Taurine

availability_state

biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Human age-group observations; separate animal datasets.

limitations

Association alone does not establish deficiency as a cause or specify a universal threshold.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

The original aging paper reported a fall in blood taurine.

primary_references

Taurine deficiency as a driver of aging. · 2023 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37289866/ · DOI 10.1126/science.abn9257

trigger_kind

biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 569–575

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human age-group observations; separate animal datasets. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-aging-decline The original aging paper reported a fall in blood taurine. The 2023 study reported lower circulating taurine with age in its human samples, alongside corresponding age comparisons in mice and monkeys. Model: Human age-group observations; separate animal datasets. Limitations: Association alone does not establish deficiency as a cause or specify a universal threshold. Evidence access: Primary abstract Taurine deficiency as a driver of aging. · 2023 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37289866/ · DOI 10.1126/science.abn9257

availability_state

biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Human observational study of men spanning adult ages.

limitations

No randomized taurine intervention; findings do not establish equivalence in women or every tissue.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

Another human dataset did not support blood taurine as a simple aging signal.

primary_references

Experimental Evidence Against Taurine Deficiency as a Driver of Aging in Humans. · 2025 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41061678/ · DOI 10.1111/acel.70191

trigger_kind

biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 585–591

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human observational study of men spanning adult ages. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-aging-men-null Another human dataset did not support blood taurine as a simple aging signal. In 137 physically active and inactive men aged 20–93, circulating taurine was not associated with age, muscle mass, strength, physical performance or mitochondrial function. Model: Human observational study of men spanning adult ages. Limitations: No randomized taurine intervention; findings do not establish equivalence in women or every tissue. Evidence access: Primary abstract Experimental Evidence Against Taurine Deficiency as a Driver of Aging in Humans. · 2025 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41061678/ · DOI 10.1111/acel.70191

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Nonhuman-primate supplementation arm.

limitations

The study did not establish longer primate or human lifespan; health measures should not be relabeled survival.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

The primate arm measured health outcomes rather than lifespan extension.

primary_references

Taurine deficiency as a driver of aging. · 2023 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37289866/ · DOI 10.1126/science.abn9257

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 609–615

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Nonhuman-primate supplementation arm. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-aging-monkey-health The primate arm measured health outcomes rather than lifespan extension. Taurine treatment improved several measured health-related outcomes in monkeys in the 2023 study. Model: Nonhuman-primate supplementation arm. Limitations: The study did not establish longer primate or human lifespan; health measures should not be relabeled survival. Evidence access: Primary abstract Taurine deficiency as a driver of aging. · 2023 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37289866/ · DOI 10.1126/science.abn9257

evidence_access

Primary full text, lifespan results and Figure 1

experimental_model

C57BL/6J mice treated daily until death; same chow in both arms.

limitations

High animal exposure is not a human dose or proof of human lifespan extension.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

The mouse intervention reported longer survival.

primary_references

Taurine deficiency as a driver of aging. · 2023 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37289866/ · DOI 10.1126/science.abn9257

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 593–599

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · C57BL/6J mice treated daily until death; same chow in both arms. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-aging-mouse-lifespan The mouse intervention reported longer survival. Starting 1000 mg/kg/day taurine at 14 months increased median lifespan by approximately 10–12% in the reported male and female mouse cohorts. Model: C57BL/6J mice treated daily until death; same chow in both arms. Limitations: High animal exposure is not a human dose or proof of human lifespan extension. Evidence access: Primary full text, lifespan results and Figure 1 Taurine deficiency as a driver of aging. · 2023 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37289866/ · DOI 10.1126/science.abn9257

availability_state

biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Human cohorts plus nonhuman primates and mice; repeated and cross-sectional measurements.

limitations

A biomarker challenge does not by itself refute every animal supplementation outcome.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

Later data did not reproduce a consistent age-related decline.

primary_references

Is taurine an aging biomarker? · 2025 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40472098/ · DOI 10.1126/science.adl2116

trigger_kind

biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 577–583

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human cohorts plus nonhuman primates and mice; repeated and cross-sectional measurements. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-aging-not-universal Later data did not reproduce a consistent age-related decline. The 2025 study found circulating taurine increased or remained unchanged with age in three geographically distinct human cohorts, with longitudinal and cross-sectional analyses and supporting nonhuman datasets. Model: Human cohorts plus nonhuman primates and mice; repeated and cross-sectional measurements. Limitations: A biomarker challenge does not by itself refute every animal supplementation outcome. Evidence access: Primary abstract Is taurine an aging biomarker? · 2025 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40472098/ · DOI 10.1126/science.adl2116

evidence_access

Primary full text, Figure 1 and supplementary-cohort description

experimental_model

C. elegans intervention cohorts in the 2023 study.

limitations

Organism-specific exposure and metabolism; not an additional human trial.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

A separate organism also showed a survival response.

primary_references

Taurine deficiency as a driver of aging. · 2023 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37289866/ · DOI 10.1126/science.abn9257

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 601–607

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · C. elegans intervention cohorts in the 2023 study. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-aging-worm-lifespan A separate organism also showed a survival response. Taurine supplementation extended C. elegans lifespan across the reported worm experiments, with dose-dependent effects. Model: C. elegans intervention cohorts in the 2023 study. Limitations: Organism-specific exposure and metabolism; not an additional human trial. Evidence access: Primary full text, Figure 1 and supplementary-cohort description Taurine deficiency as a driver of aging. · 2023 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37289866/ · DOI 10.1126/science.abn9257

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled human trial.

limitations

These are within-arm changes; the trial did not establish long-term cardiovascular-event reduction.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

One controlled trial found a modest blood-pressure reduction.

primary_references

Taurine Supplementation Lowers Blood Pressure and Improves Vascular Function in Prehypertension: Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. · 2016 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26781281/ · DOI 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06624

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 473–479

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled human trial. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-bp-trial One controlled trial found a modest blood-pressure reduction. In 120 adults with prehypertension randomized to 1.6 g/day taurine or placebo for 12 weeks, clinic systolic pressure fell by 7.2 versus 2.6 mmHg and ambulatory systolic pressure by 3.8 versus 0.3 mmHg. Model: Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled human trial. Limitations: These are within-arm changes; the trial did not establish long-term cardiovascular-event reduction. Evidence access: Primary abstract Taurine Supplementation Lowers Blood Pressure and Improves Vascular Function in Prehypertension: Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. · 2016 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26781281/ · DOI 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06624

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Mouse ventrobasal thalamic neurons and recombinant receptor comparisons.

limitations

Bath concentration is not an oral dose; this does not establish treatment of human anxiety or insomnia.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

A low concentration changed neuronal firing in this mouse brain region.

primary_references

Taurine is a potent activator of extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors in the thalamus. · 2008 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18171928/ · DOI 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3996-07.2008

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AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mouse ventrobasal thalamic neurons and recombinant receptor comparisons. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-gabaa-tonic A low concentration changed neuronal firing in this mouse brain region. Taurine at 10–100 micromolar reduced excitability of mouse thalamocortical neurons and evoked tonic currents consistent with extrasynaptic alpha4beta2delta GABA-A receptors. Model: Mouse ventrobasal thalamic neurons and recombinant receptor comparisons. Limitations: Bath concentration is not an oral dose; this does not establish treatment of human anxiety or insomnia. Evidence access: Primary abstract Taurine is a potent activator of extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors in the thalamus. · 2008 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18171928/ · DOI 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3996-07.2008

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Human receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes or human cells; electrophysiology.

limitations

Not a clinical sedative effect; chloride gradient and receptor composition shape cellular response.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

Taurine can activate a receptor named for glycine.

primary_references

Activation of human alpha1 and alpha2 homomeric glycine receptors by taurine and GABA. · 2001 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11559772/ · DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.t01-1-00741.x

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AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes or human cells; electrophysiology. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-glycine-receptor-alpha1 Taurine can activate a receptor named for glycine. Applied taurine activated recombinant human alpha1 homomeric glycine receptors in oocytes and HEK293 cells; its potency and efficacy varied with the experimental receptor response. Model: Human receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes or human cells; electrophysiology. Limitations: Not a clinical sedative effect; chloride gradient and receptor composition shape cellular response. Evidence access: Primary abstract Activation of human alpha1 and alpha2 homomeric glycine receptors by taurine and GABA. · 2001 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11559772/ · DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.t01-1-00741.x

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Recombinant human alpha2 receptor electrophysiology.

limitations

Avoid labeling taurine a universally weak or full agonist.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

The receptor subtype and cell setting change the strength of taurine signaling.

primary_references

Activation of human alpha1 and alpha2 homomeric glycine receptors by taurine and GABA. · 2001 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11559772/ · DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.t01-1-00741.x

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 425–431

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Recombinant human alpha2 receptor electrophysiology. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-glycine-receptor-alpha2 The receptor subtype and cell setting change the strength of taurine signaling. Applied taurine also activated human alpha2 homomeric glycine receptors, with efficacy varying from weak to full agonism across tested conditions. Model: Recombinant human alpha2 receptor electrophysiology. Limitations: Avoid labeling taurine a universally weak or full agonist. Evidence access: Primary abstract Activation of human alpha1 and alpha2 homomeric glycine receptors by taurine and GABA. · 2001 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11559772/ · DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.t01-1-00741.x

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Human randomized trial with biomarker correlations.

limitations

Correlation within the trial does not prove H2S mediated the clinical blood-pressure effect.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

The study linked the response to a sulfur signaling molecule.

primary_references

Taurine Supplementation Lowers Blood Pressure and Improves Vascular Function in Prehypertension: Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. · 2016 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26781281/ · DOI 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06624

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 489–495

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human randomized trial with biomarker correlations. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-human-h2s The study linked the response to a sulfur signaling molecule. Taurine supplementation increased measured plasma hydrogen sulfide in the blood-pressure trial; changes in pressure were negatively correlated with H2S and taurine concentrations. Model: Human randomized trial with biomarker correlations. Limitations: Correlation within the trial does not prove H2S mediated the clinical blood-pressure effect. Evidence access: Primary abstract Taurine Supplementation Lowers Blood Pressure and Improves Vascular Function in Prehypertension: Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. · 2016 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26781281/ · DOI 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06624

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Human artery preparations in the translational blood-pressure study.

limitations

Do not infer that oral taurine directly binds TRPC3; the signaling pathway and clinical mediation are distinct.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

The mechanistic experiments implicated a calcium entry channel.

primary_references

Taurine Supplementation Lowers Blood Pressure and Improves Vascular Function in Prehypertension: Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. · 2016 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26781281/ · DOI 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06624

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 497–503

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human artery preparations in the translational blood-pressure study. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-human-trpc3 The mechanistic experiments implicated a calcium entry channel. Taurine treatment reduced agonist-induced vascular reactivity through inhibition of TRPC3-mediated calcium influx in human mesenteric artery experiments. Model: Human artery preparations in the translational blood-pressure study. Limitations: Do not infer that oral taurine directly binds TRPC3; the signaling pathway and clinical mediation are distinct. Evidence access: Primary abstract Taurine Supplementation Lowers Blood Pressure and Improves Vascular Function in Prehypertension: Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. · 2016 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26781281/ · DOI 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06624

evidence_access

Primary full text, Extended Data Figure 5o–r and results

experimental_model

Mouse leukemia supplementation experiments, with separate patient-derived cell colony assays.

limitations

Not a human trial or proof that taurine initiates leukemia in healthy people.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

Additional taurine worsened an existing malignancy in this experimental setting.

primary_references

Taurine from tumour niche drives glycolysis to promote leukaemogenesis. · 2025 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40369079/ · DOI 10.1038/s41586-025-09018-7

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AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mouse leukemia supplementation experiments, with separate patient-derived cell colony assays. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-leukemia-supplement Additional taurine worsened an existing malignancy in this experimental setting. Exogenous taurine increased leukemia-cell colony formation and accelerated disease progression in the tested immunocompetent mouse leukemia model. Model: Mouse leukemia supplementation experiments, with separate patient-derived cell colony assays. Limitations: Not a human trial or proof that taurine initiates leukemia in healthy people. Evidence access: Primary full text, Extended Data Figure 5o–r and results Taurine from tumour niche drives glycolysis to promote leukaemogenesis. · 2025 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40369079/ · DOI 10.1038/s41586-025-09018-7

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Within-patient comparison without a placebo group.

limitations

The 60% response estimate had a wide 95% CI of 26.2–87.8%; no general anti-aging or energy inference.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

The small disease-specific study reported fewer episodes during treatment.

primary_references

Taurine supplementation for prevention of stroke-like episodes in MELAS: a multicentre, open-label, 52-week phase III trial. · 2019 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29666206/ · DOI 10.1136/jnnp-2018-317964

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 289–295

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Within-patient comparison without a placebo group. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-melas-episodes The small disease-specific study reported fewer episodes during treatment. During the ten-patient 52-week open-label MELAS trial, six patients had no stroke-like episodes in the evaluation period and annual episode frequency fell from 2.22 to 0.72. Model: Within-patient comparison without a placebo group. Limitations: The 60% response estimate had a wide 95% CI of 26.2–87.8%; no general anti-aging or energy inference. Evidence access: Primary abstract Taurine supplementation for prevention of stroke-like episodes in MELAS: a multicentre, open-label, 52-week phase III trial. · 2019 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29666206/ · DOI 10.1136/jnnp-2018-317964

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Open-label 52-week study; 9 or 12 g/day under clinical supervision.

limitations

Five molecular responders among ten patients; leukocyte measurements are not direct brain-tissue measurements.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

A molecular response was measurable in a specific mitochondrial disease.

primary_references

Taurine supplementation for prevention of stroke-like episodes in MELAS: a multicentre, open-label, 52-week phase III trial. · 2019 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29666206/ · DOI 10.1136/jnnp-2018-317964

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 281–287

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Open-label 52-week study; 9 or 12 g/day under clinical supervision. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-melas-rna-response A molecular response was measurable in a specific mitochondrial disease. Five patients in the ten-person MELAS trial showed a significant increase in leukocyte mitochondrial tRNA-Leu(UUR) taurine modification after high-dose taurine treatment. Model: Open-label 52-week study; 9 or 12 g/day under clinical supervision. Limitations: Five molecular responders among ten patients; leukocyte measurements are not direct brain-tissue measurements. Evidence access: Primary abstract Taurine supplementation for prevention of stroke-like episodes in MELAS: a multicentre, open-label, 52-week phase III trial. · 2019 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29666206/ · DOI 10.1136/jnnp-2018-317964

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Mouse infection, microbiota and taurine intervention experiments.

limitations

This outcome differs from Il10-null colitis; neither result is a universal rule about intestinal taurine.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

In another setting, feeding microbes taurine improved pathogen resistance.

primary_references

Infection trains the host for microbiota-enhanced resistance to pathogens. · 2021 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33453153/ · DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2020.12.011

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AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mouse infection, microbiota and taurine intervention experiments. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-microbial-protection In another setting, feeding microbes taurine improved pathogen resistance. Supplying exogenous taurine enhanced microbiota-mediated resistance to subsequent enteric infection in mice. Model: Mouse infection, microbiota and taurine intervention experiments. Limitations: This outcome differs from Il10-null colitis; neither result is a universal rule about intestinal taurine. Evidence access: Primary abstract Infection trains the host for microbiota-enhanced resistance to pathogens. · 2021 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33453153/ · DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2020.12.011

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Mouse vascular experiments paired with the human study.

limitations

Mouse and human preparations are linked evidence, not identical biological records.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

The vascular mechanism was also examined in mouse arteries.

primary_references

Taurine Supplementation Lowers Blood Pressure and Improves Vascular Function in Prehypertension: Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. · 2016 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26781281/ · DOI 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06624

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AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mouse vascular experiments paired with the human study. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-mouse-trpc3 The vascular mechanism was also examined in mouse arteries. The same study reported reduced TRPC3-mediated calcium influx and vascular reactivity in mouse mesenteric artery experiments after taurine treatment. Model: Mouse vascular experiments paired with the human study. Limitations: Mouse and human preparations are linked evidence, not identical biological records. Evidence access: Primary abstract Taurine Supplementation Lowers Blood Pressure and Improves Vascular Function in Prehypertension: Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. · 2016 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26781281/ · DOI 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06624

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Same human skinned-fiber study.

limitations

Small preparation-specific effect; do not merge with rodent muscle or whole-person strength.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

The contractile response differed between muscle fiber types.

primary_references

Acute effects of taurine on sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ accumulation and contractility in human type I and type II skeletal muscle fibers. · 2014 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25123198/ · DOI 10.1152/japplphysiol.00494.2014

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AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Same human skinned-fiber study. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-muscle-calcium-sensitivity The contractile response differed between muscle fiber types. Taurine slightly increased contractile calcium sensitivity in human type I fibers, but not type II fibers; maximum calcium-activated force was unchanged in both. Model: Same human skinned-fiber study. Limitations: Small preparation-specific effect; do not merge with rodent muscle or whole-person strength. Evidence access: Primary abstract Acute effects of taurine on sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ accumulation and contractility in human type I and type II skeletal muscle fibers. · 2014 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25123198/ · DOI 10.1152/japplphysiol.00494.2014

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Mechanically skinned human vastus lateralis fibers.

limitations

Intracellular bath exposure bypasses absorption and transport; it does not prove oral performance benefits.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

Taurine affected how quickly muscle stored calcium.

primary_references

Acute effects of taurine on sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ accumulation and contractility in human type I and type II skeletal muscle fibers. · 2014 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25123198/ · DOI 10.1152/japplphysiol.00494.2014

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 449–455

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mechanically skinned human vastus lateralis fibers. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-muscle-calcium-uptake Taurine affected how quickly muscle stored calcium. Exposing skinned human type I and II muscle fibers to taurine for more than ten minutes increased the SR calcium accumulation rate; 10 and 20 mM produced similar rates, while 5 mM was slower. Model: Mechanically skinned human vastus lateralis fibers. Limitations: Intracellular bath exposure bypasses absorption and transport; it does not prove oral performance benefits. Evidence access: Primary abstract Acute effects of taurine on sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ accumulation and contractility in human type I and type II skeletal muscle fibers. · 2014 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25123198/ · DOI 10.1152/japplphysiol.00494.2014

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Human skinned type I and II muscle fibers.

limitations

The proposed action inside the SR lumen was a hypothesis, not a demonstrated binding target.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

Faster calcium accumulation did not mean every calcium process increased.

primary_references

Acute effects of taurine on sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ accumulation and contractility in human type I and type II skeletal muscle fibers. · 2014 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25123198/ · DOI 10.1152/japplphysiol.00494.2014

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 465–471

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human skinned type I and II muscle fibers. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-muscle-release-null Faster calcium accumulation did not mean every calcium process increased. At 20 mM, taurine had no detectable effect on the responsiveness of SR calcium-release channels in either human fiber type. Model: Human skinned type I and II muscle fibers. Limitations: The proposed action inside the SR lumen was a hypothesis, not a demonstrated binding target. Evidence access: Primary abstract Acute effects of taurine on sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ accumulation and contractility in human type I and type II skeletal muscle fibers. · 2014 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25123198/ · DOI 10.1152/japplphysiol.00494.2014

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

C3H/HeJ and C57BL/6J mice; in-vivo excretion and renal membrane transport.

limitations

Strain-specific responses; precursor restriction is not isolated taurine withdrawal.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

The kidney conserved taurine when dietary supply of its precursors was restricted.

primary_references

Renal transport of taurine adapts to perturbed taurine homeostasis. · 1982 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6952257/ · DOI 10.1073/pnas.79.6.2101

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 185–191

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · C3H/HeJ and C57BL/6J mice; in-vivo excretion and renal membrane transport. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-renal-mouse-conservation The kidney conserved taurine when dietary supply of its precursors was restricted. Two weeks of low-protein or low-sulfur-amino-acid feeding lowered plasma taurine and increased renal taurine uptake while reducing fractional urinary excretion in the studied mouse strains. Model: C3H/HeJ and C57BL/6J mice; in-vivo excretion and renal membrane transport. Limitations: Strain-specific responses; precursor restriction is not isolated taurine withdrawal. Evidence access: Primary abstract Renal transport of taurine adapts to perturbed taurine homeostasis. · 1982 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6952257/ · DOI 10.1073/pnas.79.6.2101

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Rat dietary adaptation and renal transport assays.

limitations

Adaptation over days does not establish equivalent regulation in all human disease states.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

Conservation involved more transport capacity rather than greater binding affinity.

primary_references

Renal adaptation to alteration in dietary amino acid intake. · 1983 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6881333/ · DOI 10.1152/ajprenal.1983.245.2.F159

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 193–199

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rat dietary adaptation and renal transport assays. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-renal-rat-capacity Conservation involved more transport capacity rather than greater binding affinity. A diet deficient in cysteine and methionine increased the Vmax of the rat high-affinity renal taurine uptake system without changing apparent Km. Model: Rat dietary adaptation and renal transport assays. Limitations: Adaptation over days does not establish equivalent regulation in all human disease states. Evidence access: Primary abstract Renal adaptation to alteration in dietary amino acid intake. · 1983 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6881333/ · DOI 10.1152/ajprenal.1983.245.2.F159

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Cultured-cell and dietary animal experiments.

limitations

Cats and flatfish differ from adult humans in endogenous taurine synthesis; no universal human plasma threshold was determined.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

Insufficient taurine can leave fewer tRNAs carrying the normal mark.

primary_references

Metabolic and chemical regulation of tRNA modification associated with taurine deficiency and human disease. · 2018 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29390138/ · DOI 10.1093/nar/gky068

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 233–239

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cultured-cell and dietary animal experiments. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-taurine-starvation-rna Insufficient taurine can leave fewer tRNAs carrying the normal mark. Taurine starvation reduced mitochondrial tRNA taurine modification in cultured cells, with corresponding dietary-depletion observations in cat liver and flatfish tissues. Model: Cultured-cell and dietary animal experiments. Limitations: Cats and flatfish differ from adult humans in endogenous taurine synthesis; no universal human plasma threshold was determined. Evidence access: Primary abstract Metabolic and chemical regulation of tRNA modification associated with taurine deficiency and human disease. · 2018 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29390138/ · DOI 10.1093/nar/gky068

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Uncontrolled two-sibling longitudinal treatment report.

limitations

Not a dosing recommendation or evidence that all SLC6A6 variants respond; residual transport and timing matter.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

A partially working transporter permitted a clinical treatment response in this family.

primary_references

Taurine treatment of retinal degeneration and cardiomyopathy in a consanguineous family with SLC6A6 taurine transporter deficiency. · 2020 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31903486/ · DOI 10.1093/hmg/ddz303

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 161–167

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Uncontrolled two-sibling longitudinal treatment report. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-taut-heart-treatment A partially working transporter permitted a clinical treatment response in this family. In two siblings with SLC6A6 p.Gly399Val and about 15% residual transport, supervised taurine treatment at 100 mg/kg/day normalized blood taurine and corrected cardiomyopathy after 24 months. Model: Uncontrolled two-sibling longitudinal treatment report. Limitations: Not a dosing recommendation or evidence that all SLC6A6 variants respond; residual transport and timing matter. Evidence access: Primary abstract Taurine treatment of retinal degeneration and cardiomyopathy in a consanguineous family with SLC6A6 taurine transporter deficiency. · 2020 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31903486/ · DOI 10.1093/hmg/ddz303

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Same two-sibling report; retinal response documented in the younger child.

limitations

Not proof that established retinal loss is generally reversible or that treatment works with complete transport loss.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

Early retinal disease stabilized in one treated child.

primary_references

Taurine treatment of retinal degeneration and cardiomyopathy in a consanguineous family with SLC6A6 taurine transporter deficiency. · 2020 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31903486/ · DOI 10.1093/hmg/ddz303

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 169–175

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Same two-sibling report; retinal response documented in the younger child. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-taut-retinal-treatment Early retinal disease stabilized in one treated child. In the younger, six-year-old sibling in the p.Gly399Val family, taurine treatment was associated with arrested retinal degeneration and clinically improved vision over follow-up. Model: Same two-sibling report; retinal response documented in the younger child. Limitations: Not proof that established retinal loss is generally reversible or that treatment works with complete transport loss. Evidence access: Primary abstract Taurine treatment of retinal degeneration and cardiomyopathy in a consanguineous family with SLC6A6 taurine transporter deficiency. · 2020 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31903486/ · DOI 10.1093/hmg/ddz303

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Same 120-person randomized study.

limitations

Clinical and vascular endpoints from one trial are not independent trials.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

Blood-vessel function changed along with blood pressure.

primary_references

Taurine Supplementation Lowers Blood Pressure and Improves Vascular Function in Prehypertension: Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. · 2016 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26781281/ · DOI 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06624

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 481–487

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Same 120-person randomized study. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-vascular-dilation Blood-vessel function changed along with blood pressure. The taurine arm in the same prehypertension trial improved both endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasodilation. Model: Same 120-person randomized study. Limitations: Clinical and vascular endpoints from one trial are not independent trials. Evidence access: Primary abstract Taurine Supplementation Lowers Blood Pressure and Improves Vascular Function in Prehypertension: Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. · 2016 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26781281/ · DOI 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06624

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Acute guanidinoacetate exposure with biochemical assays and antioxidant pretreatment

exposure

Intrastriatal guanidinoacetate and in-vitro assays; taurine or combined vitamins E plus C pretreatment

limitations

Acute experimental precursor toxicity is not a human supplement trial or proof that antioxidant treatment corrects GAMT deficiency. Vitamin E and C were combined.

nutrient_topic

Creatine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Creatine

organism

Young rats and rat striatal preparations

plain_language

Taurine protected selected enzyme measurements in this rat experiment.

primary_references

[creatine-p17407807] Evidence that the inhibitory effects of guanidinoacetate on the activities of the respiratory chain, Na+,K+-ATPase and creatine kinase can be differentially prevented by taurine and vitamins E and C administration in rat striatum in vivo. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17407807/ DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2007.02.005

tissue_or_cell_type

Striatum

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Creatine: synthesis, transport, phosphocreatine energetics and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 776–787

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Acute guanidinoacetate exposure with biochemical assays and antioxidant pretreatment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### creatine-taurine-gaa-enzyme Taurine pretreatment prevented the reported guanidinoacetate-related inhibition of complex II, complex II–III and sodium/potassium ATPase activity. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Creatine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Taurine protected selected enzyme measurements in this rat experiment. organism: Young rats and rat striatal preparations tissue_or_cell_type: Striatum experimental_model: Acute guanidinoacetate exposure with biochemical assays and antioxidant pretreatment limitations: Acute experimental precursor toxicity is not a human supplement trial or proof that antioxidant treatment corrects GAMT deficiency. Vitamin E and C were combined. exposure: Intrastriatal guanidinoacetate and in-vitro assays; taurine or combined vitamins E plus C pretreatment evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/creatine-research/17407807.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6174f6169ebf6ca7e61bc61642e38841a9089aecdd278ad8fb2f2221cf847c35", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1929, "text_sha256": "6174f6169ebf6ca7e61bc61642e38841a9089aecdd278ad8fb2f2221cf847c35"} [creatine-p17407807] Evidence that the inhibitory effects of guanidinoacetate on the activities of the respiratory chain, Na+,K+-ATPase and creatine kinase can be differentially prevented by taurine and vitamins E and C administration in rat striatum in vivo. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17407807/ DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2007.02.005

evidence_access

Primary full text

experimental_model

Membrane ligand competition and cell signaling.

limitations

Shared binding is not proof of supplement synergy or the same neuronal response.

nutrient_topic

Glycine collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · Glycine

plain_language

Another nutrient-related molecule reaches the same receptor with a different response.

primary_references

Orphan receptor GPR158 serves as a metabotropic glycine receptor: mGlyR. · 2023 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36996198/ · DOI 10.1126/science.add7150

Glycine: supply, one-carbon allocation, receptors and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-19) · lines 242–248

AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Membrane ligand competition and cell signaling. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## glycine-gpr158-taurine Another nutrient-related molecule reaches the same receptor with a different response. Taurine competed for GPR158 glycine binding and produced weaker cAMP suppression than glycine in the recombinant assays. Model: Membrane ligand competition and cell signaling. Limitations: Shared binding is not proof of supplement synergy or the same neuronal response. Evidence access: Primary full text Orphan receptor GPR158 serves as a metabotropic glycine receptor: mGlyR. · 2023 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36996198/ · DOI 10.1126/science.add7150

evidence_access

Primary full text, substrate comparison

experimental_model

Recombinant human enzyme; L-cysteic-acid substrate assays.

limitations

This alternative reaction does not quantify its contribution to human whole-body synthesis.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

The same enzyme can use a more oxidized substrate to make taurine directly.

primary_references

A Novel, Easy Assay Method for Human Cysteine Sulfinic Acid Decarboxylase. · 2021 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34068845/ · DOI 10.3390/life11050438

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 49–55

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Recombinant human enzyme; L-cysteic-acid substrate assays. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-csad-cysteic-acid The same enzyme can use a more oxidized substrate to make taurine directly. Human CSAD also catalyzed L-cysteic-acid decarboxylation to taurine in vitro. Model: Recombinant human enzyme; L-cysteic-acid substrate assays. Limitations: This alternative reaction does not quantify its contribution to human whole-body synthesis. Evidence access: Primary full text, substrate comparison A Novel, Easy Assay Method for Human Cysteine Sulfinic Acid Decarboxylase. · 2021 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34068845/ · DOI 10.3390/life11050438

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Human FMO1 enzyme assays.

limitations

This identifies an enzyme activity; it does not establish FMO1 as the only possible route in every tissue.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

FMO1 completes the hypotaurine-to-taurine step.

primary_references

Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase 1 Catalyzes the Production of Taurine from Hypotaurine. · 2020 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32156684/ · DOI 10.1124/dmd.119.089995

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 73–79

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human FMO1 enzyme assays. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-fmo1-oxidation FMO1 completes the hypotaurine-to-taurine step. Recombinant human FMO1 catalyzed oxygenation of hypotaurine to taurine in vitro. Model: Human FMO1 enzyme assays. Limitations: This identifies an enzyme activity; it does not establish FMO1 as the only possible route in every tissue. Evidence access: Primary abstract Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase 1 Catalyzes the Production of Taurine from Hypotaurine. · 2020 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32156684/ · DOI 10.1124/dmd.119.089995

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Human SLC6A6 cryo-EM structures and biochemical analysis.

limitations

Shared binding does not prove taurine depletion at typical beta-alanine supplement exposure.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

Beta-alanine and taurine interact with the same molecular doorway.

primary_references

Molecular basis of human taurine transporter uptake and inhibition. · 2025 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40789850/ · DOI 10.1038/s41467-025-62857-w

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 129–135

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human SLC6A6 cryo-EM structures and biochemical analysis. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-taut-beta-alanine Beta-alanine and taurine interact with the same molecular doorway. Human TauT structures captured beta-alanine and taurine as separately bound substrate analogues at the transporter binding site. Model: Human SLC6A6 cryo-EM structures and biochemical analysis. Limitations: Shared binding does not prove taurine depletion at typical beta-alanine supplement exposure. Evidence access: Primary abstract Molecular basis of human taurine transporter uptake and inhibition. · 2025 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40789850/ · DOI 10.1038/s41467-025-62857-w

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Human SLC6A6 cryo-EM structures plus biochemical transport assays.

limitations

Transport activity is distinct from oral absorption, blood concentration and tissue sufficiency.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

Cells need a transporter to accumulate taurine.

primary_references

Molecular basis of human taurine transporter uptake and inhibition. · 2025 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40789850/ · DOI 10.1038/s41467-025-62857-w

transport_effect

raises Uptake assays characterised sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transport.

transport_pool

the expressing cell Uptake assays characterised sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transport.

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 105–111

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human SLC6A6 cryo-EM structures plus biochemical transport assays. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-taut-uptake Cells need a transporter to accumulate taurine. Human TauT structures and uptake assays characterized sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transport and substrate recognition. Model: Human SLC6A6 cryo-EM structures plus biochemical transport assays. Limitations: Transport activity is distinct from oral absorption, blood concentration and tissue sufficiency. Evidence access: Primary abstract Molecular basis of human taurine transporter uptake and inhibition. · 2025 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40789850/ · DOI 10.1038/s41467-025-62857-w

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Human liver-derived cultured cells.

limitations

Cysteamine can arise through CoA breakdown; this experiment does not show that B5 supplementation raises taurine.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

Human-cell gene silencing supports the cysteamine pathway.

primary_references

Discovery and characterization of a second mammalian thiol dioxygenase, cysteamine dioxygenase. · 2007 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17581819/ · DOI 10.1074/jbc.M703089200

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 65–71

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human liver-derived cultured cells. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-ado-human-knockdown Human-cell gene silencing supports the cysteamine pathway. RNA-mediated reduction of endogenous human ADO in HepG2/C3A cells decreased hypotaurine production from cysteamine. Model: Human liver-derived cultured cells. Limitations: Cysteamine can arise through CoA breakdown; this experiment does not show that B5 supplementation raises taurine. Evidence access: Primary abstract Discovery and characterization of a second mammalian thiol dioxygenase, cysteamine dioxygenase. · 2007 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17581819/ · DOI 10.1074/jbc.M703089200

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Purified recombinant murine protein.

limitations

Do not assign the mouse enzyme kinetics directly to human ADO.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

A separate enzyme provides a route from cysteamine.

primary_references

Discovery and characterization of a second mammalian thiol dioxygenase, cysteamine dioxygenase. · 2007 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17581819/ · DOI 10.1074/jbc.M703089200

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 57–63

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified recombinant murine protein. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-ado-mouse-enzyme A separate enzyme provides a route from cysteamine. Recombinant mouse Ado oxidized cysteamine to hypotaurine but did not oxidize cysteine in the tested assay. Model: Purified recombinant murine protein. Limitations: Do not assign the mouse enzyme kinetics directly to human ADO. Evidence access: Primary abstract Discovery and characterization of a second mammalian thiol dioxygenase, cysteamine dioxygenase. · 2007 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17581819/ · DOI 10.1074/jbc.M703089200

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Recombinant human enzyme.

limitations

Shared enzyme use does not establish clinical competition or a need to balance glycine and taurine supplements.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

Glycine and taurine converge on the same bile-conjugating enzyme.

primary_references

Glycine and taurine conjugation of bile acids by a single enzyme. Molecular cloning and expression of human liver bile acid CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase. · 1994 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8034703/

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 305–311

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Recombinant human enzyme. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-baat-glycine Glycine and taurine converge on the same bile-conjugating enzyme. The same expressed human BAAT also catalyzed glycine conjugation of cholic acid. Model: Recombinant human enzyme. Limitations: Shared enzyme use does not establish clinical competition or a need to balance glycine and taurine supplements. Evidence access: Primary abstract Glycine and taurine conjugation of bile acids by a single enzyme. Molecular cloning and expression of human liver bile acid CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase. · 1994 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8034703/

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Ten pediatric patients; bile chemistry and genetic investigation.

limitations

Not evidence that isolated dietary taurine shortage causes the same phenotype.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

A broken conjugation enzyme affects both amino-acid routes.

primary_references

Genetic defects in bile acid conjugation cause fat-soluble vitamin deficiency. · 2013 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23415802/ · DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.02.004

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 313–319

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Ten pediatric patients; bile chemistry and genetic investigation. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-baat-loss A broken conjugation enzyme affects both amino-acid routes. Patients with defective bile acid amidation lacked glycine and taurine conjugates in urine, bile and serum; four homozygous BAAT mutations were identified among eight tested patients. Model: Ten pediatric patients; bile chemistry and genetic investigation. Limitations: Not evidence that isolated dietary taurine shortage causes the same phenotype. Evidence access: Primary abstract Genetic defects in bile acid conjugation cause fat-soluble vitamin deficiency. · 2013 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23415802/ · DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.02.004

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Human liver cDNA expressed in bacteria; activity compared with purified liver enzyme.

limitations

Conjugated bile acid and free taurine are separate molecules.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

Taurine becomes chemically attached to bile acids.

primary_references

Glycine and taurine conjugation of bile acids by a single enzyme. Molecular cloning and expression of human liver bile acid CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase. · 1994 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8034703/

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 297–303

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human liver cDNA expressed in bacteria; activity compared with purified liver enzyme. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-baat-taurine Taurine becomes chemically attached to bile acids. Expression of cloned human BAAT produced bile acid conjugation activity using taurine, establishing that the enzyme can make taurine-conjugated cholic acid from its activated CoA substrate. Model: Human liver cDNA expressed in bacteria; activity compared with purified liver enzyme. Limitations: Conjugated bile acid and free taurine are separate molecules. Evidence access: Primary abstract Glycine and taurine conjugation of bile acids by a single enzyme. Molecular cloning and expression of human liver bile acid CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase. · 1994 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8034703/

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Human genetic disease cohort and biochemical characterization.

limitations

The study tests conjugation failure, not taurine supplement efficacy or one universal vitamin deficit.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

Failed bile chemistry can make fat-soluble nutrient absorption fail downstream.

primary_references

Genetic defects in bile acid conjugation cause fat-soluble vitamin deficiency. · 2013 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23415802/ · DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.02.004

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 321–327

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human genetic disease cohort and biochemical characterization. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-bile-vitamin-absorption Failed bile chemistry can make fat-soluble nutrient absorption fail downstream. The pediatric bile acid amidation disorder was associated with insufficient effective duodenal bile acids, fat-soluble vitamin deficiency and growth failure in affected children. Model: Human genetic disease cohort and biochemical characterization. Limitations: The study tests conjugation failure, not taurine supplement efficacy or one universal vitamin deficit. Evidence access: Primary abstract Genetic defects in bile acid conjugation cause fat-soluble vitamin deficiency. · 2013 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23415802/ · DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.02.004

evidence_access

Primary full text, introduction and enzyme-assay results

experimental_model

Recombinant human enzyme; substrate kinetics and circular-dichroism assays.

limitations

Hypotaurine still needs oxidation to become taurine; this is not a human supplementation experiment.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

Vitamin B6-dependent CSAD performs a step between cysteine and taurine.

primary_references

A Novel, Easy Assay Method for Human Cysteine Sulfinic Acid Decarboxylase. · 2021 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34068845/ · DOI 10.3390/life11050438

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 33–39

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Recombinant human enzyme; substrate kinetics and circular-dichroism assays. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-csad-cysteinesulfinate Vitamin B6-dependent CSAD performs a step between cysteine and taurine. Purified human CSAD decarboxylated L-cysteine sulfinic acid to hypotaurine in PLP-containing enzyme assays. Model: Recombinant human enzyme; substrate kinetics and circular-dichroism assays. Limitations: Hypotaurine still needs oxidation to become taurine; this is not a human supplementation experiment. Evidence access: Primary full text, introduction and enzyme-assay results A Novel, Easy Assay Method for Human Cysteine Sulfinic Acid Decarboxylase. · 2021 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34068845/ · DOI 10.3390/life11050438

evidence_access

Primary full text, enzyme characterization

experimental_model

Human recombinant CSAD biochemical characterization.

limitations

Cofactor dependence does not establish that extra B6 increases taurine in a replete person.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

CSAD needs the active B6 cofactor, not just its cysteine-derived substrate.

primary_references

A Novel, Easy Assay Method for Human Cysteine Sulfinic Acid Decarboxylase. · 2021 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34068845/ · DOI 10.3390/life11050438

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 41–47

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human recombinant CSAD biochemical characterization. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-csad-plp CSAD needs the active B6 cofactor, not just its cysteine-derived substrate. The purified human CSAD characterized in this study was a PLP-dependent enzyme, linking its decarboxylation chemistry to the active cofactor form of vitamin B6. Model: Human recombinant CSAD biochemical characterization. Limitations: Cofactor dependence does not establish that extra B6 increases taurine in a replete person. Evidence access: Primary full text, enzyme characterization A Novel, Easy Assay Method for Human Cysteine Sulfinic Acid Decarboxylase. · 2021 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34068845/ · DOI 10.3390/life11050438

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Mouse knockout; urinary proton NMR metabolomics.

limitations

Urine metabolites do not directly measure every tissue pool or prove human dietary deficiency.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

Disabling the final enzyme changed the precursor/product pattern.

primary_references

Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase 1 Catalyzes the Production of Taurine from Hypotaurine. · 2020 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32156684/ · DOI 10.1124/dmd.119.089995

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 89–95

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mouse knockout; urinary proton NMR metabolomics. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-fmo1-deletion Disabling the final enzyme changed the precursor/product pattern. Fmo1-null mice accumulated urinary hypotaurine and had less urinary taurine than wild-type mice. Model: Mouse knockout; urinary proton NMR metabolomics. Limitations: Urine metabolites do not directly measure every tissue pool or prove human dietary deficiency. Evidence access: Primary abstract Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase 1 Catalyzes the Production of Taurine from Hypotaurine. · 2020 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32156684/ · DOI 10.1124/dmd.119.089995

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Recombinant human FMO1 biochemistry.

limitations

NAD(P)H availability, FMO1 abundance and substrate availability are separate variables; no niacin repletion effect was tested.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

Niacin-derived electron carriers support this synthetic reaction.

primary_references

Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase 1 Catalyzes the Production of Taurine from Hypotaurine. · 2020 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32156684/ · DOI 10.1124/dmd.119.089995

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 81–87

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Recombinant human FMO1 biochemistry. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-fmo1-reducing-cofactors Niacin-derived electron carriers support this synthetic reaction. Human FMO1 converted hypotaurine to taurine with either NADPH or NADH as the reducing cofactor in the reported assays. Model: Recombinant human FMO1 biochemistry. Limitations: NAD(P)H availability, FMO1 abundance and substrate availability are separate variables; no niacin repletion effect was tested. Evidence access: Primary abstract Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase 1 Catalyzes the Production of Taurine from Hypotaurine. · 2020 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32156684/ · DOI 10.1124/dmd.119.089995

evidence_access

Primary full text, Figure 1 and metabolic-labeling experiments

experimental_model

Human HeLa metabolic labeling plus biochemical reconstitution.

limitations

A folate connection is not evidence for a benefit from folic acid supplementation in replete people.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

Folate chemistry contributes part of the RNA mark; taurine supplies a different part.

primary_references

Metabolic and chemical regulation of tRNA modification associated with taurine deficiency and human disease. · 2018 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29390138/ · DOI 10.1093/nar/gky068

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 209–215

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human HeLa metabolic labeling plus biochemical reconstitution. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-folate-carbon-donor Folate chemistry contributes part of the RNA mark; taurine supplies a different part. Isotope tracing supported the beta-carbon of serine entering the methylene group of mitochondrial taurine-modified uridine through 5,10-methylene-THF. Model: Human HeLa metabolic labeling plus biochemical reconstitution. Limitations: A folate connection is not evidence for a benefit from folic acid supplementation in replete people. Evidence access: Primary full text, Figure 1 and metabolic-labeling experiments Metabolic and chemical regulation of tRNA modification associated with taurine deficiency and human disease. · 2018 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29390138/ · DOI 10.1093/nar/gky068

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_access

Primary full text, Figure 1F

experimental_model

Chinese hamster ovary Mft mutant cells.

limitations

Compartment-specific transport failure is different from low total blood folate.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

Getting folate into the mitochondrial compartment matters.

primary_references

Metabolic and chemical regulation of tRNA modification associated with taurine deficiency and human disease. · 2018 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29390138/ · DOI 10.1093/nar/gky068

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 225–231

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Chinese hamster ovary Mft mutant cells. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-folate-carrier-mutation Getting folate into the mitochondrial compartment matters. Mitochondrial folate-transporter-mutant CHO cells showed reduced taurine modification of mitochondrial tRNA. Model: Chinese hamster ovary Mft mutant cells. Limitations: Compartment-specific transport failure is different from low total blood folate. Evidence access: Primary full text, Figure 1F Metabolic and chemical regulation of tRNA modification associated with taurine deficiency and human disease. · 2018 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29390138/ · DOI 10.1093/nar/gky068

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Mouse alpha4-knockout thalamic neuron recordings.

limitations

Subunit dependence is local to this experimental response.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

Removing a receptor subunit tested dependence of the current.

primary_references

Taurine is a potent activator of extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors in the thalamus. · 2008 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18171928/ · DOI 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3996-07.2008

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 441–447

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mouse alpha4-knockout thalamic neuron recordings. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-gabaa-knockout Removing a receptor subunit tested dependence of the current. Taurine-evoked currents were absent in relay neurons from GABA-A-receptor alpha4-subunit knockout mice. Model: Mouse alpha4-knockout thalamic neuron recordings. Limitations: Subunit dependence is local to this experimental response. Evidence access: Primary abstract Taurine is a potent activator of extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors in the thalamus. · 2008 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18171928/ · DOI 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3996-07.2008

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Mass spectrometry of mitochondrial tRNAs from depleted cells.

limitations

Detection of an alternative mark does not establish complete functional rescue by glycine.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

Low taurine changed the chemical identity of the RNA modification.

primary_references

Metabolic and chemical regulation of tRNA modification associated with taurine deficiency and human disease. · 2018 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29390138/ · DOI 10.1093/nar/gky068

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 241–247

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mass spectrometry of mitochondrial tRNAs from depleted cells. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-glycine-substitution Low taurine changed the chemical identity of the RNA modification. Taurine-depleted cultured cells accumulated mitochondrial tRNA cmnm5U, whose glycine-derived group replaces the taurine-derived group of tau-m5U. Model: Mass spectrometry of mitochondrial tRNAs from depleted cells. Limitations: Detection of an alternative mark does not establish complete functional rescue by glycine. Evidence access: Primary abstract Metabolic and chemical regulation of tRNA modification associated with taurine deficiency and human disease. · 2018 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29390138/ · DOI 10.1093/nar/gky068

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Human enzyme kinetics and cellular/yeast functional studies.

limitations

Results depend on the mature protein construct; do not infer benefit from dietary nucleotide supplements.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

The modifying complex includes a GTP-powered component.

primary_references

The human tRNA taurine modification enzyme GTPBP3 is an active GTPase linked to mitochondrial diseases. · 2021 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33619562/ · DOI 10.1093/nar/gkab104

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 265–271

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human enzyme kinetics and cellular/yeast functional studies. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-gtpbp3-gtpase The modifying complex includes a GTP-powered component. Purified mature human GTPBP3 exhibited GTPase activity, and functional experiments linked that activity to tRNA modification. Model: Human enzyme kinetics and cellular/yeast functional studies. Limitations: Results depend on the mature protein construct; do not infer benefit from dietary nucleotide supplements. Evidence access: Primary abstract The human tRNA taurine modification enzyme GTPBP3 is an active GTPase linked to mitochondrial diseases. · 2021 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33619562/ · DOI 10.1093/nar/gkab104

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Human cell knockout; respiratory measurements.

limitations

Same perturbation as the translation claim, not independent clinical evidence.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

The RNA-processing defect reached the cell respiratory machinery.

primary_references

Metabolic and chemical regulation of tRNA modification associated with taurine deficiency and human disease. · 2018 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29390138/ · DOI 10.1093/nar/gky068

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 257–263

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human cell knockout; respiratory measurements. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-gtpbp3-respiration The RNA-processing defect reached the cell respiratory machinery. GTPBP3-knockout human cells exhibited impaired mitochondrial respiration alongside loss of taurine tRNA modification. Model: Human cell knockout; respiratory measurements. Limitations: Same perturbation as the translation claim, not independent clinical evidence. Evidence access: Primary abstract Metabolic and chemical regulation of tRNA modification associated with taurine deficiency and human disease. · 2018 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29390138/ · DOI 10.1093/nar/gky068

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Human GTPBP3-knockout cultured cells.

limitations

Adding substrate cannot be assumed to substitute for an absent enzyme.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

Removing the modifying machinery impaired mitochondrial protein production.

primary_references

Metabolic and chemical regulation of tRNA modification associated with taurine deficiency and human disease. · 2018 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29390138/ · DOI 10.1093/nar/gky068

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 249–255

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human GTPBP3-knockout cultured cells. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-gtpbp3-translation Removing the modifying machinery impaired mitochondrial protein production. Deleting GTPBP3 in human cells eliminated the normal taurine-containing wobble modification and reduced mitochondrial translation. Model: Human GTPBP3-knockout cultured cells. Limitations: Adding substrate cannot be assumed to substitute for an absent enzyme. Evidence access: Primary abstract Metabolic and chemical regulation of tRNA modification associated with taurine deficiency and human disease. · 2018 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29390138/ · DOI 10.1093/nar/gky068

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Conditional mouse liver knockout; kidney, adipose and pancreatic measurements.

limitations

This tissue-restricted deletion differs from complete pathway loss and from human deficiency.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

Other tissues compensated when liver synthesis was impaired.

primary_references

Extrahepatic tissues compensate for loss of hepatic taurine synthesis in mice with liver-specific knockout of cysteine dioxygenase. · 2012 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22414809/ · DOI 10.1152/ajpendo.00589.2011

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 97–103

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Conditional mouse liver knockout; kidney, adipose and pancreatic measurements. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-hepatic-compensation Other tissues compensated when liver synthesis was impaired. Liver-specific Cdo1 deletion increased extrahepatic CDO abundance and hypotaurine; mice maintained taurine, glutathione and sulfate despite a taurine-free diet. Model: Conditional mouse liver knockout; kidney, adipose and pancreatic measurements. Limitations: This tissue-restricted deletion differs from complete pathway loss and from human deficiency. Evidence access: Primary abstract Extrahepatic tissues compensate for loss of hepatic taurine synthesis in mice with liver-specific knockout of cysteine dioxygenase. · 2012 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22414809/ · DOI 10.1152/ajpendo.00589.2011

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Mouse macrophage pharmacological and genetic comparisons.

limitations

The mechanism concerns this phagocytosis assay, not all actions of taurine chloramine.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

Removing HO-1 tested whether the observed effect needed that enzyme.

primary_references

Role of heme oxygenase-1 in potentiation of phagocytic activity of macrophages by taurine chloramine: Implications for the resolution of zymosan A-induced murine peritonitis. · 2018 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29477410/ · DOI 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.02.003

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 393–399

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mouse macrophage pharmacological and genetic comparisons. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-ho1-required Removing HO-1 tested whether the observed effect needed that enzyme. HO-1 inhibition, knockdown or genetic absence blocked the enhancement of macrophage phagocytosis by taurine chloramine, while overexpression augmented it. Model: Mouse macrophage pharmacological and genetic comparisons. Limitations: The mechanism concerns this phagocytosis assay, not all actions of taurine chloramine. Evidence access: Primary abstract Role of heme oxygenase-1 in potentiation of phagocytic activity of macrophages by taurine chloramine: Implications for the resolution of zymosan A-induced murine peritonitis. · 2018 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29477410/ · DOI 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.02.003

evidence_access

Primary full text, Figure 5

experimental_model

Mouse leukemia multiomics, signaling and metabolic experiments.

limitations

This pathway is not established as a universal response to taurine in healthy human cells.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

Transport was connected to growth signaling and fuel use.

primary_references

Taurine from tumour niche drives glycolysis to promote leukaemogenesis. · 2025 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40369079/ · DOI 10.1038/s41586-025-09018-7

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 537–543

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mouse leukemia multiomics, signaling and metabolic experiments. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-leukemia-mtor Transport was connected to growth signaling and fuel use. Slc6a6 loss reduced RAG-GTP-dependent mTOR activation and downstream glycolysis in the mouse leukemia experiments. Model: Mouse leukemia multiomics, signaling and metabolic experiments. Limitations: This pathway is not established as a universal response to taurine in healthy human cells. Evidence access: Primary full text, Figure 5 Taurine from tumour niche drives glycolysis to promote leukaemogenesis. · 2025 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40369079/ · DOI 10.1038/s41586-025-09018-7

evidence_access

Primary full text, Figure 5p–s and associated results

experimental_model

Mouse leukemia expression-rescue experiments.

limitations

Rescue does not identify taurine as a direct physical ligand of RAGA.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

A downstream rescue tested the signaling chain.

primary_references

Taurine from tumour niche drives glycolysis to promote leukaemogenesis. · 2025 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40369079/ · DOI 10.1038/s41586-025-09018-7

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 545–551

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mouse leukemia expression-rescue experiments. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-leukemia-rag-rescue A downstream rescue tested the signaling chain. Expression of constitutively active RAGA(Q66L) was used to restore mTOR signaling and growth-associated function downstream of taurine-uptake loss in mouse leukemia cells. Model: Mouse leukemia expression-rescue experiments. Limitations: Rescue does not identify taurine as a direct physical ligand of RAGA. Evidence access: Primary full text, Figure 5p–s and associated results Taurine from tumour niche drives glycolysis to promote leukaemogenesis. · 2025 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40369079/ · DOI 10.1038/s41586-025-09018-7

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Mouse loss-of-function and in-vivo leukemia experiments.

limitations

This does not negate taurine requirements of normal retina and heart.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

Leukemia cells needed taurine uptake in these models.

primary_references

Taurine from tumour niche drives glycolysis to promote leukaemogenesis. · 2025 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40369079/ · DOI 10.1038/s41586-025-09018-7

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 529–535

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mouse loss-of-function and in-vivo leukemia experiments. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-leukemia-taut-loss Leukemia cells needed taurine uptake in these models. Genetic loss of Slc6a6 impaired progression in mouse myeloid leukemia models. Model: Mouse loss-of-function and in-vivo leukemia experiments. Limitations: This does not negate taurine requirements of normal retina and heart. Evidence access: Primary abstract Taurine from tumour niche drives glycolysis to promote leukaemogenesis. · 2025 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40369079/ · DOI 10.1038/s41586-025-09018-7

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Ex-vivo human AML; venetoclax-resistance expression analyses.

limitations

Measured experimental combination effect, not a proven clinical interaction between taurine supplements and venetoclax.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

Blocking nutrient uptake affected response to an anticancer drug in patient-derived cells.

primary_references

Taurine from tumour niche drives glycolysis to promote leukaemogenesis. · 2025 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40369079/ · DOI 10.1038/s41586-025-09018-7

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 561–567

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Ex-vivo human AML; venetoclax-resistance expression analyses. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-leukemia-venetoclax Blocking nutrient uptake affected response to an anticancer drug in patient-derived cells. TAUT inhibition combined with venetoclax synergistically reduced growth of primary human AML cells in the reported experiments. Model: Ex-vivo human AML; venetoclax-resistance expression analyses. Limitations: Measured experimental combination effect, not a proven clinical interaction between taurine supplements and venetoclax. Evidence access: Primary abstract Taurine from tumour niche drives glycolysis to promote leukaemogenesis. · 2025 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40369079/ · DOI 10.1038/s41586-025-09018-7

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Mouse dietary experiments with conjugate comparison.

limitations

The intervention was taurocholate, not free taurine alone; microbial community and host genotype matter.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

Taurine-conjugated bile supplies sulfur that certain microbes can exploit.

primary_references

Dietary-fat-induced taurocholic acid promotes pathobiont expansion and colitis in Il10-/- mice. · 2012 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22722865/ · DOI 10.1038/nature11225

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 329–335

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mouse dietary experiments with conjugate comparison. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-microbial-bilophila Taurine-conjugated bile supplies sulfur that certain microbes can exploit. Adding taurocholic acid, but not glycocholic acid, to a low-fat mouse diet promoted Bilophila wadsworthia expansion. Model: Mouse dietary experiments with conjugate comparison. Limitations: The intervention was taurocholate, not free taurine alone; microbial community and host genotype matter. Evidence access: Primary abstract Dietary-fat-induced taurocholic acid promotes pathobiont expansion and colitis in Il10-/- mice. · 2012 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22722865/ · DOI 10.1038/nature11225

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Il10-deficient and wild-type mouse comparisons.

limitations

Not a demonstration that taurine causes human inflammatory bowel disease.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

A sulfur-using microbial route worsened inflammation in this susceptible model.

primary_references

Dietary-fat-induced taurocholic acid promotes pathobiont expansion and colitis in Il10-/- mice. · 2012 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22722865/ · DOI 10.1038/nature11225

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 337–343

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Il10-deficient and wild-type mouse comparisons. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-microbial-colitis A sulfur-using microbial route worsened inflammation in this susceptible model. Taurocholic-acid feeding promoted colitis in Il10-null mice; milk-fat-associated microbial expansion and inflammation depended on host susceptibility. Model: Il10-deficient and wild-type mouse comparisons. Limitations: Not a demonstration that taurine causes human inflammatory bowel disease. Evidence access: Primary abstract Dietary-fat-induced taurocholic acid promotes pathobiont expansion and colitis in Il10-/- mice. · 2012 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22722865/ · DOI 10.1038/nature11225

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Mouse colonization-resistance study with microbial and sulfide interventions.

limitations

Local microbial sulfide, circulating host sulfide and systemic sulfide toxicity are distinct exposures.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

The microbial product blocked a pathway that pathogens needed.

primary_references

Infection trains the host for microbiota-enhanced resistance to pathogens. · 2021 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33453153/ · DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2020.12.011

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 353–359

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mouse colonization-resistance study with microbial and sulfide interventions. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-microbial-sulfide The microbial product blocked a pathway that pathogens needed. Taurine-supported microbiota increased sulfide production, which inhibited respiration important for invasion by the tested enteric pathogens; sulfide sequestration promoted invasion. Model: Mouse colonization-resistance study with microbial and sulfide interventions. Limitations: Local microbial sulfide, circulating host sulfide and systemic sulfide toxicity are distinct exposures. Evidence access: Primary abstract Infection trains the host for microbiota-enhanced resistance to pathogens. · 2021 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33453153/ · DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2020.12.011

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Purified human MPO system and stimulated human neutrophils.

limitations

Taurine chloramine remains an oxidant; free taurine is not equivalent to every chloramine effect.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

An immune-cell oxidant reacts with taurine to make a different active molecule.

primary_references

Chlorination of taurine by human neutrophils. Evidence for hypochlorous acid generation. · 1982 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6286728/ · DOI 10.1172/jci110652

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 361–367

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified human MPO system and stimulated human neutrophils. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-mpo-chlorination An immune-cell oxidant reacts with taurine to make a different active molecule. Purified myeloperoxidase plus hydrogen peroxide, chloride and taurine generated taurine chloramine; removing chloride or peroxide, or inhibiting MPO, blocked generation. Model: Purified human MPO system and stimulated human neutrophils. Limitations: Taurine chloramine remains an oxidant; free taurine is not equivalent to every chloramine effect. Evidence access: Primary abstract Chlorination of taurine by human neutrophils. Evidence for hypochlorous acid generation. · 1982 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6286728/ · DOI 10.1172/jci110652

evidence_access

Primary full text, in-vitro reconstitution methods and results

experimental_model

Human enzyme-complex reconstitution and mass spectrometry.

limitations

The reaction mixture also contained GTP, ATP, FAD, NADH, NADPH and magnesium; their presence alone does not demonstrate each is individually limiting.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

Two proteins join taurine and a folate-derived carbon unit onto mitochondrial tRNA.

primary_references

Metabolic and chemical regulation of tRNA modification associated with taurine deficiency and human disease. · 2018 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29390138/ · DOI 10.1093/nar/gky068

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 201–207

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human enzyme-complex reconstitution and mass spectrometry. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-mto1-gtpbp3 Two proteins join taurine and a folate-derived carbon unit onto mitochondrial tRNA. Reconstituting the human MTO1-GTPBP3 complex with hypomodified mitochondrial tRNA, taurine and 5,10-methylene-THF produced the taurine-containing U34 modification. Model: Human enzyme-complex reconstitution and mass spectrometry. Limitations: The reaction mixture also contained GTP, ATP, FAD, NADH, NADPH and magnesium; their presence alone does not demonstrate each is individually limiting. Evidence access: Primary full text, in-vitro reconstitution methods and results Metabolic and chemical regulation of tRNA modification associated with taurine deficiency and human disease. · 2018 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29390138/ · DOI 10.1093/nar/gky068

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Mto1 deficiency in experimental cells and mice.

limitations

The rescue used chemical chaperones, not proof that taurine treats absent Mto1.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

Failure of mitochondrial translation can disturb protein handling beyond mitochondria.

primary_references

Defective Mitochondrial tRNA Taurine Modification Activates Global Proteostress and Leads to Mitochondrial Disease. · 2018 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29320742/ · DOI 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.051

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 273–279

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mto1 deficiency in experimental cells and mice. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-mto1-proteostress Failure of mitochondrial translation can disturb protein handling beyond mitochondria. Mto1-deficient experimental cells and mice showed defective mitochondrial translation with mistargeting and aggregation of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins; chemical chaperones reduced cytotoxicity. Model: Mto1 deficiency in experimental cells and mice. Limitations: The rescue used chemical chaperones, not proof that taurine treats absent Mto1. Evidence access: Primary abstract Defective Mitochondrial tRNA Taurine Modification Activates Global Proteostress and Leads to Mitochondrial Disease. · 2018 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29320742/ · DOI 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.051

evidence_access

Primary full text, Figure 2h–i

experimental_model

Matched human stromal/AML cocultures.

limitations

Ex-vivo dependency does not establish an effective or safe clinical inhibitor.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

Patient-derived support cells also provided a growth-supporting pathway.

primary_references

Taurine from tumour niche drives glycolysis to promote leukaemogenesis. · 2025 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40369079/ · DOI 10.1038/s41586-025-09018-7

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 521–527

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Matched human stromal/AML cocultures. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-niche-human-cdo1 Patient-derived support cells also provided a growth-supporting pathway. Inhibiting CDO1 in osteolineage cultures derived from AML patients reduced survival and colony formation of AML cells from the same patients. Model: Matched human stromal/AML cocultures. Limitations: Ex-vivo dependency does not establish an effective or safe clinical inhibitor. Evidence access: Primary full text, Figure 2h–i Taurine from tumour niche drives glycolysis to promote leukaemogenesis. · 2025 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40369079/ · DOI 10.1038/s41586-025-09018-7

evidence_access

Primary full text, Figure 2 and niche experiments

experimental_model

Conditional mouse Cdo1 deletion, coculture and leukemia transplantation.

limitations

An established leukemia model does not measure cancer incidence in healthy supplement users.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

The tumor-supporting tissue supplied taurine to leukemia cells.

primary_references

Taurine from tumour niche drives glycolysis to promote leukaemogenesis. · 2025 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40369079/ · DOI 10.1038/s41586-025-09018-7

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 513–519

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Conditional mouse Cdo1 deletion, coculture and leukemia transplantation. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-niche-mouse-cdo1 The tumor-supporting tissue supplied taurine to leukemia cells. Deleting Cdo1 in mouse mesenchymal/osteolineage cells reduced support for leukemia growth and prolonged survival in the transplanted leukemia model. Model: Conditional mouse Cdo1 deletion, coculture and leukemia transplantation. Limitations: An established leukemia model does not measure cancer incidence in healthy supplement users. Evidence access: Primary full text, Figure 2 and niche experiments Taurine from tumour niche drives glycolysis to promote leukaemogenesis. · 2025 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40369079/ · DOI 10.1038/s41586-025-09018-7

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Human placental membrane proteoliposomes.

limitations

Alternative anions supported at most 30% of control uptake; this does not define a dietary chloride threshold.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

Chloride is part of the transport cycle.

primary_references

Solubilization and functional reconstitution of the human placental taurine transporter. · 1993 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8431457/ · DOI 10.1016/0005-2736(93)90296-c

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 121–127

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human placental membrane proteoliposomes. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-placental-chloride Chloride is part of the transport cycle. Taurine uptake by reconstituted human placental membranes required chloride; chloride kinetics supported one chloride per taurine. Model: Human placental membrane proteoliposomes. Limitations: Alternative anions supported at most 30% of control uptake; this does not define a dietary chloride threshold. Evidence access: Primary abstract Solubilization and functional reconstitution of the human placental taurine transporter. · 1993 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8431457/ · DOI 10.1016/0005-2736(93)90296-c

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Human placental brush-border proteins reconstituted in proteoliposomes.

limitations

This was not purified SLC6A6 alone; the coupling estimate is assay-specific, not a reason to consume more sodium.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

The sodium gradient helps power taurine entry.

primary_references

Solubilization and functional reconstitution of the human placental taurine transporter. · 1993 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8431457/ · DOI 10.1016/0005-2736(93)90296-c

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 113–119

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human placental brush-border proteins reconstituted in proteoliposomes. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-placental-sodium The sodium gradient helps power taurine entry. Replacing sodium strongly reduced taurine uptake in reconstituted human placental membranes; uptake kinetics supported two sodium ions per taurine. Model: Human placental brush-border proteins reconstituted in proteoliposomes. Limitations: This was not purified SLC6A6 alone; the coupling estimate is assay-specific, not a reason to consume more sodium. Evidence access: Primary abstract Solubilization and functional reconstitution of the human placental taurine transporter. · 1993 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8431457/ · DOI 10.1016/0005-2736(93)90296-c

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_access

Primary full text, Figure 1F

experimental_model

CHO mutant-cell mass spectrometry.

limitations

This species-specific machinery defect is not a B6 or folate deprivation experiment.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

One-carbon supply can affect the same RNA mark even when the taurine molecule is present.

primary_references

Metabolic and chemical regulation of tRNA modification associated with taurine deficiency and human disease. · 2018 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29390138/ · DOI 10.1093/nar/gky068

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 217–223

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · CHO mutant-cell mass spectrometry. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-shmt2-mutation One-carbon supply can affect the same RNA mark even when the taurine molecule is present. Shmt2-mutant Chinese hamster ovary cells showed reduced mitochondrial tRNA taurine modification compared with wild type. Model: CHO mutant-cell mass spectrometry. Limitations: This species-specific machinery defect is not a B6 or folate deprivation experiment. Evidence access: Primary full text, Figure 1F Metabolic and chemical regulation of tRNA modification associated with taurine deficiency and human disease. · 2018 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29390138/ · DOI 10.1093/nar/gky068

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Murine peritonitis, isolated macrophages and RAW264.7 cells.

limitations

This is a derivative and mouse immune-cell result, not evidence that taurine directly supplies or removes iron.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

The derivative changed an enzyme involved in stress responses.

primary_references

Role of heme oxygenase-1 in potentiation of phagocytic activity of macrophages by taurine chloramine: Implications for the resolution of zymosan A-induced murine peritonitis. · 2018 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29477410/ · DOI 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.02.003

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 385–391

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Murine peritonitis, isolated macrophages and RAW264.7 cells. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-taucl-ho1 The derivative changed an enzyme involved in stress responses. Taurine chloramine treatment increased HO-1 expression in mouse peritoneal macrophages in the zymosan inflammation study. Model: Murine peritonitis, isolated macrophages and RAW264.7 cells. Limitations: This is a derivative and mouse immune-cell result, not evidence that taurine directly supplies or removes iron. Evidence access: Primary abstract Role of heme oxygenase-1 in potentiation of phagocytic activity of macrophages by taurine chloramine: Implications for the resolution of zymosan A-induced murine peritonitis. · 2018 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29477410/ · DOI 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.02.003

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Mouse RAW264.7 cells stimulated with interferon-gamma and LPS.

limitations

Millimolar derivative exposure does not establish the effect of oral taurine in humans.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

The chlorinated derivative dampened one inflammatory output in cultured mouse cells.

primary_references

Taurine chloramine inhibits the synthesis of nitric oxide and the release of tumor necrosis factor in activated RAW 264.7 cells. · 1993 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7689627/ · DOI 10.1002/jlb.54.2.119

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 369–375

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mouse RAW264.7 cells stimulated with interferon-gamma and LPS. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-taucl-no The chlorinated derivative dampened one inflammatory output in cultured mouse cells. Adding 0.5 mM taurine chloramine to activated RAW264.7 macrophages reduced measured nitrite output by 47%; cytosolic nitric-oxide-synthase activity was also inhibited by pretreatment. Model: Mouse RAW264.7 cells stimulated with interferon-gamma and LPS. Limitations: Millimolar derivative exposure does not establish the effect of oral taurine in humans. Evidence access: Primary abstract Taurine chloramine inhibits the synthesis of nitric oxide and the release of tumor necrosis factor in activated RAW 264.7 cells. · 1993 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7689627/ · DOI 10.1002/jlb.54.2.119

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Same mouse-cell experiment as the nitric-oxide result.

limitations

Two endpoints from one paper are not independent replications.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

A second inflammatory signal also fell.

primary_references

Taurine chloramine inhibits the synthesis of nitric oxide and the release of tumor necrosis factor in activated RAW 264.7 cells. · 1993 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7689627/ · DOI 10.1002/jlb.54.2.119

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 377–383

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Same mouse-cell experiment as the nitric-oxide result. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-taucl-tnf A second inflammatory signal also fell. Adding 0.5 mM taurine chloramine to activated RAW264.7 cells reduced TNF release by 43% in the reported assay. Model: Same mouse-cell experiment as the nitric-oxide result. Limitations: Two endpoints from one paper are not independent replications. Evidence access: Primary abstract Taurine chloramine inhibits the synthesis of nitric oxide and the release of tumor necrosis factor in activated RAW 264.7 cells. · 1993 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7689627/ · DOI 10.1002/jlb.54.2.119

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Two affected brothers; human genetic, cell and spectroscopy studies.

limitations

Variant-specific inherited disease, not a universal threshold for dietary taurine insufficiency.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

A transporter can reach the membrane yet function poorly.

primary_references

Biallelic mutation of human SLC6A6 encoding the taurine transporter TAUT is linked to early retinal degeneration. · 2019 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31345061/ · DOI 10.1096/fj.201900914RR

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 145–151

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Two affected brothers; human genetic, cell and spectroscopy studies. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-taut-a78e A transporter can reach the membrane yet function poorly. The homozygous SLC6A6 p.Ala78Glu variant was associated with approximately 95% lower taurine uptake in patient peripheral blood mononuclear cells despite membrane localization of the variant protein. Model: Two affected brothers; human genetic, cell and spectroscopy studies. Limitations: Variant-specific inherited disease, not a universal threshold for dietary taurine insufficiency. Evidence access: Primary abstract Biallelic mutation of human SLC6A6 encoding the taurine transporter TAUT is linked to early retinal degeneration. · 2019 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31345061/ · DOI 10.1096/fj.201900914RR

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Human SLC6A6 structural study.

limitations

Binding structures alone do not quantify net transport or competition in a living human.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

A creatine precursor also connects to this transporter.

primary_references

Molecular basis of human taurine transporter uptake and inhibition. · 2025 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40789850/ · DOI 10.1038/s41467-025-62857-w

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 137–143

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human SLC6A6 structural study. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-taut-guanidinoacetate A creatine precursor also connects to this transporter. The human TauT study captured guanidinoacetate-bound transporter structures as part of its substrate-recognition analysis. Model: Human SLC6A6 structural study. Limitations: Binding structures alone do not quantify net transport or competition in a living human. Evidence access: Primary abstract Molecular basis of human taurine transporter uptake and inhibition. · 2025 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40789850/ · DOI 10.1038/s41467-025-62857-w

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Human multicenter genetic study; cellular transport experiments; final issue year 2026, online 2025.

limitations

Investigational supplementation was proposed, not proven effective by this study.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

Some disease variants had no measurable transport in the tested cells.

primary_references

Early-Onset Retinopathy in Patients With Variants in SLC6A6 Leading to Impaired Taurine Transport. · 2026 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41343195/ · DOI 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2025.4875

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 177–183

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human multicenter genetic study; cellular transport experiments; final issue year 2026, online 2025. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-taut-new-variants Some disease variants had no measurable transport in the tested cells. SLC6A6 p.Thr249Ile and p.Ala294Thr missense variants showed complete loss of taurine transport in HEK293 cells and patient fibroblasts in the four-family study of seven affected individuals. Model: Human multicenter genetic study; cellular transport experiments; final issue year 2026, online 2025. Limitations: Investigational supplementation was proposed, not proven effective by this study. Evidence access: Primary abstract Early-Onset Retinopathy in Patients With Variants in SLC6A6 Leading to Impaired Taurine Transport. · 2026 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41343195/ · DOI 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2025.4875

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Rare human family; retinal examinations and in-vivo spectroscopy.

limitations

Absence of extraocular clinical signs at that time does not mean every organ was unaffected.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

Transport failure affected taurine availability in multiple compartments.

primary_references

Biallelic mutation of human SLC6A6 encoding the taurine transporter TAUT is linked to early retinal degeneration. · 2019 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31345061/ · DOI 10.1096/fj.201900914RR

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 153–159

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rare human family; retinal examinations and in-vivo spectroscopy. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-taut-retina Transport failure affected taurine availability in multiple compartments. The two brothers carrying homozygous SLC6A6 p.Ala78Glu had panretinal degeneration and markedly reduced taurine in plasma, muscle and brain. Model: Rare human family; retinal examinations and in-vivo spectroscopy. Limitations: Absence of extraocular clinical signs at that time does not mean every organ was unaffected. Evidence access: Primary abstract Biallelic mutation of human SLC6A6 encoding the taurine transporter TAUT is linked to early retinal degeneration. · 2019 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31345061/ · DOI 10.1096/fj.201900914RR

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Primary rat astrocytes and labeled myo-inositol.

limitations

Shared channel dependence does not prove competitive depletion or supplement synergy.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

Taurine and inositol share part of the cell-volume release machinery.

primary_references

Molecular composition and heterogeneity of the LRRC8-containing swelling-activated osmolyte channels in primary rat astrocytes. · 2017 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28833202/ · DOI 10.1113/JP275053

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 409–415

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Primary rat astrocytes and labeled myo-inositol. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-vrac-inositol Taurine and inositol share part of the cell-volume release machinery. Lrrc8d knockdown also reduced swelling-evoked myo-inositol efflux in the same rat astrocyte experiments. Model: Primary rat astrocytes and labeled myo-inositol. Limitations: Shared channel dependence does not prove competitive depletion or supplement synergy. Evidence access: Primary abstract Molecular composition and heterogeneity of the LRRC8-containing swelling-activated osmolyte channels in primary rat astrocytes. · 2017 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28833202/ · DOI 10.1113/JP275053

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Primary rat astrocytes; 30% hypoosmotic challenge and radiotracers.

limitations

RNAi reduction, not whole-animal gene deletion; this is efflux rather than SLC6A6 uptake.

nutrient_topic

Taurine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Taurine

plain_language

Swollen brain-support cells release taurine through a channel with specific subunits.

primary_references

Molecular composition and heterogeneity of the LRRC8-containing swelling-activated osmolyte channels in primary rat astrocytes. · 2017 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28833202/ · DOI 10.1113/JP275053

Taurine: synthesis, transport, mitochondrial decoding and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 401–407

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Primary rat astrocytes; 30% hypoosmotic challenge and radiotracers. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## taurine-vrac-taurine Swollen brain-support cells release taurine through a channel with specific subunits. RNAi knockdown of Lrrc8d strongly reduced swelling-evoked taurine release from primary rat astrocytes; Lrrc8a knockdown also suppressed release. Model: Primary rat astrocytes; 30% hypoosmotic challenge and radiotracers. Limitations: RNAi reduction, not whole-animal gene deletion; this is efflux rather than SLC6A6 uptake. Evidence access: Primary abstract Molecular composition and heterogeneity of the LRRC8-containing swelling-activated osmolyte channels in primary rat astrocytes. · 2017 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28833202/ · DOI 10.1113/JP275053

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Reverse transcription PCR, Western blot and confocal immunostaining with uptake kinetics in an immortalised brain capillary endothelial line

exposure

Tritiated GABA uptake by a conditionally immortalised mouse brain capillary endothelial cell line used as an in vitro barrier model

limitations

An in vitro barrier model. It identifies the transporter and its kinetics; it does not establish the direction of net flux across an intact barrier.

nutrient_topic

GABA research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the sign of a GABA response depends on the chloride gradient of the cell it was measured in. · Gamma-aminobutyric acid

organism

Mouse

plain_language

The barrier has a dedicated carrier for this molecule, and its affinity is low enough that it only moves appreciable amounts at high concentrations.

primary_references

[gb-p11598501] GAT2/BGT-1 as a system responsible for the transport of gamma-aminobutyric acid at the mouse blood-brain barrier. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11598501/ DOI: 10.1097/00004647-200110000-00012

tissue_or_cell_type

Brain capillary endothelium

transport_effect

raises Measured as cellular uptake of tritiated GABA, sodium- and chloride-dependent.

transport_pool

the expressing cell Measured as cellular uptake of tritiated GABA, sodium- and chloride-dependent.

GABA: a ligand with no sign of its own, the cofactor that limits its synthesis, the barrier that keeps it out of the brain, and the immune settings where the same molecule protects and harms (2026-09-22) · lines 326–337

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Reverse transcription PCR, Western blot and confocal immunostaining with uptake kinetics in an immortalised brain capillary endothelial line · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### gb-a-transporter-handles-gaba-at-the-barrier GABA transport was studied by cellular uptake of tritiated GABA which was sodium-, chloride- and concentration-dependent with a Michaelis-Menten constant of 679 plus or minus 80 micromol per litre and a maximal uptake rate of 4,790 pmol per milligram protein per 5 minutes, uptake was significantly inhibited by betaine, beta-alanine, nipecotic acid, taurine and quinidine whereas probenecid, L-proline, creatine and glycine had no effect, and confocal immunofluorescent microscopy demonstrated colocalization of GAT2/BGT-1 with P-glycoprotein, a barrier-specific marker, on brain capillaries. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: GABA research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the sign of a GABA response depends on the chloride gradient of the cell it was measured in. plain_language: The barrier has a dedicated carrier for this molecule, and its affinity is low enough that it only moves appreciable amounts at high concentrations. organism: Mouse tissue_or_cell_type: Brain capillary endothelium experimental_model: Reverse transcription PCR, Western blot and confocal immunostaining with uptake kinetics in an immortalised brain capillary endothelial line limitations: An in vitro barrier model. It identifies the transporter and its kinetics; it does not establish the direction of net flux across an intact barrier. exposure: Tritiated GABA uptake by a conditionally immortalised mouse brain capillary endothelial cell line used as an in vitro barrier model evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/gaba-research/11598501.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "97e62b677991c2535e9cd91c1283edc6415a64f66def965c17e478f7b676f708", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1589, "text_sha256": "97e62b677991c2535e9cd91c1283edc6415a64f66def965c17e478f7b676f708"} [gb-p11598501] GAT2/BGT-1 as a system responsible for the transport of gamma-aminobutyric acid at the mouse blood-brain barrier. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11598501/ DOI: 10.1097/00004647-200110000-00012

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Electroretinography, optical coherence tomography and optokinetic testing in mice reared in light or darkness

exposure

Vigabatrin with and without light exposure, and with taurine supplementation

limitations

A mouse study. It identifies two contributing factors and shows partial rescue, not that taurine prevents the human visual field defect.

nutrient_topic

GABA research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the sign of a GABA response depends on the chloride gradient of the cell it was measured in. · Gamma-aminobutyric acid

organism

Mouse

plain_language

The retinal damage needed light to happen, went with a fall in retinal taurine, and was partly undone by giving taurine back.

primary_references

[gb-p27941319] The Vigabatrin Induced Retinal Toxicity is Associated with Photopic Exposure and Taurine Deficiency: An In Vivo Study. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27941319/ DOI: 10.1159/000453143

tissue_or_cell_type

Retina

GABA: a ligand with no sign of its own, the cofactor that limits its synthesis, the barrier that keeps it out of the brain, and the immune settings where the same molecule protects and harms (2026-09-22) · lines 183–194

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Electroretinography, optical coherence tomography and optokinetic testing in mice reared in light or darkness · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### gb-light-and-taurine-both-matter A close relationship between vigabatrin-induced retinal toxicity and light exposure was observed, vigabatrin-treated mice reared in darkness preserved better visual function and retinal architectures as verified by optokinetic tests, optical coherence tomography and electroretinography, the retinal taurine level of vigabatrin-treated mice exposed to light was significantly lower than that of vigabatrin mice reared in darkness, and the vigabatrin-induced morphological and functional impairments could be partially alleviated by taurine treatment. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: GABA research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the sign of a GABA response depends on the chloride gradient of the cell it was measured in. plain_language: The retinal damage needed light to happen, went with a fall in retinal taurine, and was partly undone by giving taurine back. organism: Mouse tissue_or_cell_type: Retina experimental_model: Electroretinography, optical coherence tomography and optokinetic testing in mice reared in light or darkness limitations: A mouse study. It identifies two contributing factors and shows partial rescue, not that taurine prevents the human visual field defect. exposure: Vigabatrin with and without light exposure, and with taurine supplementation evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/gaba-research/27941319.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "92835398ef34fe87d3c084d1933722427a474b40c88c30ada21a6ede8f4d875a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1596, "text_sha256": "92835398ef34fe87d3c084d1933722427a474b40c88c30ada21a6ede8f4d875a"} [gb-p27941319] The Vigabatrin Induced Retinal Toxicity is Associated with Photopic Exposure and Taurine Deficiency: An In Vivo Study. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27941319/ DOI: 10.1159/000453143

evidence_access

Primary full text; Figures 2 and 3

experimental_model

Purified human variants; 10 mM substrate comparison and concentration series.

limitations

This does not establish a clinically meaningful taurine deficit or a supplementation response.

nutrient_topic

Agmatine Sulfate collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · Agmatine Sulfate

plain_language

A variant can alter which related metabolic pool is processed.

primary_references

Guanidino acid hydrolysis by the human enzyme annotated as agmatinase. · 2022 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36543883/ · DOI 10.1038/s41598-022-26655-4

Agmatine Sulfate: transport, guanidino metabolism, ion channels and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-20) · lines 132–138

AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified human variants; 10 mM substrate comparison and concentration series. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## agmatine-sulfate-agmat-taurocyamine A variant can alter which related metabolic pool is processed. Human AGMAT R105 hydrolyzed taurocyamine more efficiently than guanidinobutyrate in the tested concentration range; R105 and G105 differed in substrate preferences. Model: Purified human variants; 10 mM substrate comparison and concentration series. Limitations: This does not establish a clinically meaningful taurine deficit or a supplementation response. Evidence access: Primary full text; Figures 2 and 3 Guanidino acid hydrolysis by the human enzyme annotated as agmatinase. · 2022 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36543883/ · DOI 10.1038/s41598-022-26655-4

evidence_access

Primary full text; Figure 4B

experimental_model

Recombinant human GATM substrate comparison.

limitations

Taurine is a secondary substrate in this assay; tissue flux and clinically important depletion were not established.

nutrient_topic

Agmatine Sulfate collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · Agmatine Sulfate

plain_language

Creatine-synthesis machinery also accepts a taurine-related side reaction.

primary_references

Guanidino acid hydrolysis by the human enzyme annotated as agmatinase. · 2022 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36543883/ · DOI 10.1038/s41598-022-26655-4

Agmatine Sulfate: transport, guanidino metabolism, ion channels and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-20) · lines 188–194

AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Recombinant human GATM substrate comparison. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## agmatine-sulfate-gatm-taurine Creatine-synthesis machinery also accepts a taurine-related side reaction. Purified human GATM transferred an amidino group from arginine to taurine, producing taurocyamine in vitro. Model: Recombinant human GATM substrate comparison. Limitations: Taurine is a secondary substrate in this assay; tissue flux and clinically important depletion were not established. Evidence access: Primary full text; Figure 4B Guanidino acid hydrolysis by the human enzyme annotated as agmatinase. · 2022 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36543883/ · DOI 10.1038/s41598-022-26655-4

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Human recombinant receptor comparison using high agonist concentrations.

limitations

Not equivalent to relative sedative potency after oral intake.

nutrient_topic

Glycine collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · Glycine

plain_language

Related molecules activate the same receptor with different timing.

primary_references

Kinetic determinants of agonist action at the recombinant human glycine receptor. · 2003 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12679369/ · DOI 10.1113/jphysiol.2002.037796

Glycine: supply, one-carbon allocation, receptors and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-19) · lines 202–208

AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human recombinant receptor comparison using high agonist concentrations. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## glycine-glyr-ligand-kinetics Related molecules activate the same receptor with different timing. At saturating 30 mM agonist, human alpha1 glycine-receptor activation rose faster with glycine than beta-alanine or taurine, and glycine responses decayed more slowly after removal. Model: Human recombinant receptor comparison using high agonist concentrations. Limitations: Not equivalent to relative sedative potency after oral intake. Evidence access: Primary abstract Kinetic determinants of agonist action at the recombinant human glycine receptor. · 2003 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12679369/ · DOI 10.1113/jphysiol.2002.037796

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Human muscle-biopsy study.

limitations

Does not exclude effects under other exposures or in other species.

nutrient_topic

Carnosine collection; isomer, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · L-Carnosine / beta-alanyl-L-histidine

plain_language

A proposed precursor interaction did not cause measurable depletion here.

primary_references

Influence of beta-alanine supplementation on skeletal muscle carnosine concentrations and high intensity cycling capacity. · 2007 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16868650/ · DOI 10.1007/s00726-006-0364-4

Carnosine: synthesis, transport, carbonyl chemistry and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 220–226

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human muscle-biopsy study. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## carnosine-taurine-negative A proposed precursor interaction did not cause measurable depletion here. Ten weeks of beta-alanine supplementation did not change muscle taurine in this study. Model: Human muscle-biopsy study. Limitations: Does not exclude effects under other exposures or in other species. Evidence access: Primary abstract Influence of beta-alanine supplementation on skeletal muscle carnosine concentrations and high intensity cycling capacity. · 2007 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16868650/ · DOI 10.1007/s00726-006-0364-4