Component
Arterial stiffness
Independent biological entity. Read linked claims for experimental scope and context.
3 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.
How nutrients influence it
Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.
Other things that act on it
Enzymes, hormones, genes, and other components with a recorded effect. These are not nutrients, so they do not count toward the arrows above. Each finding names the chapter that recorded it.
How nutrients reach it in more than one step
Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.
Tracing routes…
What it does
Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.
What acts on it
MK-7 improved carotid-femoral pulse-wave velocity and stiffness index in the full group; several additional measures improved in those with higher baseline stiffness.
Experimental context and source evidence
- evidence_span
- {"source_cache": "artifacts/k2-research/25694037.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "744049d613c87cb18fd3fe9cf3d7242e3c424a8d463900701bee102d4072b8e3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1822, "text_sha256": "744049d613c87cb18fd3fe9cf3d7242e3c424a8d463900701bee102d4072b8e3"}
- experimental_model
- Three-year randomized double-blind trial
- exposure
- MK-7 180 micrograms/day
- limitations
- Same cohort as the bone publication; stiffness is not CT calcification or cardiovascular-event incidence.
- nutrient_topic
- Vitamin K2 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin K2 / menaquinone family
- organism
- 244 healthy postmenopausal women
- plain_language
- A vessel-mechanics outcome improved in this selected population.
- primary_references
- [k2-p25694037] Menaquinone-7 supplementation improves arterial stiffness in healthy postmenopausal women. A double-blind randomised clinical trial. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25694037/ DOI: 10.1160/th14-08-0675
- tissue_or_cell_type
- Arterial stiffness and circulating proteins
Vitamin K2: menaquinone forms, carboxylation, recycling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1150–1161
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Three-year randomized double-blind trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### k2-mk7-stiffness MK-7 improved carotid-femoral pulse-wave velocity and stiffness index in the full group; several additional measures improved in those with higher baseline stiffness. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Vitamin K2 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A vessel-mechanics outcome improved in this selected population. organism: 244 healthy postmenopausal women tissue_or_cell_type: Arterial stiffness and circulating proteins experimental_model: Three-year randomized double-blind trial limitations: Same cohort as the bone publication; stiffness is not CT calcification or cardiovascular-event incidence. exposure: MK-7 180 micrograms/day evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/k2-research/25694037.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "744049d613c87cb18fd3fe9cf3d7242e3c424a8d463900701bee102d4072b8e3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1822, "text_sha256": "744049d613c87cb18fd3fe9cf3d7242e3c424a8d463900701bee102d4072b8e3"} [k2-p25694037] Menaquinone-7 supplementation improves arterial stiffness in healthy postmenopausal women. A double-blind randomised clinical trial. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25694037/ DOI: 10.1160/th14-08-0675
Complete structured claim and evidenceNo significant treatment benefit in measured arterial stiffness was found.
Experimental context and source evidence
- evidence_span
- {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/33532663.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9600257cc318b4b6bdb0c2d95c4b42f8644220c06bb0581dc604ca4e7d7ba051", "start_char": 14495, "end_char": 19456, "text_sha256": "7914ef3745e7ff82580f8ed02f013628d44c7461d6ce4dbc254b273561c8a732"}
- experimental_model
- Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled proof-of-concept trial
- exposure
- 68 randomized participants with hypertension and elevated galectin-3; Pectasol-C 4.8 g three times/day for six months; 52 had complete biomarker data
- limitations
- Target inhibition was not established by dosing alone. Surrogate endpoints and incomplete follow-up; no demonstrated heart-failure treatment benefit.
- nutrient_topic
- Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
- organism
- Homo sapiens
- plain_language
- The vascular surrogate also did not establish benefit.
- primary_references
- [pectin-p33532663] Galectin-3 Inhibition With Modified Citrus Pectin in Hypertension. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33532663/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.10.006
- tissue_or_cell_type
- Blood collagen markers, cardiac and vascular assessments
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1075–1086
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled proof-of-concept trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-mcp-stiffness-null No significant treatment benefit in measured arterial stiffness was found. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The vascular surrogate also did not establish benefit. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Blood collagen markers, cardiac and vascular assessments experimental_model: Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled proof-of-concept trial limitations: Target inhibition was not established by dosing alone. Surrogate endpoints and incomplete follow-up; no demonstrated heart-failure treatment benefit. exposure: 68 randomized participants with hypertension and elevated galectin-3; Pectasol-C 4.8 g three times/day for six months; 52 had complete biomarker data evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/33532663.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9600257cc318b4b6bdb0c2d95c4b42f8644220c06bb0581dc604ca4e7d7ba051", "start_char": 14495, "end_char": 19456, "text_sha256": "7914ef3745e7ff82580f8ed02f013628d44c7461d6ce4dbc254b273561c8a732"} [pectin-p33532663] Galectin-3 Inhibition With Modified Citrus Pectin in Hypertension. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33532663/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.10.006
Complete structured claim and evidence
Where it participates (unsigned role)
Potassium supplementation reduced 24-hour pressure by approximately 3.9/1.6 mmHg under controlled feeding.
Experimental context and source evidence
- experimental_model
- Four-week crossover; 36 completers.
- limitations
- Untreated elevated-pressure adults with relatively low baseline sodium/potassium intake; no detected pulse-wave-velocity benefit.
- nutrient_topic
- Potassium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Potassium
- organism
- Homo sapiens
- plain_language
- The blood-pressure effect was measured directly in this trial.
- primary_references
- [k-gijsbers2015-bp] Effects of sodium and potassium supplementation on blood pressure and arterial stiffness: a fully controlled dietary intervention study (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25673113/ DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2015.3
- tissue_or_cell_type
- Systemic circulation
Potassium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 1546–1555
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Four-week crossover; 36 completers. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### k-controlled-feeding-pressure Potassium supplementation reduced 24-hour pressure by approximately 3.9/1.6 mmHg under controlled feeding. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Potassium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The blood-pressure effect was measured directly in this trial. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Systemic circulation experimental_model: Four-week crossover; 36 completers. limitations: Untreated elevated-pressure adults with relatively low baseline sodium/potassium intake; no detected pulse-wave-velocity benefit. [k-gijsbers2015-bp] Effects of sodium and potassium supplementation on blood pressure and arterial stiffness: a fully controlled dietary intervention study (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25673113/ DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2015.3
Complete structured claim and evidence
The events it takes part in
A mechanism often involves more than two components. These are the full events, with every participant and its role.
Situations it appears in
Low-supply and faulty-machinery situations recorded in the chapters where this component plays a part.
In the sources
Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.
Open hypotheses
Proposed ideas that involve this component. They are labeled as hypotheses and do not change any recorded statement.
This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.