Component

Insulin sensitivity

Insulin sensitivity. Species, exposure and limitations are retained in each linked claim.

5 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What acts on it

  1. The evening impairment was attributed primarily to lower insulin sensitivity in this study.

    Melatonin → Insulin sensitivity source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/melatonin-research/25197811.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a2ed431f069ffbe6ace434aba258b90c154b1d07e4c6b92816cba26bb3b31c04", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1466, "text_sha256": "a2ed431f069ffbe6ace434aba258b90c154b1d07e4c6b92816cba26bb3b31c04"}
    experimental_model
    Single-blind placebo-controlled glucose challenges
    exposure
    5 mg melatonin 15 minutes before 75 g OGTT at 09:00 or 21:00
    limitations
    Acute high-exposure challenge; not evidence that every bedtime regimen causes diabetes. Estimated mechanisms varied by time of day.
    nutrient_topic
    Melatonin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Melatonin
    organism
    21 healthy young women
    plain_language
    The same exposure can have different physiological components at another time.
    primary_references
    [melatonin-p25197811] Acute melatonin administration in humans impairs glucose tolerance in both the morning and evening. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25197811/ DOI: 10.5665/sleep.4088
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Oral glucose tolerance in morning and evening

    Melatonin: synthesis, receptors, circadian timing and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1085–1096

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Single-blind placebo-controlled glucose challenges · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### melatonin-evening-sensitivity The evening impairment was attributed primarily to lower insulin sensitivity in this study. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Melatonin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The same exposure can have different physiological components at another time. organism: 21 healthy young women tissue_or_cell_type: Oral glucose tolerance in morning and evening experimental_model: Single-blind placebo-controlled glucose challenges limitations: Acute high-exposure challenge; not evidence that every bedtime regimen causes diabetes. Estimated mechanisms varied by time of day. exposure: 5 mg melatonin 15 minutes before 75 g OGTT at 09:00 or 21:00 evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/melatonin-research/25197811.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a2ed431f069ffbe6ace434aba258b90c154b1d07e4c6b92816cba26bb3b31c04", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1466, "text_sha256": "a2ed431f069ffbe6ace434aba258b90c154b1d07e4c6b92816cba26bb3b31c04"} [melatonin-p25197811] Acute melatonin administration in humans impairs glucose tolerance in both the morning and evening. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25197811/ DOI: 10.5665/sleep.4088
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. The chromium-plus-sulfonylurea group showed improved measured insulin sensitivity and glucose control compared with the study’s sulfonylurea/placebo comparison.

    Chromium(III) picolinate / CrPic → Insulin sensitivity source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/16873787.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e8b9da2c39dd1dde1b2aba2fe7db1f7b9330d110b1594f3ee96df161840f731c", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1823, "text_sha256": "e8b9da2c39dd1dde1b2aba2fe7db1f7b9330d110b1594f3ee96df161840f731c"}
    experimental_model
    Double-blind randomized trial after sulfonylurea run-in
    exposure
    Glipizide run-in then 1,000 µg Cr/day as picolinate or placebo for six months; randomized groups n=17 and n=12
    limitations
    Small trial with concurrent glipizide. Reported benefit does not establish chromium deficiency, isolate every mediator or generalize to other treatment populations.
    nutrient_topic
    Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chromium
    organism
    Human with type 2 diabetes
    plain_language
    This smaller trial reported benefit in a different medication setting.
    primary_references
    [chromium-p16873787] Chromium picolinate supplementation attenuates body weight gain and increases insulin sensitivity in subjects with type 2 diabetes. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16873787/ DOI: 10.2337/dc06-0254
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Insulin sensitivity, glycated hemoglobin and body composition

    Chromium: transport, insulin signaling, nutrient interactions and essentiality debate (2026-09-17) · lines 1069–1080

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind randomized trial after sulfonylurea run-in · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### chromium-glipizide-trial-sensitivity The chromium-plus-sulfonylurea group showed improved measured insulin sensitivity and glucose control compared with the study’s sulfonylurea/placebo comparison. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This smaller trial reported benefit in a different medication setting. organism: Human with type 2 diabetes tissue_or_cell_type: Insulin sensitivity, glycated hemoglobin and body composition experimental_model: Double-blind randomized trial after sulfonylurea run-in limitations: Small trial with concurrent glipizide. Reported benefit does not establish chromium deficiency, isolate every mediator or generalize to other treatment populations. exposure: Glipizide run-in then 1,000 µg Cr/day as picolinate or placebo for six months; randomized groups n=17 and n=12 evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/16873787.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e8b9da2c39dd1dde1b2aba2fe7db1f7b9330d110b1594f3ee96df161840f731c", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1823, "text_sha256": "e8b9da2c39dd1dde1b2aba2fe7db1f7b9330d110b1594f3ee96df161840f731c"} [chromium-p16873787] Chromium picolinate supplementation attenuates body weight gain and increases insulin sensitivity in subjects with type 2 diabetes. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16873787/ DOI: 10.2337/dc06-0254
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. Chromium did not consistently improve insulin action across the full phenotype range; response-defined subgroups differed in baseline insulin resistance and glycemia but not chromium status.

    Chromium → Insulin sensitivity source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/20022616.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0c9e6d805526dd6fa08c3a57f750df6d1f2312932e04ea8c3ce7975f46d65ab2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1864, "text_sha256": "0c9e6d805526dd6fa08c3a57f750df6d1f2312932e04ea8c3ce7975f46d65ab2"}
    experimental_model
    Randomized supplementation with euglycemic-clamp and tissue-lipid substudy
    exposure
    1,000 µg chromium/day or placebo; responders classified by ≥10% change in insulin sensitivity
    limitations
    Response-defined subgroup comparisons can be affected by regression to the mean and post-treatment selection. They do not validate a deficiency test or a prospective rule for choosing treatment.
    nutrient_topic
    Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chromium
    organism
    Human with type 2 diabetes across a range of phenotypes
    plain_language
    Not everyone responded, and the measured chromium level did not distinguish responders from nonresponders.
    primary_references
    [chromium-p20022616] Characterization of the metabolic and physiologic response to chromium supplementation in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20022616/ DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.09.023
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Insulin sensitivity, muscle/liver lipid and chromium measurements

    Chromium: transport, insulin signaling, nutrient interactions and essentiality debate (2026-09-17) · lines 1082–1093

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized supplementation with euglycemic-clamp and tissue-lipid substudy · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### chromium-human-response-heterogeneity Chromium did not consistently improve insulin action across the full phenotype range; response-defined subgroups differed in baseline insulin resistance and glycemia but not chromium status. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Not everyone responded, and the measured chromium level did not distinguish responders from nonresponders. organism: Human with type 2 diabetes across a range of phenotypes tissue_or_cell_type: Insulin sensitivity, muscle/liver lipid and chromium measurements experimental_model: Randomized supplementation with euglycemic-clamp and tissue-lipid substudy limitations: Response-defined subgroup comparisons can be affected by regression to the mean and post-treatment selection. They do not validate a deficiency test or a prospective rule for choosing treatment. exposure: 1,000 µg chromium/day or placebo; responders classified by ≥10% change in insulin sensitivity evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/20022616.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0c9e6d805526dd6fa08c3a57f750df6d1f2312932e04ea8c3ce7975f46d65ab2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1864, "text_sha256": "0c9e6d805526dd6fa08c3a57f750df6d1f2312932e04ea8c3ce7975f46d65ab2"} [chromium-p20022616] Characterization of the metabolic and physiologic response to chromium supplementation in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20022616/ DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.09.023
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  4. Ip6k1-null mice showed increased insulin sensitivity and resistance to diet- or age-associated obesity.

    Mouse Ip6k1 → Insulin sensitivity source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/inositol-research/21145457.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0de0a9c3ea11cd8ce59bccff69a41139b11e11182fd9fd66016ec72ba329a5ce", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 889, "text_sha256": "0de0a9c3ea11cd8ce59bccff69a41139b11e11182fd9fd66016ec72ba329a5ce"}
    experimental_model
    Biochemical Akt regulation and targeted mouse Ip6k1 deletion
    exposure
    5-InsP7 and Ip6k1 knockout
    limitations
    Whole-gene deletion is not equivalent to adding or withdrawing free myo-inositol; the reported therapeutic proposal is not established treatment.
    nutrient_topic
    Inositol research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Inositol (stereoisomer family)
    organism
    Mammalian enzymology and Mus musculus
    plain_language
    Removing a specific signaling enzyme improved these metabolic outcomes in mice.
    primary_references
    [ino-p21145457] Inositol pyrophosphates inhibit Akt signaling, thereby regulating insulin sensitivity and weight gain. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21145457/ DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.11.032
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Muscle, adipose tissue and liver
    trigger_kind
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Inositol: synthesis, signaling, mineral interactions and conditional deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 795–806

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Biochemical Akt regulation and targeted mouse Ip6k1 deletion · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### ino-ip6k1-insulin Ip6k1-null mice showed increased insulin sensitivity and resistance to diet- or age-associated obesity. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Inositol research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Removing a specific signaling enzyme improved these metabolic outcomes in mice. organism: Mammalian enzymology and Mus musculus tissue_or_cell_type: Muscle, adipose tissue and liver experimental_model: Biochemical Akt regulation and targeted mouse Ip6k1 deletion limitations: Whole-gene deletion is not equivalent to adding or withdrawing free myo-inositol; the reported therapeutic proposal is not established treatment. exposure: 5-InsP7 and Ip6k1 knockout evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/inositol-research/21145457.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0de0a9c3ea11cd8ce59bccff69a41139b11e11182fd9fd66016ec72ba329a5ce", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 889, "text_sha256": "0de0a9c3ea11cd8ce59bccff69a41139b11e11182fd9fd66016ec72ba329a5ce"} [ino-p21145457] Inositol pyrophosphates inhibit Akt signaling, thereby regulating insulin sensitivity and weight gain. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21145457/ DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.11.032
    Complete structured claim and evidence

Where it participates (unsigned role)

  1. Ten days of cold acclimation at 14 to 15 degrees C increased peripheral insulin sensitivity by about 43% in eight people with type 2 diabetes.

    Cold water immersion → Peripheral insulin sensitivity source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/cold-research/26147760.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ec2d7942d906f2c11c73487b4afb7682386a7b5759541dde161dde72787503c9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 451, "text_sha256": "ec2d7942d906f2c11c73487b4afb7682386a7b5759541dde161dde72787503c9"}
    experimental_model
    Eight subjects with type 2 diabetes acclimated to 14 to 15 degrees C for ten days
    exposure
    Ten days of cold acclimation at 14 to 15 degrees C
    limitations
    A small uncontrolled intervention in patients. The effect ran through muscle GLUT4 rather than brown fat, which is the opposite of the expected route.
    nutrient_topic
    Cold water immersion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and a therapeutic exposure is not a dietary intake. · Cold water immersion
    organism
    Human
    plain_language
    Ten days of cold made these patients markedly more sensitive to insulin.
    primary_references
    [cold-p26147760] Short-term cold acclimation improves insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26147760/ DOI: 10.1038/nm.3891
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue

    Cold water immersion: cold sensing, heat production, the catecholamine axis and what repeated exposure changes (2026-09-19) · lines 858–869

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Eight subjects with type 2 diabetes acclimated to 14 to 15 degrees C for ten days · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### cold-cold-insulin-sensitivity Ten days of cold acclimation at 14 to 15 degrees C increased peripheral insulin sensitivity by about 43% in eight people with type 2 diabetes. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Cold water immersion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and a therapeutic exposure is not a dietary intake. plain_language: Ten days of cold made these patients markedly more sensitive to insulin. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue experimental_model: Eight subjects with type 2 diabetes acclimated to 14 to 15 degrees C for ten days limitations: A small uncontrolled intervention in patients. The effect ran through muscle GLUT4 rather than brown fat, which is the opposite of the expected route. exposure: Ten days of cold acclimation at 14 to 15 degrees C evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/cold-research/26147760.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ec2d7942d906f2c11c73487b4afb7682386a7b5759541dde161dde72787503c9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 451, "text_sha256": "ec2d7942d906f2c11c73487b4afb7682386a7b5759541dde161dde72787503c9"} [cold-p26147760] Short-term cold acclimation improves insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26147760/ DOI: 10.1038/nm.3891
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

    This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

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