05609

    Complete structured claim and evidence

14. In the 1977 case, intravenous chromium was followed by normalization of the measured glucose-tolerance rate and respiratory quotient after two weeks, with insulin subsequently no longer required.

    Chromium → Glucose tolerance source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence

    availability_state

    nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

    evidence_span

    {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/192066.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "77f1130259582a7565cecbf7bf6d04dd0f54fb6c54ebf8d4498341c48ec3cd8c", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1943, "text_sha256": "77f1130259582a7565cecbf7bf6d04dd0f54fb6c54ebf8d4498341c48ec3cd8c"}

    experimental_model

    Historical long-term parenteral-nutrition case report

    exposure

    More than five years of parenteral nutrition; 250 µg chromium/day added for two weeks after impaired glucose tolerance and neuropathy

    limitations

    Single uncontrolled case with complex nutrition and treatment changes. Historical blood/hair reference ranges are not validated current diagnostic thresholds; response to pharmacological chromium does not by itself prove an essential dietary requirement.

    nutrient_topic

    Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chromium

    organism

    Human adult patient

    plain_language

    The patient improved after chromium was added to intravenous nutrition, but a single case cannot establish the general mechanism.

    primary_references

    [chromium-p192066] Chromium deficiency, glucose intolerance, and neuropathy reversed by chromium supplementation, in a patient receiving long-term total parenteral nutrition. (1977). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/192066/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/30.4.531

    tissue_or_cell_type

    Systemic glucose utilization and peripheral nerves

    trigger_kind

    nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Chromium: transport, insulin signaling, nutrient interactions and essentiality debate (2026-09-17) · lines 887–898

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Historical long-term parenteral-nutrition case report · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### chromium-parenteral-glucose-1977 In the 1977 case, intravenous chromium was followed by normalization of the measured glucose-tolerance rate and respiratory quotient after two weeks, with insulin subsequently no longer required. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The patient improved after chromium was added to intravenous nutrition, but a single case cannot establish the general mechanism. organism: Human adult patient tissue_or_cell_type: Systemic glucose utilization and peripheral nerves experimental_model: Historical long-term parenteral-nutrition case report limitations: Single uncontrolled case with complex nutrition and treatment changes. Historical blood/hair reference ranges are not validated current diagnostic thresholds; response to pharmacological chromium does not by itself prove an essential dietary requirement. exposure: More than five years of parenteral nutrition; 250 µg chromium/day added for two weeks after impaired glucose tolerance and neuropathy evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/192066.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "77f1130259582a7565cecbf7bf6d04dd0f54fb6c54ebf8d4498341c48ec3cd8c", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1943, "text_sha256": "77f1130259582a7565cecbf7bf6d04dd0f54fb6c54ebf8d4498341c48ec3cd8c"} [chromium-p192066] Chromium deficiency, glucose intolerance, and neuropathy reversed by chromium supplementation, in a patient receiving long-term total parenteral nutrition. (1977). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/192066/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/30.4.531

    Complete structured claim and evidence

15. Chromium addition was followed by improved glucose tolerance, reduced insulin requirements, weight gain and disappearance of a confusional state in the 1979 case.

    Chromium → Glucose tolerance source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence

    availability_state

    nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

    evidence_span

    {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/104057.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "858c83b6633bd3a8c4efd76fa98e12e487db932eda817827319066281fbcd6da", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 655, "text_sha256": "858c83b6633bd3a8c4efd76fa98e12e487db932eda817827319066281fbcd6da"}

    experimental_model

    Historical post-bowel-resection parenteral-nutrition case report

    exposure

    Five months parenteral nutrition; 150 µg chromium/day supplementation

    limitations

    Uncontrolled case, with serum chromium described as at the low end of the then-normal range. No validated modern deficiency threshold or molecular mediator established.

    nutrient_topic

    Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chromium

    organism

    Human patient

    plain_language

    A second historical case reported improvement, while the cause and broader applicability remain uncertain.

    primary_references

    [chromium-p104057] Chromium deficiency during total parenteral nutrition. (1979). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/104057/ DOI: 10.1001/jama.1979.03290310036012

    tissue_or_cell_type

    Glucose regulation, weight and neurological state

    trigger_kind

    nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Chromium: transport, insulin signaling, nutrient interactions and essentiality debate (2026-09-17) · lines 913–924

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Historical post-bowel-resection parenteral-nutrition case report · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### chromium-parenteral-glucose-1979 Chromium addition was followed by improved glucose tolerance, reduced insulin requirements, weight gain and disappearance of a confusional state in the 1979 case. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A second historical case reported improvement, while the cause and broader applicability remain uncertain. organism: Human patient tissue_or_cell_type: Glucose regulation, weight and neurological state experimental_model: Historical post-bowel-resection parenteral-nutrition case report limitations: Uncontrolled case, with serum chromium described as at the low end of the then-normal range. No validated modern deficiency threshold or molecular mediator established. exposure: Five months parenteral nutrition; 150 µg chromium/day supplementation evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/104057.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "858c83b6633bd3a8c4efd76fa98e12e487db932eda817827319066281fbcd6da", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 655, "text_sha256": "858c83b6633bd3a8c4efd76fa98e12e487db932eda817827319066281fbcd6da"} [chromium-p104057] Chromium deficiency during total parenteral nutrition. (1979). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/104057/ DOI: 10.1001/jama.1979.03290310036012

    Complete structured claim and evidence

16. Peripheral nerve conduction returned to normal over the subsequent five-month period in the 1977 parenteral-nutrition case.

    Chromium → Peripheral nerve conduction source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence

    availability_state

    nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

    evidence_span

    {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/192066.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "77f1130259582a7565cecbf7bf6d04dd0f54fb6c54ebf8d4498341c48ec3cd8c", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1943, "text_sha256": "77f1130259582a7565cecbf7bf6d04dd0f54fb6c54ebf8d4498341c48ec3cd8c"}

    experimental_model

    Historical long-term parenteral-nutrition case report

    exposure

    More than five years of parenteral nutrition; 250 µg chromium/day added for two weeks after impaired glucose tolerance and neuropathy

    limitations

    Single uncontrolled case with complex nutrition and treatment changes. Historical blood/hair reference ranges are not validated current diagnostic thresholds; response to pharmacological chromium does not by itself prove an essential dietary requirement.

    nutrient_topic

    Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chromium

    organism

    Human adult patient

    plain_language

    The neurological measurements also improved during follow-up.

    primary_references

    [chromium-p192066] Chromium deficiency, glucose intolerance, and neuropathy reversed by chromium supplementation, in a patient receiving long-term total parenteral nutrition. (1977). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/192066/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/30.4.531

    tissue_or_cell_type

    Systemic glucose utilization and peripheral nerves

    trigger_kind

    nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Chromium: transport, insulin signaling, nutrient interactions and essentiality debate (2026-09-17) · lines 900–911

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Historical long-term parenteral-nutrition case report · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### chromium-parenteral-neuropathy-1977 Peripheral nerve conduction returned to normal over the subsequent five-month period in the 1977 parenteral-nutrition case. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The neurological measurements also improved during follow-up. organism: Human adult patient tissue_or_cell_type: Systemic glucose utilization and peripheral nerves experimental_model: Historical long-term parenteral-nutrition case report limitations: Single uncontrolled case with complex nutrition and treatment changes. Historical blood/hair reference ranges are not validated current diagnostic thresholds; response to pharmacological chromium does not by itself prove an essential dietary requirement. exposure: More than five years of parenteral nutrition; 250 µg chromium/day added for two weeks after impaired glucose tolerance and neuropathy evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/192066.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "77f1130259582a7565cecbf7bf6d04dd0f54fb6c54ebf8d4498341c48ec3cd8c", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1943, "text_sha256": "77f1130259582a7565cecbf7bf6d04dd0f54fb6c54ebf8d4498341c48ec3cd8c"} [chromium-p192066] Chromium deficiency, glucose intolerance, and neuropathy reversed by chromium supplementation, in a patient receiving long-term total parenteral nutrition. (1977). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/192066/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/30.4.531

    Complete structured claim and evidence

17. Supplemented diets produced lower insulin-response areas after glucose challenge than the low-chromium diet, despite the lack of a glucose-tolerance defect.

    Chromium → Plasma insulin response to glucose challenge source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence

    availability_state

    nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

    evidence_span

    {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/21086001.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "308018cb4483d2b09c61c09f63a45811cc801750fd4f7922b8c9f010f5165abd", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1561, "text_sha256": "308018cb4483d2b09c61c09f63a45811cc801750fd4f7922b8c9f010f5165abd"}

    experimental_model

    Six-month metal-controlled low-chromium feeding experiment

    exposure

    AIN-93G with no added chromium versus standard diet and supplemental 200 or 1,000 µg Cr/kg

    limitations

    Low intake is not absolute zero exposure. Lack of abnormality in this rat model challenges essentiality claims but is not by itself a complete human requirement experiment.

    nutrient_topic

    Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chromium

    organism

    Male Zucker lean rats

    plain_language

    A pharmacological response can occur even when the low-intake group has no demonstrated deficiency syndrome.

    primary_references

    [chromium-p21086001] Chromium is not an essential trace element for mammals: effects of a "low-chromium" diet. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21086001/ DOI: 10.1007/s00775-010-0734-y

    tissue_or_cell_type

    Body composition and glucose/insulin tolerance

    trigger_kind

    nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Chromium: transport, insulin signaling, nutrient interactions and essentiality debate (2026-09-17) · lines 965–976

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Six-month metal-controlled low-chromium feeding experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### chromium-supplement-insulin-auc-2011 Supplemented diets produced lower insulin-response areas after glucose challenge than the low-chromium diet, despite the lack of a glucose-tolerance defect. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A pharmacological response can occur even when the low-intake group has no demonstrated deficiency syndrome. organism: Male Zucker lean rats tissue_or_cell_type: Body composition and glucose/insulin tolerance experimental_model: Six-month metal-controlled low-chromium feeding experiment limitations: Low intake is not absolute zero exposure. Lack of abnormality in this rat model challenges essentiality claims but is not by itself a complete human requirement experiment. exposure: AIN-93G with no added chromium versus standard diet and supplemental 200 or 1,000 µg Cr/kg evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/21086001.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "308018cb4483d2b09c61c09f63a45811cc801750fd4f7922b8c9f010f5165abd", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1561, "text_sha256": "308018cb4483d2b09c61c09f63a45811cc801750fd4f7922b8c9f010f5165abd"} [chromium-p21086001] Chromium is not an essential trace element for mammals: effects of a "low-chromium" diet. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21086001/ DOI: 10.1007/s00775-010-0734-y

    Complete structured claim and evidence

18. The three-mineral regimen reduced serum CRP relative to placebo despite the lack of improvement in the measured metabolic-risk components.

    Chromium → Serum C-reactive protein concentration source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence

    evidence_span

    {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/29773176.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6107419f3b2f125a5a9971f56f24c1bd454a97512ef432f154c79d26b85c1067", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1208, "text_sha256": "6107419f3b2f125a5a9971f56f24c1bd454a97512ef432f154c79d26b85c1067"}

    experimental_model

    Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial; 32 adults

    exposure

    24 weeks: 300 mg magnesium, 600 µg chromium and 36 mg zinc daily versus placebo

    limitations

    Only the three-mineral combination was tested; individual effects and synergy cannot be separated. Small sample and multiple endpoints.

    nutrient_topic

    Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chromium

    organism

    Human with metabolic syndrome

    plain_language

    An inflammation marker changed even though the main metabolic measures did not.

    primary_references

    [chromium-p29773176] Effects of zinc, magnesium, and chromium supplementation on cardiometabolic risk in adults with metabolic syndrome: A double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised trial. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29773176/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.03.022

    tissue_or_cell_type

    Metabolic-risk endpoints and CRP

    Chromium: transport, insulin signaling, nutrient interactions and essentiality debate (2026-09-17) · lines 640–651

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial; 32 adults · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### chromium-triple-mineral-crp The three-mineral regimen reduced serum CRP relative to placebo despite the lack of improvement in the measured metabolic-risk components. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: An inflammation marker changed even though the main metabolic measures did not. organism: Human with metabolic syndrome tissue_or_cell_type: Metabolic-risk endpoints and CRP experimental_model: Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial; 32 adults limitations: Only the three-mineral combination was tested; individual effects and synergy cannot be separated. Small sample and multiple endpoints. exposure: 24 weeks: 300 mg magnesium, 600 µg chromium and 36 mg zinc daily versus placebo evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/29773176.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6107419f3b2f125a5a9971f56f24c1bd454a97512ef432f154c79d26b85c1067", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1208, "text_sha256": "6107419f3b2f125a5a9971f56f24c1bd454a97512ef432f154c79d26b85c1067"} [chromium-p29773176] Effects of zinc, magnesium, and chromium supplementation on cardiometabolic risk in adults with metabolic syndrome: A double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised trial. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29773176/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.03.022

    Complete structured claim and evidence

19. The zinc-magnesium-chromium regimen did not significantly improve measured metabolic-syndrome risk components, including serum glucose, relative to placebo.

    Chromium → Serum glucose concentration source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence

    evidence_span

    {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/29773176.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6107419f3b2f125a5a9971f56f24c1bd454a97512ef432f154c79d26b85c1067", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1208, "text_sha256": "6107419f3b2f125a5a9971f56f24c1bd454a97512ef432f154c79d26b85c1067"}

    experimental_model

    Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial; 32 adults

    exposure

    24 weeks: 300 mg magnesium, 600 µg chromium and 36 mg zinc daily versus placebo

    limitations

    Only the three-mineral combination was tested; individual effects and synergy cannot be separated. Small sample and multiple endpoints.

    nutrient_topic

    Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chromium

    organism

    Human with metabolic syndrome

    plain_language

    Adding three minerals did not consistently improve the metabolic endpoints in this small trial.

    primary_references

    [chromium-p29773176] Effects of zinc, magnesium, and chromium supplementation on cardiometabolic risk in adults with metabolic syndrome: A double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised trial. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29773176/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.03.022

    tissue_or_cell_type

    Circulating glucose; the paper describes serum glucose rather than a tissue-specific transport endpoint

    Chromium: transport, insulin signaling, nutrient interactions and essentiality debate (2026-09-17) · lines 627–638

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial; 32 adults · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### chromium-triple-mineral-glycemia-null The zinc-magnesium-chromium regimen did not significantly improve measured metabolic-syndrome risk components, including serum glucose, relative to placebo. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Adding three minerals did not consistently improve the metabolic endpoints in this small trial. organism: Human with metabolic syndrome tissue_or_cell_type: Circulating glucose; the paper describes serum glucose rather than a tissue-specific transport endpoint experimental_model: Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial; 32 adults limitations: Only the three-mineral combination was tested; individual effects and synergy cannot be separated. Small sample and multiple endpoints. exposure: 24 weeks: 300 mg magnesium, 600 µg chromium and 36 mg zinc daily versus placebo evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/29773176.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6107419f3b2f125a5a9971f56f24c1bd454a97512ef432f154c79d26b85c1067", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1208, "text_sha256": "6107419f3b2f125a5a9971f56f24c1bd454a97512ef432f154c79d26b85c1067"} [chromium-p29773176] Effects of zinc, magnesium, and chromium supplementation on cardiometabolic risk in adults with metabolic syndrome: A double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised trial. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29773176/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.03.022

    Complete structured claim and evidence