Singlet molecular oxygen

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

LC-MS analysis with a thermal singlet-oxygen donor.

limitations

Product-based reaction model; not proof that this is its exclusive physiological function.

nutrient_topic

Ergothioneine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · L-Ergothioneine

plain_language

The sulfur atom changes the reaction route.

primary_references

Ergothioneine stands out from hercynine in the reaction with singlet oxygen: Resistance to glutathione and TRIS in the generation of specific products indicates high reactivity. · 2017 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29074402/ · DOI 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.10.372

Ergothioneine: transport, redox chemistry and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-19) · lines 136–142

AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · LC-MS analysis with a thermal singlet-oxygen donor. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## ergothioneine-singlet-oxygen The sulfur atom changes the reaction route. At pH 7.4, ergothioneine and hercynine generated different products after chemically generated singlet oxygen exposure. Model: LC-MS analysis with a thermal singlet-oxygen donor. Limitations: Product-based reaction model; not proof that this is its exclusive physiological function. Evidence access: Primary abstract Ergothioneine stands out from hercynine in the reaction with singlet oxygen: Resistance to glutathione and TRIS in the generation of specific products indicates high reactivity. · 2017 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29074402/ · DOI 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.10.372

experimental_model

Rose bengal plus 540-nm light; up to 100 mM KI; microbial assays and a mouse skin-abrasion model.

exposure_category

Study-specific exposure, including pharmacological and in-vitro conditions; normal is the schema fallback outside the three availability categories.

limitations

Local photochemical system, not an effect of oral KI alone. Peroxyiodide intermediates were proposed, not directly established.

nutrient_topic

Potassium iodide research collection; shared-anion and comparator studies are not all KI interventions. · Potassium iodide

plain_language

Iodide intercepted singlet oxygen in the photochemical system.

primary_references

Potassium Iodide Potentiates Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation Mediated by Rose Bengal in In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. · 2017 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28438946/ · DOI 10.1128/aac.00467-17

Potassium iodide: thyroid and non-thyroid mechanisms, interactions and discovery questions (2026-09-18) · lines 336–342

AI-assisted research curation; primary-study references, chemical references and label statements individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rose bengal plus 540-nm light; up to 100 mM KI; microbial assays and a mouse skin-abrasion model. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## ki-pdt-singlet Iodide intercepted singlet oxygen in the photochemical system. KI shortened singlet-oxygen lifetime; derived quenching rate was 1.1 × 10^6 M−1 s−1. Model: Rose bengal plus 540-nm light; up to 100 mM KI; microbial assays and a mouse skin-abrasion model. Limitations: Local photochemical system, not an effect of oral KI alone. Peroxyiodide intermediates were proposed, not directly established. Evidence location: Full-text Figure 5 Potassium Iodide Potentiates Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation Mediated by Rose Bengal in In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. · 2017 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28438946/ · DOI 10.1128/aac.00467-17

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Cell-free co-encapsulated liposomes; matched single-agent comparisons.

limitations

Measured assay synergy is not demonstrated oral or clinical synergy.

nutrient_topic

Astaxanthin collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Astaxanthin

plain_language

Some vitamin E forms worked together with astaxanthin in this test system.

primary_references

Synergistic antioxidative effect of astaxanthin and tocotrienol by co-encapsulated in liposomes. · 2016 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27698536/ · DOI 10.3164/jcbn.15-153

Astaxanthin: transport, membrane chemistry, signaling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 190–196

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cell-free co-encapsulated liposomes; matched single-agent comparisons. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## astaxanthin-tocotrienol-synergy Some vitamin E forms worked together with astaxanthin in this test system. Liposomes containing astaxanthin plus alpha- or gamma-tocotrienol showed radical-scavenging activity greater than the calculated additive activity in the reported singlet-oxygen/hydroxyl-radical assays. Model: Cell-free co-encapsulated liposomes; matched single-agent comparisons. Limitations: Measured assay synergy is not demonstrated oral or clinical synergy. Evidence access: Primary abstract Synergistic antioxidative effect of astaxanthin and tocotrienol by co-encapsulated in liposomes. · 2016 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27698536/ · DOI 10.3164/jcbn.15-153

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Cell-free singlet-oxygen quenching comparison

exposure

Lycopene, beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol and albumin-bound bilirubin

limitations

Rate constants are solvent/assay-dependent, not a clinical ranking of antioxidant supplements.

nutrient_topic

Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene

organism

Chemical assay and plasma-concentration comparison

plain_language

It can remove excitation energy from this reactive oxygen species.

primary_references

[lycopene-p2802626] Lycopene as the most efficient biological carotenoid singlet oxygen quencher. (1989). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2802626/ DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(89)90467-0

tissue_or_cell_type

Solution kinetics

Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 416–427

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cell-free singlet-oxygen quenching comparison · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lycopene-singlet-quenching Lycopene had a reported singlet-oxygen quenching constant of 31 billion per molar per second in the assay. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: It can remove excitation energy from this reactive oxygen species. organism: Chemical assay and plasma-concentration comparison tissue_or_cell_type: Solution kinetics experimental_model: Cell-free singlet-oxygen quenching comparison limitations: Rate constants are solvent/assay-dependent, not a clinical ranking of antioxidant supplements. exposure: Lycopene, beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol and albumin-bound bilirubin evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/2802626.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "91ad9c300da17ee4e4c78a9ba980a7a4f05eef2328a64b5a9f75d4023abdc521", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1046, "text_sha256": "91ad9c300da17ee4e4c78a9ba980a7a4f05eef2328a64b5a9f75d4023abdc521"} [lycopene-p2802626] Lycopene as the most efficient biological carotenoid singlet oxygen quencher. (1989). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2802626/ DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(89)90467-0

evidence_span

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experimental_model

EPR of donor eye tissue and solution quenching assays

exposure

White-light challenge and equal-total-concentration carotenoid comparisons

limitations

Solution mixture effects do not establish an optimal oral ratio or clinical benefit; exogenous pigment addition differs from delivery in a living eye.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

Postmortem human tissue and cell-free systems

plain_language

The three pigments worked better together in this solution experiment.

primary_references

[lutein-p20678467] Studies on the singlet oxygen scavenging mechanism of human macular pigment. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20678467/ DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.07.024

tissue_or_cell_type

Macula, RPE/choroid and carotenoid solutions

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 229–240

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · EPR of donor eye tissue and solution quenching assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-mixture-quenching The equal-ratio meso-zeaxanthin, zeaxanthin and lutein mixture quenched more singlet oxygen than each individual pigment at the same total concentration. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The three pigments worked better together in this solution experiment. organism: Postmortem human tissue and cell-free systems tissue_or_cell_type: Macula, RPE/choroid and carotenoid solutions experimental_model: EPR of donor eye tissue and solution quenching assays limitations: Solution mixture effects do not establish an optimal oral ratio or clinical benefit; exogenous pigment addition differs from delivery in a living eye. exposure: White-light challenge and equal-total-concentration carotenoid comparisons evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/20678467.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "aaf88f567941ed16adb101981a218960bbd8ae3cfe0919868de63462e7c7be01", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 989, "text_sha256": "aaf88f567941ed16adb101981a218960bbd8ae3cfe0919868de63462e7c7be01"} [lutein-p20678467] Studies on the singlet oxygen scavenging mechanism of human macular pigment. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20678467/ DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.07.024

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/20678467.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "aaf88f567941ed16adb101981a218960bbd8ae3cfe0919868de63462e7c7be01", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 989, "text_sha256": "aaf88f567941ed16adb101981a218960bbd8ae3cfe0919868de63462e7c7be01"}

experimental_model

EPR of donor eye tissue and solution quenching assays

exposure

White-light challenge and equal-total-concentration carotenoid comparisons

limitations

Solution mixture effects do not establish an optimal oral ratio or clinical benefit; exogenous pigment addition differs from delivery in a living eye.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

Postmortem human tissue and cell-free systems

plain_language

Lutein can reduce excited oxygen in a chemical experiment.

primary_references

[lutein-p20678467] Studies on the singlet oxygen scavenging mechanism of human macular pigment. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20678467/ DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.07.024

tissue_or_cell_type

Macula, RPE/choroid and carotenoid solutions

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 216–227

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · EPR of donor eye tissue and solution quenching assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-singlet-quenching Lutein quenched singlet oxygen in the solution assay comparing individual macular carotenoids and mixtures. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Lutein can reduce excited oxygen in a chemical experiment. organism: Postmortem human tissue and cell-free systems tissue_or_cell_type: Macula, RPE/choroid and carotenoid solutions experimental_model: EPR of donor eye tissue and solution quenching assays limitations: Solution mixture effects do not establish an optimal oral ratio or clinical benefit; exogenous pigment addition differs from delivery in a living eye. exposure: White-light challenge and equal-total-concentration carotenoid comparisons evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/20678467.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "aaf88f567941ed16adb101981a218960bbd8ae3cfe0919868de63462e7c7be01", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 989, "text_sha256": "aaf88f567941ed16adb101981a218960bbd8ae3cfe0919868de63462e7c7be01"} [lutein-p20678467] Studies on the singlet oxygen scavenging mechanism of human macular pigment. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20678467/ DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.07.024

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/30689980.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "94c10c1ffd51016a2038f725e1e38457c47b5c929bd89f7222d8bc84a7f76743", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1545, "text_sha256": "94c10c1ffd51016a2038f725e1e38457c47b5c929bd89f7222d8bc84a7f76743"}

experimental_model

Photosensitized liposome experiment

exposure

Carotenoids at 0.15 mol%; toluidine-blue photosensitization

limitations

Measured effects depended on membrane composition; do not generalize the saturated-membrane null to all antioxidant chemistry.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

Cell-free lipid systems

plain_language

A different membrane gave a different result.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p30689980] The effect of carotenoids on the concentration of singlet oxygen in lipid membranes. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30689980/ DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.01.012

tissue_or_cell_type

Saturated versus unsaturated lipid bilayers

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 340–351

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Photosensitized liposome experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-saturated-null The same experiment did not detect the carotenoid-dependent decrease in saturated DMPC liposomes. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A different membrane gave a different result. organism: Cell-free lipid systems tissue_or_cell_type: Saturated versus unsaturated lipid bilayers experimental_model: Photosensitized liposome experiment limitations: Measured effects depended on membrane composition; do not generalize the saturated-membrane null to all antioxidant chemistry. exposure: Carotenoids at 0.15 mol%; toluidine-blue photosensitization evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/30689980.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "94c10c1ffd51016a2038f725e1e38457c47b5c929bd89f7222d8bc84a7f76743", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1545, "text_sha256": "94c10c1ffd51016a2038f725e1e38457c47b5c929bd89f7222d8bc84a7f76743"} [zeaxanthin-p30689980] The effect of carotenoids on the concentration of singlet oxygen in lipid membranes. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30689980/ DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.01.012

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/30689980.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "94c10c1ffd51016a2038f725e1e38457c47b5c929bd89f7222d8bc84a7f76743", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1545, "text_sha256": "94c10c1ffd51016a2038f725e1e38457c47b5c929bd89f7222d8bc84a7f76743"}

experimental_model

Photosensitized liposome experiment

exposure

Carotenoids at 0.15 mol%; toluidine-blue photosensitization

limitations

Measured effects depended on membrane composition; do not generalize the saturated-membrane null to all antioxidant chemistry.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

Cell-free lipid systems

plain_language

Protection depended on the surrounding membrane.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p30689980] The effect of carotenoids on the concentration of singlet oxygen in lipid membranes. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30689980/ DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.01.012

tissue_or_cell_type

Saturated versus unsaturated lipid bilayers

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 327–338

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Photosensitized liposome experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-unsaturated-quenching Zeaxanthin decreased the detected singlet-oxygen concentration in unsaturated-lipid liposomes. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Protection depended on the surrounding membrane. organism: Cell-free lipid systems tissue_or_cell_type: Saturated versus unsaturated lipid bilayers experimental_model: Photosensitized liposome experiment limitations: Measured effects depended on membrane composition; do not generalize the saturated-membrane null to all antioxidant chemistry. exposure: Carotenoids at 0.15 mol%; toluidine-blue photosensitization evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/30689980.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "94c10c1ffd51016a2038f725e1e38457c47b5c929bd89f7222d8bc84a7f76743", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1545, "text_sha256": "94c10c1ffd51016a2038f725e1e38457c47b5c929bd89f7222d8bc84a7f76743"} [zeaxanthin-p30689980] The effect of carotenoids on the concentration of singlet oxygen in lipid membranes. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30689980/ DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.01.012

acting_entity

s-allylcysteine

dose

Assay-specific millimolar IC50 values

duration

Not specified in accessed abstract

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_comparison

SAC concentration series versus corresponding reference scavengers

experimental_model

Reactive-species scavenging systems

interpretation_status

Source-derived research curation; not independent primary verification

limitations

Assay potency is not an achieved human tissue concentration.

nutrient_topic

S-allylcysteine collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · S-allyl-L-cysteine / SAC

organism

Cell-free chemical assays

plain_language

Direct chemistry has a measured concentration requirement.

primary_references

[17576034] S-allylcysteine scavenges singlet oxygen and hypochlorous acid and protects LLC-PK(1) cells of potassium dichromate-induced toxicity. · 2007 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17576034/ · DOI 10.1016/j.fct.2007.05.002

route

In vitro

tissue_or_cell_type

Reactive-species scavenging systems

S-allylcysteine: sulfur signaling, redox responses and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-20) · lines 86–93

AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Reactive-species scavenging systems · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## s-allylcysteine-scavenging-singlet Direct chemistry has a measured concentration requirement. SAC scavenged singlet molecular oxygen in the tested chemical system; IC50 was 1.93 mM. Model: Reactive-species scavenging systems Limitations: Assay potency is not an achieved human tissue concentration. Evidence access: Primary abstract [17576034] S-allylcysteine scavenges singlet oxygen and hypochlorous acid and protects LLC-PK(1) cells of potassium dichromate-induced toxicity. · 2007 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17576034/ · DOI 10.1016/j.fct.2007.05.002 Structured context: {"organism": "Cell-free chemical assays", "tissue_or_cell_type": "Reactive-species scavenging systems", "dose": "Assay-specific millimolar IC50 values", "duration": "Not specified in accessed abstract", "route": "In vitro", "experimental_comparison": "SAC concentration series versus corresponding reference scavengers", "acting_entity": "s-allylcysteine", "interpretation_status": "Source-derived research curation; not independent primary verification"}

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/melatonin-research/12887657.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3d221b752cc6b59d719b21fd8ec2236bd75232ff34789f544a88e37bc270e8a5", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1108, "text_sha256": "3d221b752cc6b59d719b21fd8ec2236bd75232ff34789f544a88e37bc270e8a5"}

experimental_model

Isotope-labeled chemical oxidation and product identification

exposure

Photosensitized or chemically generated singlet oxygen

limitations

Chemical scavenging/product formation is not proof that normal blood melatonin provides a clinically meaningful antioxidant flux or replaces vitamin C, E or selenium enzymes.

nutrient_topic

Melatonin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Melatonin

organism

Cell-free chemical systems

plain_language

An antioxidant reaction changes melatonin into another molecule that is recorded separately.

primary_references

[melatonin-p12887657] Oxidation of melatonin by singlet molecular oxygen (O2(1deltag)) produces N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynurenine. (2003). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12887657/ DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-079x.2003.00066.x

tissue_or_cell_type

Melatonin oxidation chemistry

Melatonin: synthesis, receptors, circadian timing and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 513–524

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Isotope-labeled chemical oxidation and product identification · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### melatonin-singlet-oxygen-afmk Oxidation of melatonin by singlet oxygen produced AFMK, verified by chemical and spectroscopic analyses. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Melatonin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: An antioxidant reaction changes melatonin into another molecule that is recorded separately. organism: Cell-free chemical systems tissue_or_cell_type: Melatonin oxidation chemistry experimental_model: Isotope-labeled chemical oxidation and product identification limitations: Chemical scavenging/product formation is not proof that normal blood melatonin provides a clinically meaningful antioxidant flux or replaces vitamin C, E or selenium enzymes. exposure: Photosensitized or chemically generated singlet oxygen evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/melatonin-research/12887657.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3d221b752cc6b59d719b21fd8ec2236bd75232ff34789f544a88e37bc270e8a5", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1108, "text_sha256": "3d221b752cc6b59d719b21fd8ec2236bd75232ff34789f544a88e37bc270e8a5"} [melatonin-p12887657] Oxidation of melatonin by singlet molecular oxygen (O2(1deltag)) produces N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynurenine. (2003). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12887657/ DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-079x.2003.00066.x

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Cell-free singlet-oxygen chemistry.

limitations

Regeneration was proposed; its complete cellular enzymatic cycle was not established.

nutrient_topic

Ergothioneine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · L-Ergothioneine

plain_language

Glutathione changes the fate of oxidized ergothioneine.

primary_references

Ergothioneine stands out from hercynine in the reaction with singlet oxygen: Resistance to glutathione and TRIS in the generation of specific products indicates high reactivity. · 2017 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29074402/ · DOI 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.10.372

Ergothioneine: transport, redox chemistry and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-19) · lines 144–150

AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cell-free singlet-oxygen chemistry. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## ergothioneine-glutathione-preservation Glutathione changes the fate of oxidized ergothioneine. In the singlet-oxygen assay, 5 mM glutathione almost abolished net ergothioneine loss even though formation of selected products persisted. Model: Cell-free singlet-oxygen chemistry. Limitations: Regeneration was proposed; its complete cellular enzymatic cycle was not established. Evidence access: Primary abstract Ergothioneine stands out from hercynine in the reaction with singlet oxygen: Resistance to glutathione and TRIS in the generation of specific products indicates high reactivity. · 2017 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29074402/ · DOI 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.10.372

experimental_model

Rose bengal plus 540-nm light; up to 100 mM KI; microbial assays and a mouse skin-abrasion model.

exposure_category

Study-specific exposure, including pharmacological and in-vitro conditions; normal is the schema fallback outside the three availability categories.

limitations

Local photochemical system, not an effect of oral KI alone. Peroxyiodide intermediates were proposed, not directly established.

nutrient_topic

Potassium iodide research collection; shared-anion and comparator studies are not all KI interventions. · Potassium iodide

plain_language

KI amplified an externally activated antimicrobial reaction.

primary_references

Potassium Iodide Potentiates Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation Mediated by Rose Bengal in In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. · 2017 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28438946/ · DOI 10.1128/aac.00467-17

Potassium iodide: thyroid and non-thyroid mechanisms, interactions and discovery questions (2026-09-18) · lines 312–318

AI-assisted research curation; primary-study references, chemical references and label statements individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rose bengal plus 540-nm light; up to 100 mM KI; microbial assays and a mouse skin-abrasion model. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## ki-pdt-killing KI amplified an externally activated antimicrobial reaction. KI increased light/Rose-bengal killing by up to six logs in the tested bacterial and Candida systems. Model: Rose bengal plus 540-nm light; up to 100 mM KI; microbial assays and a mouse skin-abrasion model. Limitations: Local photochemical system, not an effect of oral KI alone. Peroxyiodide intermediates were proposed, not directly established. Evidence location: Primary abstract Potassium Iodide Potentiates Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation Mediated by Rose Bengal in In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. · 2017 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28438946/ · DOI 10.1128/aac.00467-17