Nutrient chapter

Lycopene

Lycopene. Species, exposure and limitations are retained in each linked claim.

93 recorded mechanisms · 2 availability situations · 5 preserved sources. Draft and verified records are labeled separately.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

The mechanisms

What the sources say this nutrient does, one relationship at a time. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

SR-BI antibody or BLT1 inhibited all-E and 5Z lycopene uptake by up to 60% in Caco-2 monolayers.
Scavenger receptor class B type 1 / SCARB1 → Lycopene source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/18641187.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7c71fd4fd3be9d14176bceb3c2104143269a788587feec232350a6f1c5913e3d", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1557, "text_sha256": "7c71fd4fd3be9d14176bceb3c2104143269a788587feec232350a6f1c5913e3d"}
experimental_model
Transporter inhibition in Caco-2 cells; intestinal SR-BI transgenic mice
exposure
All-E and 5Z lycopene; mice received 0.25 g/kg diet for one month
limitations
Partial uptake inhibition is not proof of a sole transporter. Ezetimibe result is a cell assay, not a clinical drug-interaction trial.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human Caco-2 cells
plain_language
One intestinal lipid transporter helps lycopene enter these cells.
primary_references
[lycopene-p18641187] Lycopene absorption in human intestinal cells and in mice involves scavenger receptor class B type I but not Niemann-Pick C1-like 1. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18641187/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/138.8.1432
tissue_or_cell_type
Intestinal epithelium and plasma
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 104–115
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Transporter inhibition in Caco-2 cells; intestinal SR-BI transgenic mice · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-srbi-uptake SR-BI antibody or BLT1 inhibited all-E and 5Z lycopene uptake by up to 60% in Caco-2 monolayers. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: One intestinal lipid transporter helps lycopene enter these cells. organism: Human Caco-2 cells tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal epithelium and plasma experimental_model: Transporter inhibition in Caco-2 cells; intestinal SR-BI transgenic mice limitations: Partial uptake inhibition is not proof of a sole transporter. Ezetimibe result is a cell assay, not a clinical drug-interaction trial. exposure: All-E and 5Z lycopene; mice received 0.25 g/kg diet for one month evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/18641187.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7c71fd4fd3be9d14176bceb3c2104143269a788587feec232350a6f1c5913e3d", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1557, "text_sha256": "7c71fd4fd3be9d14176bceb3c2104143269a788587feec232350a6f1c5913e3d"} [lycopene-p18641187] Lycopene absorption in human intestinal cells and in mice involves scavenger receptor class B type I but not Niemann-Pick C1-like 1. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18641187/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/138.8.1432
Complete structured claim and evidence
Adding avocado to salsa increased mean lycopene TRL AUC 4.4-fold compared with avocado-free salsa.
Study-specific avocado addition to salsa → Postprandial lycopene response in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/15735074.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "31bfa6900bd41221e84a0713fc5ccf97341dfb80d997eecc37a1f2a121b9d814", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1730, "text_sha256": "31bfa6900bd41221e84a0713fc5ccf97341dfb80d997eecc37a1f2a121b9d814"}
experimental_model
Acute crossover meal experiment
exposure
Salsa with or without 150 g avocado; 9.5-hour sampling
limitations
Food comparison, not a requirement for this quantity of fat or evidence of a specific fatty-acid cofactor.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human, 11 participants in the salsa study
plain_language
Eating the carotenoid within a meal containing fat changed absorption.
primary_references
[lycopene-p15735074] Carotenoid absorption from salad and salsa by humans is enhanced by the addition of avocado or avocado oil. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15735074/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.3.431
tissue_or_cell_type
Postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 767–778
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Acute crossover meal experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-avocado-absorption Adding avocado to salsa increased mean lycopene TRL AUC 4.4-fold compared with avocado-free salsa. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Eating the carotenoid within a meal containing fat changed absorption. organism: Human, 11 participants in the salsa study tissue_or_cell_type: Postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins experimental_model: Acute crossover meal experiment limitations: Food comparison, not a requirement for this quantity of fat or evidence of a specific fatty-acid cofactor. exposure: Salsa with or without 150 g avocado; 9.5-hour sampling evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/15735074.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "31bfa6900bd41221e84a0713fc5ccf97341dfb80d997eecc37a1f2a121b9d814", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1730, "text_sha256": "31bfa6900bd41221e84a0713fc5ccf97341dfb80d997eecc37a1f2a121b9d814"} [lycopene-p15735074] Carotenoid absorption from salad and salsa by humans is enhanced by the addition of avocado or avocado oil. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15735074/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.3.431
Complete structured claim and evidence
Tomato paste produced a 3.8-fold higher chylomicron lycopene AUC than fresh tomatoes with matched lycopene and corn oil.
Study-specific tomato paste food intervention → Postprandial lycopene response in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/9209178.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9e44d803f52bf022b12d9bbffbe5e2832be523d37ccfbcf2187296c5fb89200f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 985, "text_sha256": "9e44d803f52bf022b12d9bbffbe5e2832be523d37ccfbcf2187296c5fb89200f"}
experimental_model
Human single-meal bioavailability comparison
exposure
23 mg lycopene from fresh tomato or paste with 15 g corn oil
limitations
Both meals contained oil; does not isolate an oil effect or establish all heating improves availability.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human
plain_language
Food structure matters even when the amount of lycopene is the same.
primary_references
[lycopene-p9209178] Lycopene is more bioavailable from tomato paste than from fresh tomatoes. (1997). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9209178/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/66.1.116
tissue_or_cell_type
Chylomicron fraction
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 169–180
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human single-meal bioavailability comparison · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-paste-absorption Tomato paste produced a 3.8-fold higher chylomicron lycopene AUC than fresh tomatoes with matched lycopene and corn oil. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Food structure matters even when the amount of lycopene is the same. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Chylomicron fraction experimental_model: Human single-meal bioavailability comparison limitations: Both meals contained oil; does not isolate an oil effect or establish all heating improves availability. exposure: 23 mg lycopene from fresh tomato or paste with 15 g corn oil evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/9209178.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9e44d803f52bf022b12d9bbffbe5e2832be523d37ccfbcf2187296c5fb89200f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 985, "text_sha256": "9e44d803f52bf022b12d9bbffbe5e2832be523d37ccfbcf2187296c5fb89200f"} [lycopene-p9209178] Lycopene is more bioavailable from tomato paste than from fresh tomatoes. (1997). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9209178/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/66.1.116
Complete structured claim and evidence
Iron was an essential cofactor for lycopene cleavage by recombinant ferret BCO2.
Ferrous iron → Ferret BCO2 lycopene cleavage activity source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/16672231.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "135695c9d3106469d8d64ec0806ba5bf048f0f1df6f3e3cd53e838e50b960445", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1967, "text_sha256": "135695c9d3106469d8d64ec0806ba5bf048f0f1df6f3e3cd53e838e50b960445"}
experimental_model
Recombinant ferret enzyme and tissue-fraction metabolism
exposure
5-cis, 13-cis and all-trans lycopene; iron; NAD+ or NADH
limitations
Ferret experiments do not quantify human cleavage flux or predict supplement response.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Ferret
plain_language
The cleavage machinery has a mineral requirement.
primary_references
[lycopene-p16672231] The biochemical characterization of ferret carotene-9',10'-monooxygenase catalyzing cleavage of carotenoids in vitro and in vivo. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16672231/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m512095200
tissue_or_cell_type
BCO2 enzyme; hepatic fractions and lung
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 325–336
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Recombinant ferret enzyme and tissue-fraction metabolism · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-bco2-iron Iron was an essential cofactor for lycopene cleavage by recombinant ferret BCO2. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The cleavage machinery has a mineral requirement. organism: Ferret tissue_or_cell_type: BCO2 enzyme; hepatic fractions and lung experimental_model: Recombinant ferret enzyme and tissue-fraction metabolism limitations: Ferret experiments do not quantify human cleavage flux or predict supplement response. exposure: 5-cis, 13-cis and all-trans lycopene; iron; NAD+ or NADH evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/16672231.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "135695c9d3106469d8d64ec0806ba5bf048f0f1df6f3e3cd53e838e50b960445", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1967, "text_sha256": "135695c9d3106469d8d64ec0806ba5bf048f0f1df6f3e3cd53e838e50b960445"} [lycopene-p16672231] The biochemical characterization of ferret carotene-9',10'-monooxygenase catalyzing cleavage of carotenoids in vitro and in vivo. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16672231/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m512095200
Complete structured claim and evidence
NAD+ supported conversion of apo-10-prime-lycopenal to apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid in ferret hepatic fractions.
NAD+ → Apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/16672231.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "135695c9d3106469d8d64ec0806ba5bf048f0f1df6f3e3cd53e838e50b960445", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1967, "text_sha256": "135695c9d3106469d8d64ec0806ba5bf048f0f1df6f3e3cd53e838e50b960445"}
experimental_model
Recombinant ferret enzyme and tissue-fraction metabolism
exposure
5-cis, 13-cis and all-trans lycopene; iron; NAD+ or NADH
limitations
Ferret experiments do not quantify human cleavage flux or predict supplement response.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Ferret
plain_language
The oxidized niacin-derived cofactor helped steer the aldehyde toward an acid.
primary_references
[lycopene-p16672231] The biochemical characterization of ferret carotene-9',10'-monooxygenase catalyzing cleavage of carotenoids in vitro and in vivo. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16672231/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m512095200
tissue_or_cell_type
BCO2 enzyme; hepatic fractions and lung
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 338–349
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Recombinant ferret enzyme and tissue-fraction metabolism · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-apo-nad NAD+ supported conversion of apo-10-prime-lycopenal to apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid in ferret hepatic fractions. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The oxidized niacin-derived cofactor helped steer the aldehyde toward an acid. organism: Ferret tissue_or_cell_type: BCO2 enzyme; hepatic fractions and lung experimental_model: Recombinant ferret enzyme and tissue-fraction metabolism limitations: Ferret experiments do not quantify human cleavage flux or predict supplement response. exposure: 5-cis, 13-cis and all-trans lycopene; iron; NAD+ or NADH evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/16672231.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "135695c9d3106469d8d64ec0806ba5bf048f0f1df6f3e3cd53e838e50b960445", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1967, "text_sha256": "135695c9d3106469d8d64ec0806ba5bf048f0f1df6f3e3cd53e838e50b960445"} [lycopene-p16672231] The biochemical characterization of ferret carotene-9',10'-monooxygenase catalyzing cleavage of carotenoids in vitro and in vivo. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16672231/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m512095200
Complete structured claim and evidence
NADH supported conversion of apo-10-prime-lycopenal to apo-10-prime-lycopenol in ferret hepatic fractions.
NADH → Apo-10-prime-lycopenol source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/16672231.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "135695c9d3106469d8d64ec0806ba5bf048f0f1df6f3e3cd53e838e50b960445", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1967, "text_sha256": "135695c9d3106469d8d64ec0806ba5bf048f0f1df6f3e3cd53e838e50b960445"}
experimental_model
Recombinant ferret enzyme and tissue-fraction metabolism
exposure
5-cis, 13-cis and all-trans lycopene; iron; NAD+ or NADH
limitations
Ferret experiments do not quantify human cleavage flux or predict supplement response.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Ferret
plain_language
The reduced form of the cofactor instead supported an alcohol product.
primary_references
[lycopene-p16672231] The biochemical characterization of ferret carotene-9',10'-monooxygenase catalyzing cleavage of carotenoids in vitro and in vivo. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16672231/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m512095200
tissue_or_cell_type
BCO2 enzyme; hepatic fractions and lung
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 351–362
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Recombinant ferret enzyme and tissue-fraction metabolism · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-apo-nadh NADH supported conversion of apo-10-prime-lycopenal to apo-10-prime-lycopenol in ferret hepatic fractions. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The reduced form of the cofactor instead supported an alcohol product. organism: Ferret tissue_or_cell_type: BCO2 enzyme; hepatic fractions and lung experimental_model: Recombinant ferret enzyme and tissue-fraction metabolism limitations: Ferret experiments do not quantify human cleavage flux or predict supplement response. exposure: 5-cis, 13-cis and all-trans lycopene; iron; NAD+ or NADH evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/16672231.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "135695c9d3106469d8d64ec0806ba5bf048f0f1df6f3e3cd53e838e50b960445", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1967, "text_sha256": "135695c9d3106469d8d64ec0806ba5bf048f0f1df6f3e3cd53e838e50b960445"} [lycopene-p16672231] The biochemical characterization of ferret carotene-9',10'-monooxygenase catalyzing cleavage of carotenoids in vitro and in vivo. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16672231/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m512095200
Complete structured claim and evidence
Vitamin-A-deficient wild-type mice accumulated more hepatic lycopene than vitamin-A-sufficient mice.
Vitamin A → Mouse hepatic lycopene content source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
availability_state
nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/37269907.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "36b39754d4d3b4ed8721a15f8dffe03bfd387dcbef3ff50918daabb45c48e756", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1986, "text_sha256": "36b39754d4d3b4ed8721a15f8dffe03bfd387dcbef3ff50918daabb45c48e756"}
experimental_model
Carotenoid-enzyme knockout comparison and vitamin-A diet experiment
exposure
1 mg lycopene in cottonseed oil daily for two weeks; separate vitamin-A-deficient versus sufficient diets
limitations
Mouse knockout distribution does not directly quantify human cleavage; increased ISX signaling does not prove conversion to vitamin A.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Mouse
plain_language
A shortage of one nutrient can change the handling of another compound.
primary_references
[lycopene-p37269907] Lycopene Accumulation in Transgenic Mice Lacking One or Both Carotenoid Cleaving Enzymes. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37269907/ DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.05.025
tissue_or_cell_type
Liver, other tissues and intestinal gene expression
trigger_kind
nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 806–817
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Carotenoid-enzyme knockout comparison and vitamin-A diet experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-vitamin-a-status Vitamin-A-deficient wild-type mice accumulated more hepatic lycopene than vitamin-A-sufficient mice. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A shortage of one nutrient can change the handling of another compound. organism: Mouse tissue_or_cell_type: Liver, other tissues and intestinal gene expression experimental_model: Carotenoid-enzyme knockout comparison and vitamin-A diet experiment limitations: Mouse knockout distribution does not directly quantify human cleavage; increased ISX signaling does not prove conversion to vitamin A. exposure: 1 mg lycopene in cottonseed oil daily for two weeks; separate vitamin-A-deficient versus sufficient diets evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/37269907.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "36b39754d4d3b4ed8721a15f8dffe03bfd387dcbef3ff50918daabb45c48e756", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1986, "text_sha256": "36b39754d4d3b4ed8721a15f8dffe03bfd387dcbef3ff50918daabb45c48e756"} [lycopene-p37269907] Lycopene Accumulation in Transgenic Mice Lacking One or Both Carotenoid Cleaving Enzymes. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37269907/ DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.05.025
Complete structured claim and evidence
Co-dosing beta-carotene increased the 24-hour lycopene AUC relative to lycopene alone.
All-trans-beta-carotene → Circulating lycopene concentration source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/9278568.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e318f6fef0bfed88403fa2adf46f9713ebddfe6ea586c29614e820442c57d056", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1510, "text_sha256": "e318f6fef0bfed88403fa2adf46f9713ebddfe6ea586c29614e820442c57d056"}
experimental_model
Randomized-order double-blind crossover dosing experiment
exposure
60 mg beta-carotene, 60 mg lycopene, or 60 mg of each together
limitations
Acute high-dose study; does not justify routine co-supplementation or establish universal competition rules.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human, ten healthy men
plain_language
Two carotenoids did not simply block one another in this experiment.
primary_references
[lycopene-p9278568] Ingestion by men of a combined dose of beta-carotene and lycopene does not affect the absorption of beta-carotene but improves that of lycopene. (1997). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9278568/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/127.9.1833
tissue_or_cell_type
Serum carotenoid AUC over 24 hours
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 780–791
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized-order double-blind crossover dosing experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-beta-carotene-co-dose Co-dosing beta-carotene increased the 24-hour lycopene AUC relative to lycopene alone. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Two carotenoids did not simply block one another in this experiment. organism: Human, ten healthy men tissue_or_cell_type: Serum carotenoid AUC over 24 hours experimental_model: Randomized-order double-blind crossover dosing experiment limitations: Acute high-dose study; does not justify routine co-supplementation or establish universal competition rules. exposure: 60 mg beta-carotene, 60 mg lycopene, or 60 mg of each together evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/9278568.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e318f6fef0bfed88403fa2adf46f9713ebddfe6ea586c29614e820442c57d056", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1510, "text_sha256": "e318f6fef0bfed88403fa2adf46f9713ebddfe6ea586c29614e820442c57d056"} [lycopene-p9278568] Ingestion by men of a combined dose of beta-carotene and lycopene does not affect the absorption of beta-carotene but improves that of lycopene. (1997). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9278568/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/127.9.1833
Complete structured claim and evidence
Combined lycopene and alpha-tocopherol inhibited proliferation by up to about 90%; lycopene alone was weak in these cultures.
Alpha-tocopherol → Proliferation of cultured human prostate carcinoma cells source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/9784387.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "51bb94173c1f98ab622ff028dfefaa016eb3fb5021f40f79e1d7d02bceaa7c15", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 701, "text_sha256": "51bb94173c1f98ab622ff028dfefaa016eb3fb5021f40f79e1d7d02bceaa7c15"}
experimental_model
Combined-compound proliferation assay
exposure
Lycopene below 1 micromolar and alpha-tocopherol 50 micromolar
limitations
Reported in-vitro synergy; not proof of cancer prevention or a safe/effective supplement combination.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human DU-145 and PC-3 prostate carcinoma cells
plain_language
A vitamin E interaction was observed, but only in the tested cancer-cell systems.
primary_references
[lycopene-p9784387] Lycopene in association with alpha-tocopherol inhibits at physiological concentrations proliferation of prostate carcinoma cells. (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9784387/ DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9351
tissue_or_cell_type
Cultured cell proliferation
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 871–882
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Combined-compound proliferation assay · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-vitamin-e-combination Combined lycopene and alpha-tocopherol inhibited proliferation by up to about 90%; lycopene alone was weak in these cultures. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A vitamin E interaction was observed, but only in the tested cancer-cell systems. organism: Human DU-145 and PC-3 prostate carcinoma cells tissue_or_cell_type: Cultured cell proliferation experimental_model: Combined-compound proliferation assay limitations: Reported in-vitro synergy; not proof of cancer prevention or a safe/effective supplement combination. exposure: Lycopene below 1 micromolar and alpha-tocopherol 50 micromolar evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/9784387.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "51bb94173c1f98ab622ff028dfefaa016eb3fb5021f40f79e1d7d02bceaa7c15", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 701, "text_sha256": "51bb94173c1f98ab622ff028dfefaa016eb3fb5021f40f79e1d7d02bceaa7c15"} [lycopene-p9784387] Lycopene in association with alpha-tocopherol inhibits at physiological concentrations proliferation of prostate carcinoma cells. (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9784387/ DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9351
Complete structured claim and evidence
Apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid increased nuclear Nrf2 accumulation in BEAS-2B cells.
Apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid → Nrf2 nuclear localization source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/18566994.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e34a21bb159c3e48372fd5cb104bfa50572903a5ef168b10100976a718b7b534", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1416, "text_sha256": "e34a21bb159c3e48372fd5cb104bfa50572903a5ef168b10100976a718b7b534"}
experimental_model
Metabolite exposure and gene/protein/redox measurements
exposure
Time- and dose-dependent apo-10-prime-lycopenoid exposure
limitations
Cell-culture metabolite results do not prove oral lycopene reaches equivalent tissue concentrations or prevents human cancer.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells
plain_language
A defined breakdown product activated the Nrf2-associated response.
primary_references
[lycopene-p18566994] Enzymatic metabolites of lycopene induce Nrf2-mediated expression of phase II detoxifying/antioxidant enzymes in human bronchial epithelial cells. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18566994/ DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23696
tissue_or_cell_type
Nucleus, antioxidant enzymes and intracellular glutathione
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 494–505
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Metabolite exposure and gene/protein/redox measurements · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-apo-nrf2 Apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid increased nuclear Nrf2 accumulation in BEAS-2B cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A defined breakdown product activated the Nrf2-associated response. organism: Human BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells tissue_or_cell_type: Nucleus, antioxidant enzymes and intracellular glutathione experimental_model: Metabolite exposure and gene/protein/redox measurements limitations: Cell-culture metabolite results do not prove oral lycopene reaches equivalent tissue concentrations or prevents human cancer. exposure: Time- and dose-dependent apo-10-prime-lycopenoid exposure evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/18566994.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e34a21bb159c3e48372fd5cb104bfa50572903a5ef168b10100976a718b7b534", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1416, "text_sha256": "e34a21bb159c3e48372fd5cb104bfa50572903a5ef168b10100976a718b7b534"} [lycopene-p18566994] Enzymatic metabolites of lycopene induce Nrf2-mediated expression of phase II detoxifying/antioxidant enzymes in human bronchial epithelial cells. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18566994/ DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23696
Complete structured claim and evidence
In statin-treated CVD patients, lycopene improved endothelium-dependent vasodilation by 53% versus placebo, 95% CI 9% to 93%.
Lycopene → Forearm endothelium-dependent vasodilation source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/24911964.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d96a112b2d48544349cd136e7078ac9cdac3ecbedb41f2983db742b36e1cd8a9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1849, "text_sha256": "d96a112b2d48544349cd136e7078ac9cdac3ecbedb41f2983db742b36e1cd8a9"}
experimental_model
Double-blind placebo-controlled trial
exposure
7 mg lycopene daily for two months
limitations
Surrogate physiology, not cardiovascular events; CVD and healthy populations analyzed separately.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human, 36 statin-treated CVD patients and 36 healthy volunteers
plain_language
A blood-vessel response improved in the patient group.
primary_references
[lycopene-p24911964] Effects of oral lycopene supplementation on vascular function in patients with cardiovascular disease and healthy volunteers: a randomised controlled trial. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24911964/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099070
tissue_or_cell_type
Forearm vascular responses
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 962–973
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind placebo-controlled trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-cvd-edv In statin-treated CVD patients, lycopene improved endothelium-dependent vasodilation by 53% versus placebo, 95% CI 9% to 93%. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A blood-vessel response improved in the patient group. organism: Human, 36 statin-treated CVD patients and 36 healthy volunteers tissue_or_cell_type: Forearm vascular responses experimental_model: Double-blind placebo-controlled trial limitations: Surrogate physiology, not cardiovascular events; CVD and healthy populations analyzed separately. exposure: 7 mg lycopene daily for two months evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/24911964.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d96a112b2d48544349cd136e7078ac9cdac3ecbedb41f2983db742b36e1cd8a9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1849, "text_sha256": "d96a112b2d48544349cd136e7078ac9cdac3ecbedb41f2983db742b36e1cd8a9"} [lycopene-p24911964] Effects of oral lycopene supplementation on vascular function in patients with cardiovascular disease and healthy volunteers: a randomised controlled trial. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24911964/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099070
Complete structured claim and evidence
No significant reduction in prostate 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine followed lycopene treatment.
Lycopene → Prostate tissue 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/21430075.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c1351b40c0701ce0b8e35bc9346b63650fbd2ee3a9263091aa6b304b9860a5e3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1314, "text_sha256": "c1351b40c0701ce0b8e35bc9346b63650fbd2ee3a9263091aa6b304b9860a5e3"}
experimental_model
Double-blind placebo-controlled prebiopsy trial
exposure
30 mg/day tomato-oleoresin lycopene for 21 days
limitations
Short exposure; tissue and oxidation biomarkers do not establish cancer prevention or clinical benefit.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human, 105 African American male veterans
plain_language
A DNA-oxidation marker did not improve despite increased exposure.
primary_references
[lycopene-p21430075] Antioxidant effects of lycopene in African American men with prostate cancer or benign prostate hyperplasia: a randomized, controlled trial. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21430075/ DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0288
tissue_or_cell_type
Plasma and prostate biopsy
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 1092–1103
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind placebo-controlled prebiopsy trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-prostate-dna-oxidation-null No significant reduction in prostate 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine followed lycopene treatment. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A DNA-oxidation marker did not improve despite increased exposure. organism: Human, 105 African American male veterans tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma and prostate biopsy experimental_model: Double-blind placebo-controlled prebiopsy trial limitations: Short exposure; tissue and oxidation biomarkers do not establish cancer prevention or clinical benefit. exposure: 30 mg/day tomato-oleoresin lycopene for 21 days evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/21430075.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c1351b40c0701ce0b8e35bc9346b63650fbd2ee3a9263091aa6b304b9860a5e3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1314, "text_sha256": "c1351b40c0701ce0b8e35bc9346b63650fbd2ee3a9263091aa6b304b9860a5e3"} [lycopene-p21430075] Antioxidant effects of lycopene in African American men with prostate cancer or benign prostate hyperplasia: a randomized, controlled trial. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21430075/ DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0288
Complete structured claim and evidence
NPC1L1 antibody and ezetimibe did not significantly reduce all-E or 5Z lycopene uptake in Caco-2 cells.
Human Niemann-Pick C1-like protein 1 / NPC1L1 → Intestinal epithelial lycopene uptake source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/18641187.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7c71fd4fd3be9d14176bceb3c2104143269a788587feec232350a6f1c5913e3d", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1557, "text_sha256": "7c71fd4fd3be9d14176bceb3c2104143269a788587feec232350a6f1c5913e3d"}
experimental_model
Transporter inhibition in Caco-2 cells; intestinal SR-BI transgenic mice
exposure
All-E and 5Z lycopene; mice received 0.25 g/kg diet for one month
limitations
Partial uptake inhibition is not proof of a sole transporter. Ezetimibe result is a cell assay, not a clinical drug-interaction trial.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human Caco-2 cells
plain_language
A transporter used by other lipids was not necessary in this particular assay.
primary_references
[lycopene-p18641187] Lycopene absorption in human intestinal cells and in mice involves scavenger receptor class B type I but not Niemann-Pick C1-like 1. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18641187/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/138.8.1432
tissue_or_cell_type
Intestinal epithelium and plasma
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 117–128
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Transporter inhibition in Caco-2 cells; intestinal SR-BI transgenic mice · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-npc1l1-null NPC1L1 antibody and ezetimibe did not significantly reduce all-E or 5Z lycopene uptake in Caco-2 cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A transporter used by other lipids was not necessary in this particular assay. organism: Human Caco-2 cells tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal epithelium and plasma experimental_model: Transporter inhibition in Caco-2 cells; intestinal SR-BI transgenic mice limitations: Partial uptake inhibition is not proof of a sole transporter. Ezetimibe result is a cell assay, not a clinical drug-interaction trial. exposure: All-E and 5Z lycopene; mice received 0.25 g/kg diet for one month evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/18641187.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7c71fd4fd3be9d14176bceb3c2104143269a788587feec232350a6f1c5913e3d", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1557, "text_sha256": "7c71fd4fd3be9d14176bceb3c2104143269a788587feec232350a6f1c5913e3d"} [lycopene-p18641187] Lycopene absorption in human intestinal cells and in mice involves scavenger receptor class B type I but not Niemann-Pick C1-like 1. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18641187/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/138.8.1432
Complete structured claim and evidence
Intestinal SR-BI-overexpressing mice had approximately tenfold higher plasma lycopene than wild-type controls.
Mouse scavenger receptor class B type I / Scarb1 → Circulating lycopene concentration source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/18641187.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7c71fd4fd3be9d14176bceb3c2104143269a788587feec232350a6f1c5913e3d", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1557, "text_sha256": "7c71fd4fd3be9d14176bceb3c2104143269a788587feec232350a6f1c5913e3d"}
experimental_model
Transporter inhibition in Caco-2 cells; intestinal SR-BI transgenic mice
exposure
All-E and 5Z lycopene; mice received 0.25 g/kg diet for one month
limitations
Partial uptake inhibition is not proof of a sole transporter. Ezetimibe result is a cell assay, not a clinical drug-interaction trial.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Mouse
plain_language
Changing the uptake machinery changed blood exposure in mice.
primary_references
[lycopene-p18641187] Lycopene absorption in human intestinal cells and in mice involves scavenger receptor class B type I but not Niemann-Pick C1-like 1. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18641187/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/138.8.1432
tissue_or_cell_type
Intestinal epithelium and plasma
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 130–141
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Transporter inhibition in Caco-2 cells; intestinal SR-BI transgenic mice · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-mouse-srbi Intestinal SR-BI-overexpressing mice had approximately tenfold higher plasma lycopene than wild-type controls. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Changing the uptake machinery changed blood exposure in mice. organism: Mouse tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal epithelium and plasma experimental_model: Transporter inhibition in Caco-2 cells; intestinal SR-BI transgenic mice limitations: Partial uptake inhibition is not proof of a sole transporter. Ezetimibe result is a cell assay, not a clinical drug-interaction trial. exposure: All-E and 5Z lycopene; mice received 0.25 g/kg diet for one month evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/18641187.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7c71fd4fd3be9d14176bceb3c2104143269a788587feec232350a6f1c5913e3d", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1557, "text_sha256": "7c71fd4fd3be9d14176bceb3c2104143269a788587feec232350a6f1c5913e3d"} [lycopene-p18641187] Lycopene absorption in human intestinal cells and in mice involves scavenger receptor class B type I but not Niemann-Pick C1-like 1. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18641187/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/138.8.1432
Complete structured claim and evidence
Cis lycopene isomers entered mixed micelles more efficiently than all-trans lycopene during simulated digestion.
Study-specified cis-lycopene isomer pool → Lycopene incorporation into digestive mixed micelles source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/18287353.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "55379407d287c9a3c0057c1b7be3834f11e0349aed2821085aa0ef0e1a587ac1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1542, "text_sha256": "55379407d287c9a3c0057c1b7be3834f11e0349aed2821085aa0ef0e1a587ac1"}
experimental_model
Simulated digestion followed by Caco-2 uptake
exposure
Gac aril or oil cooked with rice; isomer-specific measurements
limitations
Food matrix and cell model; not a human fractional-absorption comparison.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Cell-free digestion and human Caco-2 cells
plain_language
The bent forms reached the digestible micelle fraction more readily in this meal model.
primary_references
[lycopene-p18287353] In vitro micellarization and intestinal cell uptake of cis isomers of lycopene exceed those of all-trans lycopene. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18287353/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/138.3.482
tissue_or_cell_type
Cooked gac meals; mixed micelles and enterocyte model
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 143–154
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Simulated digestion followed by Caco-2 uptake · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-cis-micelles Cis lycopene isomers entered mixed micelles more efficiently than all-trans lycopene during simulated digestion. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The bent forms reached the digestible micelle fraction more readily in this meal model. organism: Cell-free digestion and human Caco-2 cells tissue_or_cell_type: Cooked gac meals; mixed micelles and enterocyte model experimental_model: Simulated digestion followed by Caco-2 uptake limitations: Food matrix and cell model; not a human fractional-absorption comparison. exposure: Gac aril or oil cooked with rice; isomer-specific measurements evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/18287353.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "55379407d287c9a3c0057c1b7be3834f11e0349aed2821085aa0ef0e1a587ac1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1542, "text_sha256": "55379407d287c9a3c0057c1b7be3834f11e0349aed2821085aa0ef0e1a587ac1"} [lycopene-p18287353] In vitro micellarization and intestinal cell uptake of cis isomers of lycopene exceed those of all-trans lycopene. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18287353/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/138.3.482
Complete structured claim and evidence
Caco-2 uptake of cis lycopene exceeded all-trans uptake after simulated gac-meal digestion.
Study-specified cis-lycopene isomer pool → Intestinal epithelial lycopene uptake source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/18287353.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "55379407d287c9a3c0057c1b7be3834f11e0349aed2821085aa0ef0e1a587ac1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1542, "text_sha256": "55379407d287c9a3c0057c1b7be3834f11e0349aed2821085aa0ef0e1a587ac1"}
experimental_model
Simulated digestion followed by Caco-2 uptake
exposure
Gac aril or oil cooked with rice; isomer-specific measurements
limitations
Food matrix and cell model; not a human fractional-absorption comparison.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Cell-free digestion and human Caco-2 cells
plain_language
Better delivery to cultured intestinal cells is not automatically better whole-body absorption.
primary_references
[lycopene-p18287353] In vitro micellarization and intestinal cell uptake of cis isomers of lycopene exceed those of all-trans lycopene. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18287353/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/138.3.482
tissue_or_cell_type
Cooked gac meals; mixed micelles and enterocyte model
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 156–167
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Simulated digestion followed by Caco-2 uptake · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-cis-caco Caco-2 uptake of cis lycopene exceeded all-trans uptake after simulated gac-meal digestion. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Better delivery to cultured intestinal cells is not automatically better whole-body absorption. organism: Cell-free digestion and human Caco-2 cells tissue_or_cell_type: Cooked gac meals; mixed micelles and enterocyte model experimental_model: Simulated digestion followed by Caco-2 uptake limitations: Food matrix and cell model; not a human fractional-absorption comparison. exposure: Gac aril or oil cooked with rice; isomer-specific measurements evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/18287353.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "55379407d287c9a3c0057c1b7be3834f11e0349aed2821085aa0ef0e1a587ac1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1542, "text_sha256": "55379407d287c9a3c0057c1b7be3834f11e0349aed2821085aa0ef0e1a587ac1"} [lycopene-p18287353] In vitro micellarization and intestinal cell uptake of cis isomers of lycopene exceed those of all-trans lycopene. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18287353/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/138.3.482
Complete structured claim and evidence
Tangerine tomato juice produced an 8.5-fold higher lycopene bioavailability response than red juice in this crossover trial.
Study-specific tangerine tomato juice → Postprandial lycopene response in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/25620547.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "bfcae4ee14a42c46972a911970a2cd85383c1f8ded5bf95b91dbae0e5c110d82", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1385, "text_sha256": "bfcae4ee14a42c46972a911970a2cd85383c1f8ded5bf95b91dbae0e5c110d82"}
experimental_model
Randomized crossover meal trial
exposure
10 mg lycopene from tangerine juice, 94% cis, versus red juice, 10% cis; 12-hour sampling
limitations
Isomer composition and crystalline versus globular food deposition changed together; cannot isolate isomer chemistry alone.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human, 11 adults
plain_language
Both the shape of the molecule and its packaging in the tomato may matter.
primary_references
[lycopene-p25620547] Enhanced bioavailability of lycopene when consumed as cis-isomers from tangerine compared to red tomato juice, a randomized, cross-over clinical trial. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25620547/ DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400658
tissue_or_cell_type
Plasma triglyceride-rich lipoproteins
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 182–193
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized crossover meal trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-tangerine-absorption Tangerine tomato juice produced an 8.5-fold higher lycopene bioavailability response than red juice in this crossover trial. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Both the shape of the molecule and its packaging in the tomato may matter. organism: Human, 11 adults tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma triglyceride-rich lipoproteins experimental_model: Randomized crossover meal trial limitations: Isomer composition and crystalline versus globular food deposition changed together; cannot isolate isomer chemistry alone. exposure: 10 mg lycopene from tangerine juice, 94% cis, versus red juice, 10% cis; 12-hour sampling evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/25620547.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "bfcae4ee14a42c46972a911970a2cd85383c1f8ded5bf95b91dbae0e5c110d82", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1385, "text_sha256": "bfcae4ee14a42c46972a911970a2cd85383c1f8ded5bf95b91dbae0e5c110d82"} [lycopene-p25620547] Enhanced bioavailability of lycopene when consumed as cis-isomers from tangerine compared to red tomato juice, a randomized, cross-over clinical trial. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25620547/ DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400658
Complete structured claim and evidence
Mean fractional lycopene absorption was 23% ± 6% in the human carbon-13 tracer experiment.
Lycopene → Fractional absorption of administered lycopene source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/26561629.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "fdc01c055cd2de5fc7523b3a3f4486ea939d5d197aaf214000328194f9586682", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2207, "text_sha256": "fdc01c055cd2de5fc7523b3a3f4486ea939d5d197aaf214000328194f9586682"}
experimental_model
Stable-isotope tracer and seven-compartment kinetic modeling
exposure
10.2 mg carbon-13 lycopene, 82% all-trans and 18% cis
limitations
Small study; model-dependent pool estimates; formulation differs from food-matrix comparisons.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human, eight healthy adults
plain_language
Only part of an oral dose reached the body in this study.
primary_references
[lycopene-p26561629] Compartmental and noncompartmental modeling of ¹³C-lycopene absorption, isomerization, and distribution kinetics in healthy adults. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26561629/ DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.103143
tissue_or_cell_type
Plasma over 28 days and modeled tissue pools
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 195–206
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Stable-isotope tracer and seven-compartment kinetic modeling · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-tracer-absorption Mean fractional lycopene absorption was 23% ± 6% in the human carbon-13 tracer experiment. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Only part of an oral dose reached the body in this study. organism: Human, eight healthy adults tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma over 28 days and modeled tissue pools experimental_model: Stable-isotope tracer and seven-compartment kinetic modeling limitations: Small study; model-dependent pool estimates; formulation differs from food-matrix comparisons. exposure: 10.2 mg carbon-13 lycopene, 82% all-trans and 18% cis evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/26561629.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "fdc01c055cd2de5fc7523b3a3f4486ea939d5d197aaf214000328194f9586682", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2207, "text_sha256": "fdc01c055cd2de5fc7523b3a3f4486ea939d5d197aaf214000328194f9586682"} [lycopene-p26561629] Compartmental and noncompartmental modeling of ¹³C-lycopene absorption, isomerization, and distribution kinetics in healthy adults. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26561629/ DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.103143
Complete structured claim and evidence
Modeled bioavailability did not differ between cis lycopene, 24.5% ± 6%, and all-trans lycopene, 23.2% ± 8%.
Study-specified cis-lycopene isomer pool → Fractional absorption of administered lycopene source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/26561629.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "fdc01c055cd2de5fc7523b3a3f4486ea939d5d197aaf214000328194f9586682", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2207, "text_sha256": "fdc01c055cd2de5fc7523b3a3f4486ea939d5d197aaf214000328194f9586682"}
experimental_model
Stable-isotope tracer and seven-compartment kinetic modeling
exposure
10.2 mg carbon-13 lycopene, 82% all-trans and 18% cis
limitations
Small study; model-dependent pool estimates; formulation differs from food-matrix comparisons.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human, eight healthy adults
plain_language
Cis forms were not universally better absorbed under these conditions.
primary_references
[lycopene-p26561629] Compartmental and noncompartmental modeling of ¹³C-lycopene absorption, isomerization, and distribution kinetics in healthy adults. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26561629/ DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.103143
tissue_or_cell_type
Plasma over 28 days and modeled tissue pools
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 208–219
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Stable-isotope tracer and seven-compartment kinetic modeling · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-isomer-absorption-null Modeled bioavailability did not differ between cis lycopene, 24.5% ± 6%, and all-trans lycopene, 23.2% ± 8%. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Cis forms were not universally better absorbed under these conditions. organism: Human, eight healthy adults tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma over 28 days and modeled tissue pools experimental_model: Stable-isotope tracer and seven-compartment kinetic modeling limitations: Small study; model-dependent pool estimates; formulation differs from food-matrix comparisons. exposure: 10.2 mg carbon-13 lycopene, 82% all-trans and 18% cis evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/26561629.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "fdc01c055cd2de5fc7523b3a3f4486ea939d5d197aaf214000328194f9586682", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2207, "text_sha256": "fdc01c055cd2de5fc7523b3a3f4486ea939d5d197aaf214000328194f9586682"} [lycopene-p26561629] Compartmental and noncompartmental modeling of ¹³C-lycopene absorption, isomerization, and distribution kinetics in healthy adults. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26561629/ DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.103143
Complete structured claim and evidence
Modeled endogenous trans-to-cis conversion, 0.97 ± 0.25 micromol/day in the fast-turnover pool, explained cis enrichment.
Endogenous trans-to-cis lycopene isomerization → Plasma lycopene cis/trans isomer profile source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/26561629.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "fdc01c055cd2de5fc7523b3a3f4486ea939d5d197aaf214000328194f9586682", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2207, "text_sha256": "fdc01c055cd2de5fc7523b3a3f4486ea939d5d197aaf214000328194f9586682"}
experimental_model
Stable-isotope tracer and seven-compartment kinetic modeling
exposure
10.2 mg carbon-13 lycopene, 82% all-trans and 18% cis
limitations
Small study; model-dependent pool estimates; formulation differs from food-matrix comparisons.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human, eight healthy adults
plain_language
The body can change lycopene shape after absorption.
primary_references
[lycopene-p26561629] Compartmental and noncompartmental modeling of ¹³C-lycopene absorption, isomerization, and distribution kinetics in healthy adults. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26561629/ DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.103143
tissue_or_cell_type
Plasma over 28 days and modeled tissue pools
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 221–232
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Stable-isotope tracer and seven-compartment kinetic modeling · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-postabsorptive-isomerization Modeled endogenous trans-to-cis conversion, 0.97 ± 0.25 micromol/day in the fast-turnover pool, explained cis enrichment. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The body can change lycopene shape after absorption. organism: Human, eight healthy adults tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma over 28 days and modeled tissue pools experimental_model: Stable-isotope tracer and seven-compartment kinetic modeling limitations: Small study; model-dependent pool estimates; formulation differs from food-matrix comparisons. exposure: 10.2 mg carbon-13 lycopene, 82% all-trans and 18% cis evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/26561629.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "fdc01c055cd2de5fc7523b3a3f4486ea939d5d197aaf214000328194f9586682", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2207, "text_sha256": "fdc01c055cd2de5fc7523b3a3f4486ea939d5d197aaf214000328194f9586682"} [lycopene-p26561629] Compartmental and noncompartmental modeling of ¹³C-lycopene absorption, isomerization, and distribution kinetics in healthy adults. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26561629/ DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.103143
Complete structured claim and evidence
All-trans tracer half-life was 5.3 ± 0.3 days versus 8.8 ± 0.6 days for cis isomers.
All-trans-lycopene / all-E-lycopene → Plasma lycopene isomer half-life source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/26561629.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "fdc01c055cd2de5fc7523b3a3f4486ea939d5d197aaf214000328194f9586682", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2207, "text_sha256": "fdc01c055cd2de5fc7523b3a3f4486ea939d5d197aaf214000328194f9586682"}
experimental_model
Stable-isotope tracer and seven-compartment kinetic modeling
exposure
10.2 mg carbon-13 lycopene, 82% all-trans and 18% cis
limitations
Small study; model-dependent pool estimates; formulation differs from food-matrix comparisons.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human, eight healthy adults
plain_language
Different forms remain in circulation for different lengths of time.
primary_references
[lycopene-p26561629] Compartmental and noncompartmental modeling of ¹³C-lycopene absorption, isomerization, and distribution kinetics in healthy adults. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26561629/ DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.103143
tissue_or_cell_type
Plasma over 28 days and modeled tissue pools
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 234–245
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Stable-isotope tracer and seven-compartment kinetic modeling · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-isomer-half-life All-trans tracer half-life was 5.3 ± 0.3 days versus 8.8 ± 0.6 days for cis isomers. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Different forms remain in circulation for different lengths of time. organism: Human, eight healthy adults tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma over 28 days and modeled tissue pools experimental_model: Stable-isotope tracer and seven-compartment kinetic modeling limitations: Small study; model-dependent pool estimates; formulation differs from food-matrix comparisons. exposure: 10.2 mg carbon-13 lycopene, 82% all-trans and 18% cis evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/26561629.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "fdc01c055cd2de5fc7523b3a3f4486ea939d5d197aaf214000328194f9586682", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2207, "text_sha256": "fdc01c055cd2de5fc7523b3a3f4486ea939d5d197aaf214000328194f9586682"} [lycopene-p26561629] Compartmental and noncompartmental modeling of ¹³C-lycopene absorption, isomerization, and distribution kinetics in healthy adults. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26561629/ DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.103143
Complete structured claim and evidence
Approximately 79% ± 9% of plasma lycopene was associated with LDL in seven participants.
Lycopene → Lycopene distribution into the LDL plasma fraction source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/7562097.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a8e551bad4ddb5e7eb7d3c8d796a94532e7f4701e891d9daae92a44bfb04179b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1620, "text_sha256": "a8e551bad4ddb5e7eb7d3c8d796a94532e7f4701e891d9daae92a44bfb04179b"}
experimental_model
Plasma lipoprotein fractionation and ex-vivo incubation
exposure
Native plasma distributions and incubation experiments
limitations
Small descriptive study; distribution is not proof that raising LDL improves delivery or health.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human, seven normolipidemic participants
plain_language
Lycopene travels with blood lipoproteins; a blood measurement also reflects its carriers.
primary_references
[lycopene-p7562097] Distributions of carotenoids and alpha-tocopherol among lipoproteins do not change when human plasma is incubated in vitro. (1995). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7562097/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/125.10.2610
tissue_or_cell_type
Plasma LDL, HDL and VLDL
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 247–258
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Plasma lipoprotein fractionation and ex-vivo incubation · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-ldl-carriage Approximately 79% ± 9% of plasma lycopene was associated with LDL in seven participants. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Lycopene travels with blood lipoproteins; a blood measurement also reflects its carriers. organism: Human, seven normolipidemic participants tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma LDL, HDL and VLDL experimental_model: Plasma lipoprotein fractionation and ex-vivo incubation limitations: Small descriptive study; distribution is not proof that raising LDL improves delivery or health. exposure: Native plasma distributions and incubation experiments evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/7562097.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a8e551bad4ddb5e7eb7d3c8d796a94532e7f4701e891d9daae92a44bfb04179b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1620, "text_sha256": "a8e551bad4ddb5e7eb7d3c8d796a94532e7f4701e891d9daae92a44bfb04179b"} [lycopene-p7562097] Distributions of carotenoids and alpha-tocopherol among lipoproteins do not change when human plasma is incubated in vitro. (1995). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7562097/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/125.10.2610
Complete structured claim and evidence
CD36 inhibition or partial knockdown reduced lycopene uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
Mouse fatty-acid translocase / Cd36 → Lycopene uptake by adipocytes source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/21462325.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "de4990e5a9c520e6e528e181a4e81a469a4ebac313151bfa7828ad935b04a823", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1048, "text_sha256": "de4990e5a9c520e6e528e181a4e81a469a4ebac313151bfa7828ad935b04a823"}
experimental_model
Transport inhibition, siRNA, overexpression and knockout explants
exposure
CD36 inhibitor, partial knockdown and Cd36-null tissue
limitations
Do not relabel adipose results as intestinal uptake or a clinical human transport-deficiency syndrome.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes and mouse adipose explants; COS-1 expression experiment
plain_language
Fat cells have uptake machinery for lycopene too.
primary_references
[lycopene-p21462325] CD36 is involved in lycopene and lutein uptake by adipocytes and adipose tissue cultures. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21462325/ DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000399
tissue_or_cell_type
Adipocytes and adipose tissue
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 260–271
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Transport inhibition, siRNA, overexpression and knockout explants · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-cd36-adipocyte CD36 inhibition or partial knockdown reduced lycopene uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Fat cells have uptake machinery for lycopene too. organism: Mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes and mouse adipose explants; COS-1 expression experiment tissue_or_cell_type: Adipocytes and adipose tissue experimental_model: Transport inhibition, siRNA, overexpression and knockout explants limitations: Do not relabel adipose results as intestinal uptake or a clinical human transport-deficiency syndrome. exposure: CD36 inhibitor, partial knockdown and Cd36-null tissue evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/21462325.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "de4990e5a9c520e6e528e181a4e81a469a4ebac313151bfa7828ad935b04a823", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1048, "text_sha256": "de4990e5a9c520e6e528e181a4e81a469a4ebac313151bfa7828ad935b04a823"} [lycopene-p21462325] CD36 is involved in lycopene and lutein uptake by adipocytes and adipose tissue cultures. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21462325/ DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000399
Complete structured claim and evidence
Adipose explants from Cd36-null mice took up less lycopene than wild-type explants.
Mouse Cd36 knockout → Lycopene uptake by mouse adipose explants source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/21462325.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "de4990e5a9c520e6e528e181a4e81a469a4ebac313151bfa7828ad935b04a823", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1048, "text_sha256": "de4990e5a9c520e6e528e181a4e81a469a4ebac313151bfa7828ad935b04a823"}
experimental_model
Transport inhibition, siRNA, overexpression and knockout explants
exposure
CD36 inhibitor, partial knockdown and Cd36-null tissue
limitations
Do not relabel adipose results as intestinal uptake or a clinical human transport-deficiency syndrome.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes and mouse adipose explants; COS-1 expression experiment
plain_language
Removing this transporter reduced entry into mouse fat tissue.
primary_references
[lycopene-p21462325] CD36 is involved in lycopene and lutein uptake by adipocytes and adipose tissue cultures. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21462325/ DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000399
tissue_or_cell_type
Adipocytes and adipose tissue
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 273–284
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Transport inhibition, siRNA, overexpression and knockout explants · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-cd36-knockout Adipose explants from Cd36-null mice took up less lycopene than wild-type explants. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Removing this transporter reduced entry into mouse fat tissue. organism: Mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes and mouse adipose explants; COS-1 expression experiment tissue_or_cell_type: Adipocytes and adipose tissue experimental_model: Transport inhibition, siRNA, overexpression and knockout explants limitations: Do not relabel adipose results as intestinal uptake or a clinical human transport-deficiency syndrome. exposure: CD36 inhibitor, partial knockdown and Cd36-null tissue evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/21462325.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "de4990e5a9c520e6e528e181a4e81a469a4ebac313151bfa7828ad935b04a823", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1048, "text_sha256": "de4990e5a9c520e6e528e181a4e81a469a4ebac313151bfa7828ad935b04a823"} [lycopene-p21462325] CD36 is involved in lycopene and lutein uptake by adipocytes and adipose tissue cultures. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21462325/ DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000399
Complete structured claim and evidence
Ferret BCO2 cleaved 5-cis lycopene at the 9-prime,10-prime bond to apo-10-prime-lycopenal.
Ferret beta-carotene oxygenase 2 / BCO2 → Apo-10-prime-lycopenal source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/16672231.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "135695c9d3106469d8d64ec0806ba5bf048f0f1df6f3e3cd53e838e50b960445", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1967, "text_sha256": "135695c9d3106469d8d64ec0806ba5bf048f0f1df6f3e3cd53e838e50b960445"}
experimental_model
Recombinant ferret enzyme and tissue-fraction metabolism
exposure
5-cis, 13-cis and all-trans lycopene; iron; NAD+ or NADH
limitations
Ferret experiments do not quantify human cleavage flux or predict supplement response.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Ferret
plain_language
An enzyme can cut a bent lycopene molecule into a smaller signaling candidate.
primary_references
[lycopene-p16672231] The biochemical characterization of ferret carotene-9',10'-monooxygenase catalyzing cleavage of carotenoids in vitro and in vivo. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16672231/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m512095200
tissue_or_cell_type
BCO2 enzyme; hepatic fractions and lung
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 286–297
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Recombinant ferret enzyme and tissue-fraction metabolism · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-bco2-5cis Ferret BCO2 cleaved 5-cis lycopene at the 9-prime,10-prime bond to apo-10-prime-lycopenal. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: An enzyme can cut a bent lycopene molecule into a smaller signaling candidate. organism: Ferret tissue_or_cell_type: BCO2 enzyme; hepatic fractions and lung experimental_model: Recombinant ferret enzyme and tissue-fraction metabolism limitations: Ferret experiments do not quantify human cleavage flux or predict supplement response. exposure: 5-cis, 13-cis and all-trans lycopene; iron; NAD+ or NADH evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/16672231.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "135695c9d3106469d8d64ec0806ba5bf048f0f1df6f3e3cd53e838e50b960445", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1967, "text_sha256": "135695c9d3106469d8d64ec0806ba5bf048f0f1df6f3e3cd53e838e50b960445"} [lycopene-p16672231] The biochemical characterization of ferret carotene-9',10'-monooxygenase catalyzing cleavage of carotenoids in vitro and in vivo. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16672231/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m512095200
Complete structured claim and evidence
Ferret BCO2 also cleaved 13-cis lycopene to apo-10-prime-lycopenal.
Ferret beta-carotene oxygenase 2 / BCO2 → Apo-10-prime-lycopenal source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/16672231.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "135695c9d3106469d8d64ec0806ba5bf048f0f1df6f3e3cd53e838e50b960445", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1967, "text_sha256": "135695c9d3106469d8d64ec0806ba5bf048f0f1df6f3e3cd53e838e50b960445"}
experimental_model
Recombinant ferret enzyme and tissue-fraction metabolism
exposure
5-cis, 13-cis and all-trans lycopene; iron; NAD+ or NADH
limitations
Ferret experiments do not quantify human cleavage flux or predict supplement response.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Ferret
plain_language
Another cis form entered the same measured cleavage route.
primary_references
[lycopene-p16672231] The biochemical characterization of ferret carotene-9',10'-monooxygenase catalyzing cleavage of carotenoids in vitro and in vivo. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16672231/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m512095200
tissue_or_cell_type
BCO2 enzyme; hepatic fractions and lung
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 299–310
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Recombinant ferret enzyme and tissue-fraction metabolism · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-bco2-13cis Ferret BCO2 also cleaved 13-cis lycopene to apo-10-prime-lycopenal. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Another cis form entered the same measured cleavage route. organism: Ferret tissue_or_cell_type: BCO2 enzyme; hepatic fractions and lung experimental_model: Recombinant ferret enzyme and tissue-fraction metabolism limitations: Ferret experiments do not quantify human cleavage flux or predict supplement response. exposure: 5-cis, 13-cis and all-trans lycopene; iron; NAD+ or NADH evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/16672231.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "135695c9d3106469d8d64ec0806ba5bf048f0f1df6f3e3cd53e838e50b960445", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1967, "text_sha256": "135695c9d3106469d8d64ec0806ba5bf048f0f1df6f3e3cd53e838e50b960445"} [lycopene-p16672231] The biochemical characterization of ferret carotene-9',10'-monooxygenase catalyzing cleavage of carotenoids in vitro and in vivo. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16672231/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m512095200
Complete structured claim and evidence
All-trans lycopene was not cleaved by ferret BCO2 under the reported conditions.
Ferret beta-carotene oxygenase 2 / BCO2 → All-trans-lycopene / all-E-lycopene source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/16672231.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "135695c9d3106469d8d64ec0806ba5bf048f0f1df6f3e3cd53e838e50b960445", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1967, "text_sha256": "135695c9d3106469d8d64ec0806ba5bf048f0f1df6f3e3cd53e838e50b960445"}
experimental_model
Recombinant ferret enzyme and tissue-fraction metabolism
exposure
5-cis, 13-cis and all-trans lycopene; iron; NAD+ or NADH
limitations
Ferret experiments do not quantify human cleavage flux or predict supplement response.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Ferret
plain_language
The straight form did not behave like the cis forms in this enzyme assay.
primary_references
[lycopene-p16672231] The biochemical characterization of ferret carotene-9',10'-monooxygenase catalyzing cleavage of carotenoids in vitro and in vivo. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16672231/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m512095200
tissue_or_cell_type
BCO2 enzyme; hepatic fractions and lung
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 312–323
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Recombinant ferret enzyme and tissue-fraction metabolism · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-bco2-trans-null All-trans lycopene was not cleaved by ferret BCO2 under the reported conditions. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The straight form did not behave like the cis forms in this enzyme assay. organism: Ferret tissue_or_cell_type: BCO2 enzyme; hepatic fractions and lung experimental_model: Recombinant ferret enzyme and tissue-fraction metabolism limitations: Ferret experiments do not quantify human cleavage flux or predict supplement response. exposure: 5-cis, 13-cis and all-trans lycopene; iron; NAD+ or NADH evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/16672231.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "135695c9d3106469d8d64ec0806ba5bf048f0f1df6f3e3cd53e838e50b960445", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1967, "text_sha256": "135695c9d3106469d8d64ec0806ba5bf048f0f1df6f3e3cd53e838e50b960445"} [lycopene-p16672231] The biochemical characterization of ferret carotene-9',10'-monooxygenase catalyzing cleavage of carotenoids in vitro and in vivo. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16672231/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m512095200
Complete structured claim and evidence
Lycopene-fed ferrets accumulated cis isomers and detectable apo-10-prime-lycopenol in lung tissue.
All-trans-lycopene / all-E-lycopene → Ferret lung apo-10-prime-lycopenol content source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/16672231.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "135695c9d3106469d8d64ec0806ba5bf048f0f1df6f3e3cd53e838e50b960445", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1967, "text_sha256": "135695c9d3106469d8d64ec0806ba5bf048f0f1df6f3e3cd53e838e50b960445"}
experimental_model
Recombinant ferret enzyme and tissue-fraction metabolism
exposure
5-cis, 13-cis and all-trans lycopene; iron; NAD+ or NADH
limitations
Ferret experiments do not quantify human cleavage flux or predict supplement response.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Ferret
plain_language
The animal experiment detected a downstream metabolite as well as intact lycopene.
primary_references
[lycopene-p16672231] The biochemical characterization of ferret carotene-9',10'-monooxygenase catalyzing cleavage of carotenoids in vitro and in vivo. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16672231/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m512095200
tissue_or_cell_type
BCO2 enzyme; hepatic fractions and lung
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 364–375
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Recombinant ferret enzyme and tissue-fraction metabolism · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-ferret-lung-metabolite Lycopene-fed ferrets accumulated cis isomers and detectable apo-10-prime-lycopenol in lung tissue. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The animal experiment detected a downstream metabolite as well as intact lycopene. organism: Ferret tissue_or_cell_type: BCO2 enzyme; hepatic fractions and lung experimental_model: Recombinant ferret enzyme and tissue-fraction metabolism limitations: Ferret experiments do not quantify human cleavage flux or predict supplement response. exposure: 5-cis, 13-cis and all-trans lycopene; iron; NAD+ or NADH evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/16672231.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "135695c9d3106469d8d64ec0806ba5bf048f0f1df6f3e3cd53e838e50b960445", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1967, "text_sha256": "135695c9d3106469d8d64ec0806ba5bf048f0f1df6f3e3cd53e838e50b960445"} [lycopene-p16672231] The biochemical characterization of ferret carotene-9',10'-monooxygenase catalyzing cleavage of carotenoids in vitro and in vivo. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16672231/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m512095200
Complete structured claim and evidence
Purified recombinant human BCO1 generated acycloretinal from lycopene, with reported catalytic efficiency similar to beta-carotene.
Beta-carotene oxygenase 1 / BCO1 → Acycloretinal source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/24187135.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "cf8ce69a4772c58e274590a2e3f251bed46de77b4d844b54c98d39fcd27e3e91", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1772, "text_sha256": "cf8ce69a4772c58e274590a2e3f251bed46de77b4d844b54c98d39fcd27e3e91"}
experimental_model
Purified recombinant human enzyme kinetics
exposure
Substrate panel; product chromatography
limitations
Activity in a purified enzyme system does not establish dominant in-vivo flux; acycloretinal is not retinal or vitamin A.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human BCO1 expressed in E. coli
plain_language
This product lacks the ring of vitamin-A retinal; cleavage does not make lycopene a vitamin A source.
primary_references
[lycopene-p24187135] Substrate specificity of purified recombinant human β-carotene 15,15'-oxygenase (BCO1). (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24187135/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.507160
tissue_or_cell_type
Cell-free carotenoid cleavage
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 377–388
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified recombinant human enzyme kinetics · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-bco1-acycloretinal Purified recombinant human BCO1 generated acycloretinal from lycopene, with reported catalytic efficiency similar to beta-carotene. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This product lacks the ring of vitamin-A retinal; cleavage does not make lycopene a vitamin A source. organism: Human BCO1 expressed in E. coli tissue_or_cell_type: Cell-free carotenoid cleavage experimental_model: Purified recombinant human enzyme kinetics limitations: Activity in a purified enzyme system does not establish dominant in-vivo flux; acycloretinal is not retinal or vitamin A. exposure: Substrate panel; product chromatography evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/24187135.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "cf8ce69a4772c58e274590a2e3f251bed46de77b4d844b54c98d39fcd27e3e91", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1772, "text_sha256": "cf8ce69a4772c58e274590a2e3f251bed46de77b4d844b54c98d39fcd27e3e91"} [lycopene-p24187135] Substrate specificity of purified recombinant human β-carotene 15,15'-oxygenase (BCO1). (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24187135/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.507160
Complete structured claim and evidence
The 2002 human BCO1 study concluded that efficient cleavage required at least one unsubstituted beta-ionone ring.
Beta-carotene oxygenase 1 / BCO1 → Human BCO1 carotenoid substrate specificity source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/11960992.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "42dd2ebd13adbf84c3f6f89de7374995253ff8f433cc72f32191eceb3c7eb3a0", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1324, "text_sha256": "42dd2ebd13adbf84c3f6f89de7374995253ff8f433cc72f32191eceb3c7eb3a0"}
experimental_model
Purified recombinant human enzyme substrate-specificity analysis
exposure
Carotenoid substrate panel
limitations
Abstract supports the reported ring requirement; it does not supply a lycopene-specific numerical detection limit.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human BCO1 expressed in insect cells
plain_language
An earlier experiment proposed a substrate rule that the later lycopene result challenges.
primary_references
[lycopene-p11960992] Biochemical properties of purified recombinant human beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase. (2002). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11960992/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m202756200
tissue_or_cell_type
Cell-free enzyme assay
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 390–401
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified recombinant human enzyme substrate-specificity analysis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-bco1-ring-rule The 2002 human BCO1 study concluded that efficient cleavage required at least one unsubstituted beta-ionone ring. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: An earlier experiment proposed a substrate rule that the later lycopene result challenges. organism: Human BCO1 expressed in insect cells tissue_or_cell_type: Cell-free enzyme assay experimental_model: Purified recombinant human enzyme substrate-specificity analysis limitations: Abstract supports the reported ring requirement; it does not supply a lycopene-specific numerical detection limit. exposure: Carotenoid substrate panel evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/11960992.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "42dd2ebd13adbf84c3f6f89de7374995253ff8f433cc72f32191eceb3c7eb3a0", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1324, "text_sha256": "42dd2ebd13adbf84c3f6f89de7374995253ff8f433cc72f32191eceb3c7eb3a0"} [lycopene-p11960992] Biochemical properties of purified recombinant human beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase. (2002). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11960992/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m202756200
Complete structured claim and evidence
Apo-6-, 8-, 10-, 12- and 14-prime lycopenals were detected in foods and human plasma; the plasma sum was 1.9 nmol/L.
Lycopene → Circulating apo-lycopenals, individual species specified in study source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/20178389.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "eddfd89ee638c7e574f322fcba2dd9b82b006f235f98a845962fe12b47d0987d", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1451, "text_sha256": "eddfd89ee638c7e574f322fcba2dd9b82b006f235f98a845962fe12b47d0987d"}
experimental_model
HPLC-MS/MS measurement of food and human plasma metabolites
exposure
Tomato juice for eight weeks; chemically prepared analytical standards
limitations
Detection cannot separate absorbed food metabolites from enzymatic or nonenzymatic formation in the body.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human plasma and foods
plain_language
Finding a breakdown product in blood does not tell us where it was made.
primary_references
[lycopene-p20178389] Identification and quantification of apo-lycopenals in fruits, vegetables, and human plasma. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20178389/ DOI: 10.1021/jf100415z
tissue_or_cell_type
Plasma after tomato juice consumption; food extracts
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 403–414
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · HPLC-MS/MS measurement of food and human plasma metabolites · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-plasma-apo-detection Apo-6-, 8-, 10-, 12- and 14-prime lycopenals were detected in foods and human plasma; the plasma sum was 1.9 nmol/L. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Finding a breakdown product in blood does not tell us where it was made. organism: Human plasma and foods tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma after tomato juice consumption; food extracts experimental_model: HPLC-MS/MS measurement of food and human plasma metabolites limitations: Detection cannot separate absorbed food metabolites from enzymatic or nonenzymatic formation in the body. exposure: Tomato juice for eight weeks; chemically prepared analytical standards evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/20178389.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "eddfd89ee638c7e574f322fcba2dd9b82b006f235f98a845962fe12b47d0987d", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1451, "text_sha256": "eddfd89ee638c7e574f322fcba2dd9b82b006f235f98a845962fe12b47d0987d"} [lycopene-p20178389] Identification and quantification of apo-lycopenals in fruits, vegetables, and human plasma. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20178389/ DOI: 10.1021/jf100415z
Complete structured claim and evidence
Lycopene had a reported singlet-oxygen quenching constant of 31 billion per molar per second in the assay.
Lycopene → Singlet molecular oxygen source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/2802626.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "91ad9c300da17ee4e4c78a9ba980a7a4f05eef2328a64b5a9f75d4023abdc521", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1046, "text_sha256": "91ad9c300da17ee4e4c78a9ba980a7a4f05eef2328a64b5a9f75d4023abdc521"}
experimental_model
Cell-free singlet-oxygen quenching comparison
exposure
Lycopene, beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol and albumin-bound bilirubin
limitations
Rate constants are solvent/assay-dependent, not a clinical ranking of antioxidant supplements.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Chemical assay and plasma-concentration comparison
plain_language
It can remove excitation energy from this reactive oxygen species.
primary_references
[lycopene-p2802626] Lycopene as the most efficient biological carotenoid singlet oxygen quencher. (1989). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2802626/ DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(89)90467-0
tissue_or_cell_type
Solution kinetics
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 416–427
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cell-free singlet-oxygen quenching comparison · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-singlet-quenching Lycopene had a reported singlet-oxygen quenching constant of 31 billion per molar per second in the assay. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: It can remove excitation energy from this reactive oxygen species. organism: Chemical assay and plasma-concentration comparison tissue_or_cell_type: Solution kinetics experimental_model: Cell-free singlet-oxygen quenching comparison limitations: Rate constants are solvent/assay-dependent, not a clinical ranking of antioxidant supplements. exposure: Lycopene, beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol and albumin-bound bilirubin evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/2802626.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "91ad9c300da17ee4e4c78a9ba980a7a4f05eef2328a64b5a9f75d4023abdc521", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1046, "text_sha256": "91ad9c300da17ee4e4c78a9ba980a7a4f05eef2328a64b5a9f75d4023abdc521"} [lycopene-p2802626] Lycopene as the most efficient biological carotenoid singlet oxygen quencher. (1989). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2802626/ DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(89)90467-0
Complete structured claim and evidence
Lycopene quenched singlet oxygen faster per molecule than alpha-tocopherol, but concentration-adjusted plasma capacities were comparable.
Lycopene → Alpha-tocopherol source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/2802626.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "91ad9c300da17ee4e4c78a9ba980a7a4f05eef2328a64b5a9f75d4023abdc521", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1046, "text_sha256": "91ad9c300da17ee4e4c78a9ba980a7a4f05eef2328a64b5a9f75d4023abdc521"}
experimental_model
Cell-free singlet-oxygen quenching comparison
exposure
Lycopene, beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol and albumin-bound bilirubin
limitations
Rate constants are solvent/assay-dependent, not a clinical ranking of antioxidant supplements.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Chemical assay and plasma-concentration comparison
plain_language
A faster molecule is not automatically the more important antioxidant in blood.
primary_references
[lycopene-p2802626] Lycopene as the most efficient biological carotenoid singlet oxygen quencher. (1989). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2802626/ DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(89)90467-0
tissue_or_cell_type
Solution kinetics
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 429–440
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cell-free singlet-oxygen quenching comparison · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-quenching-comparison Lycopene quenched singlet oxygen faster per molecule than alpha-tocopherol, but concentration-adjusted plasma capacities were comparable. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A faster molecule is not automatically the more important antioxidant in blood. organism: Chemical assay and plasma-concentration comparison tissue_or_cell_type: Solution kinetics experimental_model: Cell-free singlet-oxygen quenching comparison limitations: Rate constants are solvent/assay-dependent, not a clinical ranking of antioxidant supplements. exposure: Lycopene, beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol and albumin-bound bilirubin evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/2802626.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "91ad9c300da17ee4e4c78a9ba980a7a4f05eef2328a64b5a9f75d4023abdc521", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1046, "text_sha256": "91ad9c300da17ee4e4c78a9ba980a7a4f05eef2328a64b5a9f75d4023abdc521"} [lycopene-p2802626] Lycopene as the most efficient biological carotenoid singlet oxygen quencher. (1989). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2802626/ DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(89)90467-0
Complete structured claim and evidence
Lycopene treatment increased ARE-driven reporter expression in transfected cancer cells.
Lycopene → Antioxidant response element reporter transcription source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/15657364.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a25b93d6074a1e560bf1e163aa70c511e99199b9bb62ccdffdbe70e51fcc7c32", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1890, "text_sha256": "a25b93d6074a1e560bf1e163aa70c511e99199b9bb62ccdffdbe70e51fcc7c32"}
experimental_model
Reporter, expression and dominant-negative transcription-factor experiments
exposure
Lycopene and ethanolic derivative extract
limitations
Unidentified derivative extract was active; direct binding of intact lycopene to KEAP1 was not established.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human cancer cell cultures
plain_language
Cells activated a protective gene program in this experiment.
primary_references
[lycopene-p15657364] Carotenoids activate the antioxidant response element transcription system. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15657364/ DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.177.4.1
tissue_or_cell_type
ARE transcription and phase II enzyme expression
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 442–453
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Reporter, expression and dominant-negative transcription-factor experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-are-reporter Lycopene treatment increased ARE-driven reporter expression in transfected cancer cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Cells activated a protective gene program in this experiment. organism: Human cancer cell cultures tissue_or_cell_type: ARE transcription and phase II enzyme expression experimental_model: Reporter, expression and dominant-negative transcription-factor experiments limitations: Unidentified derivative extract was active; direct binding of intact lycopene to KEAP1 was not established. exposure: Lycopene and ethanolic derivative extract evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/15657364.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a25b93d6074a1e560bf1e163aa70c511e99199b9bb62ccdffdbe70e51fcc7c32", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1890, "text_sha256": "a25b93d6074a1e560bf1e163aa70c511e99199b9bb62ccdffdbe70e51fcc7c32"} [lycopene-p15657364] Carotenoids activate the antioxidant response element transcription system. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15657364/ DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.177.4.1
Complete structured claim and evidence
Carotenoid treatment promoted Nrf2 nuclear translocation, including colocalization with PML nuclear bodies.
Lycopene → NRF2 nuclear translocation source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/15657364.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a25b93d6074a1e560bf1e163aa70c511e99199b9bb62ccdffdbe70e51fcc7c32", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1890, "text_sha256": "a25b93d6074a1e560bf1e163aa70c511e99199b9bb62ccdffdbe70e51fcc7c32"}
experimental_model
Reporter, expression and dominant-negative transcription-factor experiments
exposure
Lycopene and ethanolic derivative extract
limitations
Unidentified derivative extract was active; direct binding of intact lycopene to KEAP1 was not established.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human cancer cell cultures
plain_language
The transcription factor moved toward the compartment where it can affect genes.
primary_references
[lycopene-p15657364] Carotenoids activate the antioxidant response element transcription system. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15657364/ DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.177.4.1
tissue_or_cell_type
ARE transcription and phase II enzyme expression
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 455–466
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Reporter, expression and dominant-negative transcription-factor experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-nrf2-location Carotenoid treatment promoted Nrf2 nuclear translocation, including colocalization with PML nuclear bodies. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The transcription factor moved toward the compartment where it can affect genes. organism: Human cancer cell cultures tissue_or_cell_type: ARE transcription and phase II enzyme expression experimental_model: Reporter, expression and dominant-negative transcription-factor experiments limitations: Unidentified derivative extract was active; direct binding of intact lycopene to KEAP1 was not established. exposure: Lycopene and ethanolic derivative extract evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/15657364.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a25b93d6074a1e560bf1e163aa70c511e99199b9bb62ccdffdbe70e51fcc7c32", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1890, "text_sha256": "a25b93d6074a1e560bf1e163aa70c511e99199b9bb62ccdffdbe70e51fcc7c32"} [lycopene-p15657364] Carotenoids activate the antioxidant response element transcription system. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15657364/ DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.177.4.1
Complete structured claim and evidence
An ethanolic lycopene extract containing unidentified hydrophilic derivatives activated ARE with similar potency to the parent preparation.
Unidentified hydrophilic derivatives in lycopene extract → Antioxidant response element reporter transcription source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/15657364.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a25b93d6074a1e560bf1e163aa70c511e99199b9bb62ccdffdbe70e51fcc7c32", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1890, "text_sha256": "a25b93d6074a1e560bf1e163aa70c511e99199b9bb62ccdffdbe70e51fcc7c32"}
experimental_model
Reporter, expression and dominant-negative transcription-factor experiments
exposure
Lycopene and ethanolic derivative extract
limitations
Unidentified derivative extract was active; direct binding of intact lycopene to KEAP1 was not established.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human cancer cell cultures
plain_language
Products formed from lycopene may contribute to the response.
primary_references
[lycopene-p15657364] Carotenoids activate the antioxidant response element transcription system. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15657364/ DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.177.4.1
tissue_or_cell_type
ARE transcription and phase II enzyme expression
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 468–479
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Reporter, expression and dominant-negative transcription-factor experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-derivative-are An ethanolic lycopene extract containing unidentified hydrophilic derivatives activated ARE with similar potency to the parent preparation. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Products formed from lycopene may contribute to the response. organism: Human cancer cell cultures tissue_or_cell_type: ARE transcription and phase II enzyme expression experimental_model: Reporter, expression and dominant-negative transcription-factor experiments limitations: Unidentified derivative extract was active; direct binding of intact lycopene to KEAP1 was not established. exposure: Lycopene and ethanolic derivative extract evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/15657364.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a25b93d6074a1e560bf1e163aa70c511e99199b9bb62ccdffdbe70e51fcc7c32", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1890, "text_sha256": "a25b93d6074a1e560bf1e163aa70c511e99199b9bb62ccdffdbe70e51fcc7c32"} [lycopene-p15657364] Carotenoids activate the antioxidant response element transcription system. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15657364/ DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.177.4.1
Complete structured claim and evidence
Dominant-negative Nrf2 abolished the carotenoid-induced rise in phase II enzymes.
Study-specific dominant-negative human Nrf2 construct → Study-specific phase II enzyme induction source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
availability_state
machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/15657364.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a25b93d6074a1e560bf1e163aa70c511e99199b9bb62ccdffdbe70e51fcc7c32", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1890, "text_sha256": "a25b93d6074a1e560bf1e163aa70c511e99199b9bb62ccdffdbe70e51fcc7c32"}
experimental_model
Reporter, expression and dominant-negative transcription-factor experiments
exposure
Lycopene and ethanolic derivative extract
limitations
Unidentified derivative extract was active; direct binding of intact lycopene to KEAP1 was not established.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human cancer cell cultures
plain_language
A signaling compound cannot produce this response when the experimental gene-control machinery is blocked.
primary_references
[lycopene-p15657364] Carotenoids activate the antioxidant response element transcription system. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15657364/ DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.177.4.1
tissue_or_cell_type
ARE transcription and phase II enzyme expression
trigger_kind
machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 481–492
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Reporter, expression and dominant-negative transcription-factor experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-nrf2-required Dominant-negative Nrf2 abolished the carotenoid-induced rise in phase II enzymes. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A signaling compound cannot produce this response when the experimental gene-control machinery is blocked. organism: Human cancer cell cultures tissue_or_cell_type: ARE transcription and phase II enzyme expression experimental_model: Reporter, expression and dominant-negative transcription-factor experiments limitations: Unidentified derivative extract was active; direct binding of intact lycopene to KEAP1 was not established. exposure: Lycopene and ethanolic derivative extract evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/15657364.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a25b93d6074a1e560bf1e163aa70c511e99199b9bb62ccdffdbe70e51fcc7c32", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1890, "text_sha256": "a25b93d6074a1e560bf1e163aa70c511e99199b9bb62ccdffdbe70e51fcc7c32"} [lycopene-p15657364] Carotenoids activate the antioxidant response element transcription system. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15657364/ DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.177.4.1
Complete structured claim and evidence
Apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid induced heme oxygenase-1 in bronchial epithelial cells.
Apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid → Human heme oxygenase 1 / HMOX1 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/18566994.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e34a21bb159c3e48372fd5cb104bfa50572903a5ef168b10100976a718b7b534", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1416, "text_sha256": "e34a21bb159c3e48372fd5cb104bfa50572903a5ef168b10100976a718b7b534"}
experimental_model
Metabolite exposure and gene/protein/redox measurements
exposure
Time- and dose-dependent apo-10-prime-lycopenoid exposure
limitations
Cell-culture metabolite results do not prove oral lycopene reaches equivalent tissue concentrations or prevents human cancer.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells
plain_language
One responding enzyme handles heme turnover.
primary_references
[lycopene-p18566994] Enzymatic metabolites of lycopene induce Nrf2-mediated expression of phase II detoxifying/antioxidant enzymes in human bronchial epithelial cells. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18566994/ DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23696
tissue_or_cell_type
Nucleus, antioxidant enzymes and intracellular glutathione
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 507–518
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Metabolite exposure and gene/protein/redox measurements · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-apo-hmox1 Apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid induced heme oxygenase-1 in bronchial epithelial cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: One responding enzyme handles heme turnover. organism: Human BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells tissue_or_cell_type: Nucleus, antioxidant enzymes and intracellular glutathione experimental_model: Metabolite exposure and gene/protein/redox measurements limitations: Cell-culture metabolite results do not prove oral lycopene reaches equivalent tissue concentrations or prevents human cancer. exposure: Time- and dose-dependent apo-10-prime-lycopenoid exposure evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/18566994.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e34a21bb159c3e48372fd5cb104bfa50572903a5ef168b10100976a718b7b534", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1416, "text_sha256": "e34a21bb159c3e48372fd5cb104bfa50572903a5ef168b10100976a718b7b534"} [lycopene-p18566994] Enzymatic metabolites of lycopene induce Nrf2-mediated expression of phase II detoxifying/antioxidant enzymes in human bronchial epithelial cells. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18566994/ DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23696
Complete structured claim and evidence
Apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid induced NQO1 in BEAS-2B cells.
Apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid → Human NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 / NQO1 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/18566994.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e34a21bb159c3e48372fd5cb104bfa50572903a5ef168b10100976a718b7b534", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1416, "text_sha256": "e34a21bb159c3e48372fd5cb104bfa50572903a5ef168b10100976a718b7b534"}
experimental_model
Metabolite exposure and gene/protein/redox measurements
exposure
Time- and dose-dependent apo-10-prime-lycopenoid exposure
limitations
Cell-culture metabolite results do not prove oral lycopene reaches equivalent tissue concentrations or prevents human cancer.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells
plain_language
This shares a protective enzyme node with other compounds already in the ledger.
primary_references
[lycopene-p18566994] Enzymatic metabolites of lycopene induce Nrf2-mediated expression of phase II detoxifying/antioxidant enzymes in human bronchial epithelial cells. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18566994/ DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23696
tissue_or_cell_type
Nucleus, antioxidant enzymes and intracellular glutathione
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 520–531
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Metabolite exposure and gene/protein/redox measurements · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-apo-nqo1 Apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid induced NQO1 in BEAS-2B cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This shares a protective enzyme node with other compounds already in the ledger. organism: Human BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells tissue_or_cell_type: Nucleus, antioxidant enzymes and intracellular glutathione experimental_model: Metabolite exposure and gene/protein/redox measurements limitations: Cell-culture metabolite results do not prove oral lycopene reaches equivalent tissue concentrations or prevents human cancer. exposure: Time- and dose-dependent apo-10-prime-lycopenoid exposure evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/18566994.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e34a21bb159c3e48372fd5cb104bfa50572903a5ef168b10100976a718b7b534", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1416, "text_sha256": "e34a21bb159c3e48372fd5cb104bfa50572903a5ef168b10100976a718b7b534"} [lycopene-p18566994] Enzymatic metabolites of lycopene induce Nrf2-mediated expression of phase II detoxifying/antioxidant enzymes in human bronchial epithelial cells. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18566994/ DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23696
Complete structured claim and evidence
Apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid induced glutamate-cysteine ligases in the bronchial-cell experiment.
Apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid → Human glutamate-cysteine ligase, study-resolved complex source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/18566994.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e34a21bb159c3e48372fd5cb104bfa50572903a5ef168b10100976a718b7b534", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1416, "text_sha256": "e34a21bb159c3e48372fd5cb104bfa50572903a5ef168b10100976a718b7b534"}
experimental_model
Metabolite exposure and gene/protein/redox measurements
exposure
Time- and dose-dependent apo-10-prime-lycopenoid exposure
limitations
Cell-culture metabolite results do not prove oral lycopene reaches equivalent tissue concentrations or prevents human cancer.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells
plain_language
The response included machinery used to make glutathione.
primary_references
[lycopene-p18566994] Enzymatic metabolites of lycopene induce Nrf2-mediated expression of phase II detoxifying/antioxidant enzymes in human bronchial epithelial cells. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18566994/ DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23696
tissue_or_cell_type
Nucleus, antioxidant enzymes and intracellular glutathione
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 533–544
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Metabolite exposure and gene/protein/redox measurements · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-apo-gcl Apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid induced glutamate-cysteine ligases in the bronchial-cell experiment. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The response included machinery used to make glutathione. organism: Human BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells tissue_or_cell_type: Nucleus, antioxidant enzymes and intracellular glutathione experimental_model: Metabolite exposure and gene/protein/redox measurements limitations: Cell-culture metabolite results do not prove oral lycopene reaches equivalent tissue concentrations or prevents human cancer. exposure: Time- and dose-dependent apo-10-prime-lycopenoid exposure evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/18566994.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e34a21bb159c3e48372fd5cb104bfa50572903a5ef168b10100976a718b7b534", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1416, "text_sha256": "e34a21bb159c3e48372fd5cb104bfa50572903a5ef168b10100976a718b7b534"} [lycopene-p18566994] Enzymatic metabolites of lycopene induce Nrf2-mediated expression of phase II detoxifying/antioxidant enzymes in human bronchial epithelial cells. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18566994/ DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23696
Complete structured claim and evidence
Apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid induced glutathione S-transferases in BEAS-2B cells.
Apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid → Human glutathione S-transferase family source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/18566994.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e34a21bb159c3e48372fd5cb104bfa50572903a5ef168b10100976a718b7b534", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1416, "text_sha256": "e34a21bb159c3e48372fd5cb104bfa50572903a5ef168b10100976a718b7b534"}
experimental_model
Metabolite exposure and gene/protein/redox measurements
exposure
Time- and dose-dependent apo-10-prime-lycopenoid exposure
limitations
Cell-culture metabolite results do not prove oral lycopene reaches equivalent tissue concentrations or prevents human cancer.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells
plain_language
Some responding enzymes use glutathione in conjugation reactions.
primary_references
[lycopene-p18566994] Enzymatic metabolites of lycopene induce Nrf2-mediated expression of phase II detoxifying/antioxidant enzymes in human bronchial epithelial cells. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18566994/ DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23696
tissue_or_cell_type
Nucleus, antioxidant enzymes and intracellular glutathione
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 546–557
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Metabolite exposure and gene/protein/redox measurements · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-apo-gst Apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid induced glutathione S-transferases in BEAS-2B cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Some responding enzymes use glutathione in conjugation reactions. organism: Human BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells tissue_or_cell_type: Nucleus, antioxidant enzymes and intracellular glutathione experimental_model: Metabolite exposure and gene/protein/redox measurements limitations: Cell-culture metabolite results do not prove oral lycopene reaches equivalent tissue concentrations or prevents human cancer. exposure: Time- and dose-dependent apo-10-prime-lycopenoid exposure evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/18566994.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e34a21bb159c3e48372fd5cb104bfa50572903a5ef168b10100976a718b7b534", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1416, "text_sha256": "e34a21bb159c3e48372fd5cb104bfa50572903a5ef168b10100976a718b7b534"} [lycopene-p18566994] Enzymatic metabolites of lycopene induce Nrf2-mediated expression of phase II detoxifying/antioxidant enzymes in human bronchial epithelial cells. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18566994/ DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23696
Complete structured claim and evidence
The metabolite increased total intracellular glutathione in BEAS-2B cells.
Apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid → Total intracellular glutathione concentration source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/18566994.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e34a21bb159c3e48372fd5cb104bfa50572903a5ef168b10100976a718b7b534", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1416, "text_sha256": "e34a21bb159c3e48372fd5cb104bfa50572903a5ef168b10100976a718b7b534"}
experimental_model
Metabolite exposure and gene/protein/redox measurements
exposure
Time- and dose-dependent apo-10-prime-lycopenoid exposure
limitations
Cell-culture metabolite results do not prove oral lycopene reaches equivalent tissue concentrations or prevents human cancer.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells
plain_language
A measured glutathione pool rose; this does not show that dietary precursors were sufficient in every tissue.
primary_references
[lycopene-p18566994] Enzymatic metabolites of lycopene induce Nrf2-mediated expression of phase II detoxifying/antioxidant enzymes in human bronchial epithelial cells. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18566994/ DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23696
tissue_or_cell_type
Nucleus, antioxidant enzymes and intracellular glutathione
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 559–570
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Metabolite exposure and gene/protein/redox measurements · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-apo-glutathione The metabolite increased total intracellular glutathione in BEAS-2B cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A measured glutathione pool rose; this does not show that dietary precursors were sufficient in every tissue. organism: Human BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells tissue_or_cell_type: Nucleus, antioxidant enzymes and intracellular glutathione experimental_model: Metabolite exposure and gene/protein/redox measurements limitations: Cell-culture metabolite results do not prove oral lycopene reaches equivalent tissue concentrations or prevents human cancer. exposure: Time- and dose-dependent apo-10-prime-lycopenoid exposure evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/18566994.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e34a21bb159c3e48372fd5cb104bfa50572903a5ef168b10100976a718b7b534", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1416, "text_sha256": "e34a21bb159c3e48372fd5cb104bfa50572903a5ef168b10100976a718b7b534"} [lycopene-p18566994] Enzymatic metabolites of lycopene induce Nrf2-mediated expression of phase II detoxifying/antioxidant enzymes in human bronchial epithelial cells. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18566994/ DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23696
Complete structured claim and evidence
The metabolite suppressed endogenous ROS generation and hydrogen-peroxide-induced injury in BEAS-2B cells.
Apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid → Oxidant injury in bronchial epithelial cells source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/18566994.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e34a21bb159c3e48372fd5cb104bfa50572903a5ef168b10100976a718b7b534", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1416, "text_sha256": "e34a21bb159c3e48372fd5cb104bfa50572903a5ef168b10100976a718b7b534"}
experimental_model
Metabolite exposure and gene/protein/redox measurements
exposure
Time- and dose-dependent apo-10-prime-lycopenoid exposure
limitations
Cell-culture metabolite results do not prove oral lycopene reaches equivalent tissue concentrations or prevents human cancer.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells
plain_language
Cells were less vulnerable to the tested oxidant exposure.
primary_references
[lycopene-p18566994] Enzymatic metabolites of lycopene induce Nrf2-mediated expression of phase II detoxifying/antioxidant enzymes in human bronchial epithelial cells. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18566994/ DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23696
tissue_or_cell_type
Nucleus, antioxidant enzymes and intracellular glutathione
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 572–583
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Metabolite exposure and gene/protein/redox measurements · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-apo-oxidant-injury The metabolite suppressed endogenous ROS generation and hydrogen-peroxide-induced injury in BEAS-2B cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Cells were less vulnerable to the tested oxidant exposure. organism: Human BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells tissue_or_cell_type: Nucleus, antioxidant enzymes and intracellular glutathione experimental_model: Metabolite exposure and gene/protein/redox measurements limitations: Cell-culture metabolite results do not prove oral lycopene reaches equivalent tissue concentrations or prevents human cancer. exposure: Time- and dose-dependent apo-10-prime-lycopenoid exposure evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/18566994.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e34a21bb159c3e48372fd5cb104bfa50572903a5ef168b10100976a718b7b534", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1416, "text_sha256": "e34a21bb159c3e48372fd5cb104bfa50572903a5ef168b10100976a718b7b534"} [lycopene-p18566994] Enzymatic metabolites of lycopene induce Nrf2-mediated expression of phase II detoxifying/antioxidant enzymes in human bronchial epithelial cells. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18566994/ DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23696
Complete structured claim and evidence
Apo-10-prime-lycopenol also induced HMOX1 gene expression in BEAS-2B cells.
Apo-10-prime-lycopenol → Human heme oxygenase 1 / HMOX1 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/18566994.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e34a21bb159c3e48372fd5cb104bfa50572903a5ef168b10100976a718b7b534", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1416, "text_sha256": "e34a21bb159c3e48372fd5cb104bfa50572903a5ef168b10100976a718b7b534"}
experimental_model
Metabolite exposure and gene/protein/redox measurements
exposure
Time- and dose-dependent apo-10-prime-lycopenoid exposure
limitations
Cell-culture metabolite results do not prove oral lycopene reaches equivalent tissue concentrations or prevents human cancer.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells
plain_language
The alcohol product had its own recorded activity.
primary_references
[lycopene-p18566994] Enzymatic metabolites of lycopene induce Nrf2-mediated expression of phase II detoxifying/antioxidant enzymes in human bronchial epithelial cells. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18566994/ DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23696
tissue_or_cell_type
Nucleus, antioxidant enzymes and intracellular glutathione
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 585–596
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Metabolite exposure and gene/protein/redox measurements · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-lycopenol-hmox1 Apo-10-prime-lycopenol also induced HMOX1 gene expression in BEAS-2B cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The alcohol product had its own recorded activity. organism: Human BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells tissue_or_cell_type: Nucleus, antioxidant enzymes and intracellular glutathione experimental_model: Metabolite exposure and gene/protein/redox measurements limitations: Cell-culture metabolite results do not prove oral lycopene reaches equivalent tissue concentrations or prevents human cancer. exposure: Time- and dose-dependent apo-10-prime-lycopenoid exposure evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/18566994.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e34a21bb159c3e48372fd5cb104bfa50572903a5ef168b10100976a718b7b534", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1416, "text_sha256": "e34a21bb159c3e48372fd5cb104bfa50572903a5ef168b10100976a718b7b534"} [lycopene-p18566994] Enzymatic metabolites of lycopene induce Nrf2-mediated expression of phase II detoxifying/antioxidant enzymes in human bronchial epithelial cells. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18566994/ DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23696
Complete structured claim and evidence
Apo-10-prime-lycopenal also induced HMOX1 gene expression in BEAS-2B cells.
Apo-10-prime-lycopenal → Human heme oxygenase 1 / HMOX1 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/18566994.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e34a21bb159c3e48372fd5cb104bfa50572903a5ef168b10100976a718b7b534", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1416, "text_sha256": "e34a21bb159c3e48372fd5cb104bfa50572903a5ef168b10100976a718b7b534"}
experimental_model
Metabolite exposure and gene/protein/redox measurements
exposure
Time- and dose-dependent apo-10-prime-lycopenoid exposure
limitations
Cell-culture metabolite results do not prove oral lycopene reaches equivalent tissue concentrations or prevents human cancer.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells
plain_language
The aldehyde product had activity too.
primary_references
[lycopene-p18566994] Enzymatic metabolites of lycopene induce Nrf2-mediated expression of phase II detoxifying/antioxidant enzymes in human bronchial epithelial cells. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18566994/ DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23696
tissue_or_cell_type
Nucleus, antioxidant enzymes and intracellular glutathione
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 598–609
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Metabolite exposure and gene/protein/redox measurements · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-lycopenal-hmox1 Apo-10-prime-lycopenal also induced HMOX1 gene expression in BEAS-2B cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The aldehyde product had activity too. organism: Human BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells tissue_or_cell_type: Nucleus, antioxidant enzymes and intracellular glutathione experimental_model: Metabolite exposure and gene/protein/redox measurements limitations: Cell-culture metabolite results do not prove oral lycopene reaches equivalent tissue concentrations or prevents human cancer. exposure: Time- and dose-dependent apo-10-prime-lycopenoid exposure evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/18566994.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e34a21bb159c3e48372fd5cb104bfa50572903a5ef168b10100976a718b7b534", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1416, "text_sha256": "e34a21bb159c3e48372fd5cb104bfa50572903a5ef168b10100976a718b7b534"} [lycopene-p18566994] Enzymatic metabolites of lycopene induce Nrf2-mediated expression of phase II detoxifying/antioxidant enzymes in human bronchial epithelial cells. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18566994/ DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23696
Complete structured claim and evidence
Lycopene at 0.1 micromolar stimulated gap-junction communication in human fetal skin fibroblasts.
Lycopene → Gap junction communication in human skin fibroblasts source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/10620348.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "dfd11c7c19dcd07e092a601ff44e9c900b5ecd717d3661ac2aca48d5cac72011", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1295, "text_sha256": "dfd11c7c19dcd07e092a601ff44e9c900b5ecd717d3661ac2aca48d5cac72011"}
experimental_model
Gap-junction and promoter/mRNA assays
exposure
Lycopene 0.1 micromolar; acyclo-retinoic acid 1 or 50 micromolar depending on endpoint
limitations
Communication, mRNA stability and RAR reporter responses are distinct; very high metabolite doses are not physiological proof.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human fetal skin fibroblasts and reporter systems
plain_language
Neighboring cells exchanged small signals more readily in this model.
primary_references
[lycopene-p10620348] Stimulation of gap junctional communication: comparison of acyclo-retinoic acid and lycopene. (2000). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10620348/ DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1510
tissue_or_cell_type
Connexin-related intercellular communication
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 611–622
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Gap-junction and promoter/mRNA assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-gap-junction Lycopene at 0.1 micromolar stimulated gap-junction communication in human fetal skin fibroblasts. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Neighboring cells exchanged small signals more readily in this model. organism: Human fetal skin fibroblasts and reporter systems tissue_or_cell_type: Connexin-related intercellular communication experimental_model: Gap-junction and promoter/mRNA assays limitations: Communication, mRNA stability and RAR reporter responses are distinct; very high metabolite doses are not physiological proof. exposure: Lycopene 0.1 micromolar; acyclo-retinoic acid 1 or 50 micromolar depending on endpoint evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/10620348.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "dfd11c7c19dcd07e092a601ff44e9c900b5ecd717d3661ac2aca48d5cac72011", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1295, "text_sha256": "dfd11c7c19dcd07e092a601ff44e9c900b5ecd717d3661ac2aca48d5cac72011"} [lycopene-p10620348] Stimulation of gap junctional communication: comparison of acyclo-retinoic acid and lycopene. (2000). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10620348/ DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1510
Complete structured claim and evidence
Lycopene at 0.1 micromolar was inactive in the connexin-43 mRNA-stabilization assay.
Lycopene → Human GJA1 / connexin-43 mRNA stability source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/10620348.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "dfd11c7c19dcd07e092a601ff44e9c900b5ecd717d3661ac2aca48d5cac72011", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1295, "text_sha256": "dfd11c7c19dcd07e092a601ff44e9c900b5ecd717d3661ac2aca48d5cac72011"}
experimental_model
Gap-junction and promoter/mRNA assays
exposure
Lycopene 0.1 micromolar; acyclo-retinoic acid 1 or 50 micromolar depending on endpoint
limitations
Communication, mRNA stability and RAR reporter responses are distinct; very high metabolite doses are not physiological proof.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human fetal skin fibroblasts and reporter systems
plain_language
Improved communication does not establish every proposed connexin mechanism.
primary_references
[lycopene-p10620348] Stimulation of gap junctional communication: comparison of acyclo-retinoic acid and lycopene. (2000). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10620348/ DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1510
tissue_or_cell_type
Connexin-related intercellular communication
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 624–635
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Gap-junction and promoter/mRNA assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-gja1-stability-null Lycopene at 0.1 micromolar was inactive in the connexin-43 mRNA-stabilization assay. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Improved communication does not establish every proposed connexin mechanism. organism: Human fetal skin fibroblasts and reporter systems tissue_or_cell_type: Connexin-related intercellular communication experimental_model: Gap-junction and promoter/mRNA assays limitations: Communication, mRNA stability and RAR reporter responses are distinct; very high metabolite doses are not physiological proof. exposure: Lycopene 0.1 micromolar; acyclo-retinoic acid 1 or 50 micromolar depending on endpoint evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/10620348.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "dfd11c7c19dcd07e092a601ff44e9c900b5ecd717d3661ac2aca48d5cac72011", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1295, "text_sha256": "dfd11c7c19dcd07e092a601ff44e9c900b5ecd717d3661ac2aca48d5cac72011"} [lycopene-p10620348] Stimulation of gap junctional communication: comparison of acyclo-retinoic acid and lycopene. (2000). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10620348/ DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1510
Complete structured claim and evidence
Acyclo-retinoic acid required 50 micromolar for RAR-beta2 promoter activation, a level the authors considered unphysiological.
Acyclo-retinoic acid → RAR-beta promoter transactivation source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/10620348.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "dfd11c7c19dcd07e092a601ff44e9c900b5ecd717d3661ac2aca48d5cac72011", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1295, "text_sha256": "dfd11c7c19dcd07e092a601ff44e9c900b5ecd717d3661ac2aca48d5cac72011"}
experimental_model
Gap-junction and promoter/mRNA assays
exposure
Lycopene 0.1 micromolar; acyclo-retinoic acid 1 or 50 micromolar depending on endpoint
limitations
Communication, mRNA stability and RAR reporter responses are distinct; very high metabolite doses are not physiological proof.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human fetal skin fibroblasts and reporter systems
plain_language
A similarly named metabolite is not equivalent to vitamin A retinoic acid.
primary_references
[lycopene-p10620348] Stimulation of gap junctional communication: comparison of acyclo-retinoic acid and lycopene. (2000). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10620348/ DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1510
tissue_or_cell_type
Connexin-related intercellular communication
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 637–648
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Gap-junction and promoter/mRNA assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-acyclo-rar Acyclo-retinoic acid required 50 micromolar for RAR-beta2 promoter activation, a level the authors considered unphysiological. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A similarly named metabolite is not equivalent to vitamin A retinoic acid. organism: Human fetal skin fibroblasts and reporter systems tissue_or_cell_type: Connexin-related intercellular communication experimental_model: Gap-junction and promoter/mRNA assays limitations: Communication, mRNA stability and RAR reporter responses are distinct; very high metabolite doses are not physiological proof. exposure: Lycopene 0.1 micromolar; acyclo-retinoic acid 1 or 50 micromolar depending on endpoint evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/10620348.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "dfd11c7c19dcd07e092a601ff44e9c900b5ecd717d3661ac2aca48d5cac72011", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1295, "text_sha256": "dfd11c7c19dcd07e092a601ff44e9c900b5ecd717d3661ac2aca48d5cac72011"} [lycopene-p10620348] Stimulation of gap junctional communication: comparison of acyclo-retinoic acid and lycopene. (2000). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10620348/ DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1510
Complete structured claim and evidence
The identified lycopene-derived dialdehyde enhanced gap-junction communication in rat WB-F344 cells.
2,7,11-Trimethyl-tetradecahexaene-1,14-dial → Gap junction communication in rat WB-F344 epithelial cells source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/12909274.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "df281d14def64e65a3414cfe83b85439c8e2038b5c8ebcf135b49e980ebc4319", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1064, "text_sha256": "df281d14def64e65a3414cfe83b85439c8e2038b5c8ebcf135b49e980ebc4319"}
experimental_model
Chemical oxidation, structural analysis and cell communication assay
exposure
Product generated by hydrogen peroxide/osmium tetroxide oxidation
limitations
Chemical preparation does not establish that the same product reaches these levels in human tissues.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Rat WB-F344 liver epithelial cells
plain_language
A specific oxidation product can affect communication in a laboratory model.
primary_references
[lycopene-p12909274] Lycopene oxidation product enhances gap junctional communication. (2003). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12909274/ DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(03)00148-0
tissue_or_cell_type
Gap junction communication
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 650–661
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Chemical oxidation, structural analysis and cell communication assay · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-dialdehyde-gap The identified lycopene-derived dialdehyde enhanced gap-junction communication in rat WB-F344 cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A specific oxidation product can affect communication in a laboratory model. organism: Rat WB-F344 liver epithelial cells tissue_or_cell_type: Gap junction communication experimental_model: Chemical oxidation, structural analysis and cell communication assay limitations: Chemical preparation does not establish that the same product reaches these levels in human tissues. exposure: Product generated by hydrogen peroxide/osmium tetroxide oxidation evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/12909274.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "df281d14def64e65a3414cfe83b85439c8e2038b5c8ebcf135b49e980ebc4319", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1064, "text_sha256": "df281d14def64e65a3414cfe83b85439c8e2038b5c8ebcf135b49e980ebc4319"} [lycopene-p12909274] Lycopene oxidation product enhances gap junctional communication. (2003). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12909274/ DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(03)00148-0
Complete structured claim and evidence
Lycopene reduced IGF-I-stimulated IRS1 tyrosine phosphorylation in MCF7 cells.
Lycopene → IRS1 tyrosine phosphorylation in human MCF7 cells source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/10798222.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f9229468bbed86c3c4fdbb24f80d139f5cac41e1692195090d19a195bcd144e8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1731, "text_sha256": "f9229468bbed86c3c4fdbb24f80d139f5cac41e1692195090d19a195bcd144e8"}
experimental_model
Growth-factor stimulation and signaling assays
exposure
IGF-I stimulation with lycopene exposure
limitations
Cell-line mechanism; not proof of lowered human serum IGF-I or cancer treatment.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human MCF7 breast cancer cells
plain_language
The growth signal was weaker at an intracellular relay.
primary_references
[lycopene-p10798222] Lycopene interferes with cell cycle progression and insulin-like growth factor I signaling in mammary cancer cells. (2000). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10798222/ DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc3601_14
tissue_or_cell_type
IRS1 phosphorylation, AP-1 and cell cycle
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 663–674
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Growth-factor stimulation and signaling assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-irs1 Lycopene reduced IGF-I-stimulated IRS1 tyrosine phosphorylation in MCF7 cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The growth signal was weaker at an intracellular relay. organism: Human MCF7 breast cancer cells tissue_or_cell_type: IRS1 phosphorylation, AP-1 and cell cycle experimental_model: Growth-factor stimulation and signaling assays limitations: Cell-line mechanism; not proof of lowered human serum IGF-I or cancer treatment. exposure: IGF-I stimulation with lycopene exposure evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/10798222.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f9229468bbed86c3c4fdbb24f80d139f5cac41e1692195090d19a195bcd144e8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1731, "text_sha256": "f9229468bbed86c3c4fdbb24f80d139f5cac41e1692195090d19a195bcd144e8"} [lycopene-p10798222] Lycopene interferes with cell cycle progression and insulin-like growth factor I signaling in mammary cancer cells. (2000). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10798222/ DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc3601_14
Complete structured claim and evidence
Lycopene reduced IGF-I-stimulated AP-1 binding capacity in MCF7 cells.
Lycopene → AP-1 DNA-binding capacity in human MCF7 cells source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/10798222.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f9229468bbed86c3c4fdbb24f80d139f5cac41e1692195090d19a195bcd144e8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1731, "text_sha256": "f9229468bbed86c3c4fdbb24f80d139f5cac41e1692195090d19a195bcd144e8"}
experimental_model
Growth-factor stimulation and signaling assays
exposure
IGF-I stimulation with lycopene exposure
limitations
Cell-line mechanism; not proof of lowered human serum IGF-I or cancer treatment.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human MCF7 breast cancer cells
plain_language
A downstream gene-regulatory response also fell.
primary_references
[lycopene-p10798222] Lycopene interferes with cell cycle progression and insulin-like growth factor I signaling in mammary cancer cells. (2000). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10798222/ DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc3601_14
tissue_or_cell_type
IRS1 phosphorylation, AP-1 and cell cycle
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 676–687
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Growth-factor stimulation and signaling assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-ap1 Lycopene reduced IGF-I-stimulated AP-1 binding capacity in MCF7 cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A downstream gene-regulatory response also fell. organism: Human MCF7 breast cancer cells tissue_or_cell_type: IRS1 phosphorylation, AP-1 and cell cycle experimental_model: Growth-factor stimulation and signaling assays limitations: Cell-line mechanism; not proof of lowered human serum IGF-I or cancer treatment. exposure: IGF-I stimulation with lycopene exposure evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/10798222.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f9229468bbed86c3c4fdbb24f80d139f5cac41e1692195090d19a195bcd144e8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1731, "text_sha256": "f9229468bbed86c3c4fdbb24f80d139f5cac41e1692195090d19a195bcd144e8"} [lycopene-p10798222] Lycopene interferes with cell cycle progression and insulin-like growth factor I signaling in mammary cancer cells. (2000). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10798222/ DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc3601_14
Complete structured claim and evidence
Lycopene increased membrane-associated IGF-binding proteins without changing IGF-I receptor number or affinity.
Lycopene → Membrane-associated IGF-binding proteins in MCF7 cells source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/10798222.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f9229468bbed86c3c4fdbb24f80d139f5cac41e1692195090d19a195bcd144e8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1731, "text_sha256": "f9229468bbed86c3c4fdbb24f80d139f5cac41e1692195090d19a195bcd144e8"}
experimental_model
Growth-factor stimulation and signaling assays
exposure
IGF-I stimulation with lycopene exposure
limitations
Cell-line mechanism; not proof of lowered human serum IGF-I or cancer treatment.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human MCF7 breast cancer cells
plain_language
The experiment points to altered signal regulation rather than fewer receptors.
primary_references
[lycopene-p10798222] Lycopene interferes with cell cycle progression and insulin-like growth factor I signaling in mammary cancer cells. (2000). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10798222/ DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc3601_14
tissue_or_cell_type
IRS1 phosphorylation, AP-1 and cell cycle
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 689–700
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Growth-factor stimulation and signaling assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-igfbp Lycopene increased membrane-associated IGF-binding proteins without changing IGF-I receptor number or affinity. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The experiment points to altered signal regulation rather than fewer receptors. organism: Human MCF7 breast cancer cells tissue_or_cell_type: IRS1 phosphorylation, AP-1 and cell cycle experimental_model: Growth-factor stimulation and signaling assays limitations: Cell-line mechanism; not proof of lowered human serum IGF-I or cancer treatment. exposure: IGF-I stimulation with lycopene exposure evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/10798222.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f9229468bbed86c3c4fdbb24f80d139f5cac41e1692195090d19a195bcd144e8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1731, "text_sha256": "f9229468bbed86c3c4fdbb24f80d139f5cac41e1692195090d19a195bcd144e8"} [lycopene-p10798222] Lycopene interferes with cell cycle progression and insulin-like growth factor I signaling in mammary cancer cells. (2000). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10798222/ DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc3601_14
Complete structured claim and evidence
Lycopene delayed cell-cycle progression without accompanying apoptotic or necrotic cell death in the tested MCF7 cultures.
Lycopene → MCF7 breast cancer cell cycle progression source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/10798222.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f9229468bbed86c3c4fdbb24f80d139f5cac41e1692195090d19a195bcd144e8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1731, "text_sha256": "f9229468bbed86c3c4fdbb24f80d139f5cac41e1692195090d19a195bcd144e8"}
experimental_model
Growth-factor stimulation and signaling assays
exposure
IGF-I stimulation with lycopene exposure
limitations
Cell-line mechanism; not proof of lowered human serum IGF-I or cancer treatment.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human MCF7 breast cancer cells
plain_language
Slower growth was distinguished from simply killing the cells.
primary_references
[lycopene-p10798222] Lycopene interferes with cell cycle progression and insulin-like growth factor I signaling in mammary cancer cells. (2000). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10798222/ DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc3601_14
tissue_or_cell_type
IRS1 phosphorylation, AP-1 and cell cycle
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 702–713
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Growth-factor stimulation and signaling assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-cell-cycle Lycopene delayed cell-cycle progression without accompanying apoptotic or necrotic cell death in the tested MCF7 cultures. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Slower growth was distinguished from simply killing the cells. organism: Human MCF7 breast cancer cells tissue_or_cell_type: IRS1 phosphorylation, AP-1 and cell cycle experimental_model: Growth-factor stimulation and signaling assays limitations: Cell-line mechanism; not proof of lowered human serum IGF-I or cancer treatment. exposure: IGF-I stimulation with lycopene exposure evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/10798222.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f9229468bbed86c3c4fdbb24f80d139f5cac41e1692195090d19a195bcd144e8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1731, "text_sha256": "f9229468bbed86c3c4fdbb24f80d139f5cac41e1692195090d19a195bcd144e8"} [lycopene-p10798222] Lycopene interferes with cell cycle progression and insulin-like growth factor I signaling in mammary cancer cells. (2000). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10798222/ DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc3601_14
Complete structured claim and evidence
The metabolite lowered cyclin E and inhibited G1-to-S progression in the bronchial-cell models.
Apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid → Cyclin E abundance in experimental bronchial cells source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/17420169.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "84a4b4088d833621e68106129dcbe8ddda9e743ec613cebdd4ce9cf03daeb15c", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1675, "text_sha256": "84a4b4088d833621e68106129dcbe8ddda9e743ec613cebdd4ce9cf03daeb15c"}
experimental_model
Cell-cycle assays and NNK-induced mouse tumor model
exposure
Apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid; mouse diets 10, 40 or 120 mg/kg
limitations
Metabolite exposure, not a clinical lycopene trial; tumor multiplicity is not human survival.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human bronchial cell lines; A/J mice separately specified
plain_language
A cell-cycle accelerator decreased.
primary_references
[lycopene-p17420169] Apo-10'-lycopenoic acid inhibits lung cancer cell growth in vitro, and suppresses lung tumorigenesis in the A/J mouse model in vivo. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17420169/ DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgm076
tissue_or_cell_type
Bronchial epithelium and lung tumors
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 715–726
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cell-cycle assays and NNK-induced mouse tumor model · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-apo-cyclin The metabolite lowered cyclin E and inhibited G1-to-S progression in the bronchial-cell models. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A cell-cycle accelerator decreased. organism: Human bronchial cell lines; A/J mice separately specified tissue_or_cell_type: Bronchial epithelium and lung tumors experimental_model: Cell-cycle assays and NNK-induced mouse tumor model limitations: Metabolite exposure, not a clinical lycopene trial; tumor multiplicity is not human survival. exposure: Apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid; mouse diets 10, 40 or 120 mg/kg evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/17420169.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "84a4b4088d833621e68106129dcbe8ddda9e743ec613cebdd4ce9cf03daeb15c", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1675, "text_sha256": "84a4b4088d833621e68106129dcbe8ddda9e743ec613cebdd4ce9cf03daeb15c"} [lycopene-p17420169] Apo-10'-lycopenoic acid inhibits lung cancer cell growth in vitro, and suppresses lung tumorigenesis in the A/J mouse model in vivo. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17420169/ DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgm076
Complete structured claim and evidence
The metabolite increased p21 and p27 protein in the tested bronchial cells.
Apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid → p21 and p27 abundance in experimental bronchial cells source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/17420169.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "84a4b4088d833621e68106129dcbe8ddda9e743ec613cebdd4ce9cf03daeb15c", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1675, "text_sha256": "84a4b4088d833621e68106129dcbe8ddda9e743ec613cebdd4ce9cf03daeb15c"}
experimental_model
Cell-cycle assays and NNK-induced mouse tumor model
exposure
Apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid; mouse diets 10, 40 or 120 mg/kg
limitations
Metabolite exposure, not a clinical lycopene trial; tumor multiplicity is not human survival.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human bronchial cell lines; A/J mice separately specified
plain_language
Proteins that restrain cell-cycle progression increased.
primary_references
[lycopene-p17420169] Apo-10'-lycopenoic acid inhibits lung cancer cell growth in vitro, and suppresses lung tumorigenesis in the A/J mouse model in vivo. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17420169/ DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgm076
tissue_or_cell_type
Bronchial epithelium and lung tumors
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 728–739
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cell-cycle assays and NNK-induced mouse tumor model · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-apo-p21-p27 The metabolite increased p21 and p27 protein in the tested bronchial cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Proteins that restrain cell-cycle progression increased. organism: Human bronchial cell lines; A/J mice separately specified tissue_or_cell_type: Bronchial epithelium and lung tumors experimental_model: Cell-cycle assays and NNK-induced mouse tumor model limitations: Metabolite exposure, not a clinical lycopene trial; tumor multiplicity is not human survival. exposure: Apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid; mouse diets 10, 40 or 120 mg/kg evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/17420169.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "84a4b4088d833621e68106129dcbe8ddda9e743ec613cebdd4ce9cf03daeb15c", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1675, "text_sha256": "84a4b4088d833621e68106129dcbe8ddda9e743ec613cebdd4ce9cf03daeb15c"} [lycopene-p17420169] Apo-10'-lycopenoic acid inhibits lung cancer cell growth in vitro, and suppresses lung tumorigenesis in the A/J mouse model in vivo. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17420169/ DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgm076
Complete structured claim and evidence
Apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid activated the RAR-beta promoter and increased RAR-beta expression.
Apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid → RAR-beta promoter transactivation source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/17420169.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "84a4b4088d833621e68106129dcbe8ddda9e743ec613cebdd4ce9cf03daeb15c", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1675, "text_sha256": "84a4b4088d833621e68106129dcbe8ddda9e743ec613cebdd4ce9cf03daeb15c"}
experimental_model
Cell-cycle assays and NNK-induced mouse tumor model
exposure
Apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid; mouse diets 10, 40 or 120 mg/kg
limitations
Metabolite exposure, not a clinical lycopene trial; tumor multiplicity is not human survival.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human bronchial cell lines; A/J mice separately specified
plain_language
A lycopene product can intersect retinoid signaling without becoming vitamin A.
primary_references
[lycopene-p17420169] Apo-10'-lycopenoic acid inhibits lung cancer cell growth in vitro, and suppresses lung tumorigenesis in the A/J mouse model in vivo. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17420169/ DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgm076
tissue_or_cell_type
Bronchial epithelium and lung tumors
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 741–752
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cell-cycle assays and NNK-induced mouse tumor model · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-apo-rarb Apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid activated the RAR-beta promoter and increased RAR-beta expression. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A lycopene product can intersect retinoid signaling without becoming vitamin A. organism: Human bronchial cell lines; A/J mice separately specified tissue_or_cell_type: Bronchial epithelium and lung tumors experimental_model: Cell-cycle assays and NNK-induced mouse tumor model limitations: Metabolite exposure, not a clinical lycopene trial; tumor multiplicity is not human survival. exposure: Apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid; mouse diets 10, 40 or 120 mg/kg evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/17420169.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "84a4b4088d833621e68106129dcbe8ddda9e743ec613cebdd4ce9cf03daeb15c", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1675, "text_sha256": "84a4b4088d833621e68106129dcbe8ddda9e743ec613cebdd4ce9cf03daeb15c"} [lycopene-p17420169] Apo-10'-lycopenoic acid inhibits lung cancer cell growth in vitro, and suppresses lung tumorigenesis in the A/J mouse model in vivo. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17420169/ DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgm076
Complete structured claim and evidence
Mean tumors per mouse fell from 16 with NNK alone to 10, 7 and 5 across ascending metabolite diet doses.
Apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid → NNK-induced lung tumor multiplicity in A/J mice source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/17420169.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "84a4b4088d833621e68106129dcbe8ddda9e743ec613cebdd4ce9cf03daeb15c", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1675, "text_sha256": "84a4b4088d833621e68106129dcbe8ddda9e743ec613cebdd4ce9cf03daeb15c"}
experimental_model
Cell-cycle assays and NNK-induced mouse tumor model
exposure
Apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid; mouse diets 10, 40 or 120 mg/kg
limitations
Metabolite exposure, not a clinical lycopene trial; tumor multiplicity is not human survival.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
A/J mouse
plain_language
The animal result is a research lead, not demonstrated human cancer prevention.
primary_references
[lycopene-p17420169] Apo-10'-lycopenoic acid inhibits lung cancer cell growth in vitro, and suppresses lung tumorigenesis in the A/J mouse model in vivo. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17420169/ DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgm076
tissue_or_cell_type
Bronchial epithelium and lung tumors
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 754–765
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cell-cycle assays and NNK-induced mouse tumor model · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-apo-mouse-tumors Mean tumors per mouse fell from 16 with NNK alone to 10, 7 and 5 across ascending metabolite diet doses. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The animal result is a research lead, not demonstrated human cancer prevention. organism: A/J mouse tissue_or_cell_type: Bronchial epithelium and lung tumors experimental_model: Cell-cycle assays and NNK-induced mouse tumor model limitations: Metabolite exposure, not a clinical lycopene trial; tumor multiplicity is not human survival. exposure: Apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid; mouse diets 10, 40 or 120 mg/kg evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/17420169.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "84a4b4088d833621e68106129dcbe8ddda9e743ec613cebdd4ce9cf03daeb15c", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1675, "text_sha256": "84a4b4088d833621e68106129dcbe8ddda9e743ec613cebdd4ce9cf03daeb15c"} [lycopene-p17420169] Apo-10'-lycopenoic acid inhibits lung cancer cell growth in vitro, and suppresses lung tumorigenesis in the A/J mouse model in vivo. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17420169/ DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgm076
Complete structured claim and evidence
The beta-carotene serum AUC did not differ when beta-carotene was taken alone or with lycopene.
Lycopene → Intestinal beta-carotene absorption source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/9278568.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e318f6fef0bfed88403fa2adf46f9713ebddfe6ea586c29614e820442c57d056", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1510, "text_sha256": "e318f6fef0bfed88403fa2adf46f9713ebddfe6ea586c29614e820442c57d056"}
experimental_model
Randomized-order double-blind crossover dosing experiment
exposure
60 mg beta-carotene, 60 mg lycopene, or 60 mg of each together
limitations
Acute high-dose study; does not justify routine co-supplementation or establish universal competition rules.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human, ten healthy men
plain_language
The measured interaction was not symmetrical.
primary_references
[lycopene-p9278568] Ingestion by men of a combined dose of beta-carotene and lycopene does not affect the absorption of beta-carotene but improves that of lycopene. (1997). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9278568/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/127.9.1833
tissue_or_cell_type
Serum carotenoid AUC over 24 hours
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 793–804
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized-order double-blind crossover dosing experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-beta-carotene-response-null The beta-carotene serum AUC did not differ when beta-carotene was taken alone or with lycopene. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The measured interaction was not symmetrical. organism: Human, ten healthy men tissue_or_cell_type: Serum carotenoid AUC over 24 hours experimental_model: Randomized-order double-blind crossover dosing experiment limitations: Acute high-dose study; does not justify routine co-supplementation or establish universal competition rules. exposure: 60 mg beta-carotene, 60 mg lycopene, or 60 mg of each together evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/9278568.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e318f6fef0bfed88403fa2adf46f9713ebddfe6ea586c29614e820442c57d056", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1510, "text_sha256": "e318f6fef0bfed88403fa2adf46f9713ebddfe6ea586c29614e820442c57d056"} [lycopene-p9278568] Ingestion by men of a combined dose of beta-carotene and lycopene does not affect the absorption of beta-carotene but improves that of lycopene. (1997). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9278568/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/127.9.1833
Complete structured claim and evidence
Bco1-null mice had lower liver lycopene than Bco2-null or double-knockout mice; comparison with wild type was not significant.
Mouse Bco1 knockout → Mouse hepatic lycopene content source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/37269907.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "36b39754d4d3b4ed8721a15f8dffe03bfd387dcbef3ff50918daabb45c48e756", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1986, "text_sha256": "36b39754d4d3b4ed8721a15f8dffe03bfd387dcbef3ff50918daabb45c48e756"}
experimental_model
Carotenoid-enzyme knockout comparison and vitamin-A diet experiment
exposure
1 mg lycopene in cottonseed oil daily for two weeks; separate vitamin-A-deficient versus sufficient diets
limitations
Mouse knockout distribution does not directly quantify human cleavage; increased ISX signaling does not prove conversion to vitamin A.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Mouse
plain_language
Removing a cleavage enzyme did not produce a simple universal accumulation rule.
primary_references
[lycopene-p37269907] Lycopene Accumulation in Transgenic Mice Lacking One or Both Carotenoid Cleaving Enzymes. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37269907/ DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.05.025
tissue_or_cell_type
Liver, other tissues and intestinal gene expression
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 819–830
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Carotenoid-enzyme knockout comparison and vitamin-A diet experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-mouse-bco1-loss Bco1-null mice had lower liver lycopene than Bco2-null or double-knockout mice; comparison with wild type was not significant. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Removing a cleavage enzyme did not produce a simple universal accumulation rule. organism: Mouse tissue_or_cell_type: Liver, other tissues and intestinal gene expression experimental_model: Carotenoid-enzyme knockout comparison and vitamin-A diet experiment limitations: Mouse knockout distribution does not directly quantify human cleavage; increased ISX signaling does not prove conversion to vitamin A. exposure: 1 mg lycopene in cottonseed oil daily for two weeks; separate vitamin-A-deficient versus sufficient diets evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/37269907.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "36b39754d4d3b4ed8721a15f8dffe03bfd387dcbef3ff50918daabb45c48e756", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1986, "text_sha256": "36b39754d4d3b4ed8721a15f8dffe03bfd387dcbef3ff50918daabb45c48e756"} [lycopene-p37269907] Lycopene Accumulation in Transgenic Mice Lacking One or Both Carotenoid Cleaving Enzymes. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37269907/ DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.05.025
Complete structured claim and evidence
Lycopene was enriched three- to fivefold in hepatic mitochondria compared with total hepatic content across the tested genotypes.
Lycopene → Mouse hepatic mitochondrial lycopene enrichment source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/37269907.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "36b39754d4d3b4ed8721a15f8dffe03bfd387dcbef3ff50918daabb45c48e756", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1986, "text_sha256": "36b39754d4d3b4ed8721a15f8dffe03bfd387dcbef3ff50918daabb45c48e756"}
experimental_model
Carotenoid-enzyme knockout comparison and vitamin-A diet experiment
exposure
1 mg lycopene in cottonseed oil daily for two weeks; separate vitamin-A-deficient versus sufficient diets
limitations
Mouse knockout distribution does not directly quantify human cleavage; increased ISX signaling does not prove conversion to vitamin A.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Mouse
plain_language
Location inside the cell matters as well as the total amount.
primary_references
[lycopene-p37269907] Lycopene Accumulation in Transgenic Mice Lacking One or Both Carotenoid Cleaving Enzymes. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37269907/ DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.05.025
tissue_or_cell_type
Liver, other tissues and intestinal gene expression
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 832–843
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Carotenoid-enzyme knockout comparison and vitamin-A diet experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-mouse-mitochondria Lycopene was enriched three- to fivefold in hepatic mitochondria compared with total hepatic content across the tested genotypes. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Location inside the cell matters as well as the total amount. organism: Mouse tissue_or_cell_type: Liver, other tissues and intestinal gene expression experimental_model: Carotenoid-enzyme knockout comparison and vitamin-A diet experiment limitations: Mouse knockout distribution does not directly quantify human cleavage; increased ISX signaling does not prove conversion to vitamin A. exposure: 1 mg lycopene in cottonseed oil daily for two weeks; separate vitamin-A-deficient versus sufficient diets evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/37269907.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "36b39754d4d3b4ed8721a15f8dffe03bfd387dcbef3ff50918daabb45c48e756", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1986, "text_sha256": "36b39754d4d3b4ed8721a15f8dffe03bfd387dcbef3ff50918daabb45c48e756"} [lycopene-p37269907] Lycopene Accumulation in Transgenic Mice Lacking One or Both Carotenoid Cleaving Enzymes. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37269907/ DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.05.025
Complete structured claim and evidence
Lycopene-containing diets increased intestinal ISX expression relative to the vitamin-A-deficient control group.
Lycopene → Mouse intestine-specific homeobox protein / Isx source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/37269907.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "36b39754d4d3b4ed8721a15f8dffe03bfd387dcbef3ff50918daabb45c48e756", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1986, "text_sha256": "36b39754d4d3b4ed8721a15f8dffe03bfd387dcbef3ff50918daabb45c48e756"}
experimental_model
Carotenoid-enzyme knockout comparison and vitamin-A diet experiment
exposure
1 mg lycopene in cottonseed oil daily for two weeks; separate vitamin-A-deficient versus sufficient diets
limitations
Mouse knockout distribution does not directly quantify human cleavage; increased ISX signaling does not prove conversion to vitamin A.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Mouse
plain_language
Carotenoid exposure intersected a vitamin-A-responsive regulatory system.
primary_references
[lycopene-p37269907] Lycopene Accumulation in Transgenic Mice Lacking One or Both Carotenoid Cleaving Enzymes. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37269907/ DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.05.025
tissue_or_cell_type
Liver, other tissues and intestinal gene expression
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 845–856
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Carotenoid-enzyme knockout comparison and vitamin-A diet experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-mouse-isx Lycopene-containing diets increased intestinal ISX expression relative to the vitamin-A-deficient control group. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Carotenoid exposure intersected a vitamin-A-responsive regulatory system. organism: Mouse tissue_or_cell_type: Liver, other tissues and intestinal gene expression experimental_model: Carotenoid-enzyme knockout comparison and vitamin-A diet experiment limitations: Mouse knockout distribution does not directly quantify human cleavage; increased ISX signaling does not prove conversion to vitamin A. exposure: 1 mg lycopene in cottonseed oil daily for two weeks; separate vitamin-A-deficient versus sufficient diets evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/37269907.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "36b39754d4d3b4ed8721a15f8dffe03bfd387dcbef3ff50918daabb45c48e756", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1986, "text_sha256": "36b39754d4d3b4ed8721a15f8dffe03bfd387dcbef3ff50918daabb45c48e756"} [lycopene-p37269907] Lycopene Accumulation in Transgenic Mice Lacking One or Both Carotenoid Cleaving Enzymes. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37269907/ DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.05.025
Complete structured claim and evidence
Olestra lowered serum lycopene by 12 weeks, persisting after cholesterol or BMI adjustment; the multivitamin did not prevent this.
Olestra sucrose polyester mixture → Circulating lycopene concentration source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
availability_state
biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/15930452.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3a90148eb83ff18442e37f9fd5ed31f44acbf8d7616ef05ff1e65e6e2d64e84f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1595, "text_sha256": "3a90148eb83ff18442e37f9fd5ed31f44acbf8d7616ef05ff1e65e6e2d64e84f"}
experimental_model
Randomized 36-week controlled diet study
exposure
Olestra substituted for one-third of fat energy; daily multivitamin and vitamin-E-fortified olestra
limitations
Exposure-specific depletion, not an established lycopene deficiency syndrome; reference-range limits are not clinical deficiency thresholds.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human, 37 healthy men
plain_language
Replacing dietary fat with a nonabsorbed substitute changed carotenoid exposure.
primary_references
[lycopene-p15930452] Daily intake of multivitamins during long-term intake of olestra in men prevents declines in serum vitamins A and E but not carotenoids. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15930452/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.6.1456
tissue_or_cell_type
Serum carotenoids and fat-soluble vitamins
trigger_kind
biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 858–869
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized 36-week controlled diet study · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-olestra-lycopene Olestra lowered serum lycopene by 12 weeks, persisting after cholesterol or BMI adjustment; the multivitamin did not prevent this. Condition category: biomarker_context nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Replacing dietary fat with a nonabsorbed substitute changed carotenoid exposure. organism: Human, 37 healthy men tissue_or_cell_type: Serum carotenoids and fat-soluble vitamins experimental_model: Randomized 36-week controlled diet study limitations: Exposure-specific depletion, not an established lycopene deficiency syndrome; reference-range limits are not clinical deficiency thresholds. exposure: Olestra substituted for one-third of fat energy; daily multivitamin and vitamin-E-fortified olestra evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/15930452.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3a90148eb83ff18442e37f9fd5ed31f44acbf8d7616ef05ff1e65e6e2d64e84f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1595, "text_sha256": "3a90148eb83ff18442e37f9fd5ed31f44acbf8d7616ef05ff1e65e6e2d64e84f"} [lycopene-p15930452] Daily intake of multivitamins during long-term intake of olestra in men prevents declines in serum vitamins A and E but not carotenoids. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15930452/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.6.1456
Complete structured claim and evidence
The alpha-tocopherol combination effect was not reproduced with beta-tocopherol, ascorbic acid or probucol.
Lycopene → Proliferation of cultured human prostate carcinoma cells source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/9784387.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "51bb94173c1f98ab622ff028dfefaa016eb3fb5021f40f79e1d7d02bceaa7c15", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 701, "text_sha256": "51bb94173c1f98ab622ff028dfefaa016eb3fb5021f40f79e1d7d02bceaa7c15"}
experimental_model
Combined-compound proliferation assay
exposure
Lycopene below 1 micromolar and alpha-tocopherol 50 micromolar
limitations
Reported in-vitro synergy; not proof of cancer prevention or a safe/effective supplement combination.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human DU-145 and PC-3 prostate carcinoma cells
plain_language
The result cannot be generalized to every antioxidant partner.
primary_references
[lycopene-p9784387] Lycopene in association with alpha-tocopherol inhibits at physiological concentrations proliferation of prostate carcinoma cells. (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9784387/ DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9351
tissue_or_cell_type
Cultured cell proliferation
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 884–895
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Combined-compound proliferation assay · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-combination-specificity The alpha-tocopherol combination effect was not reproduced with beta-tocopherol, ascorbic acid or probucol. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The result cannot be generalized to every antioxidant partner. organism: Human DU-145 and PC-3 prostate carcinoma cells tissue_or_cell_type: Cultured cell proliferation experimental_model: Combined-compound proliferation assay limitations: Reported in-vitro synergy; not proof of cancer prevention or a safe/effective supplement combination. exposure: Lycopene below 1 micromolar and alpha-tocopherol 50 micromolar evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/9784387.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "51bb94173c1f98ab622ff028dfefaa016eb3fb5021f40f79e1d7d02bceaa7c15", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 701, "text_sha256": "51bb94173c1f98ab622ff028dfefaa016eb3fb5021f40f79e1d7d02bceaa7c15"} [lycopene-p9784387] Lycopene in association with alpha-tocopherol inhibits at physiological concentrations proliferation of prostate carcinoma cells. (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9784387/ DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9351
Complete structured claim and evidence
Lycopene downregulated 5-alpha-reductase expression in the rat prostate tumor model.
Lycopene → 5-alpha-reductase expression in rat Dunning prostate tumors source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/15084515.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "682a0c4c6a001993efa3bada4aa3d381723feb78b410fd703b8de72517eef62c", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1410, "text_sha256": "682a0c4c6a001993efa3bada4aa3d381723feb78b410fd703b8de72517eef62c"}
experimental_model
Dietary intervention and tumor gene-expression analysis
exposure
200 ppm lycopene, 540 ppm vitamin E or both for four weeks
limitations
Preclinical gene-expression findings; not established human steroid suppression or cancer treatment.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Rat MatLyLu Dunning prostate tumor model
plain_language
A testosterone-activation pathway changed in this animal tumor setting.
primary_references
[lycopene-p15084515] Lycopene and vitamin E interfere with autocrine/paracrine loops in the Dunning prostate cancer model. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15084515/ DOI: 10.1096/fj.03-1116fje
tissue_or_cell_type
Tumor tissue
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 897–908
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Dietary intervention and tumor gene-expression analysis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-rat-5alpha Lycopene downregulated 5-alpha-reductase expression in the rat prostate tumor model. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A testosterone-activation pathway changed in this animal tumor setting. organism: Rat MatLyLu Dunning prostate tumor model tissue_or_cell_type: Tumor tissue experimental_model: Dietary intervention and tumor gene-expression analysis limitations: Preclinical gene-expression findings; not established human steroid suppression or cancer treatment. exposure: 200 ppm lycopene, 540 ppm vitamin E or both for four weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/15084515.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "682a0c4c6a001993efa3bada4aa3d381723feb78b410fd703b8de72517eef62c", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1410, "text_sha256": "682a0c4c6a001993efa3bada4aa3d381723feb78b410fd703b8de72517eef62c"} [lycopene-p15084515] Lycopene and vitamin E interfere with autocrine/paracrine loops in the Dunning prostate cancer model. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15084515/ DOI: 10.1096/fj.03-1116fje
Complete structured claim and evidence
Lycopene downregulated local IGF-I expression in the rat tumor experiment.
Lycopene → IGF-I expression in rat Dunning prostate tumors source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/15084515.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "682a0c4c6a001993efa3bada4aa3d381723feb78b410fd703b8de72517eef62c", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1410, "text_sha256": "682a0c4c6a001993efa3bada4aa3d381723feb78b410fd703b8de72517eef62c"}
experimental_model
Dietary intervention and tumor gene-expression analysis
exposure
200 ppm lycopene, 540 ppm vitamin E or both for four weeks
limitations
Preclinical gene-expression findings; not established human steroid suppression or cancer treatment.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Rat MatLyLu Dunning prostate tumor model
plain_language
This was local tumor signaling, not measured human blood IGF-I.
primary_references
[lycopene-p15084515] Lycopene and vitamin E interfere with autocrine/paracrine loops in the Dunning prostate cancer model. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15084515/ DOI: 10.1096/fj.03-1116fje
tissue_or_cell_type
Tumor tissue
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 910–921
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Dietary intervention and tumor gene-expression analysis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-rat-igf Lycopene downregulated local IGF-I expression in the rat tumor experiment. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This was local tumor signaling, not measured human blood IGF-I. organism: Rat MatLyLu Dunning prostate tumor model tissue_or_cell_type: Tumor tissue experimental_model: Dietary intervention and tumor gene-expression analysis limitations: Preclinical gene-expression findings; not established human steroid suppression or cancer treatment. exposure: 200 ppm lycopene, 540 ppm vitamin E or both for four weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/15084515.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "682a0c4c6a001993efa3bada4aa3d381723feb78b410fd703b8de72517eef62c", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1410, "text_sha256": "682a0c4c6a001993efa3bada4aa3d381723feb78b410fd703b8de72517eef62c"} [lycopene-p15084515] Lycopene and vitamin E interfere with autocrine/paracrine loops in the Dunning prostate cancer model. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15084515/ DOI: 10.1096/fj.03-1116fje
Complete structured claim and evidence
Lycopene downregulated local IL-6 expression in the rat tumor experiment.
Lycopene → IL-6 expression in rat Dunning prostate tumors source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/15084515.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "682a0c4c6a001993efa3bada4aa3d381723feb78b410fd703b8de72517eef62c", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1410, "text_sha256": "682a0c4c6a001993efa3bada4aa3d381723feb78b410fd703b8de72517eef62c"}
experimental_model
Dietary intervention and tumor gene-expression analysis
exposure
200 ppm lycopene, 540 ppm vitamin E or both for four weeks
limitations
Preclinical gene-expression findings; not established human steroid suppression or cancer treatment.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Rat MatLyLu Dunning prostate tumor model
plain_language
An inflammatory signaling measurement also changed.
primary_references
[lycopene-p15084515] Lycopene and vitamin E interfere with autocrine/paracrine loops in the Dunning prostate cancer model. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15084515/ DOI: 10.1096/fj.03-1116fje
tissue_or_cell_type
Tumor tissue
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 923–934
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Dietary intervention and tumor gene-expression analysis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-rat-il6 Lycopene downregulated local IL-6 expression in the rat tumor experiment. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: An inflammatory signaling measurement also changed. organism: Rat MatLyLu Dunning prostate tumor model tissue_or_cell_type: Tumor tissue experimental_model: Dietary intervention and tumor gene-expression analysis limitations: Preclinical gene-expression findings; not established human steroid suppression or cancer treatment. exposure: 200 ppm lycopene, 540 ppm vitamin E or both for four weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/15084515.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "682a0c4c6a001993efa3bada4aa3d381723feb78b410fd703b8de72517eef62c", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1410, "text_sha256": "682a0c4c6a001993efa3bada4aa3d381723feb78b410fd703b8de72517eef62c"} [lycopene-p15084515] Lycopene and vitamin E interfere with autocrine/paracrine loops in the Dunning prostate cancer model. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15084515/ DOI: 10.1096/fj.03-1116fje
Complete structured claim and evidence
Apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid did not inhibit differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
Apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid → Differentiation of mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/21963687.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1bfc882d0e01b54d1d94c19a457265128c999d8d2ee40cdc6cf6a25de6d32a45", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1730, "text_sha256": "1bfc882d0e01b54d1d94c19a457265128c999d8d2ee40cdc6cf6a25de6d32a45"}
experimental_model
Adipocyte transcription and adipose-tissue experiments
exposure
Apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid compared with all-trans retinoic acid
limitations
Only part of the transcriptional response overlapped with ATRA; proposed tissue metabolite was not definitively identified.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Mouse 3T3-L1 cells and in-vivo adipose model
plain_language
Retinoid-related signaling did not mean identical effects to retinoic acid.
primary_references
[lycopene-p21963687] Apo-10'-lycopenoic acid impacts adipose tissue biology via the retinoic acid receptors. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21963687/ DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.09.002
tissue_or_cell_type
Adipocyte differentiation and inflammatory gene expression
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 936–947
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Adipocyte transcription and adipose-tissue experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-apo-adipogenesis-null Apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid did not inhibit differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Retinoid-related signaling did not mean identical effects to retinoic acid. organism: Mouse 3T3-L1 cells and in-vivo adipose model tissue_or_cell_type: Adipocyte differentiation and inflammatory gene expression experimental_model: Adipocyte transcription and adipose-tissue experiments limitations: Only part of the transcriptional response overlapped with ATRA; proposed tissue metabolite was not definitively identified. exposure: Apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid compared with all-trans retinoic acid evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/21963687.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1bfc882d0e01b54d1d94c19a457265128c999d8d2ee40cdc6cf6a25de6d32a45", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1730, "text_sha256": "1bfc882d0e01b54d1d94c19a457265128c999d8d2ee40cdc6cf6a25de6d32a45"} [lycopene-p21963687] Apo-10'-lycopenoic acid impacts adipose tissue biology via the retinoic acid receptors. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21963687/ DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.09.002
Complete structured claim and evidence
The metabolite prevented increases in IL-6 and IL-1-beta in the studied adipose inflammation models.
Apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid → IL-6 and IL-1-beta expression in study-specific adipose models source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/21963687.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1bfc882d0e01b54d1d94c19a457265128c999d8d2ee40cdc6cf6a25de6d32a45", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1730, "text_sha256": "1bfc882d0e01b54d1d94c19a457265128c999d8d2ee40cdc6cf6a25de6d32a45"}
experimental_model
Adipocyte transcription and adipose-tissue experiments
exposure
Apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid compared with all-trans retinoic acid
limitations
Only part of the transcriptional response overlapped with ATRA; proposed tissue metabolite was not definitively identified.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Mouse 3T3-L1 cells and in-vivo adipose model
plain_language
The tested product changed inflammatory responses in preclinical systems.
primary_references
[lycopene-p21963687] Apo-10'-lycopenoic acid impacts adipose tissue biology via the retinoic acid receptors. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21963687/ DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.09.002
tissue_or_cell_type
Adipocyte differentiation and inflammatory gene expression
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 949–960
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Adipocyte transcription and adipose-tissue experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-apo-adipose-cytokines The metabolite prevented increases in IL-6 and IL-1-beta in the studied adipose inflammation models. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The tested product changed inflammatory responses in preclinical systems. organism: Mouse 3T3-L1 cells and in-vivo adipose model tissue_or_cell_type: Adipocyte differentiation and inflammatory gene expression experimental_model: Adipocyte transcription and adipose-tissue experiments limitations: Only part of the transcriptional response overlapped with ATRA; proposed tissue metabolite was not definitively identified. exposure: Apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid compared with all-trans retinoic acid evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/21963687.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1bfc882d0e01b54d1d94c19a457265128c999d8d2ee40cdc6cf6a25de6d32a45", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1730, "text_sha256": "1bfc882d0e01b54d1d94c19a457265128c999d8d2ee40cdc6cf6a25de6d32a45"} [lycopene-p21963687] Apo-10'-lycopenoic acid impacts adipose tissue biology via the retinoic acid receptors. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21963687/ DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.09.002
Complete structured claim and evidence
Healthy volunteers did not show an improvement in endothelium-dependent vasodilation after lycopene.
Lycopene → Forearm endothelium-dependent vasodilation source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/24911964.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d96a112b2d48544349cd136e7078ac9cdac3ecbedb41f2983db742b36e1cd8a9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1849, "text_sha256": "d96a112b2d48544349cd136e7078ac9cdac3ecbedb41f2983db742b36e1cd8a9"}
experimental_model
Double-blind placebo-controlled trial
exposure
7 mg lycopene daily for two months
limitations
Surrogate physiology, not cardiovascular events; CVD and healthy populations analyzed separately.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human, 36 statin-treated CVD patients and 36 healthy volunteers
plain_language
The finding was not universal across participants.
primary_references
[lycopene-p24911964] Effects of oral lycopene supplementation on vascular function in patients with cardiovascular disease and healthy volunteers: a randomised controlled trial. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24911964/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099070
tissue_or_cell_type
Forearm vascular responses
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 975–986
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind placebo-controlled trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-healthy-edv-null Healthy volunteers did not show an improvement in endothelium-dependent vasodilation after lycopene. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The finding was not universal across participants. organism: Human, 36 statin-treated CVD patients and 36 healthy volunteers tissue_or_cell_type: Forearm vascular responses experimental_model: Double-blind placebo-controlled trial limitations: Surrogate physiology, not cardiovascular events; CVD and healthy populations analyzed separately. exposure: 7 mg lycopene daily for two months evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/24911964.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d96a112b2d48544349cd136e7078ac9cdac3ecbedb41f2983db742b36e1cd8a9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1849, "text_sha256": "d96a112b2d48544349cd136e7078ac9cdac3ecbedb41f2983db742b36e1cd8a9"} [lycopene-p24911964] Effects of oral lycopene supplementation on vascular function in patients with cardiovascular disease and healthy volunteers: a randomised controlled trial. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24911964/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099070
Complete structured claim and evidence
Endothelium-independent vasodilation did not change with lycopene in the CVD trial arm.
Lycopene → Forearm endothelium-independent vasodilation source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/24911964.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d96a112b2d48544349cd136e7078ac9cdac3ecbedb41f2983db742b36e1cd8a9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1849, "text_sha256": "d96a112b2d48544349cd136e7078ac9cdac3ecbedb41f2983db742b36e1cd8a9"}
experimental_model
Double-blind placebo-controlled trial
exposure
7 mg lycopene daily for two months
limitations
Surrogate physiology, not cardiovascular events; CVD and healthy populations analyzed separately.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human, 36 statin-treated CVD patients and 36 healthy volunteers
plain_language
The trial distinguished different ways blood vessels relax.
primary_references
[lycopene-p24911964] Effects of oral lycopene supplementation on vascular function in patients with cardiovascular disease and healthy volunteers: a randomised controlled trial. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24911964/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099070
tissue_or_cell_type
Forearm vascular responses
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 988–999
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind placebo-controlled trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-eidv-null Endothelium-independent vasodilation did not change with lycopene in the CVD trial arm. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The trial distinguished different ways blood vessels relax. organism: Human, 36 statin-treated CVD patients and 36 healthy volunteers tissue_or_cell_type: Forearm vascular responses experimental_model: Double-blind placebo-controlled trial limitations: Surrogate physiology, not cardiovascular events; CVD and healthy populations analyzed separately. exposure: 7 mg lycopene daily for two months evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/24911964.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d96a112b2d48544349cd136e7078ac9cdac3ecbedb41f2983db742b36e1cd8a9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1849, "text_sha256": "d96a112b2d48544349cd136e7078ac9cdac3ecbedb41f2983db742b36e1cd8a9"} [lycopene-p24911964] Effects of oral lycopene supplementation on vascular function in patients with cardiovascular disease and healthy volunteers: a randomised controlled trial. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24911964/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099070
Complete structured claim and evidence
Basal nitric-oxide responses were unchanged in the CVD trial arm.
Lycopene → Basal nitric-oxide-dependent vascular response source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/24911964.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d96a112b2d48544349cd136e7078ac9cdac3ecbedb41f2983db742b36e1cd8a9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1849, "text_sha256": "d96a112b2d48544349cd136e7078ac9cdac3ecbedb41f2983db742b36e1cd8a9"}
experimental_model
Double-blind placebo-controlled trial
exposure
7 mg lycopene daily for two months
limitations
Surrogate physiology, not cardiovascular events; CVD and healthy populations analyzed separately.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human, 36 statin-treated CVD patients and 36 healthy volunteers
plain_language
Improved stimulated dilation did not establish a general rise in nitric oxide.
primary_references
[lycopene-p24911964] Effects of oral lycopene supplementation on vascular function in patients with cardiovascular disease and healthy volunteers: a randomised controlled trial. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24911964/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099070
tissue_or_cell_type
Forearm vascular responses
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 1001–1012
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind placebo-controlled trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-basal-no-null Basal nitric-oxide responses were unchanged in the CVD trial arm. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Improved stimulated dilation did not establish a general rise in nitric oxide. organism: Human, 36 statin-treated CVD patients and 36 healthy volunteers tissue_or_cell_type: Forearm vascular responses experimental_model: Double-blind placebo-controlled trial limitations: Surrogate physiology, not cardiovascular events; CVD and healthy populations analyzed separately. exposure: 7 mg lycopene daily for two months evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/24911964.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d96a112b2d48544349cd136e7078ac9cdac3ecbedb41f2983db742b36e1cd8a9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1849, "text_sha256": "d96a112b2d48544349cd136e7078ac9cdac3ecbedb41f2983db742b36e1cd8a9"} [lycopene-p24911964] Effects of oral lycopene supplementation on vascular function in patients with cardiovascular disease and healthy volunteers: a randomised controlled trial. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24911964/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099070
Complete structured claim and evidence
Both lycopene intervention routes increased serum and HDL3-associated PON1 activity.
Lycopene → HDL3-associated PON1 activity source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/35978954.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2778, "text_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a"}
experimental_model
Randomized diet/supplement trial biomarker analysis
exposure
Low tomato control; 224-350 mg/week food lycopene; or 70 mg/week supplement
limitations
Food and supplement doses differ; enzyme activities and particle sizes are surrogate endpoints, not proof of fewer events.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human, 225 adults aged 40-65 years
plain_language
The activity of an enzyme carried by HDL changed.
primary_references
[lycopene-p35978954] Lycopene-rich diets modulate HDL functionality and associated inflammatory markers without affecting lipoprotein size and distribution in moderately overweight, disease-free, middle-aged adults: A randomized controlled trial. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35978954/ DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.954593
tissue_or_cell_type
HDL fractions and plasma lipoproteins
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 1014–1025
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized diet/supplement trial biomarker analysis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-hdl-pon1 Both lycopene intervention routes increased serum and HDL3-associated PON1 activity. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The activity of an enzyme carried by HDL changed. organism: Human, 225 adults aged 40-65 years tissue_or_cell_type: HDL fractions and plasma lipoproteins experimental_model: Randomized diet/supplement trial biomarker analysis limitations: Food and supplement doses differ; enzyme activities and particle sizes are surrogate endpoints, not proof of fewer events. exposure: Low tomato control; 224-350 mg/week food lycopene; or 70 mg/week supplement evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/35978954.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2778, "text_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a"} [lycopene-p35978954] Lycopene-rich diets modulate HDL functionality and associated inflammatory markers without affecting lipoprotein size and distribution in moderately overweight, disease-free, middle-aged adults: A randomized controlled trial. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35978954/ DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.954593
Complete structured claim and evidence
The lycopene-supplement arm increased HDL3-associated LCAT activity.
Lycopene → HDL3-associated LCAT activity source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/35978954.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2778, "text_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a"}
experimental_model
Randomized diet/supplement trial biomarker analysis
exposure
Low tomato control; 224-350 mg/week food lycopene; or 70 mg/week supplement
limitations
Food and supplement doses differ; enzyme activities and particle sizes are surrogate endpoints, not proof of fewer events.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human, 225 adults aged 40-65 years
plain_language
A cholesterol-handling enzyme changed in this fraction.
primary_references
[lycopene-p35978954] Lycopene-rich diets modulate HDL functionality and associated inflammatory markers without affecting lipoprotein size and distribution in moderately overweight, disease-free, middle-aged adults: A randomized controlled trial. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35978954/ DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.954593
tissue_or_cell_type
HDL fractions and plasma lipoproteins
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 1027–1038
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized diet/supplement trial biomarker analysis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-hdl-lcat The lycopene-supplement arm increased HDL3-associated LCAT activity. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A cholesterol-handling enzyme changed in this fraction. organism: Human, 225 adults aged 40-65 years tissue_or_cell_type: HDL fractions and plasma lipoproteins experimental_model: Randomized diet/supplement trial biomarker analysis limitations: Food and supplement doses differ; enzyme activities and particle sizes are surrogate endpoints, not proof of fewer events. exposure: Low tomato control; 224-350 mg/week food lycopene; or 70 mg/week supplement evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/35978954.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2778, "text_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a"} [lycopene-p35978954] Lycopene-rich diets modulate HDL functionality and associated inflammatory markers without affecting lipoprotein size and distribution in moderately overweight, disease-free, middle-aged adults: A randomized controlled trial. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35978954/ DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.954593
Complete structured claim and evidence
Supplementation reduced CETP activity in HDL2 and HDL3 fractions.
Lycopene → HDL-associated CETP activity, fraction specified source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/35978954.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2778, "text_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a"}
experimental_model
Randomized diet/supplement trial biomarker analysis
exposure
Low tomato control; 224-350 mg/week food lycopene; or 70 mg/week supplement
limitations
Food and supplement doses differ; enzyme activities and particle sizes are surrogate endpoints, not proof of fewer events.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human, 225 adults aged 40-65 years
plain_language
A lipid-transfer measurement changed without proving the whole pathway is beneficial.
primary_references
[lycopene-p35978954] Lycopene-rich diets modulate HDL functionality and associated inflammatory markers without affecting lipoprotein size and distribution in moderately overweight, disease-free, middle-aged adults: A randomized controlled trial. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35978954/ DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.954593
tissue_or_cell_type
HDL fractions and plasma lipoproteins
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 1040–1051
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized diet/supplement trial biomarker analysis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-hdl-cetp Supplementation reduced CETP activity in HDL2 and HDL3 fractions. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A lipid-transfer measurement changed without proving the whole pathway is beneficial. organism: Human, 225 adults aged 40-65 years tissue_or_cell_type: HDL fractions and plasma lipoproteins experimental_model: Randomized diet/supplement trial biomarker analysis limitations: Food and supplement doses differ; enzyme activities and particle sizes are surrogate endpoints, not proof of fewer events. exposure: Low tomato control; 224-350 mg/week food lycopene; or 70 mg/week supplement evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/35978954.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2778, "text_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a"} [lycopene-p35978954] Lycopene-rich diets modulate HDL functionality and associated inflammatory markers without affecting lipoprotein size and distribution in moderately overweight, disease-free, middle-aged adults: A randomized controlled trial. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35978954/ DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.954593
Complete structured claim and evidence
Lycopene interventions reduced HDL3-associated serum amyloid A.
Lycopene → HDL3-associated serum amyloid A abundance source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/35978954.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2778, "text_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a"}
experimental_model
Randomized diet/supplement trial biomarker analysis
exposure
Low tomato control; 224-350 mg/week food lycopene; or 70 mg/week supplement
limitations
Food and supplement doses differ; enzyme activities and particle sizes are surrogate endpoints, not proof of fewer events.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human, 225 adults aged 40-65 years
plain_language
An HDL-associated inflammatory marker decreased.
primary_references
[lycopene-p35978954] Lycopene-rich diets modulate HDL functionality and associated inflammatory markers without affecting lipoprotein size and distribution in moderately overweight, disease-free, middle-aged adults: A randomized controlled trial. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35978954/ DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.954593
tissue_or_cell_type
HDL fractions and plasma lipoproteins
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 1053–1064
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized diet/supplement trial biomarker analysis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-hdl-saa Lycopene interventions reduced HDL3-associated serum amyloid A. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: An HDL-associated inflammatory marker decreased. organism: Human, 225 adults aged 40-65 years tissue_or_cell_type: HDL fractions and plasma lipoproteins experimental_model: Randomized diet/supplement trial biomarker analysis limitations: Food and supplement doses differ; enzyme activities and particle sizes are surrogate endpoints, not proof of fewer events. exposure: Low tomato control; 224-350 mg/week food lycopene; or 70 mg/week supplement evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/35978954.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2778, "text_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a"} [lycopene-p35978954] Lycopene-rich diets modulate HDL functionality and associated inflammatory markers without affecting lipoprotein size and distribution in moderately overweight, disease-free, middle-aged adults: A randomized controlled trial. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35978954/ DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.954593
Complete structured claim and evidence
Lipoprotein subclass distributions and sizes did not change with the interventions.
Lycopene → Lipoprotein subclass size and distribution source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/35978954.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2778, "text_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a"}
experimental_model
Randomized diet/supplement trial biomarker analysis
exposure
Low tomato control; 224-350 mg/week food lycopene; or 70 mg/week supplement
limitations
Food and supplement doses differ; enzyme activities and particle sizes are surrogate endpoints, not proof of fewer events.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human, 225 adults aged 40-65 years
plain_language
Changes in enzyme activity were not the same as changes in particle size.
primary_references
[lycopene-p35978954] Lycopene-rich diets modulate HDL functionality and associated inflammatory markers without affecting lipoprotein size and distribution in moderately overweight, disease-free, middle-aged adults: A randomized controlled trial. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35978954/ DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.954593
tissue_or_cell_type
HDL fractions and plasma lipoproteins
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 1066–1077
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized diet/supplement trial biomarker analysis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-lipoprotein-size-null Lipoprotein subclass distributions and sizes did not change with the interventions. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Changes in enzyme activity were not the same as changes in particle size. organism: Human, 225 adults aged 40-65 years tissue_or_cell_type: HDL fractions and plasma lipoproteins experimental_model: Randomized diet/supplement trial biomarker analysis limitations: Food and supplement doses differ; enzyme activities and particle sizes are surrogate endpoints, not proof of fewer events. exposure: Low tomato control; 224-350 mg/week food lycopene; or 70 mg/week supplement evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/35978954.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2778, "text_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a"} [lycopene-p35978954] Lycopene-rich diets modulate HDL functionality and associated inflammatory markers without affecting lipoprotein size and distribution in moderately overweight, disease-free, middle-aged adults: A randomized controlled trial. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35978954/ DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.954593
Complete structured claim and evidence
Supplementation increased prostate lycopene from 0.45 to 0.59 pmol/mg and plasma lycopene from 0.74 to 1.43 micromolar.
Lycopene → Lycopene concentration in prostate tissue source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/21430075.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c1351b40c0701ce0b8e35bc9346b63650fbd2ee3a9263091aa6b304b9860a5e3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1314, "text_sha256": "c1351b40c0701ce0b8e35bc9346b63650fbd2ee3a9263091aa6b304b9860a5e3"}
experimental_model
Double-blind placebo-controlled prebiopsy trial
exposure
30 mg/day tomato-oleoresin lycopene for 21 days
limitations
Short exposure; tissue and oxidation biomarkers do not establish cancer prevention or clinical benefit.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human, 105 African American male veterans
plain_language
The substance reached the tissue; delivery alone does not prove benefit.
primary_references
[lycopene-p21430075] Antioxidant effects of lycopene in African American men with prostate cancer or benign prostate hyperplasia: a randomized, controlled trial. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21430075/ DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0288
tissue_or_cell_type
Plasma and prostate biopsy
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 1079–1090
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind placebo-controlled prebiopsy trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-prostate-delivery Supplementation increased prostate lycopene from 0.45 to 0.59 pmol/mg and plasma lycopene from 0.74 to 1.43 micromolar. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The substance reached the tissue; delivery alone does not prove benefit. organism: Human, 105 African American male veterans tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma and prostate biopsy experimental_model: Double-blind placebo-controlled prebiopsy trial limitations: Short exposure; tissue and oxidation biomarkers do not establish cancer prevention or clinical benefit. exposure: 30 mg/day tomato-oleoresin lycopene for 21 days evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/21430075.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c1351b40c0701ce0b8e35bc9346b63650fbd2ee3a9263091aa6b304b9860a5e3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1314, "text_sha256": "c1351b40c0701ce0b8e35bc9346b63650fbd2ee3a9263091aa6b304b9860a5e3"} [lycopene-p21430075] Antioxidant effects of lycopene in African American men with prostate cancer or benign prostate hyperplasia: a randomized, controlled trial. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21430075/ DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0288
Complete structured claim and evidence
Plasma malondialdehyde did not change significantly with lycopene.
Lycopene → Plasma malondialdehyde concentration source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/21430075.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c1351b40c0701ce0b8e35bc9346b63650fbd2ee3a9263091aa6b304b9860a5e3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1314, "text_sha256": "c1351b40c0701ce0b8e35bc9346b63650fbd2ee3a9263091aa6b304b9860a5e3"}
experimental_model
Double-blind placebo-controlled prebiopsy trial
exposure
30 mg/day tomato-oleoresin lycopene for 21 days
limitations
Short exposure; tissue and oxidation biomarkers do not establish cancer prevention or clinical benefit.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human, 105 African American male veterans
plain_language
A lipid-oxidation marker was also unchanged.
primary_references
[lycopene-p21430075] Antioxidant effects of lycopene in African American men with prostate cancer or benign prostate hyperplasia: a randomized, controlled trial. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21430075/ DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0288
tissue_or_cell_type
Plasma and prostate biopsy
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 1105–1116
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind placebo-controlled prebiopsy trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-plasma-lipid-oxidation-null Plasma malondialdehyde did not change significantly with lycopene. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A lipid-oxidation marker was also unchanged. organism: Human, 105 African American male veterans tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma and prostate biopsy experimental_model: Double-blind placebo-controlled prebiopsy trial limitations: Short exposure; tissue and oxidation biomarkers do not establish cancer prevention or clinical benefit. exposure: 30 mg/day tomato-oleoresin lycopene for 21 days evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/21430075.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c1351b40c0701ce0b8e35bc9346b63650fbd2ee3a9263091aa6b304b9860a5e3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1314, "text_sha256": "c1351b40c0701ce0b8e35bc9346b63650fbd2ee3a9263091aa6b304b9860a5e3"} [lycopene-p21430075] Antioxidant effects of lycopene in African American men with prostate cancer or benign prostate hyperplasia: a randomized, controlled trial. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21430075/ DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0288
Complete structured claim and evidence
Serum lycopene rose 0.55 micromolar with tomato extract and fell 0.29 micromolar with placebo.
Lycopene → Circulating lycopene concentration source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/26422197.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1327af281ec573be44c88b10fc7973e82e4963aab7bef3f7d14122e6c2a3dbea", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1542, "text_sha256": "1327af281ec573be44c88b10fc7973e82e4963aab7bef3f7d14122e6c2a3dbea"}
experimental_model
Randomized six-month repeat-biopsy trial
exposure
Tomato extract containing 30 mg/day lycopene versus placebo
limitations
Small surrogate-endpoint study; exploratory histological extent findings were not established cancer prevention.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human, 58 completers with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia
plain_language
The intervention clearly changed exposure.
primary_references
[lycopene-p26422197] A Phase II Randomized Trial of Lycopene-Rich Tomato Extract Among Men with High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26422197/ DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.1075560
tissue_or_cell_type
Serum biomarkers and prostate biopsies
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 1118–1129
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized six-month repeat-biopsy trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-hgp-serum Serum lycopene rose 0.55 micromolar with tomato extract and fell 0.29 micromolar with placebo. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The intervention clearly changed exposure. organism: Human, 58 completers with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia tissue_or_cell_type: Serum biomarkers and prostate biopsies experimental_model: Randomized six-month repeat-biopsy trial limitations: Small surrogate-endpoint study; exploratory histological extent findings were not established cancer prevention. exposure: Tomato extract containing 30 mg/day lycopene versus placebo evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/26422197.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1327af281ec573be44c88b10fc7973e82e4963aab7bef3f7d14122e6c2a3dbea", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1542, "text_sha256": "1327af281ec573be44c88b10fc7973e82e4963aab7bef3f7d14122e6c2a3dbea"} [lycopene-p26422197] A Phase II Randomized Trial of Lycopene-Rich Tomato Extract Among Men with High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26422197/ DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.1075560
Complete structured claim and evidence
No meaningful between-group PSA difference appeared after six months.
Lycopene → Serum prostate-specific antigen source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/26422197.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1327af281ec573be44c88b10fc7973e82e4963aab7bef3f7d14122e6c2a3dbea", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1542, "text_sha256": "1327af281ec573be44c88b10fc7973e82e4963aab7bef3f7d14122e6c2a3dbea"}
experimental_model
Randomized six-month repeat-biopsy trial
exposure
Tomato extract containing 30 mg/day lycopene versus placebo
limitations
Small surrogate-endpoint study; exploratory histological extent findings were not established cancer prevention.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human, 58 completers with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia
plain_language
A prostate blood marker did not show a meaningful benefit.
primary_references
[lycopene-p26422197] A Phase II Randomized Trial of Lycopene-Rich Tomato Extract Among Men with High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26422197/ DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.1075560
tissue_or_cell_type
Serum biomarkers and prostate biopsies
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 1131–1142
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized six-month repeat-biopsy trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-hgp-psa-null No meaningful between-group PSA difference appeared after six months. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A prostate blood marker did not show a meaningful benefit. organism: Human, 58 completers with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia tissue_or_cell_type: Serum biomarkers and prostate biopsies experimental_model: Randomized six-month repeat-biopsy trial limitations: Small surrogate-endpoint study; exploratory histological extent findings were not established cancer prevention. exposure: Tomato extract containing 30 mg/day lycopene versus placebo evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/26422197.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1327af281ec573be44c88b10fc7973e82e4963aab7bef3f7d14122e6c2a3dbea", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1542, "text_sha256": "1327af281ec573be44c88b10fc7973e82e4963aab7bef3f7d14122e6c2a3dbea"} [lycopene-p26422197] A Phase II Randomized Trial of Lycopene-Rich Tomato Extract Among Men with High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26422197/ DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.1075560
Complete structured claim and evidence
Serum IGF-I and IGF-binding protein 3 did not meaningfully differ between groups.
Lycopene → Serum insulin-like growth factor I concentration source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/26422197.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1327af281ec573be44c88b10fc7973e82e4963aab7bef3f7d14122e6c2a3dbea", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1542, "text_sha256": "1327af281ec573be44c88b10fc7973e82e4963aab7bef3f7d14122e6c2a3dbea"}
experimental_model
Randomized six-month repeat-biopsy trial
exposure
Tomato extract containing 30 mg/day lycopene versus placebo
limitations
Small surrogate-endpoint study; exploratory histological extent findings were not established cancer prevention.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human, 58 completers with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia
plain_language
Cell-culture IGF signaling findings did not translate into these blood measurements.
primary_references
[lycopene-p26422197] A Phase II Randomized Trial of Lycopene-Rich Tomato Extract Among Men with High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26422197/ DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.1075560
tissue_or_cell_type
Serum biomarkers and prostate biopsies
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 1144–1155
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized six-month repeat-biopsy trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-hgp-igf-null Serum IGF-I and IGF-binding protein 3 did not meaningfully differ between groups. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Cell-culture IGF signaling findings did not translate into these blood measurements. organism: Human, 58 completers with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia tissue_or_cell_type: Serum biomarkers and prostate biopsies experimental_model: Randomized six-month repeat-biopsy trial limitations: Small surrogate-endpoint study; exploratory histological extent findings were not established cancer prevention. exposure: Tomato extract containing 30 mg/day lycopene versus placebo evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/26422197.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1327af281ec573be44c88b10fc7973e82e4963aab7bef3f7d14122e6c2a3dbea", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1542, "text_sha256": "1327af281ec573be44c88b10fc7973e82e4963aab7bef3f7d14122e6c2a3dbea"} [lycopene-p26422197] A Phase II Randomized Trial of Lycopene-Rich Tomato Extract Among Men with High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26422197/ DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.1075560
Complete structured claim and evidence
Prostate epithelial MCM-2 and p27 expression did not differ between treatment groups.
Lycopene → Prostate epithelial MCM-2 and p27 expression source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/26422197.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1327af281ec573be44c88b10fc7973e82e4963aab7bef3f7d14122e6c2a3dbea", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1542, "text_sha256": "1327af281ec573be44c88b10fc7973e82e4963aab7bef3f7d14122e6c2a3dbea"}
experimental_model
Randomized six-month repeat-biopsy trial
exposure
Tomato extract containing 30 mg/day lycopene versus placebo
limitations
Small surrogate-endpoint study; exploratory histological extent findings were not established cancer prevention.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human, 58 completers with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia
plain_language
These tissue growth markers did not respond detectably.
primary_references
[lycopene-p26422197] A Phase II Randomized Trial of Lycopene-Rich Tomato Extract Among Men with High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26422197/ DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.1075560
tissue_or_cell_type
Serum biomarkers and prostate biopsies
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 1157–1168
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized six-month repeat-biopsy trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-hgp-tissue-null Prostate epithelial MCM-2 and p27 expression did not differ between treatment groups. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: These tissue growth markers did not respond detectably. organism: Human, 58 completers with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia tissue_or_cell_type: Serum biomarkers and prostate biopsies experimental_model: Randomized six-month repeat-biopsy trial limitations: Small surrogate-endpoint study; exploratory histological extent findings were not established cancer prevention. exposure: Tomato extract containing 30 mg/day lycopene versus placebo evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/26422197.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1327af281ec573be44c88b10fc7973e82e4963aab7bef3f7d14122e6c2a3dbea", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1542, "text_sha256": "1327af281ec573be44c88b10fc7973e82e4963aab7bef3f7d14122e6c2a3dbea"} [lycopene-p26422197] A Phase II Randomized Trial of Lycopene-Rich Tomato Extract Among Men with High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26422197/ DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.1075560
Complete structured claim and evidence
Cancer prevalence on repeat biopsy was similar between groups.
Lycopene → Prostate cancer prevalence at repeat biopsy source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/26422197.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1327af281ec573be44c88b10fc7973e82e4963aab7bef3f7d14122e6c2a3dbea", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1542, "text_sha256": "1327af281ec573be44c88b10fc7973e82e4963aab7bef3f7d14122e6c2a3dbea"}
experimental_model
Randomized six-month repeat-biopsy trial
exposure
Tomato extract containing 30 mg/day lycopene versus placebo
limitations
Small surrogate-endpoint study; exploratory histological extent findings were not established cancer prevention.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human, 58 completers with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia
plain_language
This trial did not demonstrate cancer prevention.
primary_references
[lycopene-p26422197] A Phase II Randomized Trial of Lycopene-Rich Tomato Extract Among Men with High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26422197/ DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.1075560
tissue_or_cell_type
Serum biomarkers and prostate biopsies
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 1170–1181
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized six-month repeat-biopsy trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-hgp-cancer-null Cancer prevalence on repeat biopsy was similar between groups. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This trial did not demonstrate cancer prevention. organism: Human, 58 completers with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia tissue_or_cell_type: Serum biomarkers and prostate biopsies experimental_model: Randomized six-month repeat-biopsy trial limitations: Small surrogate-endpoint study; exploratory histological extent findings were not established cancer prevention. exposure: Tomato extract containing 30 mg/day lycopene versus placebo evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/26422197.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1327af281ec573be44c88b10fc7973e82e4963aab7bef3f7d14122e6c2a3dbea", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1542, "text_sha256": "1327af281ec573be44c88b10fc7973e82e4963aab7bef3f7d14122e6c2a3dbea"} [lycopene-p26422197] A Phase II Randomized Trial of Lycopene-Rich Tomato Extract Among Men with High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26422197/ DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.1075560
Complete structured claim and evidence
Tomato paste increased instrumental erythema D30 versus control, P=0.03.
Study-specific tomato paste food intervention → Instrumental UV erythema D30 threshold source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/20854436.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "70a295ef309afb9296521357fe29b70f532c2fd215687c918b94ee027aa707ba", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2063, "text_sha256": "70a295ef309afb9296521357fe29b70f532c2fd215687c918b94ee027aa707ba"}
experimental_model
Randomized tomato-paste versus olive-oil trial
exposure
55 g tomato paste providing 16 mg lycopene daily in olive oil for 12 weeks
limitations
Whole food exposure; UV endpoints differ; not evidence that lycopene replaces sunscreen or prevents skin cancer.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human, 20 women with skin phototypes I/II
plain_language
A measured redness response was less sensitive after the food intervention.
primary_references
[lycopene-p20854436] Tomato paste rich in lycopene protects against cutaneous photodamage in humans in vivo: a randomized controlled trial. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20854436/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10057.x
tissue_or_cell_type
UV-exposed skin and biopsies
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 1183–1194
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized tomato-paste versus olive-oil trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-skin-d30 Tomato paste increased instrumental erythema D30 versus control, P=0.03. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A measured redness response was less sensitive after the food intervention. organism: Human, 20 women with skin phototypes I/II tissue_or_cell_type: UV-exposed skin and biopsies experimental_model: Randomized tomato-paste versus olive-oil trial limitations: Whole food exposure; UV endpoints differ; not evidence that lycopene replaces sunscreen or prevents skin cancer. exposure: 55 g tomato paste providing 16 mg lycopene daily in olive oil for 12 weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/20854436.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "70a295ef309afb9296521357fe29b70f532c2fd215687c918b94ee027aa707ba", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2063, "text_sha256": "70a295ef309afb9296521357fe29b70f532c2fd215687c918b94ee027aa707ba"} [lycopene-p20854436] Tomato paste rich in lycopene protects against cutaneous photodamage in humans in vivo: a randomized controlled trial. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20854436/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10057.x
Complete structured claim and evidence
The visually assessed minimal erythema dose did not differ significantly between groups.
Study-specific tomato paste food intervention → Visually assessed UV minimal erythema dose source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/20854436.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "70a295ef309afb9296521357fe29b70f532c2fd215687c918b94ee027aa707ba", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2063, "text_sha256": "70a295ef309afb9296521357fe29b70f532c2fd215687c918b94ee027aa707ba"}
experimental_model
Randomized tomato-paste versus olive-oil trial
exposure
55 g tomato paste providing 16 mg lycopene daily in olive oil for 12 weeks
limitations
Whole food exposure; UV endpoints differ; not evidence that lycopene replaces sunscreen or prevents skin cancer.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human, 20 women with skin phototypes I/II
plain_language
A different redness endpoint did not show the same statistical result.
primary_references
[lycopene-p20854436] Tomato paste rich in lycopene protects against cutaneous photodamage in humans in vivo: a randomized controlled trial. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20854436/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10057.x
tissue_or_cell_type
UV-exposed skin and biopsies
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 1196–1207
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized tomato-paste versus olive-oil trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-skin-med-null The visually assessed minimal erythema dose did not differ significantly between groups. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A different redness endpoint did not show the same statistical result. organism: Human, 20 women with skin phototypes I/II tissue_or_cell_type: UV-exposed skin and biopsies experimental_model: Randomized tomato-paste versus olive-oil trial limitations: Whole food exposure; UV endpoints differ; not evidence that lycopene replaces sunscreen or prevents skin cancer. exposure: 55 g tomato paste providing 16 mg lycopene daily in olive oil for 12 weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/20854436.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "70a295ef309afb9296521357fe29b70f532c2fd215687c918b94ee027aa707ba", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2063, "text_sha256": "70a295ef309afb9296521357fe29b70f532c2fd215687c918b94ee027aa707ba"} [lycopene-p20854436] Tomato paste rich in lycopene protects against cutaneous photodamage in humans in vivo: a randomized controlled trial. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20854436/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10057.x
Complete structured claim and evidence
Tomato paste reduced UV-induced MMP-1 expression versus control, P=0.04.
Study-specific tomato paste food intervention → UV-induced skin MMP-1 expression source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/20854436.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "70a295ef309afb9296521357fe29b70f532c2fd215687c918b94ee027aa707ba", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2063, "text_sha256": "70a295ef309afb9296521357fe29b70f532c2fd215687c918b94ee027aa707ba"}
experimental_model
Randomized tomato-paste versus olive-oil trial
exposure
55 g tomato paste providing 16 mg lycopene daily in olive oil for 12 weeks
limitations
Whole food exposure; UV endpoints differ; not evidence that lycopene replaces sunscreen or prevents skin cancer.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human, 20 women with skin phototypes I/II
plain_language
A marker linked to matrix breakdown was lower.
primary_references
[lycopene-p20854436] Tomato paste rich in lycopene protects against cutaneous photodamage in humans in vivo: a randomized controlled trial. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20854436/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10057.x
tissue_or_cell_type
UV-exposed skin and biopsies
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 1209–1220
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized tomato-paste versus olive-oil trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-skin-mmp1 Tomato paste reduced UV-induced MMP-1 expression versus control, P=0.04. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A marker linked to matrix breakdown was lower. organism: Human, 20 women with skin phototypes I/II tissue_or_cell_type: UV-exposed skin and biopsies experimental_model: Randomized tomato-paste versus olive-oil trial limitations: Whole food exposure; UV endpoints differ; not evidence that lycopene replaces sunscreen or prevents skin cancer. exposure: 55 g tomato paste providing 16 mg lycopene daily in olive oil for 12 weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/20854436.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "70a295ef309afb9296521357fe29b70f532c2fd215687c918b94ee027aa707ba", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2063, "text_sha256": "70a295ef309afb9296521357fe29b70f532c2fd215687c918b94ee027aa707ba"} [lycopene-p20854436] Tomato paste rich in lycopene protects against cutaneous photodamage in humans in vivo: a randomized controlled trial. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20854436/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10057.x
Complete structured claim and evidence
The UV-associated mitochondrial DNA 3895-base-pair deletion decreased after tomato-paste supplementation.
Study-specific tomato paste food intervention → UV-associated skin mitochondrial DNA 3895-bp deletion source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/20854436.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "70a295ef309afb9296521357fe29b70f532c2fd215687c918b94ee027aa707ba", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2063, "text_sha256": "70a295ef309afb9296521357fe29b70f532c2fd215687c918b94ee027aa707ba"}
experimental_model
Randomized tomato-paste versus olive-oil trial
exposure
55 g tomato paste providing 16 mg lycopene daily in olive oil for 12 weeks
limitations
Whole food exposure; UV endpoints differ; not evidence that lycopene replaces sunscreen or prevents skin cancer.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human, 20 women with skin phototypes I/II
plain_language
A measured mitochondrial DNA damage endpoint improved.
primary_references
[lycopene-p20854436] Tomato paste rich in lycopene protects against cutaneous photodamage in humans in vivo: a randomized controlled trial. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20854436/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10057.x
tissue_or_cell_type
UV-exposed skin and biopsies
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 1222–1233
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized tomato-paste versus olive-oil trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-skin-mtdna The UV-associated mitochondrial DNA 3895-base-pair deletion decreased after tomato-paste supplementation. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A measured mitochondrial DNA damage endpoint improved. organism: Human, 20 women with skin phototypes I/II tissue_or_cell_type: UV-exposed skin and biopsies experimental_model: Randomized tomato-paste versus olive-oil trial limitations: Whole food exposure; UV endpoints differ; not evidence that lycopene replaces sunscreen or prevents skin cancer. exposure: 55 g tomato paste providing 16 mg lycopene daily in olive oil for 12 weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/20854436.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "70a295ef309afb9296521357fe29b70f532c2fd215687c918b94ee027aa707ba", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2063, "text_sha256": "70a295ef309afb9296521357fe29b70f532c2fd215687c918b94ee027aa707ba"} [lycopene-p20854436] Tomato paste rich in lycopene protects against cutaneous photodamage in humans in vivo: a randomized controlled trial. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20854436/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10057.x
Complete structured claim and evidence
Neither capsule nor paste showed improvement in visual minimal erythema dose over the ten-week UVB study.
Lycopene → Visually assessed UV minimal erythema dose source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/26024575.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "682051a8b59270407b327cf439145fec1ea55459fd3c6e8236b535f985442d00", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1667, "text_sha256": "682051a8b59270407b327cf439145fec1ea55459fd3c6e8236b535f985442d00"}
experimental_model
Randomized comparative capsule-versus-paste study
exposure
Ten weeks of capsule or tomato paste
limitations
Small study without an untreated placebo group; differs in UV spectrum and outcomes from the 2011 study.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human, 20 enrolled; three withdrew after week four
plain_language
Skin protection was not a consistent result across protocols.
primary_references
[lycopene-p26024575] Lycopene not in pill, nor in natura has photoprotective systemic effect. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26024575/ DOI: 10.1007/s00403-015-1578-7
tissue_or_cell_type
UVB-induced erythema and serum lycopene
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 1235–1246
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized comparative capsule-versus-paste study · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-skin-replication-null Neither capsule nor paste showed improvement in visual minimal erythema dose over the ten-week UVB study. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Skin protection was not a consistent result across protocols. organism: Human, 20 enrolled; three withdrew after week four tissue_or_cell_type: UVB-induced erythema and serum lycopene experimental_model: Randomized comparative capsule-versus-paste study limitations: Small study without an untreated placebo group; differs in UV spectrum and outcomes from the 2011 study. exposure: Ten weeks of capsule or tomato paste evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/26024575.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "682051a8b59270407b327cf439145fec1ea55459fd3c6e8236b535f985442d00", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1667, "text_sha256": "682051a8b59270407b327cf439145fec1ea55459fd3c6e8236b535f985442d00"} [lycopene-p26024575] Lycopene not in pill, nor in natura has photoprotective systemic effect. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26024575/ DOI: 10.1007/s00403-015-1578-7
Complete structured claim and evidence
The trial reported improved total sperm count, remaining significant after adjustment.
Lycopene → Total sperm count per ejaculate source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
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experimental_model
Double-blind placebo-controlled trial
exposure
25 mg/day lycopene for 12 weeks
limitations
Small trial; distinguish between-group adjusted results from numerous within-group changes; no live-birth outcome established.
nutrient_topic
Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
organism
Human, 44 men with oligozoospermia
plain_language
A semen measurement improved; this does not establish better pregnancy or live-birth rates.
primary_references
[lycopene-p31468596] The effects of lycopene supplement on the spermatogram and seminal oxidative stress in infertile men: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31468596/ DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6493
tissue_or_cell_type
Semen analysis
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 1248–1259
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind placebo-controlled trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lycopene-sperm-count The trial reported improved total sperm count, remaining significant after adjustment. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A semen measurement improved; this does not establish better pregnancy or live-birth rates. organism: Human, 44 men with oligozoospermia tissue_or_cell_type: Semen analysis experimental_model: Double-blind placebo-controlled trial limitations: Small trial; distinguish between-group adjusted results from numerous within-group changes; no live-birth outcome established. exposure: 25 mg/day lycopene for 12 weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/31468596.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "43f86ccba4712a72d13292bf7fea87e9feb0c514ff5bebcd79adf94f656522c4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1442, "text_sha256": "43f86ccba4712a72d13292bf7fea87e9feb0c514ff5bebcd79adf94f656522c4"} [lycopene-p31468596] The effects of lycopene supplement on the spermatogram and seminal oxidative stress in infertile men: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31468596/ DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6493
Complete structured claim and evidence
Purified human BCO1 cleaved all-trans-beta-carotene centrally to all-trans-retinal.
Beta-carotene oxygenase 1 / BCO1 → All-trans-retinal source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_location
Figure 3
experimental_model
Purified human BCO1 expressed in E. coli; substrate incubations and HPLC.
exposure
20 micromolar beta-carotene, 500 ng enzyme/200 microliters, 37 C, 15 minutes.
limitations
Purified-enzyme rates do not determine dietary conversion efficiency.
nutrient_topic
Vitamin A research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin A
organism
Homo sapiens protein expressed in Escherichia coli
outcome
Purified human BCO1 cleaved all-trans-beta-carotene centrally to all-trans-retinal.
plain_language
BCO1 turns a carotenoid precursor into retinal.
primary_references
[va-delasena-2013] Substrate specificity of purified recombinant human beta-carotene 15,15'-oxygenase (BCO1) (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24187135/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M113.507160
tissue_or_cell_type
Cell-free enzyme
Vitamin A: forms, mechanisms, deficiency and excess (2026-09-17) · lines 131–143
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified human BCO1 expressed in E. coli; substrate incubations and HPLC. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### va-bco1-central-cleavage Purified human BCO1 cleaved all-trans-beta-carotene centrally to all-trans-retinal. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Vitamin A research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: BCO1 turns a carotenoid precursor into retinal. organism: Homo sapiens protein expressed in Escherichia coli tissue_or_cell_type: Cell-free enzyme experimental_model: Purified human BCO1 expressed in E. coli; substrate incubations and HPLC. limitations: Purified-enzyme rates do not determine dietary conversion efficiency. exposure: 20 micromolar beta-carotene, 500 ng enzyme/200 microliters, 37 C, 15 minutes. outcome: Purified human BCO1 cleaved all-trans-beta-carotene centrally to all-trans-retinal. evidence_location: Figure 3 [va-delasena-2013] Substrate specificity of purified recombinant human beta-carotene 15,15'-oxygenase (BCO1) (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24187135/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M113.507160
Complete structured claim and evidence
Expression of SR-BI in HEK cells increased cholecalciferol uptake, and its corresponding inhibitor reduced this uptake.
Scavenger receptor class B type 1 / SCARB1 → Intestinal cholecalciferol uptake source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
cross_nutrient
false
evidence_location
Primary abstract, Methods and results; exact incubation concentrations/durations unavailable in abstract.
experimental_model
Transfected HEK-cell uptake assay; intestinal relevance tested separately
exposure
Transporter transfection and selective-inhibitor co-incubation; exact dose/time absent from abstract.
limitations
HEK overexpression is not intact human intestine; inhibitors and uptake assays do not establish clinical deficiency. In-vivo ezetimibe effect in mice was nonsignificant.
nutrient
Vitamin D2 and D3 · Vitamin D2 and D3
nutrient_topic
Vitamin D2 and D3 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin D2 and D3
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
SR-BI can contribute to vitamin D3 entry into cells.
primary_references
[reboul2011] Vitamin D intestinal absorption is not a simple passive diffusion: evidences for involvement of cholesterol transporters. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21280209/ DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000553
tissue_or_cell_type
HEK cell model of a candidate intestinal uptake mechanism
Vitamin D2 and D3: mechanisms, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 166–179
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Transfected HEK-cell uptake assay; intestinal relevance tested separately · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### vd-act-scarb1-uptake Expression of SR-BI in HEK cells increased cholecalciferol uptake, and its corresponding inhibitor reduced this uptake. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Vitamin D2 and D3 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: SR-BI can contribute to vitamin D3 entry into cells. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: HEK cell model of a candidate intestinal uptake mechanism experimental_model: Transfected HEK-cell uptake assay; intestinal relevance tested separately limitations: HEK overexpression is not intact human intestine; inhibitors and uptake assays do not establish clinical deficiency. In-vivo ezetimibe effect in mice was nonsignificant. exposure: Transporter transfection and selective-inhibitor co-incubation; exact dose/time absent from abstract. cross_nutrient: false evidence_location: Primary abstract, Methods and results; exact incubation concentrations/durations unavailable in abstract. nutrient: Vitamin D2 and D3 [reboul2011] Vitamin D intestinal absorption is not a simple passive diffusion: evidences for involvement of cholesterol transporters. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21280209/ DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000553
Complete structured claim and evidence
Purified human NADSYN1 catalyzed ATP-dependent NAD+ production from nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide in glutamine-supported assays.
Human glutamine-dependent NAD synthetase / NADSYN1 → NAD+ source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
cross_nutrient
Glutamine supplies nitrogen for the final amidation of the nicotinic-acid/de novo NAD pathway.
evidence_span
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experimental_model
Recombinant human NADSYN1 steady-state kinetic assays and crystallography; bacterial comparison kept separate
exposure
Biochemical or structural assay; no dietary intervention
limitations
Purified-enzyme evidence does not establish dietary intake requirements or clinical outcomes.
nutrient_topic
Niacin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Niacin (vitamin B3)
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
The deamidated route finishes by making NAD+ through NADSYN1.
primary_references
[b3-pre-nadsyn2019] Different ways to transport ammonia in human and Mycobacterium tuberculosis NAD+ synthetases. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31911602/ DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13845-4
tissue_or_cell_type
Purified recombinant protein; no intact tissue
Niacin: NAD metabolism, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 328–340
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Recombinant human NADSYN1 steady-state kinetic assays and crystallography; bacterial comparison kept separate · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### b3-pre-nadsyn-amidation Purified human NADSYN1 catalyzed ATP-dependent NAD+ production from nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide in glutamine-supported assays. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Niacin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The deamidated route finishes by making NAD+ through NADSYN1. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Purified recombinant protein; no intact tissue experimental_model: Recombinant human NADSYN1 steady-state kinetic assays and crystallography; bacterial comparison kept separate limitations: Purified-enzyme evidence does not establish dietary intake requirements or clinical outcomes. exposure: Biochemical or structural assay; no dietary intervention cross_nutrient: Glutamine supplies nitrogen for the final amidation of the nicotinic-acid/de novo NAD pathway. evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/niacin-precursors-sources/nadsyn2019.paragraphs.txt", "locator": "Normalized full-text paragraphs 8–8 (0-based)", "start_char": 7090, "end_char": 8684, "file_sha256": "36ad82ce734c8e0c44d01c7dc813b1641708738319b53a926e429155b1a602f4", "text_sha256": "90cb4d2ce3001f2ecf18f1d751db36047726b71a75be94b073474f6f518c96cd"} [b3-pre-nadsyn2019] Different ways to transport ammonia in human and Mycobacterium tuberculosis NAD+ synthetases. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31911602/ DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13845-4
Complete structured claim and evidence
NQO1 protein and enzyme activity increased after lipoic-acid treatment in HL-60 cells.
Lipoic acid → Human NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 / NQO1 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ala-research/18813798.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "bcc2d2fa7c8f550c53af52dfcd88a1e84bee38f98b85cb72e723eba495b01814", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1245, "text_sha256": "bcc2d2fa7c8f550c53af52dfcd88a1e84bee38f98b85cb72e723eba495b01814"}
experimental_model
Human HL-60 leukemia cell biochemical study
exposure
Alpha-lipoic-acid exposure
limitations
Association of Nrf2/KEAP1 changes with NQO1 induction does not by itself establish genetic dependency or clinical cancer benefit.
nutrient_topic
Alpha-lipoic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lipoic acid
organism
Human cell line
plain_language
The response included more activity of a specific quinone-processing enzyme.
primary_references
[ala-p18813798] Control of cellular redox status and upregulation of quinone reductase NQO1 via Nrf2 activation by alpha-lipoic acid in human leukemia HL-60 cells. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18813798/ DOI: 10.3892/ijo_00000071
tissue_or_cell_type
HL-60 cells
Alpha-lipoic acid: cofactor assembly, redox signaling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 884–895
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human HL-60 leukemia cell biochemical study · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ala-hl60-nqo1 NQO1 protein and enzyme activity increased after lipoic-acid treatment in HL-60 cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Alpha-lipoic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The response included more activity of a specific quinone-processing enzyme. organism: Human cell line tissue_or_cell_type: HL-60 cells experimental_model: Human HL-60 leukemia cell biochemical study limitations: Association of Nrf2/KEAP1 changes with NQO1 induction does not by itself establish genetic dependency or clinical cancer benefit. exposure: Alpha-lipoic-acid exposure evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ala-research/18813798.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "bcc2d2fa7c8f550c53af52dfcd88a1e84bee38f98b85cb72e723eba495b01814", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1245, "text_sha256": "bcc2d2fa7c8f550c53af52dfcd88a1e84bee38f98b85cb72e723eba495b01814"} [ala-p18813798] Control of cellular redox status and upregulation of quinone reductase NQO1 via Nrf2 activation by alpha-lipoic acid in human leukemia HL-60 cells. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18813798/ DOI: 10.3892/ijo_00000071
Complete structured claim and evidence

Availability and dependencies

Each situation shows the normal role first, then what the sources report under a specific condition. A shortfall in the diet, a fault in the machinery, and a low blood reading are kept separate because they are not the same thing.

When the Nrf2 response machinery is disabled

Condition: machinery_impairment · Dominant-negative Nrf2 expression.

Normal role: Functional Nrf2 supports the measured enzyme induction.

Recorded consequence: The enzyme induction response was abolished.

Scope: Transfected cancer cells; no dietary deficiency diagnosis.

Reduced circulating lycopene during olestra exposure

Condition: biomarker_context · Prolonged olestra-containing diet.

Normal role: Dietary carotenoids normally contribute to circulating concentrations.

Recorded consequence: Serum lycopene fell despite the study multivitamin.

Scope: Human controlled diet; reduced exposure, not a proven lycopene-deficiency disease.

The sources

Every document behind this chapter is preserved word for word. Open one to read it in full with its recorded conflicts marked in place.

Alpha-lipoic acid: cofactor assembly, redox signaling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17)AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · unverified_draftRead preserved source
Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17)AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · unverified_draftRead preserved source
Niacin: NAD metabolism, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17)AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · unverified_draftRead preserved source
Vitamin A: forms, mechanisms, deficiency and excess (2026-09-17)AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · unverified_draftRead preserved source
Vitamin D2 and D3: mechanisms, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17)AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · unverified_draftRead preserved source

Recorded disagreements

Where two sources say different things, both are kept and the difference is explained. You can discuss a disagreement or propose a mechanism that might account for it.

Human BCO1: does efficient cleavage require a beta-ionone ring?The 2002 purified human-enzyme study inferred a ring requirement; the 2013 study measured cleavage of acyclic lycopene to acycloretinal. These are competing published substrate-specificity conclusions, not an error in our draft. Expression system, purification, substrate dispersion and oxidation controls are candidate explanations; this collection does not establish which explains the discrepancy.Read the recorded disagreement

Open questions in this collection

Questions the curators could not answer from the sources in front of them, kept here with the reason each one is still open. These are gaps in this collection, not findings or proof that no one has studied them.

How much lycopene is cleaved by human BCO1 versus BCO2 in each tissue?Human enzyme assays, ferret substrate preferences and mouse knockouts do not settle tissue-specific human flux.
Which circulating apo-lycopenals come from food versus metabolism?Both routes remain compatible with the measured plasma metabolites.
Does lycopene supplementation prevent cancer, cardiovascular events or improve live birth?The selected clinical trials mainly measured intermediate endpoints; mechanistic plausibility does not settle these outcomes.
Is there a clinically validated lycopene deficiency threshold or repletion syndrome?This collection identifies lower-exposure situations, not an established essential-nutrient deficiency disease.
Does iron or niacin deficiency limit human lycopene-metabolite production, and can repletion restore it?Cofactor dependence was measured in ferret preparations, without human deficiency or repletion trials.
Does sharing SCARB1 produce clinically important lycopene-vitamin D competition?Independent uptake experiments do not test coadministration or establish competition in people.
Do intact lycopene, specific metabolites or a mixture explain each Nrf2 response in humans?Active derivative extracts and cell experiments do not identify the dominant mediator at dietary exposure.

Chapters are assembled from supplied drafts and curated literature summaries. Statements remain unverified against the primary studies, and the ledger is not medical advice.

Evidence, AI assistance and curation standards

Lycopene

The mechanisms

SR-BI antibody or BLT1 inhibited all-E and 5Z lycopene uptake by up to 60% in Caco-2 monolayers.

Adding avocado to salsa increased mean lycopene TRL AUC 4.4-fold compared with avocado-free salsa.

Tomato paste produced a 3.8-fold higher chylomicron lycopene AUC than fresh tomatoes with matched lycopene and corn oil.

Iron was an essential cofactor for lycopene cleavage by recombinant ferret BCO2.

NAD+ supported conversion of apo-10-prime-lycopenal to apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid in ferret hepatic fractions.

NADH supported conversion of apo-10-prime-lycopenal to apo-10-prime-lycopenol in ferret hepatic fractions.

Vitamin-A-deficient wild-type mice accumulated more hepatic lycopene than vitamin-A-sufficient mice.

Co-dosing beta-carotene increased the 24-hour lycopene AUC relative to lycopene alone.

Combined lycopene and alpha-tocopherol inhibited proliferation by up to about 90%; lycopene alone was weak in these cultures.

Apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid increased nuclear Nrf2 accumulation in BEAS-2B cells.

In statin-treated CVD patients, lycopene improved endothelium-dependent vasodilation by 53% versus placebo, 95% CI 9% to 93%.

No significant reduction in prostate 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine followed lycopene treatment.

NPC1L1 antibody and ezetimibe did not significantly reduce all-E or 5Z lycopene uptake in Caco-2 cells.

Intestinal SR-BI-overexpressing mice had approximately tenfold higher plasma lycopene than wild-type controls.

Cis lycopene isomers entered mixed micelles more efficiently than all-trans lycopene during simulated digestion.

Caco-2 uptake of cis lycopene exceeded all-trans uptake after simulated gac-meal digestion.

Tangerine tomato juice produced an 8.5-fold higher lycopene bioavailability response than red juice in this crossover trial.

Mean fractional lycopene absorption was 23% ± 6% in the human carbon-13 tracer experiment.

Modeled bioavailability did not differ between cis lycopene, 24.5% ± 6%, and all-trans lycopene, 23.2% ± 8%.

Modeled endogenous trans-to-cis conversion, 0.97 ± 0.25 micromol/day in the fast-turnover pool, explained cis enrichment.

All-trans tracer half-life was 5.3 ± 0.3 days versus 8.8 ± 0.6 days for cis isomers.

Approximately 79% ± 9% of plasma lycopene was associated with LDL in seven participants.

CD36 inhibition or partial knockdown reduced lycopene uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

Adipose explants from Cd36-null mice took up less lycopene than wild-type explants.

Ferret BCO2 cleaved 5-cis lycopene at the 9-prime,10-prime bond to apo-10-prime-lycopenal.

Ferret BCO2 also cleaved 13-cis lycopene to apo-10-prime-lycopenal.

All-trans lycopene was not cleaved by ferret BCO2 under the reported conditions.

Lycopene-fed ferrets accumulated cis isomers and detectable apo-10-prime-lycopenol in lung tissue.

Purified recombinant human BCO1 generated acycloretinal from lycopene, with reported catalytic efficiency similar to beta-carotene.

The 2002 human BCO1 study concluded that efficient cleavage required at least one unsubstituted beta-ionone ring.

Apo-6-, 8-, 10-, 12- and 14-prime lycopenals were detected in foods and human plasma; the plasma sum was 1.9 nmol/L.

Lycopene had a reported singlet-oxygen quenching constant of 31 billion per molar per second in the assay.

Lycopene quenched singlet oxygen faster per molecule than alpha-tocopherol, but concentration-adjusted plasma capacities were comparable.

Lycopene treatment increased ARE-driven reporter expression in transfected cancer cells.

Carotenoid treatment promoted Nrf2 nuclear translocation, including colocalization with PML nuclear bodies.

An ethanolic lycopene extract containing unidentified hydrophilic derivatives activated ARE with similar potency to the parent preparation.

Dominant-negative Nrf2 abolished the carotenoid-induced rise in phase II enzymes.

Apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid induced heme oxygenase-1 in bronchial epithelial cells.

Apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid induced NQO1 in BEAS-2B cells.

Apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid induced glutamate-cysteine ligases in the bronchial-cell experiment.

Apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid induced glutathione S-transferases in BEAS-2B cells.

The metabolite increased total intracellular glutathione in BEAS-2B cells.

The metabolite suppressed endogenous ROS generation and hydrogen-peroxide-induced injury in BEAS-2B cells.

Apo-10-prime-lycopenol also induced HMOX1 gene expression in BEAS-2B cells.

Apo-10-prime-lycopenal also induced HMOX1 gene expression in BEAS-2B cells.

Lycopene at 0.1 micromolar stimulated gap-junction communication in human fetal skin fibroblasts.

Lycopene at 0.1 micromolar was inactive in the connexin-43 mRNA-stabilization assay.

Acyclo-retinoic acid required 50 micromolar for RAR-beta2 promoter activation, a level the authors considered unphysiological.

The identified lycopene-derived dialdehyde enhanced gap-junction communication in rat WB-F344 cells.

Lycopene reduced IGF-I-stimulated IRS1 tyrosine phosphorylation in MCF7 cells.

Lycopene reduced IGF-I-stimulated AP-1 binding capacity in MCF7 cells.

Lycopene increased membrane-associated IGF-binding proteins without changing IGF-I receptor number or affinity.

Lycopene delayed cell-cycle progression without accompanying apoptotic or necrotic cell death in the tested MCF7 cultures.

The metabolite lowered cyclin E and inhibited G1-to-S progression in the bronchial-cell models.

The metabolite increased p21 and p27 protein in the tested bronchial cells.

Apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid activated the RAR-beta promoter and increased RAR-beta expression.

Mean tumors per mouse fell from 16 with NNK alone to 10, 7 and 5 across ascending metabolite diet doses.

The beta-carotene serum AUC did not differ when beta-carotene was taken alone or with lycopene.

Bco1-null mice had lower liver lycopene than Bco2-null or double-knockout mice; comparison with wild type was not significant.

Lycopene was enriched three- to fivefold in hepatic mitochondria compared with total hepatic content across the tested genotypes.

Lycopene-containing diets increased intestinal ISX expression relative to the vitamin-A-deficient control group.

Olestra lowered serum lycopene by 12 weeks, persisting after cholesterol or BMI adjustment; the multivitamin did not prevent this.

The alpha-tocopherol combination effect was not reproduced with beta-tocopherol, ascorbic acid or probucol.

Lycopene downregulated 5-alpha-reductase expression in the rat prostate tumor model.

Lycopene downregulated local IGF-I expression in the rat tumor experiment.

Lycopene downregulated local IL-6 expression in the rat tumor experiment.

Apo-10-prime-lycopenoic acid did not inhibit differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

The metabolite prevented increases in IL-6 and IL-1-beta in the studied adipose inflammation models.

Healthy volunteers did not show an improvement in endothelium-dependent vasodilation after lycopene.

Endothelium-independent vasodilation did not change with lycopene in the CVD trial arm.

Basal nitric-oxide responses were unchanged in the CVD trial arm.

Both lycopene intervention routes increased serum and HDL3-associated PON1 activity.

The lycopene-supplement arm increased HDL3-associated LCAT activity.

Supplementation reduced CETP activity in HDL2 and HDL3 fractions.

Lycopene interventions reduced HDL3-associated serum amyloid A.

Lipoprotein subclass distributions and sizes did not change with the interventions.

Supplementation increased prostate lycopene from 0.45 to 0.59 pmol/mg and plasma lycopene from 0.74 to 1.43 micromolar.

Plasma malondialdehyde did not change significantly with lycopene.