Bone mineral density: molecular mechanisms & dependencies

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

Human evidence only

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What acts on it

After three years, BMD declined without significant between-group differences, and microarchitecture and turnover changes were also similar.
Menaquinone-7 / MK-7 → Bone mineral density source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/k2-research/33030563.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "008ef1b176a3f718d923eea696a7a97b09d64e3079e57c997beaf485153ca138", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2370, "text_sha256": "008ef1b176a3f718d923eea696a7a97b09d64e3079e57c997beaf485153ca138"}
experimental_model
Three-year double-blind randomized add-on trial
exposure
MK-7 375 micrograms/day versus placebo; both groups D3 38 micrograms/day and calcium 800 mg/day
limitations
Different population, dose and background supplementation from the 180-microgram trial; the one-year and three-year reports are not independent cohorts.
nutrient_topic
Vitamin K2 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin K2 / menaquinone family
organism
142 postmenopausal women with osteopenia
plain_language
Improved carboxylation did not translate into a demonstrated bone-density benefit in this trial.
primary_references
[k2-p33030563] The effect of vitamin MK-7 on bone mineral density and microarchitecture in postmenopausal women with osteopenia, a 3-year randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33030563/ DOI: 10.1007/s00198-020-05638-z
tissue_or_cell_type
Osteocalcin, DXA and bone microarchitecture
Vitamin K2: menaquinone forms, carboxylation, recycling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1098–1109
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Three-year double-blind randomized add-on trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### k2-mk7-cad-bone-null After three years, BMD declined without significant between-group differences, and microarchitecture and turnover changes were also similar. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Vitamin K2 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Improved carboxylation did not translate into a demonstrated bone-density benefit in this trial. organism: 142 postmenopausal women with osteopenia tissue_or_cell_type: Osteocalcin, DXA and bone microarchitecture experimental_model: Three-year double-blind randomized add-on trial limitations: Different population, dose and background supplementation from the 180-microgram trial; the one-year and three-year reports are not independent cohorts. exposure: MK-7 375 micrograms/day versus placebo; both groups D3 38 micrograms/day and calcium 800 mg/day evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/k2-research/33030563.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "008ef1b176a3f718d923eea696a7a97b09d64e3079e57c997beaf485153ca138", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2370, "text_sha256": "008ef1b176a3f718d923eea696a7a97b09d64e3079e57c997beaf485153ca138"} [k2-p33030563] The effect of vitamin MK-7 on bone mineral density and microarchitecture in postmenopausal women with osteopenia, a 3-year randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33030563/ DOI: 10.1007/s00198-020-05638-z
Complete structured claim and evidence
Magnesium, boron and their combination improved measured bone endpoints after ovariectomy in rats, with the combined intervention reported to outperform the individual interventions.
Boron → Bone mineral density source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/41075129.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d3cf6234f51fd5e8a999607442cd1c8abcc1fe0781369b54797661f18561fbf3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1591, "text_sha256": "d3cf6234f51fd5e8a999607442cd1c8abcc1fe0781369b54797661f18561fbf3"}
experimental_model
Five-group ovariectomy experiment; 30 rats
exposure
Sham, ovariectomy, ovariectomy plus magnesium, boron or both; six rats/group
limitations
Small animal experiment. Combination benefit does not by itself prove pharmacological synergy or efficacy in human osteoporosis. Doses are not specified in the indexed abstract used here.
nutrient_topic
Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron
organism
Female rat
plain_language
The combination performed better in this rat model of hormone-related bone loss.
primary_references
[boron-p41075129] Combined Supplementation OF Magnesium AND Boron Ameliorate Menopause-Associated Osteogenic Disturbances in Ovariectomized Rats. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41075129/ DOI: 10.1007/s12011-025-04870-0
tissue_or_cell_type
Bone density and mineral/endocrine endpoints
Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 924–935
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Five-group ovariectomy experiment; 30 rats · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### boron-ovx-boron-magnesium Magnesium, boron and their combination improved measured bone endpoints after ovariectomy in rats, with the combined intervention reported to outperform the individual interventions. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The combination performed better in this rat model of hormone-related bone loss. organism: Female rat tissue_or_cell_type: Bone density and mineral/endocrine endpoints experimental_model: Five-group ovariectomy experiment; 30 rats limitations: Small animal experiment. Combination benefit does not by itself prove pharmacological synergy or efficacy in human osteoporosis. Doses are not specified in the indexed abstract used here. exposure: Sham, ovariectomy, ovariectomy plus magnesium, boron or both; six rats/group evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/41075129.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d3cf6234f51fd5e8a999607442cd1c8abcc1fe0781369b54797661f18561fbf3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1591, "text_sha256": "d3cf6234f51fd5e8a999607442cd1c8abcc1fe0781369b54797661f18561fbf3"} [boron-p41075129] Combined Supplementation OF Magnesium AND Boron Ameliorate Menopause-Associated Osteogenic Disturbances in Ovariectomized Rats. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41075129/ DOI: 10.1007/s12011-025-04870-0
Complete structured claim and evidence

The events it takes part in

A mechanism often involves more than two components. These are the full events, with every participant and its role.

Situations it appears in

Low-supply and faulty-machinery situations recorded in the chapters where this component plays a part.

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

Open hypotheses

Proposed ideas that involve this component. They are labeled as hypotheses and do not change any recorded statement.

This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

Bone mineral density