Lycopene

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/10798222.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f9229468bbed86c3c4fdbb24f80d139f5cac41e1692195090d19a195bcd144e8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1731, "text_sha256": "f9229468bbed86c3c4fdbb24f80d139f5cac41e1692195090d19a195bcd144e8"}

experimental_model

Growth-factor stimulation and signaling assays

exposure

IGF-I stimulation with lycopene exposure

limitations

Cell-line mechanism; not proof of lowered human serum IGF-I or cancer treatment.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Human MCF7 breast cancer cells

plain_language

A downstream gene-regulatory response also fell.

primary_references

[lycopene-p10798222] Lycopene interferes with cell cycle progression and insulin-like growth factor I signaling in mammary cancer cells. (2000). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10798222/ DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc3601_14

tissue_or_cell_type

IRS1 phosphorylation, AP-1 and cell cycle

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 676–687

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Growth-factor stimulation and signaling assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-ap1 Lycopene reduced IGF-I-stimulated AP-1 binding capacity in MCF7 cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A downstream gene-regulatory response also fell. organism: Human MCF7 breast cancer cells tissue_or_cell_type: IRS1 phosphorylation, AP-1 and cell cycle experimental_model: Growth-factor stimulation and signaling assays limitations: Cell-line mechanism; not proof of lowered human serum IGF-I or cancer treatment. exposure: IGF-I stimulation with lycopene exposure evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/10798222.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f9229468bbed86c3c4fdbb24f80d139f5cac41e1692195090d19a195bcd144e8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1731, "text_sha256": "f9229468bbed86c3c4fdbb24f80d139f5cac41e1692195090d19a195bcd144e8"} [lycopene-p10798222] Lycopene interferes with cell cycle progression and insulin-like growth factor I signaling in mammary cancer cells. (2000). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10798222/ DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc3601_14

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/15657364.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a25b93d6074a1e560bf1e163aa70c511e99199b9bb62ccdffdbe70e51fcc7c32", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1890, "text_sha256": "a25b93d6074a1e560bf1e163aa70c511e99199b9bb62ccdffdbe70e51fcc7c32"}

experimental_model

Reporter, expression and dominant-negative transcription-factor experiments

exposure

Lycopene and ethanolic derivative extract

limitations

Unidentified derivative extract was active; direct binding of intact lycopene to KEAP1 was not established.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Human cancer cell cultures

plain_language

Cells activated a protective gene program in this experiment.

primary_references

[lycopene-p15657364] Carotenoids activate the antioxidant response element transcription system. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15657364/ DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.177.4.1

tissue_or_cell_type

ARE transcription and phase II enzyme expression

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 442–453

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Reporter, expression and dominant-negative transcription-factor experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-are-reporter Lycopene treatment increased ARE-driven reporter expression in transfected cancer cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Cells activated a protective gene program in this experiment. organism: Human cancer cell cultures tissue_or_cell_type: ARE transcription and phase II enzyme expression experimental_model: Reporter, expression and dominant-negative transcription-factor experiments limitations: Unidentified derivative extract was active; direct binding of intact lycopene to KEAP1 was not established. exposure: Lycopene and ethanolic derivative extract evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/15657364.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a25b93d6074a1e560bf1e163aa70c511e99199b9bb62ccdffdbe70e51fcc7c32", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1890, "text_sha256": "a25b93d6074a1e560bf1e163aa70c511e99199b9bb62ccdffdbe70e51fcc7c32"} [lycopene-p15657364] Carotenoids activate the antioxidant response element transcription system. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15657364/ DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.177.4.1

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/24911964.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d96a112b2d48544349cd136e7078ac9cdac3ecbedb41f2983db742b36e1cd8a9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1849, "text_sha256": "d96a112b2d48544349cd136e7078ac9cdac3ecbedb41f2983db742b36e1cd8a9"}

experimental_model

Double-blind placebo-controlled trial

exposure

7 mg lycopene daily for two months

limitations

Surrogate physiology, not cardiovascular events; CVD and healthy populations analyzed separately.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Human, 36 statin-treated CVD patients and 36 healthy volunteers

plain_language

Improved stimulated dilation did not establish a general rise in nitric oxide.

primary_references

[lycopene-p24911964] Effects of oral lycopene supplementation on vascular function in patients with cardiovascular disease and healthy volunteers: a randomised controlled trial. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24911964/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099070

tissue_or_cell_type

Forearm vascular responses

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 1001–1012

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind placebo-controlled trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-basal-no-null Basal nitric-oxide responses were unchanged in the CVD trial arm. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Improved stimulated dilation did not establish a general rise in nitric oxide. organism: Human, 36 statin-treated CVD patients and 36 healthy volunteers tissue_or_cell_type: Forearm vascular responses experimental_model: Double-blind placebo-controlled trial limitations: Surrogate physiology, not cardiovascular events; CVD and healthy populations analyzed separately. exposure: 7 mg lycopene daily for two months evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/24911964.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d96a112b2d48544349cd136e7078ac9cdac3ecbedb41f2983db742b36e1cd8a9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1849, "text_sha256": "d96a112b2d48544349cd136e7078ac9cdac3ecbedb41f2983db742b36e1cd8a9"} [lycopene-p24911964] Effects of oral lycopene supplementation on vascular function in patients with cardiovascular disease and healthy volunteers: a randomised controlled trial. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24911964/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099070

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/9278568.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e318f6fef0bfed88403fa2adf46f9713ebddfe6ea586c29614e820442c57d056", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1510, "text_sha256": "e318f6fef0bfed88403fa2adf46f9713ebddfe6ea586c29614e820442c57d056"}

experimental_model

Randomized-order double-blind crossover dosing experiment

exposure

60 mg beta-carotene, 60 mg lycopene, or 60 mg of each together

limitations

Acute high-dose study; does not justify routine co-supplementation or establish universal competition rules.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Human, ten healthy men

plain_language

The measured interaction was not symmetrical.

primary_references

[lycopene-p9278568] Ingestion by men of a combined dose of beta-carotene and lycopene does not affect the absorption of beta-carotene but improves that of lycopene. (1997). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9278568/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/127.9.1833

tissue_or_cell_type

Serum carotenoid AUC over 24 hours

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 793–804

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized-order double-blind crossover dosing experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-beta-carotene-response-null The beta-carotene serum AUC did not differ when beta-carotene was taken alone or with lycopene. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The measured interaction was not symmetrical. organism: Human, ten healthy men tissue_or_cell_type: Serum carotenoid AUC over 24 hours experimental_model: Randomized-order double-blind crossover dosing experiment limitations: Acute high-dose study; does not justify routine co-supplementation or establish universal competition rules. exposure: 60 mg beta-carotene, 60 mg lycopene, or 60 mg of each together evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/9278568.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e318f6fef0bfed88403fa2adf46f9713ebddfe6ea586c29614e820442c57d056", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1510, "text_sha256": "e318f6fef0bfed88403fa2adf46f9713ebddfe6ea586c29614e820442c57d056"} [lycopene-p9278568] Ingestion by men of a combined dose of beta-carotene and lycopene does not affect the absorption of beta-carotene but improves that of lycopene. (1997). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9278568/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/127.9.1833

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/10798222.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f9229468bbed86c3c4fdbb24f80d139f5cac41e1692195090d19a195bcd144e8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1731, "text_sha256": "f9229468bbed86c3c4fdbb24f80d139f5cac41e1692195090d19a195bcd144e8"}

experimental_model

Growth-factor stimulation and signaling assays

exposure

IGF-I stimulation with lycopene exposure

limitations

Cell-line mechanism; not proof of lowered human serum IGF-I or cancer treatment.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Human MCF7 breast cancer cells

plain_language

Slower growth was distinguished from simply killing the cells.

primary_references

[lycopene-p10798222] Lycopene interferes with cell cycle progression and insulin-like growth factor I signaling in mammary cancer cells. (2000). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10798222/ DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc3601_14

tissue_or_cell_type

IRS1 phosphorylation, AP-1 and cell cycle

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 702–713

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Growth-factor stimulation and signaling assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-cell-cycle Lycopene delayed cell-cycle progression without accompanying apoptotic or necrotic cell death in the tested MCF7 cultures. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Slower growth was distinguished from simply killing the cells. organism: Human MCF7 breast cancer cells tissue_or_cell_type: IRS1 phosphorylation, AP-1 and cell cycle experimental_model: Growth-factor stimulation and signaling assays limitations: Cell-line mechanism; not proof of lowered human serum IGF-I or cancer treatment. exposure: IGF-I stimulation with lycopene exposure evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/10798222.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f9229468bbed86c3c4fdbb24f80d139f5cac41e1692195090d19a195bcd144e8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1731, "text_sha256": "f9229468bbed86c3c4fdbb24f80d139f5cac41e1692195090d19a195bcd144e8"} [lycopene-p10798222] Lycopene interferes with cell cycle progression and insulin-like growth factor I signaling in mammary cancer cells. (2000). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10798222/ DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc3601_14

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/9784387.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "51bb94173c1f98ab622ff028dfefaa016eb3fb5021f40f79e1d7d02bceaa7c15", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 701, "text_sha256": "51bb94173c1f98ab622ff028dfefaa016eb3fb5021f40f79e1d7d02bceaa7c15"}

experimental_model

Combined-compound proliferation assay

exposure

Lycopene below 1 micromolar and alpha-tocopherol 50 micromolar

limitations

Reported in-vitro synergy; not proof of cancer prevention or a safe/effective supplement combination.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Human DU-145 and PC-3 prostate carcinoma cells

plain_language

The result cannot be generalized to every antioxidant partner.

primary_references

[lycopene-p9784387] Lycopene in association with alpha-tocopherol inhibits at physiological concentrations proliferation of prostate carcinoma cells. (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9784387/ DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9351

tissue_or_cell_type

Cultured cell proliferation

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 884–895

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Combined-compound proliferation assay · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-combination-specificity The alpha-tocopherol combination effect was not reproduced with beta-tocopherol, ascorbic acid or probucol. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The result cannot be generalized to every antioxidant partner. organism: Human DU-145 and PC-3 prostate carcinoma cells tissue_or_cell_type: Cultured cell proliferation experimental_model: Combined-compound proliferation assay limitations: Reported in-vitro synergy; not proof of cancer prevention or a safe/effective supplement combination. exposure: Lycopene below 1 micromolar and alpha-tocopherol 50 micromolar evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/9784387.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "51bb94173c1f98ab622ff028dfefaa016eb3fb5021f40f79e1d7d02bceaa7c15", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 701, "text_sha256": "51bb94173c1f98ab622ff028dfefaa016eb3fb5021f40f79e1d7d02bceaa7c15"} [lycopene-p9784387] Lycopene in association with alpha-tocopherol inhibits at physiological concentrations proliferation of prostate carcinoma cells. (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9784387/ DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9351

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/24911964.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d96a112b2d48544349cd136e7078ac9cdac3ecbedb41f2983db742b36e1cd8a9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1849, "text_sha256": "d96a112b2d48544349cd136e7078ac9cdac3ecbedb41f2983db742b36e1cd8a9"}

experimental_model

Double-blind placebo-controlled trial

exposure

7 mg lycopene daily for two months

limitations

Surrogate physiology, not cardiovascular events; CVD and healthy populations analyzed separately.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Human, 36 statin-treated CVD patients and 36 healthy volunteers

plain_language

A blood-vessel response improved in the patient group.

primary_references

[lycopene-p24911964] Effects of oral lycopene supplementation on vascular function in patients with cardiovascular disease and healthy volunteers: a randomised controlled trial. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24911964/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099070

tissue_or_cell_type

Forearm vascular responses

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 962–973

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind placebo-controlled trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-cvd-edv In statin-treated CVD patients, lycopene improved endothelium-dependent vasodilation by 53% versus placebo, 95% CI 9% to 93%. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A blood-vessel response improved in the patient group. organism: Human, 36 statin-treated CVD patients and 36 healthy volunteers tissue_or_cell_type: Forearm vascular responses experimental_model: Double-blind placebo-controlled trial limitations: Surrogate physiology, not cardiovascular events; CVD and healthy populations analyzed separately. exposure: 7 mg lycopene daily for two months evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/24911964.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d96a112b2d48544349cd136e7078ac9cdac3ecbedb41f2983db742b36e1cd8a9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1849, "text_sha256": "d96a112b2d48544349cd136e7078ac9cdac3ecbedb41f2983db742b36e1cd8a9"} [lycopene-p24911964] Effects of oral lycopene supplementation on vascular function in patients with cardiovascular disease and healthy volunteers: a randomised controlled trial. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24911964/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099070

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/24911964.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d96a112b2d48544349cd136e7078ac9cdac3ecbedb41f2983db742b36e1cd8a9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1849, "text_sha256": "d96a112b2d48544349cd136e7078ac9cdac3ecbedb41f2983db742b36e1cd8a9"}

experimental_model

Double-blind placebo-controlled trial

exposure

7 mg lycopene daily for two months

limitations

Surrogate physiology, not cardiovascular events; CVD and healthy populations analyzed separately.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Human, 36 statin-treated CVD patients and 36 healthy volunteers

plain_language

The trial distinguished different ways blood vessels relax.

primary_references

[lycopene-p24911964] Effects of oral lycopene supplementation on vascular function in patients with cardiovascular disease and healthy volunteers: a randomised controlled trial. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24911964/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099070

tissue_or_cell_type

Forearm vascular responses

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 988–999

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind placebo-controlled trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-eidv-null Endothelium-independent vasodilation did not change with lycopene in the CVD trial arm. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The trial distinguished different ways blood vessels relax. organism: Human, 36 statin-treated CVD patients and 36 healthy volunteers tissue_or_cell_type: Forearm vascular responses experimental_model: Double-blind placebo-controlled trial limitations: Surrogate physiology, not cardiovascular events; CVD and healthy populations analyzed separately. exposure: 7 mg lycopene daily for two months evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/24911964.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d96a112b2d48544349cd136e7078ac9cdac3ecbedb41f2983db742b36e1cd8a9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1849, "text_sha256": "d96a112b2d48544349cd136e7078ac9cdac3ecbedb41f2983db742b36e1cd8a9"} [lycopene-p24911964] Effects of oral lycopene supplementation on vascular function in patients with cardiovascular disease and healthy volunteers: a randomised controlled trial. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24911964/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099070

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/10620348.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "dfd11c7c19dcd07e092a601ff44e9c900b5ecd717d3661ac2aca48d5cac72011", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1295, "text_sha256": "dfd11c7c19dcd07e092a601ff44e9c900b5ecd717d3661ac2aca48d5cac72011"}

experimental_model

Gap-junction and promoter/mRNA assays

exposure

Lycopene 0.1 micromolar; acyclo-retinoic acid 1 or 50 micromolar depending on endpoint

limitations

Communication, mRNA stability and RAR reporter responses are distinct; very high metabolite doses are not physiological proof.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Human fetal skin fibroblasts and reporter systems

plain_language

Neighboring cells exchanged small signals more readily in this model.

primary_references

[lycopene-p10620348] Stimulation of gap junctional communication: comparison of acyclo-retinoic acid and lycopene. (2000). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10620348/ DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1510

tissue_or_cell_type

Connexin-related intercellular communication

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 611–622

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Gap-junction and promoter/mRNA assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-gap-junction Lycopene at 0.1 micromolar stimulated gap-junction communication in human fetal skin fibroblasts. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Neighboring cells exchanged small signals more readily in this model. organism: Human fetal skin fibroblasts and reporter systems tissue_or_cell_type: Connexin-related intercellular communication experimental_model: Gap-junction and promoter/mRNA assays limitations: Communication, mRNA stability and RAR reporter responses are distinct; very high metabolite doses are not physiological proof. exposure: Lycopene 0.1 micromolar; acyclo-retinoic acid 1 or 50 micromolar depending on endpoint evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/10620348.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "dfd11c7c19dcd07e092a601ff44e9c900b5ecd717d3661ac2aca48d5cac72011", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1295, "text_sha256": "dfd11c7c19dcd07e092a601ff44e9c900b5ecd717d3661ac2aca48d5cac72011"} [lycopene-p10620348] Stimulation of gap junctional communication: comparison of acyclo-retinoic acid and lycopene. (2000). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10620348/ DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1510

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/10620348.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "dfd11c7c19dcd07e092a601ff44e9c900b5ecd717d3661ac2aca48d5cac72011", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1295, "text_sha256": "dfd11c7c19dcd07e092a601ff44e9c900b5ecd717d3661ac2aca48d5cac72011"}

experimental_model

Gap-junction and promoter/mRNA assays

exposure

Lycopene 0.1 micromolar; acyclo-retinoic acid 1 or 50 micromolar depending on endpoint

limitations

Communication, mRNA stability and RAR reporter responses are distinct; very high metabolite doses are not physiological proof.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Human fetal skin fibroblasts and reporter systems

plain_language

Improved communication does not establish every proposed connexin mechanism.

primary_references

[lycopene-p10620348] Stimulation of gap junctional communication: comparison of acyclo-retinoic acid and lycopene. (2000). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10620348/ DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1510

tissue_or_cell_type

Connexin-related intercellular communication

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 624–635

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Gap-junction and promoter/mRNA assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-gja1-stability-null Lycopene at 0.1 micromolar was inactive in the connexin-43 mRNA-stabilization assay. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Improved communication does not establish every proposed connexin mechanism. organism: Human fetal skin fibroblasts and reporter systems tissue_or_cell_type: Connexin-related intercellular communication experimental_model: Gap-junction and promoter/mRNA assays limitations: Communication, mRNA stability and RAR reporter responses are distinct; very high metabolite doses are not physiological proof. exposure: Lycopene 0.1 micromolar; acyclo-retinoic acid 1 or 50 micromolar depending on endpoint evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/10620348.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "dfd11c7c19dcd07e092a601ff44e9c900b5ecd717d3661ac2aca48d5cac72011", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1295, "text_sha256": "dfd11c7c19dcd07e092a601ff44e9c900b5ecd717d3661ac2aca48d5cac72011"} [lycopene-p10620348] Stimulation of gap junctional communication: comparison of acyclo-retinoic acid and lycopene. (2000). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10620348/ DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1510

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/35978954.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2778, "text_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a"}

experimental_model

Randomized diet/supplement trial biomarker analysis

exposure

Low tomato control; 224-350 mg/week food lycopene; or 70 mg/week supplement

limitations

Food and supplement doses differ; enzyme activities and particle sizes are surrogate endpoints, not proof of fewer events.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Human, 225 adults aged 40-65 years

plain_language

A lipid-transfer measurement changed without proving the whole pathway is beneficial.

primary_references

[lycopene-p35978954] Lycopene-rich diets modulate HDL functionality and associated inflammatory markers without affecting lipoprotein size and distribution in moderately overweight, disease-free, middle-aged adults: A randomized controlled trial. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35978954/ DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.954593

tissue_or_cell_type

HDL fractions and plasma lipoproteins

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 1040–1051

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized diet/supplement trial biomarker analysis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-hdl-cetp Supplementation reduced CETP activity in HDL2 and HDL3 fractions. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A lipid-transfer measurement changed without proving the whole pathway is beneficial. organism: Human, 225 adults aged 40-65 years tissue_or_cell_type: HDL fractions and plasma lipoproteins experimental_model: Randomized diet/supplement trial biomarker analysis limitations: Food and supplement doses differ; enzyme activities and particle sizes are surrogate endpoints, not proof of fewer events. exposure: Low tomato control; 224-350 mg/week food lycopene; or 70 mg/week supplement evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/35978954.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2778, "text_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a"} [lycopene-p35978954] Lycopene-rich diets modulate HDL functionality and associated inflammatory markers without affecting lipoprotein size and distribution in moderately overweight, disease-free, middle-aged adults: A randomized controlled trial. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35978954/ DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.954593

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/35978954.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2778, "text_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a"}

experimental_model

Randomized diet/supplement trial biomarker analysis

exposure

Low tomato control; 224-350 mg/week food lycopene; or 70 mg/week supplement

limitations

Food and supplement doses differ; enzyme activities and particle sizes are surrogate endpoints, not proof of fewer events.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Human, 225 adults aged 40-65 years

plain_language

A cholesterol-handling enzyme changed in this fraction.

primary_references

[lycopene-p35978954] Lycopene-rich diets modulate HDL functionality and associated inflammatory markers without affecting lipoprotein size and distribution in moderately overweight, disease-free, middle-aged adults: A randomized controlled trial. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35978954/ DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.954593

tissue_or_cell_type

HDL fractions and plasma lipoproteins

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 1027–1038

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized diet/supplement trial biomarker analysis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-hdl-lcat The lycopene-supplement arm increased HDL3-associated LCAT activity. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A cholesterol-handling enzyme changed in this fraction. organism: Human, 225 adults aged 40-65 years tissue_or_cell_type: HDL fractions and plasma lipoproteins experimental_model: Randomized diet/supplement trial biomarker analysis limitations: Food and supplement doses differ; enzyme activities and particle sizes are surrogate endpoints, not proof of fewer events. exposure: Low tomato control; 224-350 mg/week food lycopene; or 70 mg/week supplement evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/35978954.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2778, "text_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a"} [lycopene-p35978954] Lycopene-rich diets modulate HDL functionality and associated inflammatory markers without affecting lipoprotein size and distribution in moderately overweight, disease-free, middle-aged adults: A randomized controlled trial. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35978954/ DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.954593

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/35978954.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2778, "text_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a"}

experimental_model

Randomized diet/supplement trial biomarker analysis

exposure

Low tomato control; 224-350 mg/week food lycopene; or 70 mg/week supplement

limitations

Food and supplement doses differ; enzyme activities and particle sizes are surrogate endpoints, not proof of fewer events.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Human, 225 adults aged 40-65 years

plain_language

The activity of an enzyme carried by HDL changed.

primary_references

[lycopene-p35978954] Lycopene-rich diets modulate HDL functionality and associated inflammatory markers without affecting lipoprotein size and distribution in moderately overweight, disease-free, middle-aged adults: A randomized controlled trial. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35978954/ DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.954593

tissue_or_cell_type

HDL fractions and plasma lipoproteins

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 1014–1025

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized diet/supplement trial biomarker analysis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-hdl-pon1 Both lycopene intervention routes increased serum and HDL3-associated PON1 activity. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The activity of an enzyme carried by HDL changed. organism: Human, 225 adults aged 40-65 years tissue_or_cell_type: HDL fractions and plasma lipoproteins experimental_model: Randomized diet/supplement trial biomarker analysis limitations: Food and supplement doses differ; enzyme activities and particle sizes are surrogate endpoints, not proof of fewer events. exposure: Low tomato control; 224-350 mg/week food lycopene; or 70 mg/week supplement evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/35978954.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2778, "text_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a"} [lycopene-p35978954] Lycopene-rich diets modulate HDL functionality and associated inflammatory markers without affecting lipoprotein size and distribution in moderately overweight, disease-free, middle-aged adults: A randomized controlled trial. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35978954/ DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.954593

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/35978954.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2778, "text_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a"}

experimental_model

Randomized diet/supplement trial biomarker analysis

exposure

Low tomato control; 224-350 mg/week food lycopene; or 70 mg/week supplement

limitations

Food and supplement doses differ; enzyme activities and particle sizes are surrogate endpoints, not proof of fewer events.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Human, 225 adults aged 40-65 years

plain_language

An HDL-associated inflammatory marker decreased.

primary_references

[lycopene-p35978954] Lycopene-rich diets modulate HDL functionality and associated inflammatory markers without affecting lipoprotein size and distribution in moderately overweight, disease-free, middle-aged adults: A randomized controlled trial. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35978954/ DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.954593

tissue_or_cell_type

HDL fractions and plasma lipoproteins

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 1053–1064

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized diet/supplement trial biomarker analysis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-hdl-saa Lycopene interventions reduced HDL3-associated serum amyloid A. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: An HDL-associated inflammatory marker decreased. organism: Human, 225 adults aged 40-65 years tissue_or_cell_type: HDL fractions and plasma lipoproteins experimental_model: Randomized diet/supplement trial biomarker analysis limitations: Food and supplement doses differ; enzyme activities and particle sizes are surrogate endpoints, not proof of fewer events. exposure: Low tomato control; 224-350 mg/week food lycopene; or 70 mg/week supplement evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/35978954.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2778, "text_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a"} [lycopene-p35978954] Lycopene-rich diets modulate HDL functionality and associated inflammatory markers without affecting lipoprotein size and distribution in moderately overweight, disease-free, middle-aged adults: A randomized controlled trial. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35978954/ DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.954593

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/24911964.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d96a112b2d48544349cd136e7078ac9cdac3ecbedb41f2983db742b36e1cd8a9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1849, "text_sha256": "d96a112b2d48544349cd136e7078ac9cdac3ecbedb41f2983db742b36e1cd8a9"}

experimental_model

Double-blind placebo-controlled trial

exposure

7 mg lycopene daily for two months

limitations

Surrogate physiology, not cardiovascular events; CVD and healthy populations analyzed separately.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Human, 36 statin-treated CVD patients and 36 healthy volunteers

plain_language

The finding was not universal across participants.

primary_references

[lycopene-p24911964] Effects of oral lycopene supplementation on vascular function in patients with cardiovascular disease and healthy volunteers: a randomised controlled trial. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24911964/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099070

tissue_or_cell_type

Forearm vascular responses

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 975–986

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind placebo-controlled trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-healthy-edv-null Healthy volunteers did not show an improvement in endothelium-dependent vasodilation after lycopene. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The finding was not universal across participants. organism: Human, 36 statin-treated CVD patients and 36 healthy volunteers tissue_or_cell_type: Forearm vascular responses experimental_model: Double-blind placebo-controlled trial limitations: Surrogate physiology, not cardiovascular events; CVD and healthy populations analyzed separately. exposure: 7 mg lycopene daily for two months evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/24911964.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d96a112b2d48544349cd136e7078ac9cdac3ecbedb41f2983db742b36e1cd8a9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1849, "text_sha256": "d96a112b2d48544349cd136e7078ac9cdac3ecbedb41f2983db742b36e1cd8a9"} [lycopene-p24911964] Effects of oral lycopene supplementation on vascular function in patients with cardiovascular disease and healthy volunteers: a randomised controlled trial. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24911964/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099070

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/26422197.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1327af281ec573be44c88b10fc7973e82e4963aab7bef3f7d14122e6c2a3dbea", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1542, "text_sha256": "1327af281ec573be44c88b10fc7973e82e4963aab7bef3f7d14122e6c2a3dbea"}

experimental_model

Randomized six-month repeat-biopsy trial

exposure

Tomato extract containing 30 mg/day lycopene versus placebo

limitations

Small surrogate-endpoint study; exploratory histological extent findings were not established cancer prevention.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Human, 58 completers with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia

plain_language

This trial did not demonstrate cancer prevention.

primary_references

[lycopene-p26422197] A Phase II Randomized Trial of Lycopene-Rich Tomato Extract Among Men with High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26422197/ DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.1075560

tissue_or_cell_type

Serum biomarkers and prostate biopsies

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 1170–1181

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized six-month repeat-biopsy trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-hgp-cancer-null Cancer prevalence on repeat biopsy was similar between groups. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This trial did not demonstrate cancer prevention. organism: Human, 58 completers with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia tissue_or_cell_type: Serum biomarkers and prostate biopsies experimental_model: Randomized six-month repeat-biopsy trial limitations: Small surrogate-endpoint study; exploratory histological extent findings were not established cancer prevention. exposure: Tomato extract containing 30 mg/day lycopene versus placebo evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/26422197.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1327af281ec573be44c88b10fc7973e82e4963aab7bef3f7d14122e6c2a3dbea", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1542, "text_sha256": "1327af281ec573be44c88b10fc7973e82e4963aab7bef3f7d14122e6c2a3dbea"} [lycopene-p26422197] A Phase II Randomized Trial of Lycopene-Rich Tomato Extract Among Men with High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26422197/ DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.1075560

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/26422197.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1327af281ec573be44c88b10fc7973e82e4963aab7bef3f7d14122e6c2a3dbea", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1542, "text_sha256": "1327af281ec573be44c88b10fc7973e82e4963aab7bef3f7d14122e6c2a3dbea"}

experimental_model

Randomized six-month repeat-biopsy trial

exposure

Tomato extract containing 30 mg/day lycopene versus placebo

limitations

Small surrogate-endpoint study; exploratory histological extent findings were not established cancer prevention.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Human, 58 completers with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia

plain_language

Cell-culture IGF signaling findings did not translate into these blood measurements.

primary_references

[lycopene-p26422197] A Phase II Randomized Trial of Lycopene-Rich Tomato Extract Among Men with High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26422197/ DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.1075560

tissue_or_cell_type

Serum biomarkers and prostate biopsies

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 1144–1155

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized six-month repeat-biopsy trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-hgp-igf-null Serum IGF-I and IGF-binding protein 3 did not meaningfully differ between groups. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Cell-culture IGF signaling findings did not translate into these blood measurements. organism: Human, 58 completers with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia tissue_or_cell_type: Serum biomarkers and prostate biopsies experimental_model: Randomized six-month repeat-biopsy trial limitations: Small surrogate-endpoint study; exploratory histological extent findings were not established cancer prevention. exposure: Tomato extract containing 30 mg/day lycopene versus placebo evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/26422197.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1327af281ec573be44c88b10fc7973e82e4963aab7bef3f7d14122e6c2a3dbea", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1542, "text_sha256": "1327af281ec573be44c88b10fc7973e82e4963aab7bef3f7d14122e6c2a3dbea"} [lycopene-p26422197] A Phase II Randomized Trial of Lycopene-Rich Tomato Extract Among Men with High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26422197/ DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.1075560

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/26422197.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1327af281ec573be44c88b10fc7973e82e4963aab7bef3f7d14122e6c2a3dbea", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1542, "text_sha256": "1327af281ec573be44c88b10fc7973e82e4963aab7bef3f7d14122e6c2a3dbea"}

experimental_model

Randomized six-month repeat-biopsy trial

exposure

Tomato extract containing 30 mg/day lycopene versus placebo

limitations

Small surrogate-endpoint study; exploratory histological extent findings were not established cancer prevention.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Human, 58 completers with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia

plain_language

A prostate blood marker did not show a meaningful benefit.

primary_references

[lycopene-p26422197] A Phase II Randomized Trial of Lycopene-Rich Tomato Extract Among Men with High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26422197/ DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.1075560

tissue_or_cell_type

Serum biomarkers and prostate biopsies

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 1131–1142

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized six-month repeat-biopsy trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-hgp-psa-null No meaningful between-group PSA difference appeared after six months. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A prostate blood marker did not show a meaningful benefit. organism: Human, 58 completers with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia tissue_or_cell_type: Serum biomarkers and prostate biopsies experimental_model: Randomized six-month repeat-biopsy trial limitations: Small surrogate-endpoint study; exploratory histological extent findings were not established cancer prevention. exposure: Tomato extract containing 30 mg/day lycopene versus placebo evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/26422197.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1327af281ec573be44c88b10fc7973e82e4963aab7bef3f7d14122e6c2a3dbea", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1542, "text_sha256": "1327af281ec573be44c88b10fc7973e82e4963aab7bef3f7d14122e6c2a3dbea"} [lycopene-p26422197] A Phase II Randomized Trial of Lycopene-Rich Tomato Extract Among Men with High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26422197/ DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.1075560

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/26422197.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1327af281ec573be44c88b10fc7973e82e4963aab7bef3f7d14122e6c2a3dbea", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1542, "text_sha256": "1327af281ec573be44c88b10fc7973e82e4963aab7bef3f7d14122e6c2a3dbea"}

experimental_model

Randomized six-month repeat-biopsy trial

exposure

Tomato extract containing 30 mg/day lycopene versus placebo

limitations

Small surrogate-endpoint study; exploratory histological extent findings were not established cancer prevention.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Human, 58 completers with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia

plain_language

The intervention clearly changed exposure.

primary_references

[lycopene-p26422197] A Phase II Randomized Trial of Lycopene-Rich Tomato Extract Among Men with High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26422197/ DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.1075560

tissue_or_cell_type

Serum biomarkers and prostate biopsies

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 1118–1129

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized six-month repeat-biopsy trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-hgp-serum Serum lycopene rose 0.55 micromolar with tomato extract and fell 0.29 micromolar with placebo. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The intervention clearly changed exposure. organism: Human, 58 completers with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia tissue_or_cell_type: Serum biomarkers and prostate biopsies experimental_model: Randomized six-month repeat-biopsy trial limitations: Small surrogate-endpoint study; exploratory histological extent findings were not established cancer prevention. exposure: Tomato extract containing 30 mg/day lycopene versus placebo evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/26422197.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1327af281ec573be44c88b10fc7973e82e4963aab7bef3f7d14122e6c2a3dbea", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1542, "text_sha256": "1327af281ec573be44c88b10fc7973e82e4963aab7bef3f7d14122e6c2a3dbea"} [lycopene-p26422197] A Phase II Randomized Trial of Lycopene-Rich Tomato Extract Among Men with High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26422197/ DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.1075560

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/26422197.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1327af281ec573be44c88b10fc7973e82e4963aab7bef3f7d14122e6c2a3dbea", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1542, "text_sha256": "1327af281ec573be44c88b10fc7973e82e4963aab7bef3f7d14122e6c2a3dbea"}

experimental_model

Randomized six-month repeat-biopsy trial

exposure

Tomato extract containing 30 mg/day lycopene versus placebo

limitations

Small surrogate-endpoint study; exploratory histological extent findings were not established cancer prevention.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Human, 58 completers with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia

plain_language

These tissue growth markers did not respond detectably.

primary_references

[lycopene-p26422197] A Phase II Randomized Trial of Lycopene-Rich Tomato Extract Among Men with High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26422197/ DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.1075560

tissue_or_cell_type

Serum biomarkers and prostate biopsies

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 1157–1168

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized six-month repeat-biopsy trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-hgp-tissue-null Prostate epithelial MCM-2 and p27 expression did not differ between treatment groups. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: These tissue growth markers did not respond detectably. organism: Human, 58 completers with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia tissue_or_cell_type: Serum biomarkers and prostate biopsies experimental_model: Randomized six-month repeat-biopsy trial limitations: Small surrogate-endpoint study; exploratory histological extent findings were not established cancer prevention. exposure: Tomato extract containing 30 mg/day lycopene versus placebo evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/26422197.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1327af281ec573be44c88b10fc7973e82e4963aab7bef3f7d14122e6c2a3dbea", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1542, "text_sha256": "1327af281ec573be44c88b10fc7973e82e4963aab7bef3f7d14122e6c2a3dbea"} [lycopene-p26422197] A Phase II Randomized Trial of Lycopene-Rich Tomato Extract Among Men with High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26422197/ DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.1075560

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/10798222.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f9229468bbed86c3c4fdbb24f80d139f5cac41e1692195090d19a195bcd144e8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1731, "text_sha256": "f9229468bbed86c3c4fdbb24f80d139f5cac41e1692195090d19a195bcd144e8"}

experimental_model

Growth-factor stimulation and signaling assays

exposure

IGF-I stimulation with lycopene exposure

limitations

Cell-line mechanism; not proof of lowered human serum IGF-I or cancer treatment.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Human MCF7 breast cancer cells

plain_language

The experiment points to altered signal regulation rather than fewer receptors.

primary_references

[lycopene-p10798222] Lycopene interferes with cell cycle progression and insulin-like growth factor I signaling in mammary cancer cells. (2000). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10798222/ DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc3601_14

tissue_or_cell_type

IRS1 phosphorylation, AP-1 and cell cycle

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 689–700

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Growth-factor stimulation and signaling assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-igfbp Lycopene increased membrane-associated IGF-binding proteins without changing IGF-I receptor number or affinity. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The experiment points to altered signal regulation rather than fewer receptors. organism: Human MCF7 breast cancer cells tissue_or_cell_type: IRS1 phosphorylation, AP-1 and cell cycle experimental_model: Growth-factor stimulation and signaling assays limitations: Cell-line mechanism; not proof of lowered human serum IGF-I or cancer treatment. exposure: IGF-I stimulation with lycopene exposure evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/10798222.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f9229468bbed86c3c4fdbb24f80d139f5cac41e1692195090d19a195bcd144e8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1731, "text_sha256": "f9229468bbed86c3c4fdbb24f80d139f5cac41e1692195090d19a195bcd144e8"} [lycopene-p10798222] Lycopene interferes with cell cycle progression and insulin-like growth factor I signaling in mammary cancer cells. (2000). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10798222/ DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc3601_14

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/10798222.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f9229468bbed86c3c4fdbb24f80d139f5cac41e1692195090d19a195bcd144e8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1731, "text_sha256": "f9229468bbed86c3c4fdbb24f80d139f5cac41e1692195090d19a195bcd144e8"}

experimental_model

Growth-factor stimulation and signaling assays

exposure

IGF-I stimulation with lycopene exposure

limitations

Cell-line mechanism; not proof of lowered human serum IGF-I or cancer treatment.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Human MCF7 breast cancer cells

plain_language

The growth signal was weaker at an intracellular relay.

primary_references

[lycopene-p10798222] Lycopene interferes with cell cycle progression and insulin-like growth factor I signaling in mammary cancer cells. (2000). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10798222/ DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc3601_14

tissue_or_cell_type

IRS1 phosphorylation, AP-1 and cell cycle

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 663–674

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Growth-factor stimulation and signaling assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-irs1 Lycopene reduced IGF-I-stimulated IRS1 tyrosine phosphorylation in MCF7 cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The growth signal was weaker at an intracellular relay. organism: Human MCF7 breast cancer cells tissue_or_cell_type: IRS1 phosphorylation, AP-1 and cell cycle experimental_model: Growth-factor stimulation and signaling assays limitations: Cell-line mechanism; not proof of lowered human serum IGF-I or cancer treatment. exposure: IGF-I stimulation with lycopene exposure evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/10798222.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f9229468bbed86c3c4fdbb24f80d139f5cac41e1692195090d19a195bcd144e8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1731, "text_sha256": "f9229468bbed86c3c4fdbb24f80d139f5cac41e1692195090d19a195bcd144e8"} [lycopene-p10798222] Lycopene interferes with cell cycle progression and insulin-like growth factor I signaling in mammary cancer cells. (2000). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10798222/ DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc3601_14

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/7562097.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a8e551bad4ddb5e7eb7d3c8d796a94532e7f4701e891d9daae92a44bfb04179b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1620, "text_sha256": "a8e551bad4ddb5e7eb7d3c8d796a94532e7f4701e891d9daae92a44bfb04179b"}

experimental_model

Plasma lipoprotein fractionation and ex-vivo incubation

exposure

Native plasma distributions and incubation experiments

limitations

Small descriptive study; distribution is not proof that raising LDL improves delivery or health.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Human, seven normolipidemic participants

plain_language

Lycopene travels with blood lipoproteins; a blood measurement also reflects its carriers.

primary_references

[lycopene-p7562097] Distributions of carotenoids and alpha-tocopherol among lipoproteins do not change when human plasma is incubated in vitro. (1995). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7562097/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/125.10.2610

tissue_or_cell_type

Plasma LDL, HDL and VLDL

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 247–258

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Plasma lipoprotein fractionation and ex-vivo incubation · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-ldl-carriage Approximately 79% ± 9% of plasma lycopene was associated with LDL in seven participants. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Lycopene travels with blood lipoproteins; a blood measurement also reflects its carriers. organism: Human, seven normolipidemic participants tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma LDL, HDL and VLDL experimental_model: Plasma lipoprotein fractionation and ex-vivo incubation limitations: Small descriptive study; distribution is not proof that raising LDL improves delivery or health. exposure: Native plasma distributions and incubation experiments evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/7562097.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a8e551bad4ddb5e7eb7d3c8d796a94532e7f4701e891d9daae92a44bfb04179b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1620, "text_sha256": "a8e551bad4ddb5e7eb7d3c8d796a94532e7f4701e891d9daae92a44bfb04179b"} [lycopene-p7562097] Distributions of carotenoids and alpha-tocopherol among lipoproteins do not change when human plasma is incubated in vitro. (1995). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7562097/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/125.10.2610

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/35978954.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2778, "text_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a"}

experimental_model

Randomized diet/supplement trial biomarker analysis

exposure

Low tomato control; 224-350 mg/week food lycopene; or 70 mg/week supplement

limitations

Food and supplement doses differ; enzyme activities and particle sizes are surrogate endpoints, not proof of fewer events.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Human, 225 adults aged 40-65 years

plain_language

Changes in enzyme activity were not the same as changes in particle size.

primary_references

[lycopene-p35978954] Lycopene-rich diets modulate HDL functionality and associated inflammatory markers without affecting lipoprotein size and distribution in moderately overweight, disease-free, middle-aged adults: A randomized controlled trial. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35978954/ DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.954593

tissue_or_cell_type

HDL fractions and plasma lipoproteins

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 1066–1077

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized diet/supplement trial biomarker analysis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-lipoprotein-size-null Lipoprotein subclass distributions and sizes did not change with the interventions. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Changes in enzyme activity were not the same as changes in particle size. organism: Human, 225 adults aged 40-65 years tissue_or_cell_type: HDL fractions and plasma lipoproteins experimental_model: Randomized diet/supplement trial biomarker analysis limitations: Food and supplement doses differ; enzyme activities and particle sizes are surrogate endpoints, not proof of fewer events. exposure: Low tomato control; 224-350 mg/week food lycopene; or 70 mg/week supplement evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/35978954.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2778, "text_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a"} [lycopene-p35978954] Lycopene-rich diets modulate HDL functionality and associated inflammatory markers without affecting lipoprotein size and distribution in moderately overweight, disease-free, middle-aged adults: A randomized controlled trial. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35978954/ DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.954593

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/37269907.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "36b39754d4d3b4ed8721a15f8dffe03bfd387dcbef3ff50918daabb45c48e756", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1986, "text_sha256": "36b39754d4d3b4ed8721a15f8dffe03bfd387dcbef3ff50918daabb45c48e756"}

experimental_model

Carotenoid-enzyme knockout comparison and vitamin-A diet experiment

exposure

1 mg lycopene in cottonseed oil daily for two weeks; separate vitamin-A-deficient versus sufficient diets

limitations

Mouse knockout distribution does not directly quantify human cleavage; increased ISX signaling does not prove conversion to vitamin A.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Mouse

plain_language

Carotenoid exposure intersected a vitamin-A-responsive regulatory system.

primary_references

[lycopene-p37269907] Lycopene Accumulation in Transgenic Mice Lacking One or Both Carotenoid Cleaving Enzymes. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37269907/ DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.05.025

tissue_or_cell_type

Liver, other tissues and intestinal gene expression

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 845–856

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Carotenoid-enzyme knockout comparison and vitamin-A diet experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-mouse-isx Lycopene-containing diets increased intestinal ISX expression relative to the vitamin-A-deficient control group. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Carotenoid exposure intersected a vitamin-A-responsive regulatory system. organism: Mouse tissue_or_cell_type: Liver, other tissues and intestinal gene expression experimental_model: Carotenoid-enzyme knockout comparison and vitamin-A diet experiment limitations: Mouse knockout distribution does not directly quantify human cleavage; increased ISX signaling does not prove conversion to vitamin A. exposure: 1 mg lycopene in cottonseed oil daily for two weeks; separate vitamin-A-deficient versus sufficient diets evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/37269907.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "36b39754d4d3b4ed8721a15f8dffe03bfd387dcbef3ff50918daabb45c48e756", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1986, "text_sha256": "36b39754d4d3b4ed8721a15f8dffe03bfd387dcbef3ff50918daabb45c48e756"} [lycopene-p37269907] Lycopene Accumulation in Transgenic Mice Lacking One or Both Carotenoid Cleaving Enzymes. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37269907/ DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.05.025

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/37269907.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "36b39754d4d3b4ed8721a15f8dffe03bfd387dcbef3ff50918daabb45c48e756", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1986, "text_sha256": "36b39754d4d3b4ed8721a15f8dffe03bfd387dcbef3ff50918daabb45c48e756"}

experimental_model

Carotenoid-enzyme knockout comparison and vitamin-A diet experiment

exposure

1 mg lycopene in cottonseed oil daily for two weeks; separate vitamin-A-deficient versus sufficient diets

limitations

Mouse knockout distribution does not directly quantify human cleavage; increased ISX signaling does not prove conversion to vitamin A.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Mouse

plain_language

Location inside the cell matters as well as the total amount.

primary_references

[lycopene-p37269907] Lycopene Accumulation in Transgenic Mice Lacking One or Both Carotenoid Cleaving Enzymes. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37269907/ DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.05.025

tissue_or_cell_type

Liver, other tissues and intestinal gene expression

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 832–843

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Carotenoid-enzyme knockout comparison and vitamin-A diet experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-mouse-mitochondria Lycopene was enriched three- to fivefold in hepatic mitochondria compared with total hepatic content across the tested genotypes. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Location inside the cell matters as well as the total amount. organism: Mouse tissue_or_cell_type: Liver, other tissues and intestinal gene expression experimental_model: Carotenoid-enzyme knockout comparison and vitamin-A diet experiment limitations: Mouse knockout distribution does not directly quantify human cleavage; increased ISX signaling does not prove conversion to vitamin A. exposure: 1 mg lycopene in cottonseed oil daily for two weeks; separate vitamin-A-deficient versus sufficient diets evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/37269907.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "36b39754d4d3b4ed8721a15f8dffe03bfd387dcbef3ff50918daabb45c48e756", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1986, "text_sha256": "36b39754d4d3b4ed8721a15f8dffe03bfd387dcbef3ff50918daabb45c48e756"} [lycopene-p37269907] Lycopene Accumulation in Transgenic Mice Lacking One or Both Carotenoid Cleaving Enzymes. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37269907/ DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.05.025

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/15657364.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a25b93d6074a1e560bf1e163aa70c511e99199b9bb62ccdffdbe70e51fcc7c32", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1890, "text_sha256": "a25b93d6074a1e560bf1e163aa70c511e99199b9bb62ccdffdbe70e51fcc7c32"}

experimental_model

Reporter, expression and dominant-negative transcription-factor experiments

exposure

Lycopene and ethanolic derivative extract

limitations

Unidentified derivative extract was active; direct binding of intact lycopene to KEAP1 was not established.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Human cancer cell cultures

plain_language

The transcription factor moved toward the compartment where it can affect genes.

primary_references

[lycopene-p15657364] Carotenoids activate the antioxidant response element transcription system. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15657364/ DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.177.4.1

tissue_or_cell_type

ARE transcription and phase II enzyme expression

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 455–466

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Reporter, expression and dominant-negative transcription-factor experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-nrf2-location Carotenoid treatment promoted Nrf2 nuclear translocation, including colocalization with PML nuclear bodies. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The transcription factor moved toward the compartment where it can affect genes. organism: Human cancer cell cultures tissue_or_cell_type: ARE transcription and phase II enzyme expression experimental_model: Reporter, expression and dominant-negative transcription-factor experiments limitations: Unidentified derivative extract was active; direct binding of intact lycopene to KEAP1 was not established. exposure: Lycopene and ethanolic derivative extract evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/15657364.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a25b93d6074a1e560bf1e163aa70c511e99199b9bb62ccdffdbe70e51fcc7c32", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1890, "text_sha256": "a25b93d6074a1e560bf1e163aa70c511e99199b9bb62ccdffdbe70e51fcc7c32"} [lycopene-p15657364] Carotenoids activate the antioxidant response element transcription system. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15657364/ DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.177.4.1

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/20178389.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "eddfd89ee638c7e574f322fcba2dd9b82b006f235f98a845962fe12b47d0987d", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1451, "text_sha256": "eddfd89ee638c7e574f322fcba2dd9b82b006f235f98a845962fe12b47d0987d"}

experimental_model

HPLC-MS/MS measurement of food and human plasma metabolites

exposure

Tomato juice for eight weeks; chemically prepared analytical standards

limitations

Detection cannot separate absorbed food metabolites from enzymatic or nonenzymatic formation in the body.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Human plasma and foods

plain_language

Finding a breakdown product in blood does not tell us where it was made.

primary_references

[lycopene-p20178389] Identification and quantification of apo-lycopenals in fruits, vegetables, and human plasma. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20178389/ DOI: 10.1021/jf100415z

tissue_or_cell_type

Plasma after tomato juice consumption; food extracts

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 403–414

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · HPLC-MS/MS measurement of food and human plasma metabolites · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-plasma-apo-detection Apo-6-, 8-, 10-, 12- and 14-prime lycopenals were detected in foods and human plasma; the plasma sum was 1.9 nmol/L. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Finding a breakdown product in blood does not tell us where it was made. organism: Human plasma and foods tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma after tomato juice consumption; food extracts experimental_model: HPLC-MS/MS measurement of food and human plasma metabolites limitations: Detection cannot separate absorbed food metabolites from enzymatic or nonenzymatic formation in the body. exposure: Tomato juice for eight weeks; chemically prepared analytical standards evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/20178389.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "eddfd89ee638c7e574f322fcba2dd9b82b006f235f98a845962fe12b47d0987d", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1451, "text_sha256": "eddfd89ee638c7e574f322fcba2dd9b82b006f235f98a845962fe12b47d0987d"} [lycopene-p20178389] Identification and quantification of apo-lycopenals in fruits, vegetables, and human plasma. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20178389/ DOI: 10.1021/jf100415z

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/21430075.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c1351b40c0701ce0b8e35bc9346b63650fbd2ee3a9263091aa6b304b9860a5e3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1314, "text_sha256": "c1351b40c0701ce0b8e35bc9346b63650fbd2ee3a9263091aa6b304b9860a5e3"}

experimental_model

Double-blind placebo-controlled prebiopsy trial

exposure

30 mg/day tomato-oleoresin lycopene for 21 days

limitations

Short exposure; tissue and oxidation biomarkers do not establish cancer prevention or clinical benefit.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Human, 105 African American male veterans

plain_language

A lipid-oxidation marker was also unchanged.

primary_references

[lycopene-p21430075] Antioxidant effects of lycopene in African American men with prostate cancer or benign prostate hyperplasia: a randomized, controlled trial. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21430075/ DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0288

tissue_or_cell_type

Plasma and prostate biopsy

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 1105–1116

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind placebo-controlled prebiopsy trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-plasma-lipid-oxidation-null Plasma malondialdehyde did not change significantly with lycopene. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A lipid-oxidation marker was also unchanged. organism: Human, 105 African American male veterans tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma and prostate biopsy experimental_model: Double-blind placebo-controlled prebiopsy trial limitations: Short exposure; tissue and oxidation biomarkers do not establish cancer prevention or clinical benefit. exposure: 30 mg/day tomato-oleoresin lycopene for 21 days evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/21430075.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c1351b40c0701ce0b8e35bc9346b63650fbd2ee3a9263091aa6b304b9860a5e3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1314, "text_sha256": "c1351b40c0701ce0b8e35bc9346b63650fbd2ee3a9263091aa6b304b9860a5e3"} [lycopene-p21430075] Antioxidant effects of lycopene in African American men with prostate cancer or benign prostate hyperplasia: a randomized, controlled trial. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21430075/ DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0288

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/21430075.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c1351b40c0701ce0b8e35bc9346b63650fbd2ee3a9263091aa6b304b9860a5e3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1314, "text_sha256": "c1351b40c0701ce0b8e35bc9346b63650fbd2ee3a9263091aa6b304b9860a5e3"}

experimental_model

Double-blind placebo-controlled prebiopsy trial

exposure

30 mg/day tomato-oleoresin lycopene for 21 days

limitations

Short exposure; tissue and oxidation biomarkers do not establish cancer prevention or clinical benefit.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Human, 105 African American male veterans

plain_language

The substance reached the tissue; delivery alone does not prove benefit.

primary_references

[lycopene-p21430075] Antioxidant effects of lycopene in African American men with prostate cancer or benign prostate hyperplasia: a randomized, controlled trial. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21430075/ DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0288

tissue_or_cell_type

Plasma and prostate biopsy

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 1079–1090

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind placebo-controlled prebiopsy trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-prostate-delivery Supplementation increased prostate lycopene from 0.45 to 0.59 pmol/mg and plasma lycopene from 0.74 to 1.43 micromolar. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The substance reached the tissue; delivery alone does not prove benefit. organism: Human, 105 African American male veterans tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma and prostate biopsy experimental_model: Double-blind placebo-controlled prebiopsy trial limitations: Short exposure; tissue and oxidation biomarkers do not establish cancer prevention or clinical benefit. exposure: 30 mg/day tomato-oleoresin lycopene for 21 days evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/21430075.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c1351b40c0701ce0b8e35bc9346b63650fbd2ee3a9263091aa6b304b9860a5e3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1314, "text_sha256": "c1351b40c0701ce0b8e35bc9346b63650fbd2ee3a9263091aa6b304b9860a5e3"} [lycopene-p21430075] Antioxidant effects of lycopene in African American men with prostate cancer or benign prostate hyperplasia: a randomized, controlled trial. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21430075/ DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0288

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/21430075.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c1351b40c0701ce0b8e35bc9346b63650fbd2ee3a9263091aa6b304b9860a5e3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1314, "text_sha256": "c1351b40c0701ce0b8e35bc9346b63650fbd2ee3a9263091aa6b304b9860a5e3"}

experimental_model

Double-blind placebo-controlled prebiopsy trial

exposure

30 mg/day tomato-oleoresin lycopene for 21 days

limitations

Short exposure; tissue and oxidation biomarkers do not establish cancer prevention or clinical benefit.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Human, 105 African American male veterans

plain_language

A DNA-oxidation marker did not improve despite increased exposure.

primary_references

[lycopene-p21430075] Antioxidant effects of lycopene in African American men with prostate cancer or benign prostate hyperplasia: a randomized, controlled trial. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21430075/ DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0288

tissue_or_cell_type

Plasma and prostate biopsy

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 1092–1103

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind placebo-controlled prebiopsy trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-prostate-dna-oxidation-null No significant reduction in prostate 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine followed lycopene treatment. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A DNA-oxidation marker did not improve despite increased exposure. organism: Human, 105 African American male veterans tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma and prostate biopsy experimental_model: Double-blind placebo-controlled prebiopsy trial limitations: Short exposure; tissue and oxidation biomarkers do not establish cancer prevention or clinical benefit. exposure: 30 mg/day tomato-oleoresin lycopene for 21 days evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/21430075.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c1351b40c0701ce0b8e35bc9346b63650fbd2ee3a9263091aa6b304b9860a5e3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1314, "text_sha256": "c1351b40c0701ce0b8e35bc9346b63650fbd2ee3a9263091aa6b304b9860a5e3"} [lycopene-p21430075] Antioxidant effects of lycopene in African American men with prostate cancer or benign prostate hyperplasia: a randomized, controlled trial. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21430075/ DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0288

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/2802626.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "91ad9c300da17ee4e4c78a9ba980a7a4f05eef2328a64b5a9f75d4023abdc521", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1046, "text_sha256": "91ad9c300da17ee4e4c78a9ba980a7a4f05eef2328a64b5a9f75d4023abdc521"}

experimental_model

Cell-free singlet-oxygen quenching comparison

exposure

Lycopene, beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol and albumin-bound bilirubin

limitations

Rate constants are solvent/assay-dependent, not a clinical ranking of antioxidant supplements.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Chemical assay and plasma-concentration comparison

plain_language

A faster molecule is not automatically the more important antioxidant in blood.

primary_references

[lycopene-p2802626] Lycopene as the most efficient biological carotenoid singlet oxygen quencher. (1989). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2802626/ DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(89)90467-0

tissue_or_cell_type

Solution kinetics

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 429–440

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cell-free singlet-oxygen quenching comparison · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-quenching-comparison Lycopene quenched singlet oxygen faster per molecule than alpha-tocopherol, but concentration-adjusted plasma capacities were comparable. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A faster molecule is not automatically the more important antioxidant in blood. organism: Chemical assay and plasma-concentration comparison tissue_or_cell_type: Solution kinetics experimental_model: Cell-free singlet-oxygen quenching comparison limitations: Rate constants are solvent/assay-dependent, not a clinical ranking of antioxidant supplements. exposure: Lycopene, beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol and albumin-bound bilirubin evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/2802626.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "91ad9c300da17ee4e4c78a9ba980a7a4f05eef2328a64b5a9f75d4023abdc521", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1046, "text_sha256": "91ad9c300da17ee4e4c78a9ba980a7a4f05eef2328a64b5a9f75d4023abdc521"} [lycopene-p2802626] Lycopene as the most efficient biological carotenoid singlet oxygen quencher. (1989). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2802626/ DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(89)90467-0

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/15084515.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "682a0c4c6a001993efa3bada4aa3d381723feb78b410fd703b8de72517eef62c", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1410, "text_sha256": "682a0c4c6a001993efa3bada4aa3d381723feb78b410fd703b8de72517eef62c"}

experimental_model

Dietary intervention and tumor gene-expression analysis

exposure

200 ppm lycopene, 540 ppm vitamin E or both for four weeks

limitations

Preclinical gene-expression findings; not established human steroid suppression or cancer treatment.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Rat MatLyLu Dunning prostate tumor model

plain_language

A testosterone-activation pathway changed in this animal tumor setting.

primary_references

[lycopene-p15084515] Lycopene and vitamin E interfere with autocrine/paracrine loops in the Dunning prostate cancer model. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15084515/ DOI: 10.1096/fj.03-1116fje

tissue_or_cell_type

Tumor tissue

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 897–908

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Dietary intervention and tumor gene-expression analysis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-rat-5alpha Lycopene downregulated 5-alpha-reductase expression in the rat prostate tumor model. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A testosterone-activation pathway changed in this animal tumor setting. organism: Rat MatLyLu Dunning prostate tumor model tissue_or_cell_type: Tumor tissue experimental_model: Dietary intervention and tumor gene-expression analysis limitations: Preclinical gene-expression findings; not established human steroid suppression or cancer treatment. exposure: 200 ppm lycopene, 540 ppm vitamin E or both for four weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/15084515.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "682a0c4c6a001993efa3bada4aa3d381723feb78b410fd703b8de72517eef62c", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1410, "text_sha256": "682a0c4c6a001993efa3bada4aa3d381723feb78b410fd703b8de72517eef62c"} [lycopene-p15084515] Lycopene and vitamin E interfere with autocrine/paracrine loops in the Dunning prostate cancer model. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15084515/ DOI: 10.1096/fj.03-1116fje

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/15084515.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "682a0c4c6a001993efa3bada4aa3d381723feb78b410fd703b8de72517eef62c", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1410, "text_sha256": "682a0c4c6a001993efa3bada4aa3d381723feb78b410fd703b8de72517eef62c"}

experimental_model

Dietary intervention and tumor gene-expression analysis

exposure

200 ppm lycopene, 540 ppm vitamin E or both for four weeks

limitations

Preclinical gene-expression findings; not established human steroid suppression or cancer treatment.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Rat MatLyLu Dunning prostate tumor model

plain_language

This was local tumor signaling, not measured human blood IGF-I.

primary_references

[lycopene-p15084515] Lycopene and vitamin E interfere with autocrine/paracrine loops in the Dunning prostate cancer model. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15084515/ DOI: 10.1096/fj.03-1116fje

tissue_or_cell_type

Tumor tissue

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 910–921

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Dietary intervention and tumor gene-expression analysis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-rat-igf Lycopene downregulated local IGF-I expression in the rat tumor experiment. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This was local tumor signaling, not measured human blood IGF-I. organism: Rat MatLyLu Dunning prostate tumor model tissue_or_cell_type: Tumor tissue experimental_model: Dietary intervention and tumor gene-expression analysis limitations: Preclinical gene-expression findings; not established human steroid suppression or cancer treatment. exposure: 200 ppm lycopene, 540 ppm vitamin E or both for four weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/15084515.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "682a0c4c6a001993efa3bada4aa3d381723feb78b410fd703b8de72517eef62c", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1410, "text_sha256": "682a0c4c6a001993efa3bada4aa3d381723feb78b410fd703b8de72517eef62c"} [lycopene-p15084515] Lycopene and vitamin E interfere with autocrine/paracrine loops in the Dunning prostate cancer model. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15084515/ DOI: 10.1096/fj.03-1116fje

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/15084515.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "682a0c4c6a001993efa3bada4aa3d381723feb78b410fd703b8de72517eef62c", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1410, "text_sha256": "682a0c4c6a001993efa3bada4aa3d381723feb78b410fd703b8de72517eef62c"}

experimental_model

Dietary intervention and tumor gene-expression analysis

exposure

200 ppm lycopene, 540 ppm vitamin E or both for four weeks

limitations

Preclinical gene-expression findings; not established human steroid suppression or cancer treatment.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Rat MatLyLu Dunning prostate tumor model

plain_language

An inflammatory signaling measurement also changed.

primary_references

[lycopene-p15084515] Lycopene and vitamin E interfere with autocrine/paracrine loops in the Dunning prostate cancer model. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15084515/ DOI: 10.1096/fj.03-1116fje

tissue_or_cell_type

Tumor tissue

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 923–934

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Dietary intervention and tumor gene-expression analysis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-rat-il6 Lycopene downregulated local IL-6 expression in the rat tumor experiment. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: An inflammatory signaling measurement also changed. organism: Rat MatLyLu Dunning prostate tumor model tissue_or_cell_type: Tumor tissue experimental_model: Dietary intervention and tumor gene-expression analysis limitations: Preclinical gene-expression findings; not established human steroid suppression or cancer treatment. exposure: 200 ppm lycopene, 540 ppm vitamin E or both for four weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/15084515.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "682a0c4c6a001993efa3bada4aa3d381723feb78b410fd703b8de72517eef62c", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1410, "text_sha256": "682a0c4c6a001993efa3bada4aa3d381723feb78b410fd703b8de72517eef62c"} [lycopene-p15084515] Lycopene and vitamin E interfere with autocrine/paracrine loops in the Dunning prostate cancer model. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15084515/ DOI: 10.1096/fj.03-1116fje

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/2802626.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "91ad9c300da17ee4e4c78a9ba980a7a4f05eef2328a64b5a9f75d4023abdc521", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1046, "text_sha256": "91ad9c300da17ee4e4c78a9ba980a7a4f05eef2328a64b5a9f75d4023abdc521"}

experimental_model

Cell-free singlet-oxygen quenching comparison

exposure

Lycopene, beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol and albumin-bound bilirubin

limitations

Rate constants are solvent/assay-dependent, not a clinical ranking of antioxidant supplements.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Chemical assay and plasma-concentration comparison

plain_language

It can remove excitation energy from this reactive oxygen species.

primary_references

[lycopene-p2802626] Lycopene as the most efficient biological carotenoid singlet oxygen quencher. (1989). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2802626/ DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(89)90467-0

tissue_or_cell_type

Solution kinetics

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 416–427

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cell-free singlet-oxygen quenching comparison · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-singlet-quenching Lycopene had a reported singlet-oxygen quenching constant of 31 billion per molar per second in the assay. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: It can remove excitation energy from this reactive oxygen species. organism: Chemical assay and plasma-concentration comparison tissue_or_cell_type: Solution kinetics experimental_model: Cell-free singlet-oxygen quenching comparison limitations: Rate constants are solvent/assay-dependent, not a clinical ranking of antioxidant supplements. exposure: Lycopene, beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol and albumin-bound bilirubin evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/2802626.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "91ad9c300da17ee4e4c78a9ba980a7a4f05eef2328a64b5a9f75d4023abdc521", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1046, "text_sha256": "91ad9c300da17ee4e4c78a9ba980a7a4f05eef2328a64b5a9f75d4023abdc521"} [lycopene-p2802626] Lycopene as the most efficient biological carotenoid singlet oxygen quencher. (1989). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2802626/ DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(89)90467-0

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/26024575.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "682051a8b59270407b327cf439145fec1ea55459fd3c6e8236b535f985442d00", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1667, "text_sha256": "682051a8b59270407b327cf439145fec1ea55459fd3c6e8236b535f985442d00"}

experimental_model

Randomized comparative capsule-versus-paste study

exposure

Ten weeks of capsule or tomato paste

limitations

Small study without an untreated placebo group; differs in UV spectrum and outcomes from the 2011 study.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Human, 20 enrolled; three withdrew after week four

plain_language

Skin protection was not a consistent result across protocols.

primary_references

[lycopene-p26024575] Lycopene not in pill, nor in natura has photoprotective systemic effect. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26024575/ DOI: 10.1007/s00403-015-1578-7

tissue_or_cell_type

UVB-induced erythema and serum lycopene

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 1235–1246

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized comparative capsule-versus-paste study · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-skin-replication-null Neither capsule nor paste showed improvement in visual minimal erythema dose over the ten-week UVB study. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Skin protection was not a consistent result across protocols. organism: Human, 20 enrolled; three withdrew after week four tissue_or_cell_type: UVB-induced erythema and serum lycopene experimental_model: Randomized comparative capsule-versus-paste study limitations: Small study without an untreated placebo group; differs in UV spectrum and outcomes from the 2011 study. exposure: Ten weeks of capsule or tomato paste evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/26024575.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "682051a8b59270407b327cf439145fec1ea55459fd3c6e8236b535f985442d00", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1667, "text_sha256": "682051a8b59270407b327cf439145fec1ea55459fd3c6e8236b535f985442d00"} [lycopene-p26024575] Lycopene not in pill, nor in natura has photoprotective systemic effect. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26024575/ DOI: 10.1007/s00403-015-1578-7

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/31468596.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "43f86ccba4712a72d13292bf7fea87e9feb0c514ff5bebcd79adf94f656522c4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1442, "text_sha256": "43f86ccba4712a72d13292bf7fea87e9feb0c514ff5bebcd79adf94f656522c4"}

experimental_model

Double-blind placebo-controlled trial

exposure

25 mg/day lycopene for 12 weeks

limitations

Small trial; distinguish between-group adjusted results from numerous within-group changes; no live-birth outcome established.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Human, 44 men with oligozoospermia

plain_language

A semen measurement improved; this does not establish better pregnancy or live-birth rates.

primary_references

[lycopene-p31468596] The effects of lycopene supplement on the spermatogram and seminal oxidative stress in infertile men: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31468596/ DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6493

tissue_or_cell_type

Semen analysis

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 1248–1259

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind placebo-controlled trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-sperm-count The trial reported improved total sperm count, remaining significant after adjustment. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A semen measurement improved; this does not establish better pregnancy or live-birth rates. organism: Human, 44 men with oligozoospermia tissue_or_cell_type: Semen analysis experimental_model: Double-blind placebo-controlled trial limitations: Small trial; distinguish between-group adjusted results from numerous within-group changes; no live-birth outcome established. exposure: 25 mg/day lycopene for 12 weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/31468596.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "43f86ccba4712a72d13292bf7fea87e9feb0c514ff5bebcd79adf94f656522c4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1442, "text_sha256": "43f86ccba4712a72d13292bf7fea87e9feb0c514ff5bebcd79adf94f656522c4"} [lycopene-p31468596] The effects of lycopene supplement on the spermatogram and seminal oxidative stress in infertile men: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31468596/ DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6493

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/26561629.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "fdc01c055cd2de5fc7523b3a3f4486ea939d5d197aaf214000328194f9586682", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2207, "text_sha256": "fdc01c055cd2de5fc7523b3a3f4486ea939d5d197aaf214000328194f9586682"}

experimental_model

Stable-isotope tracer and seven-compartment kinetic modeling

exposure

10.2 mg carbon-13 lycopene, 82% all-trans and 18% cis

limitations

Small study; model-dependent pool estimates; formulation differs from food-matrix comparisons.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Human, eight healthy adults

plain_language

Only part of an oral dose reached the body in this study.

primary_references

[lycopene-p26561629] Compartmental and noncompartmental modeling of ¹³C-lycopene absorption, isomerization, and distribution kinetics in healthy adults. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26561629/ DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.103143

tissue_or_cell_type

Plasma over 28 days and modeled tissue pools

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 195–206

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Stable-isotope tracer and seven-compartment kinetic modeling · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-tracer-absorption Mean fractional lycopene absorption was 23% ± 6% in the human carbon-13 tracer experiment. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Only part of an oral dose reached the body in this study. organism: Human, eight healthy adults tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma over 28 days and modeled tissue pools experimental_model: Stable-isotope tracer and seven-compartment kinetic modeling limitations: Small study; model-dependent pool estimates; formulation differs from food-matrix comparisons. exposure: 10.2 mg carbon-13 lycopene, 82% all-trans and 18% cis evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/26561629.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "fdc01c055cd2de5fc7523b3a3f4486ea939d5d197aaf214000328194f9586682", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2207, "text_sha256": "fdc01c055cd2de5fc7523b3a3f4486ea939d5d197aaf214000328194f9586682"} [lycopene-p26561629] Compartmental and noncompartmental modeling of ¹³C-lycopene absorption, isomerization, and distribution kinetics in healthy adults. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26561629/ DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.103143

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/15554873.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3dfbef37e3c73db4732f66083063e548a1654cb759ff46392c981c50f338d8a0", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2014, "text_sha256": "3dfbef37e3c73db4732f66083063e548a1654cb759ff46392c981c50f338d8a0"}

experimental_model

Mixed-micelle transport across Caco-2 TC-7 monolayers

exposure

Micellar lutein 1.5–15 micromolar; antibodies and BLT1

limitations

Partial inhibition supports a contribution, not an exclusive route; cell experiments do not set clinical supplement spacing.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

Human intestinal cell model

plain_language

Shared transport does not mean every pair competes equally.

primary_references

[lutein-p15554873] Lutein transport by Caco-2 TC-7 cells occurs partly by a facilitated process involving the scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI). (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15554873/ DOI: 10.1042/bj20040554

tissue_or_cell_type

Apical intestinal epithelial transport

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 502–513

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mixed-micelle transport across Caco-2 TC-7 monolayers · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-lycopene-null Lycopene did not significantly reduce lutein uptake in the same mixed-micelle assay. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Shared transport does not mean every pair competes equally. organism: Human intestinal cell model tissue_or_cell_type: Apical intestinal epithelial transport experimental_model: Mixed-micelle transport across Caco-2 TC-7 monolayers limitations: Partial inhibition supports a contribution, not an exclusive route; cell experiments do not set clinical supplement spacing. exposure: Micellar lutein 1.5–15 micromolar; antibodies and BLT1 evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/15554873.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3dfbef37e3c73db4732f66083063e548a1654cb759ff46392c981c50f338d8a0", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2014, "text_sha256": "3dfbef37e3c73db4732f66083063e548a1654cb759ff46392c981c50f338d8a0"} [lutein-p15554873] Lutein transport by Caco-2 TC-7 cells occurs partly by a facilitated process involving the scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI). (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15554873/ DOI: 10.1042/bj20040554

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/18641187.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7c71fd4fd3be9d14176bceb3c2104143269a788587feec232350a6f1c5913e3d", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1557, "text_sha256": "7c71fd4fd3be9d14176bceb3c2104143269a788587feec232350a6f1c5913e3d"}

experimental_model

Transporter inhibition in Caco-2 cells; intestinal SR-BI transgenic mice

exposure

All-E and 5Z lycopene; mice received 0.25 g/kg diet for one month

limitations

Partial uptake inhibition is not proof of a sole transporter. Ezetimibe result is a cell assay, not a clinical drug-interaction trial.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Human Caco-2 cells

plain_language

One intestinal lipid transporter helps lycopene enter these cells.

primary_references

[lycopene-p18641187] Lycopene absorption in human intestinal cells and in mice involves scavenger receptor class B type I but not Niemann-Pick C1-like 1. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18641187/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/138.8.1432

tissue_or_cell_type

Intestinal epithelium and plasma

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 104–115

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Transporter inhibition in Caco-2 cells; intestinal SR-BI transgenic mice · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-srbi-uptake SR-BI antibody or BLT1 inhibited all-E and 5Z lycopene uptake by up to 60% in Caco-2 monolayers. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: One intestinal lipid transporter helps lycopene enter these cells. organism: Human Caco-2 cells tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal epithelium and plasma experimental_model: Transporter inhibition in Caco-2 cells; intestinal SR-BI transgenic mice limitations: Partial uptake inhibition is not proof of a sole transporter. Ezetimibe result is a cell assay, not a clinical drug-interaction trial. exposure: All-E and 5Z lycopene; mice received 0.25 g/kg diet for one month evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/18641187.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7c71fd4fd3be9d14176bceb3c2104143269a788587feec232350a6f1c5913e3d", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1557, "text_sha256": "7c71fd4fd3be9d14176bceb3c2104143269a788587feec232350a6f1c5913e3d"} [lycopene-p18641187] Lycopene absorption in human intestinal cells and in mice involves scavenger receptor class B type I but not Niemann-Pick C1-like 1. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18641187/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/138.8.1432

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/15735074.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "31bfa6900bd41221e84a0713fc5ccf97341dfb80d997eecc37a1f2a121b9d814", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1730, "text_sha256": "31bfa6900bd41221e84a0713fc5ccf97341dfb80d997eecc37a1f2a121b9d814"}

experimental_model

Acute crossover meal experiment

exposure

Salsa with or without 150 g avocado; 9.5-hour sampling

limitations

Food comparison, not a requirement for this quantity of fat or evidence of a specific fatty-acid cofactor.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Human, 11 participants in the salsa study

plain_language

Eating the carotenoid within a meal containing fat changed absorption.

primary_references

[lycopene-p15735074] Carotenoid absorption from salad and salsa by humans is enhanced by the addition of avocado or avocado oil. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15735074/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.3.431

tissue_or_cell_type

Postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 767–778

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Acute crossover meal experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-avocado-absorption Adding avocado to salsa increased mean lycopene TRL AUC 4.4-fold compared with avocado-free salsa. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Eating the carotenoid within a meal containing fat changed absorption. organism: Human, 11 participants in the salsa study tissue_or_cell_type: Postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins experimental_model: Acute crossover meal experiment limitations: Food comparison, not a requirement for this quantity of fat or evidence of a specific fatty-acid cofactor. exposure: Salsa with or without 150 g avocado; 9.5-hour sampling evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/15735074.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "31bfa6900bd41221e84a0713fc5ccf97341dfb80d997eecc37a1f2a121b9d814", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1730, "text_sha256": "31bfa6900bd41221e84a0713fc5ccf97341dfb80d997eecc37a1f2a121b9d814"} [lycopene-p15735074] Carotenoid absorption from salad and salsa by humans is enhanced by the addition of avocado or avocado oil. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15735074/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.3.431

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/24187135.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "cf8ce69a4772c58e274590a2e3f251bed46de77b4d844b54c98d39fcd27e3e91", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1772, "text_sha256": "cf8ce69a4772c58e274590a2e3f251bed46de77b4d844b54c98d39fcd27e3e91"}

experimental_model

Purified recombinant human enzyme kinetics

exposure

Substrate panel; product chromatography

limitations

Activity in a purified enzyme system does not establish dominant in-vivo flux; acycloretinal is not retinal or vitamin A.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Human BCO1 expressed in E. coli

plain_language

This product lacks the ring of vitamin-A retinal; cleavage does not make lycopene a vitamin A source.

primary_references

[lycopene-p24187135] Substrate specificity of purified recombinant human β-carotene 15,15'-oxygenase (BCO1). (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24187135/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.507160

tissue_or_cell_type

Cell-free carotenoid cleavage

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 377–388

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified recombinant human enzyme kinetics · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-bco1-acycloretinal Purified recombinant human BCO1 generated acycloretinal from lycopene, with reported catalytic efficiency similar to beta-carotene. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This product lacks the ring of vitamin-A retinal; cleavage does not make lycopene a vitamin A source. organism: Human BCO1 expressed in E. coli tissue_or_cell_type: Cell-free carotenoid cleavage experimental_model: Purified recombinant human enzyme kinetics limitations: Activity in a purified enzyme system does not establish dominant in-vivo flux; acycloretinal is not retinal or vitamin A. exposure: Substrate panel; product chromatography evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/24187135.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "cf8ce69a4772c58e274590a2e3f251bed46de77b4d844b54c98d39fcd27e3e91", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1772, "text_sha256": "cf8ce69a4772c58e274590a2e3f251bed46de77b4d844b54c98d39fcd27e3e91"} [lycopene-p24187135] Substrate specificity of purified recombinant human β-carotene 15,15'-oxygenase (BCO1). (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24187135/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.507160

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/9278568.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e318f6fef0bfed88403fa2adf46f9713ebddfe6ea586c29614e820442c57d056", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1510, "text_sha256": "e318f6fef0bfed88403fa2adf46f9713ebddfe6ea586c29614e820442c57d056"}

experimental_model

Randomized-order double-blind crossover dosing experiment

exposure

60 mg beta-carotene, 60 mg lycopene, or 60 mg of each together

limitations

Acute high-dose study; does not justify routine co-supplementation or establish universal competition rules.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Human, ten healthy men

plain_language

Two carotenoids did not simply block one another in this experiment.

primary_references

[lycopene-p9278568] Ingestion by men of a combined dose of beta-carotene and lycopene does not affect the absorption of beta-carotene but improves that of lycopene. (1997). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9278568/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/127.9.1833

tissue_or_cell_type

Serum carotenoid AUC over 24 hours

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 780–791

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized-order double-blind crossover dosing experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-beta-carotene-co-dose Co-dosing beta-carotene increased the 24-hour lycopene AUC relative to lycopene alone. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Two carotenoids did not simply block one another in this experiment. organism: Human, ten healthy men tissue_or_cell_type: Serum carotenoid AUC over 24 hours experimental_model: Randomized-order double-blind crossover dosing experiment limitations: Acute high-dose study; does not justify routine co-supplementation or establish universal competition rules. exposure: 60 mg beta-carotene, 60 mg lycopene, or 60 mg of each together evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/9278568.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e318f6fef0bfed88403fa2adf46f9713ebddfe6ea586c29614e820442c57d056", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1510, "text_sha256": "e318f6fef0bfed88403fa2adf46f9713ebddfe6ea586c29614e820442c57d056"} [lycopene-p9278568] Ingestion by men of a combined dose of beta-carotene and lycopene does not affect the absorption of beta-carotene but improves that of lycopene. (1997). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9278568/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/127.9.1833

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/21462325.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "de4990e5a9c520e6e528e181a4e81a469a4ebac313151bfa7828ad935b04a823", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1048, "text_sha256": "de4990e5a9c520e6e528e181a4e81a469a4ebac313151bfa7828ad935b04a823"}

experimental_model

Transport inhibition, siRNA, overexpression and knockout explants

exposure

CD36 inhibitor, partial knockdown and Cd36-null tissue

limitations

Do not relabel adipose results as intestinal uptake or a clinical human transport-deficiency syndrome.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes and mouse adipose explants; COS-1 expression experiment

plain_language

Fat cells have uptake machinery for lycopene too.

primary_references

[lycopene-p21462325] CD36 is involved in lycopene and lutein uptake by adipocytes and adipose tissue cultures. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21462325/ DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000399

tissue_or_cell_type

Adipocytes and adipose tissue

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 260–271

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Transport inhibition, siRNA, overexpression and knockout explants · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-cd36-adipocyte CD36 inhibition or partial knockdown reduced lycopene uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Fat cells have uptake machinery for lycopene too. organism: Mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes and mouse adipose explants; COS-1 expression experiment tissue_or_cell_type: Adipocytes and adipose tissue experimental_model: Transport inhibition, siRNA, overexpression and knockout explants limitations: Do not relabel adipose results as intestinal uptake or a clinical human transport-deficiency syndrome. exposure: CD36 inhibitor, partial knockdown and Cd36-null tissue evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/21462325.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "de4990e5a9c520e6e528e181a4e81a469a4ebac313151bfa7828ad935b04a823", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1048, "text_sha256": "de4990e5a9c520e6e528e181a4e81a469a4ebac313151bfa7828ad935b04a823"} [lycopene-p21462325] CD36 is involved in lycopene and lutein uptake by adipocytes and adipose tissue cultures. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21462325/ DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000399

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/21462325.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "de4990e5a9c520e6e528e181a4e81a469a4ebac313151bfa7828ad935b04a823", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1048, "text_sha256": "de4990e5a9c520e6e528e181a4e81a469a4ebac313151bfa7828ad935b04a823"}

experimental_model

Transport inhibition, siRNA, overexpression and knockout explants

exposure

CD36 inhibitor, partial knockdown and Cd36-null tissue

limitations

Do not relabel adipose results as intestinal uptake or a clinical human transport-deficiency syndrome.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes and mouse adipose explants; COS-1 expression experiment

plain_language

Removing this transporter reduced entry into mouse fat tissue.

primary_references

[lycopene-p21462325] CD36 is involved in lycopene and lutein uptake by adipocytes and adipose tissue cultures. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21462325/ DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000399

tissue_or_cell_type

Adipocytes and adipose tissue

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 273–284

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Transport inhibition, siRNA, overexpression and knockout explants · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-cd36-knockout Adipose explants from Cd36-null mice took up less lycopene than wild-type explants. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Removing this transporter reduced entry into mouse fat tissue. organism: Mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes and mouse adipose explants; COS-1 expression experiment tissue_or_cell_type: Adipocytes and adipose tissue experimental_model: Transport inhibition, siRNA, overexpression and knockout explants limitations: Do not relabel adipose results as intestinal uptake or a clinical human transport-deficiency syndrome. exposure: CD36 inhibitor, partial knockdown and Cd36-null tissue evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/21462325.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "de4990e5a9c520e6e528e181a4e81a469a4ebac313151bfa7828ad935b04a823", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1048, "text_sha256": "de4990e5a9c520e6e528e181a4e81a469a4ebac313151bfa7828ad935b04a823"} [lycopene-p21462325] CD36 is involved in lycopene and lutein uptake by adipocytes and adipose tissue cultures. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21462325/ DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000399

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/15657364.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a25b93d6074a1e560bf1e163aa70c511e99199b9bb62ccdffdbe70e51fcc7c32", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1890, "text_sha256": "a25b93d6074a1e560bf1e163aa70c511e99199b9bb62ccdffdbe70e51fcc7c32"}

experimental_model

Reporter, expression and dominant-negative transcription-factor experiments

exposure

Lycopene and ethanolic derivative extract

limitations

Unidentified derivative extract was active; direct binding of intact lycopene to KEAP1 was not established.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Human cancer cell cultures

plain_language

A signaling compound cannot produce this response when the experimental gene-control machinery is blocked.

primary_references

[lycopene-p15657364] Carotenoids activate the antioxidant response element transcription system. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15657364/ DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.177.4.1

tissue_or_cell_type

ARE transcription and phase II enzyme expression

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 481–492

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Reporter, expression and dominant-negative transcription-factor experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-nrf2-required Dominant-negative Nrf2 abolished the carotenoid-induced rise in phase II enzymes. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A signaling compound cannot produce this response when the experimental gene-control machinery is blocked. organism: Human cancer cell cultures tissue_or_cell_type: ARE transcription and phase II enzyme expression experimental_model: Reporter, expression and dominant-negative transcription-factor experiments limitations: Unidentified derivative extract was active; direct binding of intact lycopene to KEAP1 was not established. exposure: Lycopene and ethanolic derivative extract evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/15657364.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a25b93d6074a1e560bf1e163aa70c511e99199b9bb62ccdffdbe70e51fcc7c32", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1890, "text_sha256": "a25b93d6074a1e560bf1e163aa70c511e99199b9bb62ccdffdbe70e51fcc7c32"} [lycopene-p15657364] Carotenoids activate the antioxidant response element transcription system. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15657364/ DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.177.4.1

availability_state

biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/15930452.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3a90148eb83ff18442e37f9fd5ed31f44acbf8d7616ef05ff1e65e6e2d64e84f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1595, "text_sha256": "3a90148eb83ff18442e37f9fd5ed31f44acbf8d7616ef05ff1e65e6e2d64e84f"}

experimental_model

Randomized 36-week controlled diet study

exposure

Olestra substituted for one-third of fat energy; daily multivitamin and vitamin-E-fortified olestra

limitations

Exposure-specific depletion, not an established lycopene deficiency syndrome; reference-range limits are not clinical deficiency thresholds.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Human, 37 healthy men

plain_language

Replacing dietary fat with a nonabsorbed substitute changed carotenoid exposure.

primary_references

[lycopene-p15930452] Daily intake of multivitamins during long-term intake of olestra in men prevents declines in serum vitamins A and E but not carotenoids. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15930452/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.6.1456

tissue_or_cell_type

Serum carotenoids and fat-soluble vitamins

trigger_kind

biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 858–869

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized 36-week controlled diet study · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-olestra-lycopene Olestra lowered serum lycopene by 12 weeks, persisting after cholesterol or BMI adjustment; the multivitamin did not prevent this. Condition category: biomarker_context nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Replacing dietary fat with a nonabsorbed substitute changed carotenoid exposure. organism: Human, 37 healthy men tissue_or_cell_type: Serum carotenoids and fat-soluble vitamins experimental_model: Randomized 36-week controlled diet study limitations: Exposure-specific depletion, not an established lycopene deficiency syndrome; reference-range limits are not clinical deficiency thresholds. exposure: Olestra substituted for one-third of fat energy; daily multivitamin and vitamin-E-fortified olestra evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/15930452.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3a90148eb83ff18442e37f9fd5ed31f44acbf8d7616ef05ff1e65e6e2d64e84f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1595, "text_sha256": "3a90148eb83ff18442e37f9fd5ed31f44acbf8d7616ef05ff1e65e6e2d64e84f"} [lycopene-p15930452] Daily intake of multivitamins during long-term intake of olestra in men prevents declines in serum vitamins A and E but not carotenoids. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15930452/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.6.1456

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/9209178.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9e44d803f52bf022b12d9bbffbe5e2832be523d37ccfbcf2187296c5fb89200f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 985, "text_sha256": "9e44d803f52bf022b12d9bbffbe5e2832be523d37ccfbcf2187296c5fb89200f"}

experimental_model

Human single-meal bioavailability comparison

exposure

23 mg lycopene from fresh tomato or paste with 15 g corn oil

limitations

Both meals contained oil; does not isolate an oil effect or establish all heating improves availability.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Human

plain_language

Food structure matters even when the amount of lycopene is the same.

primary_references

[lycopene-p9209178] Lycopene is more bioavailable from tomato paste than from fresh tomatoes. (1997). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9209178/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/66.1.116

tissue_or_cell_type

Chylomicron fraction

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 169–180

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human single-meal bioavailability comparison · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-paste-absorption Tomato paste produced a 3.8-fold higher chylomicron lycopene AUC than fresh tomatoes with matched lycopene and corn oil. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Food structure matters even when the amount of lycopene is the same. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Chylomicron fraction experimental_model: Human single-meal bioavailability comparison limitations: Both meals contained oil; does not isolate an oil effect or establish all heating improves availability. exposure: 23 mg lycopene from fresh tomato or paste with 15 g corn oil evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/9209178.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9e44d803f52bf022b12d9bbffbe5e2832be523d37ccfbcf2187296c5fb89200f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 985, "text_sha256": "9e44d803f52bf022b12d9bbffbe5e2832be523d37ccfbcf2187296c5fb89200f"} [lycopene-p9209178] Lycopene is more bioavailable from tomato paste than from fresh tomatoes. (1997). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9209178/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/66.1.116

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/20854436.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "70a295ef309afb9296521357fe29b70f532c2fd215687c918b94ee027aa707ba", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2063, "text_sha256": "70a295ef309afb9296521357fe29b70f532c2fd215687c918b94ee027aa707ba"}

experimental_model

Randomized tomato-paste versus olive-oil trial

exposure

55 g tomato paste providing 16 mg lycopene daily in olive oil for 12 weeks

limitations

Whole food exposure; UV endpoints differ; not evidence that lycopene replaces sunscreen or prevents skin cancer.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Human, 20 women with skin phototypes I/II

plain_language

A measured redness response was less sensitive after the food intervention.

primary_references

[lycopene-p20854436] Tomato paste rich in lycopene protects against cutaneous photodamage in humans in vivo: a randomized controlled trial. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20854436/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10057.x

tissue_or_cell_type

UV-exposed skin and biopsies

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 1183–1194

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized tomato-paste versus olive-oil trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-skin-d30 Tomato paste increased instrumental erythema D30 versus control, P=0.03. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A measured redness response was less sensitive after the food intervention. organism: Human, 20 women with skin phototypes I/II tissue_or_cell_type: UV-exposed skin and biopsies experimental_model: Randomized tomato-paste versus olive-oil trial limitations: Whole food exposure; UV endpoints differ; not evidence that lycopene replaces sunscreen or prevents skin cancer. exposure: 55 g tomato paste providing 16 mg lycopene daily in olive oil for 12 weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/20854436.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "70a295ef309afb9296521357fe29b70f532c2fd215687c918b94ee027aa707ba", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2063, "text_sha256": "70a295ef309afb9296521357fe29b70f532c2fd215687c918b94ee027aa707ba"} [lycopene-p20854436] Tomato paste rich in lycopene protects against cutaneous photodamage in humans in vivo: a randomized controlled trial. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20854436/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10057.x

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/20854436.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "70a295ef309afb9296521357fe29b70f532c2fd215687c918b94ee027aa707ba", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2063, "text_sha256": "70a295ef309afb9296521357fe29b70f532c2fd215687c918b94ee027aa707ba"}

experimental_model

Randomized tomato-paste versus olive-oil trial

exposure

55 g tomato paste providing 16 mg lycopene daily in olive oil for 12 weeks

limitations

Whole food exposure; UV endpoints differ; not evidence that lycopene replaces sunscreen or prevents skin cancer.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Human, 20 women with skin phototypes I/II

plain_language

A different redness endpoint did not show the same statistical result.

primary_references

[lycopene-p20854436] Tomato paste rich in lycopene protects against cutaneous photodamage in humans in vivo: a randomized controlled trial. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20854436/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10057.x

tissue_or_cell_type

UV-exposed skin and biopsies

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 1196–1207

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized tomato-paste versus olive-oil trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-skin-med-null The visually assessed minimal erythema dose did not differ significantly between groups. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A different redness endpoint did not show the same statistical result. organism: Human, 20 women with skin phototypes I/II tissue_or_cell_type: UV-exposed skin and biopsies experimental_model: Randomized tomato-paste versus olive-oil trial limitations: Whole food exposure; UV endpoints differ; not evidence that lycopene replaces sunscreen or prevents skin cancer. exposure: 55 g tomato paste providing 16 mg lycopene daily in olive oil for 12 weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/20854436.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "70a295ef309afb9296521357fe29b70f532c2fd215687c918b94ee027aa707ba", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2063, "text_sha256": "70a295ef309afb9296521357fe29b70f532c2fd215687c918b94ee027aa707ba"} [lycopene-p20854436] Tomato paste rich in lycopene protects against cutaneous photodamage in humans in vivo: a randomized controlled trial. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20854436/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10057.x

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/20854436.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "70a295ef309afb9296521357fe29b70f532c2fd215687c918b94ee027aa707ba", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2063, "text_sha256": "70a295ef309afb9296521357fe29b70f532c2fd215687c918b94ee027aa707ba"}

experimental_model

Randomized tomato-paste versus olive-oil trial

exposure

55 g tomato paste providing 16 mg lycopene daily in olive oil for 12 weeks

limitations

Whole food exposure; UV endpoints differ; not evidence that lycopene replaces sunscreen or prevents skin cancer.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Human, 20 women with skin phototypes I/II

plain_language

A marker linked to matrix breakdown was lower.

primary_references

[lycopene-p20854436] Tomato paste rich in lycopene protects against cutaneous photodamage in humans in vivo: a randomized controlled trial. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20854436/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10057.x

tissue_or_cell_type

UV-exposed skin and biopsies

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 1209–1220

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized tomato-paste versus olive-oil trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-skin-mmp1 Tomato paste reduced UV-induced MMP-1 expression versus control, P=0.04. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A marker linked to matrix breakdown was lower. organism: Human, 20 women with skin phototypes I/II tissue_or_cell_type: UV-exposed skin and biopsies experimental_model: Randomized tomato-paste versus olive-oil trial limitations: Whole food exposure; UV endpoints differ; not evidence that lycopene replaces sunscreen or prevents skin cancer. exposure: 55 g tomato paste providing 16 mg lycopene daily in olive oil for 12 weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/20854436.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "70a295ef309afb9296521357fe29b70f532c2fd215687c918b94ee027aa707ba", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2063, "text_sha256": "70a295ef309afb9296521357fe29b70f532c2fd215687c918b94ee027aa707ba"} [lycopene-p20854436] Tomato paste rich in lycopene protects against cutaneous photodamage in humans in vivo: a randomized controlled trial. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20854436/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10057.x

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/20854436.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "70a295ef309afb9296521357fe29b70f532c2fd215687c918b94ee027aa707ba", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2063, "text_sha256": "70a295ef309afb9296521357fe29b70f532c2fd215687c918b94ee027aa707ba"}

experimental_model

Randomized tomato-paste versus olive-oil trial

exposure

55 g tomato paste providing 16 mg lycopene daily in olive oil for 12 weeks

limitations

Whole food exposure; UV endpoints differ; not evidence that lycopene replaces sunscreen or prevents skin cancer.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Human, 20 women with skin phototypes I/II

plain_language

A measured mitochondrial DNA damage endpoint improved.

primary_references

[lycopene-p20854436] Tomato paste rich in lycopene protects against cutaneous photodamage in humans in vivo: a randomized controlled trial. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20854436/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10057.x

tissue_or_cell_type

UV-exposed skin and biopsies

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 1222–1233

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized tomato-paste versus olive-oil trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-skin-mtdna The UV-associated mitochondrial DNA 3895-base-pair deletion decreased after tomato-paste supplementation. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A measured mitochondrial DNA damage endpoint improved. organism: Human, 20 women with skin phototypes I/II tissue_or_cell_type: UV-exposed skin and biopsies experimental_model: Randomized tomato-paste versus olive-oil trial limitations: Whole food exposure; UV endpoints differ; not evidence that lycopene replaces sunscreen or prevents skin cancer. exposure: 55 g tomato paste providing 16 mg lycopene daily in olive oil for 12 weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/20854436.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "70a295ef309afb9296521357fe29b70f532c2fd215687c918b94ee027aa707ba", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2063, "text_sha256": "70a295ef309afb9296521357fe29b70f532c2fd215687c918b94ee027aa707ba"} [lycopene-p20854436] Tomato paste rich in lycopene protects against cutaneous photodamage in humans in vivo: a randomized controlled trial. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20854436/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10057.x

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/25620547.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "bfcae4ee14a42c46972a911970a2cd85383c1f8ded5bf95b91dbae0e5c110d82", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1385, "text_sha256": "bfcae4ee14a42c46972a911970a2cd85383c1f8ded5bf95b91dbae0e5c110d82"}

experimental_model

Randomized crossover meal trial

exposure

10 mg lycopene from tangerine juice, 94% cis, versus red juice, 10% cis; 12-hour sampling

limitations

Isomer composition and crystalline versus globular food deposition changed together; cannot isolate isomer chemistry alone.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Human, 11 adults

plain_language

Both the shape of the molecule and its packaging in the tomato may matter.

primary_references

[lycopene-p25620547] Enhanced bioavailability of lycopene when consumed as cis-isomers from tangerine compared to red tomato juice, a randomized, cross-over clinical trial. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25620547/ DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400658

tissue_or_cell_type

Plasma triglyceride-rich lipoproteins

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 182–193

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized crossover meal trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-tangerine-absorption Tangerine tomato juice produced an 8.5-fold higher lycopene bioavailability response than red juice in this crossover trial. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Both the shape of the molecule and its packaging in the tomato may matter. organism: Human, 11 adults tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma triglyceride-rich lipoproteins experimental_model: Randomized crossover meal trial limitations: Isomer composition and crystalline versus globular food deposition changed together; cannot isolate isomer chemistry alone. exposure: 10 mg lycopene from tangerine juice, 94% cis, versus red juice, 10% cis; 12-hour sampling evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/25620547.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "bfcae4ee14a42c46972a911970a2cd85383c1f8ded5bf95b91dbae0e5c110d82", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1385, "text_sha256": "bfcae4ee14a42c46972a911970a2cd85383c1f8ded5bf95b91dbae0e5c110d82"} [lycopene-p25620547] Enhanced bioavailability of lycopene when consumed as cis-isomers from tangerine compared to red tomato juice, a randomized, cross-over clinical trial. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25620547/ DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400658

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/37269907.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "36b39754d4d3b4ed8721a15f8dffe03bfd387dcbef3ff50918daabb45c48e756", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1986, "text_sha256": "36b39754d4d3b4ed8721a15f8dffe03bfd387dcbef3ff50918daabb45c48e756"}

experimental_model

Carotenoid-enzyme knockout comparison and vitamin-A diet experiment

exposure

1 mg lycopene in cottonseed oil daily for two weeks; separate vitamin-A-deficient versus sufficient diets

limitations

Mouse knockout distribution does not directly quantify human cleavage; increased ISX signaling does not prove conversion to vitamin A.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Mouse

plain_language

A shortage of one nutrient can change the handling of another compound.

primary_references

[lycopene-p37269907] Lycopene Accumulation in Transgenic Mice Lacking One or Both Carotenoid Cleaving Enzymes. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37269907/ DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.05.025

tissue_or_cell_type

Liver, other tissues and intestinal gene expression

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 806–817

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Carotenoid-enzyme knockout comparison and vitamin-A diet experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-vitamin-a-status Vitamin-A-deficient wild-type mice accumulated more hepatic lycopene than vitamin-A-sufficient mice. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A shortage of one nutrient can change the handling of another compound. organism: Mouse tissue_or_cell_type: Liver, other tissues and intestinal gene expression experimental_model: Carotenoid-enzyme knockout comparison and vitamin-A diet experiment limitations: Mouse knockout distribution does not directly quantify human cleavage; increased ISX signaling does not prove conversion to vitamin A. exposure: 1 mg lycopene in cottonseed oil daily for two weeks; separate vitamin-A-deficient versus sufficient diets evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/37269907.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "36b39754d4d3b4ed8721a15f8dffe03bfd387dcbef3ff50918daabb45c48e756", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1986, "text_sha256": "36b39754d4d3b4ed8721a15f8dffe03bfd387dcbef3ff50918daabb45c48e756"} [lycopene-p37269907] Lycopene Accumulation in Transgenic Mice Lacking One or Both Carotenoid Cleaving Enzymes. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37269907/ DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.05.025

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/9784387.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "51bb94173c1f98ab622ff028dfefaa016eb3fb5021f40f79e1d7d02bceaa7c15", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 701, "text_sha256": "51bb94173c1f98ab622ff028dfefaa016eb3fb5021f40f79e1d7d02bceaa7c15"}

experimental_model

Combined-compound proliferation assay

exposure

Lycopene below 1 micromolar and alpha-tocopherol 50 micromolar

limitations

Reported in-vitro synergy; not proof of cancer prevention or a safe/effective supplement combination.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Human DU-145 and PC-3 prostate carcinoma cells

plain_language

A vitamin E interaction was observed, but only in the tested cancer-cell systems.

primary_references

[lycopene-p9784387] Lycopene in association with alpha-tocopherol inhibits at physiological concentrations proliferation of prostate carcinoma cells. (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9784387/ DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9351

tissue_or_cell_type

Cultured cell proliferation

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 871–882

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Combined-compound proliferation assay · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-vitamin-e-combination Combined lycopene and alpha-tocopherol inhibited proliferation by up to about 90%; lycopene alone was weak in these cultures. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A vitamin E interaction was observed, but only in the tested cancer-cell systems. organism: Human DU-145 and PC-3 prostate carcinoma cells tissue_or_cell_type: Cultured cell proliferation experimental_model: Combined-compound proliferation assay limitations: Reported in-vitro synergy; not proof of cancer prevention or a safe/effective supplement combination. exposure: Lycopene below 1 micromolar and alpha-tocopherol 50 micromolar evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/9784387.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "51bb94173c1f98ab622ff028dfefaa016eb3fb5021f40f79e1d7d02bceaa7c15", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 701, "text_sha256": "51bb94173c1f98ab622ff028dfefaa016eb3fb5021f40f79e1d7d02bceaa7c15"} [lycopene-p9784387] Lycopene in association with alpha-tocopherol inhibits at physiological concentrations proliferation of prostate carcinoma cells. (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9784387/ DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9351

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/10573545.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f0828162b0e41d10d79784cea5cc96e55409b4ee80be3afc399132a7ad087332", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1340, "text_sha256": "f0828162b0e41d10d79784cea5cc96e55409b4ee80be3afc399132a7ad087332"}

experimental_model

Crossover mixed-carotenoid meal study in six healthy women

exposure

Pectin or other fibers at 0.15 g/kg with a carotenoid and alpha-tocopherol mixture

limitations

Reported effect-size ranges cover multiple fibers, not one pectin-specific estimate. Plasma exposure does not establish long-term deficiency.

nutrient_topic

Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

Pectin was associated with a smaller lycopene response.

primary_references

[pectin-p10573545] Some dietary fibers reduce the absorption of carotenoids in women. (1999). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10573545/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/129.12.2170

tissue_or_cell_type

Plasma 24-hour area under the curve

Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 685–696

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Crossover mixed-carotenoid meal study in six healthy women · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### pectin-lycopene-auc Lycopene AUC was reduced with the tested fibers, including pectin; the multi-fiber effect range is not a pectin-specific number. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Pectin was associated with a smaller lycopene response. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma 24-hour area under the curve experimental_model: Crossover mixed-carotenoid meal study in six healthy women limitations: Reported effect-size ranges cover multiple fibers, not one pectin-specific estimate. Plasma exposure does not establish long-term deficiency. exposure: Pectin or other fibers at 0.15 g/kg with a carotenoid and alpha-tocopherol mixture evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/10573545.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f0828162b0e41d10d79784cea5cc96e55409b4ee80be3afc399132a7ad087332", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1340, "text_sha256": "f0828162b0e41d10d79784cea5cc96e55409b4ee80be3afc399132a7ad087332"} [pectin-p10573545] Some dietary fibers reduce the absorption of carotenoids in women. (1999). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10573545/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/129.12.2170