Component

Human glucose transporter 4 / SLC2A4

Human glucose transporter 4 / SLC2A4. Species, exposure and limitations are retained in each linked claim.

7 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What acts on it

  1. GLUT4 mRNA increased 2.9-fold from baseline in activated T lymphocytes in the combined-treatment group.

    Chromium → Human glucose transporter 4 / SLC2A4 source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/27702717.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5a066f8a51a4f0d4b33648166fc5bae559c5132e1ae35d65347c178359447d7e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1556, "text_sha256": "5a066f8a51a4f0d4b33648166fc5bae559c5132e1ae35d65347c178359447d7e"}
    experimental_model
    Four-arm randomized supplementation study; 120 insulin-resistant adults
    exposure
    Three months: chromium 160 µg/day, magnesium 200 mg/day, both, or placebo
    limitations
    The abstract principally reports within-group changes, which alone do not establish a between-group interaction. T-lymphocyte mRNA is not skeletal-muscle transporter activity. Possible participant overlap with later reports is not resolved.
    nutrient_topic
    Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chromium
    organism
    Human
    plain_language
    The combination changed a transporter’s gene-expression measurement in immune cells.
    primary_references
    [chromium-p27702717] Combined chromium and magnesium decreases insulin resistance more effectively than either alone. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27702717/ DOI: 10.6133/apjcn.092015.48
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Blood measures and activated T lymphocytes

    Chromium: transport, insulin signaling, nutrient interactions and essentiality debate (2026-09-17) · lines 575–586

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Four-arm randomized supplementation study; 120 insulin-resistant adults · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### chromium-magnesium-glut4-transcript GLUT4 mRNA increased 2.9-fold from baseline in activated T lymphocytes in the combined-treatment group. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The combination changed a transporter’s gene-expression measurement in immune cells. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Blood measures and activated T lymphocytes experimental_model: Four-arm randomized supplementation study; 120 insulin-resistant adults limitations: The abstract principally reports within-group changes, which alone do not establish a between-group interaction. T-lymphocyte mRNA is not skeletal-muscle transporter activity. Possible participant overlap with later reports is not resolved. exposure: Three months: chromium 160 µg/day, magnesium 200 mg/day, both, or placebo evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/27702717.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5a066f8a51a4f0d4b33648166fc5bae559c5132e1ae35d65347c178359447d7e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1556, "text_sha256": "5a066f8a51a4f0d4b33648166fc5bae559c5132e1ae35d65347c178359447d7e"} [chromium-p27702717] Combined chromium and magnesium decreases insulin resistance more effectively than either alone. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27702717/ DOI: 10.6133/apjcn.092015.48
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. Adding t10,c12 CLA reduced GLUT4 gene expression and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and oxidation.

    trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid → Human glucose transporter 4 / SLC2A4 source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Primary cultures of differentiating human preadipocytes.
    limitations
    Reduced fat storage is not automatically improved metabolic health.
    nutrient_topic
    CLA collection; isomer, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Conjugated linoleic acid / CLA isomer family
    plain_language
    Less glucose entered the fat cells in response to insulin.
    primary_references
    Isomer-specific regulation of metabolism and PPARgamma signaling by CLA in human preadipocytes. · 2003 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12730300/ · DOI 10.1194/jlr.M300001-JLR200

    Conjugated linoleic acid: isomers, signaling, nutrient interactions and discovery (2026-09-19) · lines 70–76

    AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Primary cultures of differentiating human preadipocytes. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## cla-glut4 Less glucose entered the fat cells in response to insulin. Adding t10,c12 CLA reduced GLUT4 gene expression and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and oxidation. Model: Primary cultures of differentiating human preadipocytes. Limitations: Reduced fat storage is not automatically improved metabolic health. Evidence access: Primary abstract Isomer-specific regulation of metabolism and PPARgamma signaling by CLA in human preadipocytes. · 2003 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12730300/ · DOI 10.1194/jlr.M300001-JLR200
    Complete structured claim and evidence

Where it participates (unsigned role)

  1. Creatine plus exercise increased muscle GLUT4 translocation to the sarcolemma relative to placebo plus exercise.

    Creatine → Human muscle GLUT4 translocation to the sarcolemma source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/creatine-research/20881878.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b3ba6f24e6aedc2c8220a6b50f5d315fc4f885740bc1934cf438cbe0865ace52", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1736, "text_sha256": "b3ba6f24e6aedc2c8220a6b50f5d315fc4f885740bc1934cf438cbe0865ace52"}
    experimental_model
    Twelve-week randomized double-blind trial with exercise in both arms
    exposure
    Creatine 5 g/day plus exercise versus placebo plus exercise
    limitations
    Small adjunct-to-exercise trial; no replacement for diabetes treatment or isolated creatine effect without exercise is established.
    nutrient_topic
    Creatine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Creatine
    organism
    25 adults with type 2 diabetes
    plain_language
    More of the glucose transporter was located at the muscle-cell surface in this trial.
    primary_references
    [creatine-p20881878] Creatine in type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20881878/ DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181fcee7d
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Blood glucose regulation and muscle GLUT4 localization

    Creatine: synthesis, transport, phosphocreatine energetics and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 997–1008

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Twelve-week randomized double-blind trial with exercise in both arms · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### creatine-diabetes-glut4 Creatine plus exercise increased muscle GLUT4 translocation to the sarcolemma relative to placebo plus exercise. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Creatine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: More of the glucose transporter was located at the muscle-cell surface in this trial. organism: 25 adults with type 2 diabetes tissue_or_cell_type: Blood glucose regulation and muscle GLUT4 localization experimental_model: Twelve-week randomized double-blind trial with exercise in both arms limitations: Small adjunct-to-exercise trial; no replacement for diabetes treatment or isolated creatine effect without exercise is established. exposure: Creatine 5 g/day plus exercise versus placebo plus exercise evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/creatine-research/20881878.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b3ba6f24e6aedc2c8220a6b50f5d315fc4f885740bc1934cf438cbe0865ace52", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1736, "text_sha256": "b3ba6f24e6aedc2c8220a6b50f5d315fc4f885740bc1934cf438cbe0865ace52"} [creatine-p20881878] Creatine in type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20881878/ DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181fcee7d
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. Cold induced a 12-fold increase in brown adipose tissue glucose uptake accompanied by a doubling of perfusion, with whole-body energy expenditure positively associated with perfusion, whereas insulin enhanced glucose uptake 5-fold independently of perfusion.

    Brown adipose tissue → Brown adipose tissue perfusion source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/cold-research/21803297.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "59c9610242aa276de795dd00e2855d10444505f6005a87b85bc058cd564a7e52", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 997, "text_sha256": "59c9610242aa276de795dd00e2855d10444505f6005a87b85bc058cd564a7e52"}
    experimental_model
    PET-CT of glucose uptake and perfusion in human brown and white adipose tissue with gene expression
    exposure
    Cold activation compared with insulin stimulation
    limitations
    The cold and insulin arms are separated deliberately, which shows the tissue has two distinct activation modes.
    nutrient_topic
    Cold water immersion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and a therapeutic exposure is not a dietary intake. · Cold water immersion
    organism
    Human
    plain_language
    Cold makes the tissue take up fuel and open its blood supply; insulin only does the first.
    primary_references
    [cold-p21803297] Different metabolic responses of human brown adipose tissue to activation by cold and insulin. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21803297/ DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2011.06.012
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Brown and white adipose tissue

    Cold water immersion: cold sensing, heat production, the catecholamine axis and what repeated exposure changes (2026-09-19) · lines 299–310

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · PET-CT of glucose uptake and perfusion in human brown and white adipose tissue with gene expression · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### cold-bat-cold-versus-insulin Cold induced a 12-fold increase in brown adipose tissue glucose uptake accompanied by a doubling of perfusion, with whole-body energy expenditure positively associated with perfusion, whereas insulin enhanced glucose uptake 5-fold independently of perfusion. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Cold water immersion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and a therapeutic exposure is not a dietary intake. plain_language: Cold makes the tissue take up fuel and open its blood supply; insulin only does the first. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Brown and white adipose tissue experimental_model: PET-CT of glucose uptake and perfusion in human brown and white adipose tissue with gene expression limitations: The cold and insulin arms are separated deliberately, which shows the tissue has two distinct activation modes. exposure: Cold activation compared with insulin stimulation evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/cold-research/21803297.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "59c9610242aa276de795dd00e2855d10444505f6005a87b85bc058cd564a7e52", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 997, "text_sha256": "59c9610242aa276de795dd00e2855d10444505f6005a87b85bc058cd564a7e52"} [cold-p21803297] Different metabolic responses of human brown adipose tissue to activation by cold and insulin. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21803297/ DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2011.06.012
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. Basal skeletal muscle GLUT4 translocation markedly increased without effects on insulin signalling or AMPK activation, and with only a minor increase in brown adipose glucose uptake.

    Cold water immersion → Basal skeletal-muscle GLUT4 translocation source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/cold-research/26147760.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ec2d7942d906f2c11c73487b4afb7682386a7b5759541dde161dde72787503c9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 451, "text_sha256": "ec2d7942d906f2c11c73487b4afb7682386a7b5759541dde161dde72787503c9"}
    experimental_model
    Eight subjects with type 2 diabetes acclimated to 14 to 15 degrees C for ten days
    exposure
    Ten days of cold acclimation at 14 to 15 degrees C
    limitations
    A small uncontrolled intervention in patients. The effect ran through muscle GLUT4 rather than brown fat, which is the opposite of the expected route.
    nutrient_topic
    Cold water immersion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and a therapeutic exposure is not a dietary intake. · Cold water immersion
    organism
    Human
    plain_language
    The glucose door opened in muscle, not in brown fat, and not through the usual signalling.
    primary_references
    [cold-p26147760] Short-term cold acclimation improves insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26147760/ DOI: 10.1038/nm.3891
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue

    Cold water immersion: cold sensing, heat production, the catecholamine axis and what repeated exposure changes (2026-09-19) · lines 871–882

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Eight subjects with type 2 diabetes acclimated to 14 to 15 degrees C for ten days · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### cold-cold-glut4-route Basal skeletal muscle GLUT4 translocation markedly increased without effects on insulin signalling or AMPK activation, and with only a minor increase in brown adipose glucose uptake. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Cold water immersion research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and a therapeutic exposure is not a dietary intake. plain_language: The glucose door opened in muscle, not in brown fat, and not through the usual signalling. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue experimental_model: Eight subjects with type 2 diabetes acclimated to 14 to 15 degrees C for ten days limitations: A small uncontrolled intervention in patients. The effect ran through muscle GLUT4 rather than brown fat, which is the opposite of the expected route. exposure: Ten days of cold acclimation at 14 to 15 degrees C evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/cold-research/26147760.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ec2d7942d906f2c11c73487b4afb7682386a7b5759541dde161dde72787503c9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 451, "text_sha256": "ec2d7942d906f2c11c73487b4afb7682386a7b5759541dde161dde72787503c9"} [cold-p26147760] Short-term cold acclimation improves insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26147760/ DOI: 10.1038/nm.3891
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  4. BRL co-treatment rescued FABP4, LPL and perilipin transcripts but did not prevent reduced GLUT4, glucose uptake or triglyceride content.

    Rosiglitazone / BRL49653 → Human adipocyte PPAR-gamma target transcripts source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    One-week co-treatment of primary human adipocyte cultures.
    limitations
    Transcript rescue did not restore all downstream functions.
    nutrient_topic
    CLA collection; isomer, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Conjugated linoleic acid / CLA isomer family
    plain_language
    Restoring some target genes did not restore the whole response.
    primary_references
    Trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid antagonizes ligand-dependent PPARgamma activity in primary cultures of human adipocytes. · 2008 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18287349/ · DOI 10.1093/jn/138.3.455

    Conjugated linoleic acid: isomers, signaling, nutrient interactions and discovery (2026-09-19) · lines 118–124

    AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · One-week co-treatment of primary human adipocyte cultures. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## cla-partial-rescue Restoring some target genes did not restore the whole response. BRL co-treatment rescued FABP4, LPL and perilipin transcripts but did not prevent reduced GLUT4, glucose uptake or triglyceride content. Model: One-week co-treatment of primary human adipocyte cultures. Limitations: Transcript rescue did not restore all downstream functions. Evidence access: Primary abstract Trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid antagonizes ligand-dependent PPARgamma activity in primary cultures of human adipocytes. · 2008 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18287349/ · DOI 10.1093/jn/138.3.455
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  5. p65 siRNA depletion attenuated CLA-induced loss of GLUT4 and PPAR-gamma proteins and suppression of glucose uptake.

    Human NF-kappa-B p65 / RELA → Human adipocyte insulin-stimulated glucose uptake source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Human adipocyte RNA-interference experiment.
    limitations
    Supports a contribution in this model, not universal necessity in all tissues.
    nutrient_topic
    CLA collection; isomer, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Conjugated linoleic acid / CLA isomer family
    plain_language
    Removing a signaling component weakened the adverse response.
    primary_references
    Conjugated linoleic acid promotes human adipocyte insulin resistance through NFkappaB-dependent cytokine production. · 2005 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16155293/ · DOI 10.1074/jbc.M508159200

    Conjugated linoleic acid: isomers, signaling, nutrient interactions and discovery (2026-09-19) · lines 142–148

    AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human adipocyte RNA-interference experiment. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## cla-rela-knockdown Removing a signaling component weakened the adverse response. p65 siRNA depletion attenuated CLA-induced loss of GLUT4 and PPAR-gamma proteins and suppression of glucose uptake. Model: Human adipocyte RNA-interference experiment. Limitations: Supports a contribution in this model, not universal necessity in all tissues. Evidence access: Primary abstract Conjugated linoleic acid promotes human adipocyte insulin resistance through NFkappaB-dependent cytokine production. · 2005 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16155293/ · DOI 10.1074/jbc.M508159200
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

    This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

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