Component

Menaquinone-7 / MK-7

Menaquinone-7 / MK-7. Species, exposure and limitations are retained in each linked claim.

20 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What it acts on

  1. dp-ucMGP changed by -212 pmol/L with MK-7 plus vitamin D versus +45 pmol/L with placebo.

    Menaquinone-7 / MK-7 → Dephosphorylated uncarboxylated matrix Gla protein source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/k2-research/35465686.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0bd565b58d0e78923a55d154f6a341de560d5674c63989d36042543e0ddc295c", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2233, "text_sha256": "0bd565b58d0e78923a55d154f6a341de560d5674c63989d36042543e0ddc295c"}
    experimental_model
    Two-year randomized double-blind AVADEC trial
    exposure
    MK-7 720 micrograms plus vitamin D 25 micrograms/day versus placebo
    limitations
    Combined intervention, valve-disease population; neither K2-only effects nor universal prevention claims follow.
    nutrient_topic
    Vitamin K2 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin K2 / menaquinone family
    organism
    365 men, mean age 71, with aortic-valve calcium score above 300
    plain_language
    A biochemical response coexisted with a null valve-imaging result.
    primary_references
    [k2-p35465686] Vitamin K2 and D in Patients With Aortic Valve Calcification: A Randomized Double-Blinded Clinical Trial. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35465686/ DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.121.057008
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Valve CT, echocardiography and dp-ucMGP

    Vitamin K2: menaquinone forms, carboxylation, recycling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1215–1226

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Two-year randomized double-blind AVADEC trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### k2-avadec-marker dp-ucMGP changed by -212 pmol/L with MK-7 plus vitamin D versus +45 pmol/L with placebo. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Vitamin K2 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A biochemical response coexisted with a null valve-imaging result. organism: 365 men, mean age 71, with aortic-valve calcium score above 300 tissue_or_cell_type: Valve CT, echocardiography and dp-ucMGP experimental_model: Two-year randomized double-blind AVADEC trial limitations: Combined intervention, valve-disease population; neither K2-only effects nor universal prevention claims follow. exposure: MK-7 720 micrograms plus vitamin D 25 micrograms/day versus placebo evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/k2-research/35465686.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0bd565b58d0e78923a55d154f6a341de560d5674c63989d36042543e0ddc295c", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2233, "text_sha256": "0bd565b58d0e78923a55d154f6a341de560d5674c63989d36042543e0ddc295c"} [k2-p35465686] Vitamin K2 and D in Patients With Aortic Valve Calcification: A Randomized Double-Blinded Clinical Trial. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35465686/ DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.121.057008
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. MK-7 plus vitamin D did not significantly change aortic-valve calcification progression versus placebo over two years (P=0.64).

    Menaquinone-7 / MK-7 → Aortic valve calcification source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/k2-research/35465686.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0bd565b58d0e78923a55d154f6a341de560d5674c63989d36042543e0ddc295c", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2233, "text_sha256": "0bd565b58d0e78923a55d154f6a341de560d5674c63989d36042543e0ddc295c"}
    experimental_model
    Two-year randomized double-blind AVADEC trial
    exposure
    MK-7 720 micrograms plus vitamin D 25 micrograms/day versus placebo
    limitations
    Combined intervention, valve-disease population; neither K2-only effects nor universal prevention claims follow.
    nutrient_topic
    Vitamin K2 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin K2 / menaquinone family
    organism
    365 men, mean age 71, with aortic-valve calcium score above 300
    plain_language
    The combination did not slow the valve endpoint in these men.
    primary_references
    [k2-p35465686] Vitamin K2 and D in Patients With Aortic Valve Calcification: A Randomized Double-Blinded Clinical Trial. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35465686/ DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.121.057008
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Valve CT, echocardiography and dp-ucMGP

    Vitamin K2: menaquinone forms, carboxylation, recycling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1202–1213

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Two-year randomized double-blind AVADEC trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### k2-avadec-null MK-7 plus vitamin D did not significantly change aortic-valve calcification progression versus placebo over two years (P=0.64). Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Vitamin K2 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The combination did not slow the valve endpoint in these men. organism: 365 men, mean age 71, with aortic-valve calcium score above 300 tissue_or_cell_type: Valve CT, echocardiography and dp-ucMGP experimental_model: Two-year randomized double-blind AVADEC trial limitations: Combined intervention, valve-disease population; neither K2-only effects nor universal prevention claims follow. exposure: MK-7 720 micrograms plus vitamin D 25 micrograms/day versus placebo evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/k2-research/35465686.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0bd565b58d0e78923a55d154f6a341de560d5674c63989d36042543e0ddc295c", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2233, "text_sha256": "0bd565b58d0e78923a55d154f6a341de560d5674c63989d36042543e0ddc295c"} [k2-p35465686] Vitamin K2 and D in Patients With Aortic Valve Calcification: A Randomized Double-Blinded Clinical Trial. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35465686/ DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.121.057008
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. The between-group PET activity estimate favored an increase of 0.25 (95% CI -0.02 to 0.51; P=0.06); CT calcium-mass differences were also nonsignificant.

    Menaquinone-7 / MK-7 → Femoral arterial fluorine-18 sodium fluoride PET activity source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/k2-research/31387121.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "669c0cd660524535123c231e46bba36d26e632210055aa863a3601f3c7da9621", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2207, "text_sha256": "669c0cd660524535123c231e46bba36d26e632210055aa863a3601f3c7da9621"}
    experimental_model
    Six-month randomized double-blind trial
    exposure
    MK-7 360 micrograms/day
    limitations
    Small trial, 60 completed; PET activity and CT calcium mass are distinct. A nonsignificant trend is not a demonstrated increase in disease.
    nutrient_topic
    Vitamin K2 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin K2 / menaquinone family
    organism
    68 adults with type 2 diabetes and established cardiovascular disease
    plain_language
    This study did not show the hoped-for imaging improvement despite a better biomarker.
    primary_references
    [k2-p31387121] The effect of menaquinone-7 supplementation on vascular calcification in patients with diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31387121/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz147
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Femoral fluorine-18 NaF PET and CT

    Vitamin K2: menaquinone forms, carboxylation, recycling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1189–1200

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Six-month randomized double-blind trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### k2-diabetes-imaging The between-group PET activity estimate favored an increase of 0.25 (95% CI -0.02 to 0.51; P=0.06); CT calcium-mass differences were also nonsignificant. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Vitamin K2 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This study did not show the hoped-for imaging improvement despite a better biomarker. organism: 68 adults with type 2 diabetes and established cardiovascular disease tissue_or_cell_type: Femoral fluorine-18 NaF PET and CT experimental_model: Six-month randomized double-blind trial limitations: Small trial, 60 completed; PET activity and CT calcium mass are distinct. A nonsignificant trend is not a demonstrated increase in disease. exposure: MK-7 360 micrograms/day evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/k2-research/31387121.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "669c0cd660524535123c231e46bba36d26e632210055aa863a3601f3c7da9621", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2207, "text_sha256": "669c0cd660524535123c231e46bba36d26e632210055aa863a3601f3c7da9621"} [k2-p31387121] The effect of menaquinone-7 supplementation on vascular calcification in patients with diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31387121/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz147
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  4. MK-7 reduced dp-ucMGP versus placebo by 205.6 pmol/L in the diabetes/CVD trial.

    Menaquinone-7 / MK-7 → Dephosphorylated uncarboxylated matrix Gla protein source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/k2-research/31387121.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "669c0cd660524535123c231e46bba36d26e632210055aa863a3601f3c7da9621", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2207, "text_sha256": "669c0cd660524535123c231e46bba36d26e632210055aa863a3601f3c7da9621"}
    experimental_model
    Six-month randomized double-blind trial
    exposure
    MK-7 360 micrograms/day
    limitations
    Small trial, 60 completed; PET activity and CT calcium mass are distinct. A nonsignificant trend is not a demonstrated increase in disease.
    nutrient_topic
    Vitamin K2 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin K2 / menaquinone family
    organism
    68 adults with type 2 diabetes and established cardiovascular disease
    plain_language
    A vitamin K-related biomarker responded to treatment.
    primary_references
    [k2-p31387121] The effect of menaquinone-7 supplementation on vascular calcification in patients with diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31387121/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz147
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Femoral fluorine-18 NaF PET and CT

    Vitamin K2: menaquinone forms, carboxylation, recycling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1176–1187

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Six-month randomized double-blind trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### k2-diabetes-marker MK-7 reduced dp-ucMGP versus placebo by 205.6 pmol/L in the diabetes/CVD trial. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Vitamin K2 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A vitamin K-related biomarker responded to treatment. organism: 68 adults with type 2 diabetes and established cardiovascular disease tissue_or_cell_type: Femoral fluorine-18 NaF PET and CT experimental_model: Six-month randomized double-blind trial limitations: Small trial, 60 completed; PET activity and CT calcium mass are distinct. A nonsignificant trend is not a demonstrated increase in disease. exposure: MK-7 360 micrograms/day evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/k2-research/31387121.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "669c0cd660524535123c231e46bba36d26e632210055aa863a3601f3c7da9621", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2207, "text_sha256": "669c0cd660524535123c231e46bba36d26e632210055aa863a3601f3c7da9621"} [k2-p31387121] The effect of menaquinone-7 supplementation on vascular calcification in patients with diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31387121/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz147
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  5. MK-7 produced greater one-third distal-radius BMD loss than placebo: change difference -0.023 g/cm2, 95% CI -0.039 to -0.008.

    Menaquinone-7 / MK-7 → One-third distal radius bone mineral density source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/k2-research/36460034.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7a8ad2542116a1ddc804eead1694c7057dfaff243eacb993c6c39745e73264a0", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1754, "text_sha256": "7a8ad2542116a1ddc804eead1694c7057dfaff243eacb993c6c39745e73264a0"}
    experimental_model
    Two-year randomized double-blind RenaKvit trial
    exposure
    MK-7 360 micrograms/day versus placebo
    limitations
    Kidney-disease context and substantial attrition; site-specific findings cannot be condensed into universal bone benefit or harm.
    nutrient_topic
    Vitamin K2 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin K2 / menaquinone family
    organism
    123 chronic-dialysis patients randomized
    plain_language
    One skeletal site had a worse result despite improved vitamin K markers.
    primary_references
    [k2-p36460034] Vitamin K supplementation and bone mineral density in dialysis: results of the double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled RenaKvit trial. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36460034/ DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfac315
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Site-specific BMD

    Vitamin K2: menaquinone forms, carboxylation, recycling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1124–1135

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Two-year randomized double-blind RenaKvit trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### k2-dialysis-radius MK-7 produced greater one-third distal-radius BMD loss than placebo: change difference -0.023 g/cm2, 95% CI -0.039 to -0.008. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Vitamin K2 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: One skeletal site had a worse result despite improved vitamin K markers. organism: 123 chronic-dialysis patients randomized tissue_or_cell_type: Site-specific BMD experimental_model: Two-year randomized double-blind RenaKvit trial limitations: Kidney-disease context and substantial attrition; site-specific findings cannot be condensed into universal bone benefit or harm. exposure: MK-7 360 micrograms/day versus placebo evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/k2-research/36460034.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7a8ad2542116a1ddc804eead1694c7057dfaff243eacb993c6c39745e73264a0", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1754, "text_sha256": "7a8ad2542116a1ddc804eead1694c7057dfaff243eacb993c6c39745e73264a0"} [k2-p36460034] Vitamin K supplementation and bone mineral density in dialysis: results of the double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled RenaKvit trial. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36460034/ DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfac315
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  6. Lumbar-spine BMD was preserved relative to placebo: change difference 0.050 g/cm2, 95% CI 0.015–0.085; other measured sites had no significant effect.

    Menaquinone-7 / MK-7 → Lumbar spine bone mineral density source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/k2-research/36460034.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7a8ad2542116a1ddc804eead1694c7057dfaff243eacb993c6c39745e73264a0", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1754, "text_sha256": "7a8ad2542116a1ddc804eead1694c7057dfaff243eacb993c6c39745e73264a0"}
    experimental_model
    Two-year randomized double-blind RenaKvit trial
    exposure
    MK-7 360 micrograms/day versus placebo
    limitations
    Kidney-disease context and substantial attrition; site-specific findings cannot be condensed into universal bone benefit or harm.
    nutrient_topic
    Vitamin K2 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin K2 / menaquinone family
    organism
    123 chronic-dialysis patients randomized
    plain_language
    A different skeletal site in the same trial had a favorable result.
    primary_references
    [k2-p36460034] Vitamin K supplementation and bone mineral density in dialysis: results of the double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled RenaKvit trial. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36460034/ DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfac315
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Site-specific BMD

    Vitamin K2: menaquinone forms, carboxylation, recycling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1137–1148

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Two-year randomized double-blind RenaKvit trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### k2-dialysis-spine Lumbar-spine BMD was preserved relative to placebo: change difference 0.050 g/cm2, 95% CI 0.015–0.085; other measured sites had no significant effect. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Vitamin K2 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A different skeletal site in the same trial had a favorable result. organism: 123 chronic-dialysis patients randomized tissue_or_cell_type: Site-specific BMD experimental_model: Two-year randomized double-blind RenaKvit trial limitations: Kidney-disease context and substantial attrition; site-specific findings cannot be condensed into universal bone benefit or harm. exposure: MK-7 360 micrograms/day versus placebo evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/k2-research/36460034.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7a8ad2542116a1ddc804eead1694c7057dfaff243eacb993c6c39745e73264a0", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1754, "text_sha256": "7a8ad2542116a1ddc804eead1694c7057dfaff243eacb993c6c39745e73264a0"} [k2-p36460034] Vitamin K supplementation and bone mineral density in dialysis: results of the double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled RenaKvit trial. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36460034/ DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfac315
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  7. MK-7 reduced age-related loss of lumbar-spine and femoral-neck BMD/BMC, but not total-hip BMD, over three years.

    Menaquinone-7 / MK-7 → Lumbar spine bone mineral density source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/k2-research/23525894.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a3ce7b3935f14513cb967410370b1bca786c7548989964d658077108e362f4dc", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2060, "text_sha256": "a3ce7b3935f14513cb967410370b1bca786c7548989964d658077108e362f4dc"}
    experimental_model
    Three-year double-blind placebo-controlled trial
    exposure
    MK-7 180 micrograms/day
    limitations
    Site-specific surrogate outcomes; not proof of fracture prevention in every population. The arterial-stiffness publication describes the same cohort.
    nutrient_topic
    Vitamin K2 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin K2 / menaquinone family
    organism
    244 healthy postmenopausal women
    plain_language
    The result differed by skeletal site.
    primary_references
    [k2-p23525894] Three-year low-dose menaquinone-7 supplementation helps decrease bone loss in healthy postmenopausal women. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23525894/ DOI: 10.1007/s00198-013-2325-6
    tissue_or_cell_type
    DXA and osteocalcin markers

    Vitamin K2: menaquinone forms, carboxylation, recycling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1072–1083

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Three-year double-blind placebo-controlled trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### k2-mk7-bone-positive MK-7 reduced age-related loss of lumbar-spine and femoral-neck BMD/BMC, but not total-hip BMD, over three years. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Vitamin K2 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The result differed by skeletal site. organism: 244 healthy postmenopausal women tissue_or_cell_type: DXA and osteocalcin markers experimental_model: Three-year double-blind placebo-controlled trial limitations: Site-specific surrogate outcomes; not proof of fracture prevention in every population. The arterial-stiffness publication describes the same cohort. exposure: MK-7 180 micrograms/day evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/k2-research/23525894.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a3ce7b3935f14513cb967410370b1bca786c7548989964d658077108e362f4dc", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2060, "text_sha256": "a3ce7b3935f14513cb967410370b1bca786c7548989964d658077108e362f4dc"} [k2-p23525894] Three-year low-dose menaquinone-7 supplementation helps decrease bone loss in healthy postmenopausal women. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23525894/ DOI: 10.1007/s00198-013-2325-6
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  8. After three years, BMD declined without significant between-group differences, and microarchitecture and turnover changes were also similar.

    Menaquinone-7 / MK-7 → Bone mineral density source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/k2-research/33030563.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "008ef1b176a3f718d923eea696a7a97b09d64e3079e57c997beaf485153ca138", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2370, "text_sha256": "008ef1b176a3f718d923eea696a7a97b09d64e3079e57c997beaf485153ca138"}
    experimental_model
    Three-year double-blind randomized add-on trial
    exposure
    MK-7 375 micrograms/day versus placebo; both groups D3 38 micrograms/day and calcium 800 mg/day
    limitations
    Different population, dose and background supplementation from the 180-microgram trial; the one-year and three-year reports are not independent cohorts.
    nutrient_topic
    Vitamin K2 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin K2 / menaquinone family
    organism
    142 postmenopausal women with osteopenia
    plain_language
    Improved carboxylation did not translate into a demonstrated bone-density benefit in this trial.
    primary_references
    [k2-p33030563] The effect of vitamin MK-7 on bone mineral density and microarchitecture in postmenopausal women with osteopenia, a 3-year randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33030563/ DOI: 10.1007/s00198-020-05638-z
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Osteocalcin, DXA and bone microarchitecture

    Vitamin K2: menaquinone forms, carboxylation, recycling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1098–1109

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Three-year double-blind randomized add-on trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### k2-mk7-cad-bone-null After three years, BMD declined without significant between-group differences, and microarchitecture and turnover changes were also similar. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Vitamin K2 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Improved carboxylation did not translate into a demonstrated bone-density benefit in this trial. organism: 142 postmenopausal women with osteopenia tissue_or_cell_type: Osteocalcin, DXA and bone microarchitecture experimental_model: Three-year double-blind randomized add-on trial limitations: Different population, dose and background supplementation from the 180-microgram trial; the one-year and three-year reports are not independent cohorts. exposure: MK-7 375 micrograms/day versus placebo; both groups D3 38 micrograms/day and calcium 800 mg/day evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/k2-research/33030563.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "008ef1b176a3f718d923eea696a7a97b09d64e3079e57c997beaf485153ca138", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2370, "text_sha256": "008ef1b176a3f718d923eea696a7a97b09d64e3079e57c997beaf485153ca138"} [k2-p33030563] The effect of vitamin MK-7 on bone mineral density and microarchitecture in postmenopausal women with osteopenia, a 3-year randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33030563/ DOI: 10.1007/s00198-020-05638-z
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  9. With calcium and D3 in both groups, MK-7 reduced ucOC by about 65% after one year.

    Menaquinone-7 / MK-7 → Undercarboxylated osteocalcin source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/k2-research/33030563.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "008ef1b176a3f718d923eea696a7a97b09d64e3079e57c997beaf485153ca138", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2370, "text_sha256": "008ef1b176a3f718d923eea696a7a97b09d64e3079e57c997beaf485153ca138"}
    experimental_model
    Three-year double-blind randomized add-on trial
    exposure
    MK-7 375 micrograms/day versus placebo; both groups D3 38 micrograms/day and calcium 800 mg/day
    limitations
    Different population, dose and background supplementation from the 180-microgram trial; the one-year and three-year reports are not independent cohorts.
    nutrient_topic
    Vitamin K2 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin K2 / menaquinone family
    organism
    142 postmenopausal women with osteopenia
    plain_language
    Adding K2 changed the protein marker even with calcium and vitamin D already supplied.
    primary_references
    [k2-p33030563] The effect of vitamin MK-7 on bone mineral density and microarchitecture in postmenopausal women with osteopenia, a 3-year randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33030563/ DOI: 10.1007/s00198-020-05638-z
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Osteocalcin, DXA and bone microarchitecture

    Vitamin K2: menaquinone forms, carboxylation, recycling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1085–1096

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Three-year double-blind randomized add-on trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### k2-mk7-cad-carboxylation With calcium and D3 in both groups, MK-7 reduced ucOC by about 65% after one year. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Vitamin K2 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Adding K2 changed the protein marker even with calcium and vitamin D already supplied. organism: 142 postmenopausal women with osteopenia tissue_or_cell_type: Osteocalcin, DXA and bone microarchitecture experimental_model: Three-year double-blind randomized add-on trial limitations: Different population, dose and background supplementation from the 180-microgram trial; the one-year and three-year reports are not independent cohorts. exposure: MK-7 375 micrograms/day versus placebo; both groups D3 38 micrograms/day and calcium 800 mg/day evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/k2-research/33030563.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "008ef1b176a3f718d923eea696a7a97b09d64e3079e57c997beaf485153ca138", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2370, "text_sha256": "008ef1b176a3f718d923eea696a7a97b09d64e3079e57c997beaf485153ca138"} [k2-p33030563] The effect of vitamin MK-7 on bone mineral density and microarchitecture in postmenopausal women with osteopenia, a 3-year randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33030563/ DOI: 10.1007/s00198-020-05638-z
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  10. MK-7 reduced dp-ucMGP by about 50% but did not change the measured acute-phase or endothelial-dysfunction markers.

    Menaquinone-7 / MK-7 → Dephosphorylated uncarboxylated matrix Gla protein source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/k2-research/25694037.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "744049d613c87cb18fd3fe9cf3d7242e3c424a8d463900701bee102d4072b8e3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1822, "text_sha256": "744049d613c87cb18fd3fe9cf3d7242e3c424a8d463900701bee102d4072b8e3"}
    experimental_model
    Three-year randomized double-blind trial
    exposure
    MK-7 180 micrograms/day
    limitations
    Same cohort as the bone publication; stiffness is not CT calcification or cardiovascular-event incidence.
    nutrient_topic
    Vitamin K2 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin K2 / menaquinone family
    organism
    244 healthy postmenopausal women
    plain_language
    Different blood markers responded differently.
    primary_references
    [k2-p25694037] Menaquinone-7 supplementation improves arterial stiffness in healthy postmenopausal women. A double-blind randomised clinical trial. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25694037/ DOI: 10.1160/th14-08-0675
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Arterial stiffness and circulating proteins

    Vitamin K2: menaquinone forms, carboxylation, recycling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1163–1174

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Three-year randomized double-blind trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### k2-mk7-dpucmgp MK-7 reduced dp-ucMGP by about 50% but did not change the measured acute-phase or endothelial-dysfunction markers. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Vitamin K2 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Different blood markers responded differently. organism: 244 healthy postmenopausal women tissue_or_cell_type: Arterial stiffness and circulating proteins experimental_model: Three-year randomized double-blind trial limitations: Same cohort as the bone publication; stiffness is not CT calcification or cardiovascular-event incidence. exposure: MK-7 180 micrograms/day evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/k2-research/25694037.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "744049d613c87cb18fd3fe9cf3d7242e3c424a8d463900701bee102d4072b8e3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1822, "text_sha256": "744049d613c87cb18fd3fe9cf3d7242e3c424a8d463900701bee102d4072b8e3"} [k2-p25694037] Menaquinone-7 supplementation improves arterial stiffness in healthy postmenopausal women. A double-blind randomised clinical trial. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25694037/ DOI: 10.1160/th14-08-0675
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  11. MK-7 at 45 micrograms/day lowered mean INR and uncarboxylated factor II by about 40%; lower doses altered anticoagulation in some participants.

    Menaquinone-7 / MK-7 → International normalized ratio / INR source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/k2-research/23530987.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "95455ea6f2fc6de10ed4d46cad9c1587c004ccd445d7b08066108261f161e6af", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1740, "text_sha256": "95455ea6f2fc6de10ed4d46cad9c1587c004ccd445d7b08066108261f161e6af"}
    experimental_model
    Sequential dose-response intervention during anticoagulation
    exposure
    Acenocoumarol followed by MK-7 10, 20 and 45 micrograms/day
    limitations
    Small pharmacological study; no dose here is a recommended safe self-adjustment. Drug was acenocoumarol, not warfarin.
    nutrient_topic
    Vitamin K2 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin K2 / menaquinone family
    organism
    18 healthy adults; 15 attained target INR
    plain_language
    K2 is involved in clotting as well as extrahepatic functions.
    primary_references
    [k2-p23530987] Effect of low-dose supplements of menaquinone-7 (vitamin K2 ) on the stability of oral anticoagulant treatment: dose-response relationship in healthy volunteers. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23530987/ DOI: 10.1111/jth.12203
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Coagulation, osteocalcin and MGP markers
    trigger_kind
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Vitamin K2: menaquinone forms, carboxylation, recycling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1046–1057

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Sequential dose-response intervention during anticoagulation · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### k2-mk7-inr MK-7 at 45 micrograms/day lowered mean INR and uncarboxylated factor II by about 40%; lower doses altered anticoagulation in some participants. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Vitamin K2 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: K2 is involved in clotting as well as extrahepatic functions. organism: 18 healthy adults; 15 attained target INR tissue_or_cell_type: Coagulation, osteocalcin and MGP markers experimental_model: Sequential dose-response intervention during anticoagulation limitations: Small pharmacological study; no dose here is a recommended safe self-adjustment. Drug was acenocoumarol, not warfarin. exposure: Acenocoumarol followed by MK-7 10, 20 and 45 micrograms/day evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/k2-research/23530987.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "95455ea6f2fc6de10ed4d46cad9c1587c004ccd445d7b08066108261f161e6af", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1740, "text_sha256": "95455ea6f2fc6de10ed4d46cad9c1587c004ccd445d7b08066108261f161e6af"} [k2-p23530987] Effect of low-dose supplements of menaquinone-7 (vitamin K2 ) on the stability of oral anticoagulant treatment: dose-response relationship in healthy volunteers. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23530987/ DOI: 10.1111/jth.12203
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  12. MK-7 produced more complete osteocalcin carboxylation than the compared K1 regimen.

    Menaquinone-7 / MK-7 → Gamma-carboxylated osteocalcin source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/k2-research/17158229.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1bf2196600220143fbc5ba85e8aba71b4c8aa931f4a6c47545c3db9570283faf", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1248, "text_sha256": "1bf2196600220143fbc5ba85e8aba71b4c8aa931f4a6c47545c3db9570283faf"}
    experimental_model
    Comparative human absorption and activity experiments
    exposure
    Phylloquinone versus natto-derived MK-7
    limitations
    Biochemical exposure and activity endpoints, not fracture or cardiovascular-event prevention.
    nutrient_topic
    Vitamin K2 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin K2 / menaquinone family
    organism
    Healthy volunteers
    plain_language
    The biochemical modification changed; clinical bone outcomes were a separate question.
    primary_references
    [k2-p17158229] Vitamin K-containing dietary supplements: comparison of synthetic vitamin K1 and natto-derived menaquinone-7. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17158229/ DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-08-040709
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Serum vitamers and osteocalcin

    Vitamin K2: menaquinone forms, carboxylation, recycling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 305–316

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Comparative human absorption and activity experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### k2-mk7-oc-carboxylation MK-7 produced more complete osteocalcin carboxylation than the compared K1 regimen. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Vitamin K2 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The biochemical modification changed; clinical bone outcomes were a separate question. organism: Healthy volunteers tissue_or_cell_type: Serum vitamers and osteocalcin experimental_model: Comparative human absorption and activity experiments limitations: Biochemical exposure and activity endpoints, not fracture or cardiovascular-event prevention. exposure: Phylloquinone versus natto-derived MK-7 evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/k2-research/17158229.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1bf2196600220143fbc5ba85e8aba71b4c8aa931f4a6c47545c3db9570283faf", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1248, "text_sha256": "1bf2196600220143fbc5ba85e8aba71b4c8aa931f4a6c47545c3db9570283faf"} [k2-p17158229] Vitamin K-containing dietary supplements: comparison of synthetic vitamin K1 and natto-derived menaquinone-7. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17158229/ DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-08-040709
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  13. MK-7 showed more stable serum levels and seven- to eightfold higher accumulation during repeated intake than K1 in the comparison.

    Menaquinone-7 / MK-7 → Phylloquinone source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/k2-research/17158229.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1bf2196600220143fbc5ba85e8aba71b4c8aa931f4a6c47545c3db9570283faf", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1248, "text_sha256": "1bf2196600220143fbc5ba85e8aba71b4c8aa931f4a6c47545c3db9570283faf"}
    experimental_model
    Comparative human absorption and activity experiments
    exposure
    Phylloquinone versus natto-derived MK-7
    limitations
    Biochemical exposure and activity endpoints, not fracture or cardiovascular-event prevention.
    nutrient_topic
    Vitamin K2 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin K2 / menaquinone family
    organism
    Healthy volunteers
    plain_language
    Different vitamin K forms have different blood-exposure profiles.
    primary_references
    [k2-p17158229] Vitamin K-containing dietary supplements: comparison of synthetic vitamin K1 and natto-derived menaquinone-7. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17158229/ DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-08-040709
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Serum vitamers and osteocalcin

    Vitamin K2: menaquinone forms, carboxylation, recycling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 292–303

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Comparative human absorption and activity experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### k2-mk7-persistence MK-7 showed more stable serum levels and seven- to eightfold higher accumulation during repeated intake than K1 in the comparison. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Vitamin K2 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Different vitamin K forms have different blood-exposure profiles. organism: Healthy volunteers tissue_or_cell_type: Serum vitamers and osteocalcin experimental_model: Comparative human absorption and activity experiments limitations: Biochemical exposure and activity endpoints, not fracture or cardiovascular-event prevention. exposure: Phylloquinone versus natto-derived MK-7 evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/k2-research/17158229.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1bf2196600220143fbc5ba85e8aba71b4c8aa931f4a6c47545c3db9570283faf", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1248, "text_sha256": "1bf2196600220143fbc5ba85e8aba71b4c8aa931f4a6c47545c3db9570283faf"} [k2-p17158229] Vitamin K-containing dietary supplements: comparison of synthetic vitamin K1 and natto-derived menaquinone-7. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17158229/ DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-08-040709
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  14. Serum MK-7 peaked six hours after the single dose, remained detectable to 48 hours, and rose during seven-day dosing.

    Menaquinone-7 / MK-7 → Serum menaquinone-7 concentration source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/k2-research/23140417.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e72bb9c0cc5800cba0605d7abba2c4e6c113dda5fa0e9b4a3afff898b23a97c4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1328, "text_sha256": "e72bb9c0cc5800cba0605d7abba2c4e6c113dda5fa0e9b4a3afff898b23a97c4"}
    experimental_model
    Single-dose and seven-day nutritional-dose comparison
    exposure
    420 micrograms single dose or 60 micrograms/day for seven days; MK-4 versus MK-7
    limitations
    Small parallel groups; equal mass is not equal molar dose. Undetectable serum MK-4 does not prove absent absorption, absent tissue delivery or clinical ineffectiveness.
    nutrient_topic
    Vitamin K2 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin K2 / menaquinone family
    organism
    Healthy young Japanese women
    plain_language
    This K2 form remained measurable in blood across a longer sampling window.
    primary_references
    [k2-p23140417] Comparison of menaquinone-4 and menaquinone-7 bioavailability in healthy women. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23140417/ DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-11-93
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Serum vitamin K concentrations

    Vitamin K2: menaquinone forms, carboxylation, recycling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 266–277

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Single-dose and seven-day nutritional-dose comparison · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### k2-mk7-serum Serum MK-7 peaked six hours after the single dose, remained detectable to 48 hours, and rose during seven-day dosing. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Vitamin K2 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This K2 form remained measurable in blood across a longer sampling window. organism: Healthy young Japanese women tissue_or_cell_type: Serum vitamin K concentrations experimental_model: Single-dose and seven-day nutritional-dose comparison limitations: Small parallel groups; equal mass is not equal molar dose. Undetectable serum MK-4 does not prove absent absorption, absent tissue delivery or clinical ineffectiveness. exposure: 420 micrograms single dose or 60 micrograms/day for seven days; MK-4 versus MK-7 evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/k2-research/23140417.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e72bb9c0cc5800cba0605d7abba2c4e6c113dda5fa0e9b4a3afff898b23a97c4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1328, "text_sha256": "e72bb9c0cc5800cba0605d7abba2c4e6c113dda5fa0e9b4a3afff898b23a97c4"} [k2-p23140417] Comparison of menaquinone-4 and menaquinone-7 bioavailability in healthy women. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23140417/ DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-11-93
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  15. MK-7 improved carotid-femoral pulse-wave velocity and stiffness index in the full group; several additional measures improved in those with higher baseline stiffness.

    Menaquinone-7 / MK-7 → Arterial stiffness source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/k2-research/25694037.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "744049d613c87cb18fd3fe9cf3d7242e3c424a8d463900701bee102d4072b8e3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1822, "text_sha256": "744049d613c87cb18fd3fe9cf3d7242e3c424a8d463900701bee102d4072b8e3"}
    experimental_model
    Three-year randomized double-blind trial
    exposure
    MK-7 180 micrograms/day
    limitations
    Same cohort as the bone publication; stiffness is not CT calcification or cardiovascular-event incidence.
    nutrient_topic
    Vitamin K2 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin K2 / menaquinone family
    organism
    244 healthy postmenopausal women
    plain_language
    A vessel-mechanics outcome improved in this selected population.
    primary_references
    [k2-p25694037] Menaquinone-7 supplementation improves arterial stiffness in healthy postmenopausal women. A double-blind randomised clinical trial. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25694037/ DOI: 10.1160/th14-08-0675
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Arterial stiffness and circulating proteins

    Vitamin K2: menaquinone forms, carboxylation, recycling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1150–1161

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Three-year randomized double-blind trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### k2-mk7-stiffness MK-7 improved carotid-femoral pulse-wave velocity and stiffness index in the full group; several additional measures improved in those with higher baseline stiffness. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Vitamin K2 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A vessel-mechanics outcome improved in this selected population. organism: 244 healthy postmenopausal women tissue_or_cell_type: Arterial stiffness and circulating proteins experimental_model: Three-year randomized double-blind trial limitations: Same cohort as the bone publication; stiffness is not CT calcification or cardiovascular-event incidence. exposure: MK-7 180 micrograms/day evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/k2-research/25694037.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "744049d613c87cb18fd3fe9cf3d7242e3c424a8d463900701bee102d4072b8e3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1822, "text_sha256": "744049d613c87cb18fd3fe9cf3d7242e3c424a8d463900701bee102d4072b8e3"} [k2-p25694037] Menaquinone-7 supplementation improves arterial stiffness in healthy postmenopausal women. A double-blind randomised clinical trial. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25694037/ DOI: 10.1160/th14-08-0675
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  16. MK-7 at 10 and 20 micrograms/day increased endogenous thrombin potential by approximately 20% and 30%, respectively; ucOC and dp-ucMGP did not change.

    Menaquinone-7 / MK-7 → Endogenous thrombin generation potential source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/k2-research/23530987.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "95455ea6f2fc6de10ed4d46cad9c1587c004ccd445d7b08066108261f161e6af", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1740, "text_sha256": "95455ea6f2fc6de10ed4d46cad9c1587c004ccd445d7b08066108261f161e6af"}
    experimental_model
    Sequential dose-response intervention during anticoagulation
    exposure
    Acenocoumarol followed by MK-7 10, 20 and 45 micrograms/day
    limitations
    Small pharmacological study; no dose here is a recommended safe self-adjustment. Drug was acenocoumarol, not warfarin.
    nutrient_topic
    Vitamin K2 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin K2 / menaquinone family
    organism
    18 healthy adults; 15 attained target INR
    plain_language
    A clotting response appeared without the same response in the other measured proteins.
    primary_references
    [k2-p23530987] Effect of low-dose supplements of menaquinone-7 (vitamin K2 ) on the stability of oral anticoagulant treatment: dose-response relationship in healthy volunteers. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23530987/ DOI: 10.1111/jth.12203
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Coagulation, osteocalcin and MGP markers
    trigger_kind
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Vitamin K2: menaquinone forms, carboxylation, recycling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1059–1070

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Sequential dose-response intervention during anticoagulation · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### k2-mk7-thrombin MK-7 at 10 and 20 micrograms/day increased endogenous thrombin potential by approximately 20% and 30%, respectively; ucOC and dp-ucMGP did not change. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Vitamin K2 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A clotting response appeared without the same response in the other measured proteins. organism: 18 healthy adults; 15 attained target INR tissue_or_cell_type: Coagulation, osteocalcin and MGP markers experimental_model: Sequential dose-response intervention during anticoagulation limitations: Small pharmacological study; no dose here is a recommended safe self-adjustment. Drug was acenocoumarol, not warfarin. exposure: Acenocoumarol followed by MK-7 10, 20 and 45 micrograms/day evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/k2-research/23530987.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "95455ea6f2fc6de10ed4d46cad9c1587c004ccd445d7b08066108261f161e6af", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1740, "text_sha256": "95455ea6f2fc6de10ed4d46cad9c1587c004ccd445d7b08066108261f161e6af"} [k2-p23530987] Effect of low-dose supplements of menaquinone-7 (vitamin K2 ) on the stability of oral anticoagulant treatment: dose-response relationship in healthy volunteers. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23530987/ DOI: 10.1111/jth.12203
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  17. Median CAC rose from 135 to 184 with MK-7 and from 145 to 214 with placebo over two years; adjusted group trajectories differed (P=0.02).

    Menaquinone-7 / MK-7 → CT coronary artery calcium score source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/k2-research/42268593.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8bd6d3cb0722f549b8a9c8f06feba3165dfd421c4ce0658b75b90a6e64e84a4b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2890, "text_sha256": "8bd6d3cb0722f549b8a9c8f06feba3165dfd421c4ce0658b75b90a6e64e84a4b"}
    experimental_model
    Two-year randomized placebo-controlled VitaK-CAC trial
    exposure
    MK-7 360 micrograms/day; baseline CAC 50–400
    limitations
    Published 2026; imaging surrogate, not demonstrated fewer infarctions, improved plaque stability or arterial calcium removal. One author disclosed grants from Gnosis and shares in Coagulation Profile outside this work.
    nutrient_topic
    Vitamin K2 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin K2 / menaquinone family
    organism
    180 randomized symptomatic coronary-disease patients; 85 received MK-7 and 82 placebo
    plain_language
    Calcification still increased in both groups, but progressed more slowly with MK-7 in this trial.
    primary_references
    [k2-p42268593] Two Years of Menaquinone-7 Supplementation and Coronary Artery Calcification: A Randomized Clinical Trial. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42268593/ DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2026.1279
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Coronary CT calcium score and calcium mass

    Vitamin K2: menaquinone forms, carboxylation, recycling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1228–1239

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Two-year randomized placebo-controlled VitaK-CAC trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### k2-vitak-cac Median CAC rose from 135 to 184 with MK-7 and from 145 to 214 with placebo over two years; adjusted group trajectories differed (P=0.02). Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Vitamin K2 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Calcification still increased in both groups, but progressed more slowly with MK-7 in this trial. organism: 180 randomized symptomatic coronary-disease patients; 85 received MK-7 and 82 placebo tissue_or_cell_type: Coronary CT calcium score and calcium mass experimental_model: Two-year randomized placebo-controlled VitaK-CAC trial limitations: Published 2026; imaging surrogate, not demonstrated fewer infarctions, improved plaque stability or arterial calcium removal. One author disclosed grants from Gnosis and shares in Coagulation Profile outside this work. exposure: MK-7 360 micrograms/day; baseline CAC 50–400 evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/k2-research/42268593.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8bd6d3cb0722f549b8a9c8f06feba3165dfd421c4ce0658b75b90a6e64e84a4b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2890, "text_sha256": "8bd6d3cb0722f549b8a9c8f06feba3165dfd421c4ce0658b75b90a6e64e84a4b"} [k2-p42268593] Two Years of Menaquinone-7 Supplementation and Coronary Artery Calcification: A Randomized Clinical Trial. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42268593/ DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2026.1279
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  18. Median plasma MK-7 increased from 0.50 to 6.56 micrograms/L in the active-treatment group.

    Menaquinone-7 / MK-7 → Serum menaquinone-7 concentration source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/k2-research/42268593.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8bd6d3cb0722f549b8a9c8f06feba3165dfd421c4ce0658b75b90a6e64e84a4b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2890, "text_sha256": "8bd6d3cb0722f549b8a9c8f06feba3165dfd421c4ce0658b75b90a6e64e84a4b"}
    experimental_model
    Two-year randomized placebo-controlled VitaK-CAC trial
    exposure
    MK-7 360 micrograms/day; baseline CAC 50–400
    limitations
    Published 2026; imaging surrogate, not demonstrated fewer infarctions, improved plaque stability or arterial calcium removal. One author disclosed grants from Gnosis and shares in Coagulation Profile outside this work.
    nutrient_topic
    Vitamin K2 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin K2 / menaquinone family
    organism
    180 randomized symptomatic coronary-disease patients; 85 received MK-7 and 82 placebo
    plain_language
    The trial documented exposure as well as its imaging outcome.
    primary_references
    [k2-p42268593] Two Years of Menaquinone-7 Supplementation and Coronary Artery Calcification: A Randomized Clinical Trial. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42268593/ DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2026.1279
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Coronary CT calcium score and calcium mass

    Vitamin K2: menaquinone forms, carboxylation, recycling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1241–1252

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Two-year randomized placebo-controlled VitaK-CAC trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### k2-vitak-exposure Median plasma MK-7 increased from 0.50 to 6.56 micrograms/L in the active-treatment group. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Vitamin K2 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The trial documented exposure as well as its imaging outcome. organism: 180 randomized symptomatic coronary-disease patients; 85 received MK-7 and 82 placebo tissue_or_cell_type: Coronary CT calcium score and calcium mass experimental_model: Two-year randomized placebo-controlled VitaK-CAC trial limitations: Published 2026; imaging surrogate, not demonstrated fewer infarctions, improved plaque stability or arterial calcium removal. One author disclosed grants from Gnosis and shares in Coagulation Profile outside this work. exposure: MK-7 360 micrograms/day; baseline CAC 50–400 evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/k2-research/42268593.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8bd6d3cb0722f549b8a9c8f06feba3165dfd421c4ce0658b75b90a6e64e84a4b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2890, "text_sha256": "8bd6d3cb0722f549b8a9c8f06feba3165dfd421c4ce0658b75b90a6e64e84a4b"} [k2-p42268593] Two Years of Menaquinone-7 Supplementation and Coronary Artery Calcification: A Randomized Clinical Trial. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42268593/ DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2026.1279
    Complete structured claim and evidence

What acts on it

  1. Natto food contains vitamin K2, and one 50 g pack typically carries 1,400 to 2,000 FU of nattokinase activity with a reported range of 600 to 3,290 FU per pack.

    Natto, fermented soybean food → Menaquinone-7 / MK-7 source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    duration
    Not applicable
    evidence_access
    EFSA Journal opinion retrieved and read in full during this curation. Quoted figures are from the opinion text and its specification tables.
    experimental_model
    Food composition
    exposure
    Natto, 50 g portion
    limitations
    Whole fermented soybeans also carry poly-gamma-glutamate, soy protein, peptides and live fermentation organisms. A typical pack is close in nattokinase activity to a 2,000 FU supplement capsule, which makes the vitamin K2 content the sharpest difference between them.
    organism
    Food composition
    plain_language
    Natto food contains vitamin K2, and one 50 g pack typically carries 1,400 to 2,000 FU of nattokinase activity with a reported range of 600 to 3,290 FU per pack.
    primary_references
    Safety of fermented soybean extract NSK-SD as a novel food. (2016) DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4541 Not indexed in PubMed.
    route
    In vivo, oral
    tissue
    Fermented soybean food

    Nattokinase: what the purified enzyme cleaves, what survives being eaten, and the gap between the two (2026-09-23) · lines 1346–1346

    Original AI-assisted curation built from a supplied entity-first document of 105 entities and 129 claims. Every reference in that document was resolved against live PubMed with its abstract read and its DOI cross-checked on 2026-09-23, and the EFSA novel-food opinion was retrieved and read in full. That check corrected two PMIDs that pointed at unrelated papers, two DOIs, and two papers recorded as carrying no erratum that do carry one; it also reversed three findings the supplied document had stated backwards. Two papers carry a published correction, recorded as such and not as a retraction. Three sources are not indexed in PubMed and are cited by what they have. Laboratory lineages are recorded, so the four papers from one group, the three from another and the two readings of a single applicant dossier cannot be counted as separate lines of support. Study-specific doses, units, populations and limitations retained; activity units are never converted between systems. Not publisher full text. · supports · Food composition · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    Natto food contains vitamin K2, and one 50 g pack typically carries 1,400 to 2,000 FU of nattokinase activity with a reported range of 600 to 3,290 FU per pack.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. Vitamin K2 is removed during NSK-SD manufacture, to a specification of 0.1 ppm or less, and was not detected in any of five analysed batches.

    NSK-SD fermented soybean extract → Menaquinone-7 / MK-7 source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    duration
    Not applicable
    evidence_access
    EFSA Journal opinion retrieved and read in full during this curation. Quoted figures are from the opinion text and its specification tables.
    experimental_model
    Product specification and batch analysis
    exposure
    NSK-SD, 30% fermented soybean extract and 70% resistant dextrin, 20,000-28,000 FU/g
    limitations
    This is the specification of one product. It does not describe crude fermentation powders or supplements from other manufacturers, and it is the reason natto and NSK-SD must be modelled separately in any question about vitamin K antagonists.
    organism
    Product specification and batch analysis
    plain_language
    Vitamin K2 is removed during NSK-SD manufacture, to a specification of 0.1 ppm or less, and was not detected in any of five analysed batches.
    primary_references
    Safety of fermented soybean extract NSK-SD as a novel food. (2016) DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4541 Not indexed in PubMed.
    route
    In vivo, oral
    tissue
    Standardised fermented soybean extract

    Nattokinase: what the purified enzyme cleaves, what survives being eaten, and the gap between the two (2026-09-23) · lines 1357–1357

    Original AI-assisted curation built from a supplied entity-first document of 105 entities and 129 claims. Every reference in that document was resolved against live PubMed with its abstract read and its DOI cross-checked on 2026-09-23, and the EFSA novel-food opinion was retrieved and read in full. That check corrected two PMIDs that pointed at unrelated papers, two DOIs, and two papers recorded as carrying no erratum that do carry one; it also reversed three findings the supplied document had stated backwards. Two papers carry a published correction, recorded as such and not as a retraction. Three sources are not indexed in PubMed and are cited by what they have. Laboratory lineages are recorded, so the four papers from one group, the three from another and the two readings of a single applicant dossier cannot be counted as separate lines of support. Study-specific doses, units, populations and limitations retained; activity units are never converted between systems. Not publisher full text. · supports · Product specification and batch analysis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    Vitamin K2 is removed during NSK-SD manufacture, to a specification of 0.1 ppm or less, and was not detected in any of five analysed batches.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

    This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

    Evidence, AI assistance and curation standards