Lutein

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/21245404.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "74fa1a576a92084789e1a2d4afcd7c657e9ef2acaf9b0a6eaca46d543447ee2b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1712, "text_sha256": "74fa1a576a92084789e1a2d4afcd7c657e9ef2acaf9b0a6eaca46d543447ee2b"}

experimental_model

Dietary deprivation/repletion and controlled laser challenge

exposure

Eight lifelong xanthophyll-deprived animals, n-3 intake strata; 22–28 weeks L or Z; 476-nm exposures

limitations

Extreme animal depletion and laser injury are not a defined human deficiency syndrome or ordinary screen exposure.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

Rhesus macaque

plain_language

Supplying a missing pigment improved this animal endpoint.

primary_references

[lutein-p21245404] Nutritional manipulation of primate retinas, V: effects of lutein, zeaxanthin, and n-3 fatty acids on retinal sensitivity to blue-light-induced damage. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21245404/ DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-5898

tissue_or_cell_type

Foveal and parafoveal retina

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 450–461

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Dietary deprivation/repletion and controlled laser challenge · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-deprivation-lutein-repletion Lutein or zeaxanthin supplementation restored foveal protection after deprivation. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Supplying a missing pigment improved this animal endpoint. organism: Rhesus macaque tissue_or_cell_type: Foveal and parafoveal retina experimental_model: Dietary deprivation/repletion and controlled laser challenge limitations: Extreme animal depletion and laser injury are not a defined human deficiency syndrome or ordinary screen exposure. exposure: Eight lifelong xanthophyll-deprived animals, n-3 intake strata; 22–28 weeks L or Z; 476-nm exposures evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/21245404.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "74fa1a576a92084789e1a2d4afcd7c657e9ef2acaf9b0a6eaca46d543447ee2b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1712, "text_sha256": "74fa1a576a92084789e1a2d4afcd7c657e9ef2acaf9b0a6eaca46d543447ee2b"} [lutein-p21245404] Nutritional manipulation of primate retinas, V: effects of lutein, zeaxanthin, and n-3 fatty acids on retinal sensitivity to blue-light-induced damage. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21245404/ DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-5898

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/9857262.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "22d6d633851b14b6c170fecfb2b3ef493c263f1640d690a2ee3a1d3bf9ccc77f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 892, "text_sha256": "22d6d633851b14b6c170fecfb2b3ef493c263f1640d690a2ee3a1d3bf9ccc77f"}

experimental_model

Original single-meal volunteer data reported alongside a literature discussion

exposure

Beta-carotene alone or combined with lutein; beta-carotene:lutein ratios 2:1 and 1:2

limitations

Record uses the original experiment, not the review portion; reduced uptake did not imply impaired cleavage of absorbed beta-carotene.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

Human volunteers

plain_language

The ratio of carotenoids mattered in the test meal.

primary_references

[lutein-p9857262] Effect of lutein on beta-carotene absorption and cleavage. (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9857262/

tissue_or_cell_type

Postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 554–565

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Original single-meal volunteer data reported alongside a literature discussion · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-human-beta-absorption Adding lutein reduced the postprandial beta-carotene response, more strongly when lutein predominated. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The ratio of carotenoids mattered in the test meal. organism: Human volunteers tissue_or_cell_type: Postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins experimental_model: Original single-meal volunteer data reported alongside a literature discussion limitations: Record uses the original experiment, not the review portion; reduced uptake did not imply impaired cleavage of absorbed beta-carotene. exposure: Beta-carotene alone or combined with lutein; beta-carotene:lutein ratios 2:1 and 1:2 evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/9857262.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "22d6d633851b14b6c170fecfb2b3ef493c263f1640d690a2ee3a1d3bf9ccc77f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 892, "text_sha256": "22d6d633851b14b6c170fecfb2b3ef493c263f1640d690a2ee3a1d3bf9ccc77f"} [lutein-p9857262] Effect of lutein on beta-carotene absorption and cleavage. (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9857262/

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/9857262.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "22d6d633851b14b6c170fecfb2b3ef493c263f1640d690a2ee3a1d3bf9ccc77f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 892, "text_sha256": "22d6d633851b14b6c170fecfb2b3ef493c263f1640d690a2ee3a1d3bf9ccc77f"}

experimental_model

Original single-meal volunteer data reported alongside a literature discussion

exposure

Beta-carotene alone or combined with lutein; beta-carotene:lutein ratios 2:1 and 1:2

limitations

Record uses the original experiment, not the review portion; reduced uptake did not imply impaired cleavage of absorbed beta-carotene.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

Human volunteers

plain_language

Less absorption and blocked vitamin A conversion are different claims.

primary_references

[lutein-p9857262] Effect of lutein on beta-carotene absorption and cleavage. (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9857262/

tissue_or_cell_type

Postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 567–578

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Original single-meal volunteer data reported alongside a literature discussion · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-human-beta-cleavage-null The retinyl-ester response suggested no apparent inhibition of beta-carotene cleavage despite reduced absorption. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Less absorption and blocked vitamin A conversion are different claims. organism: Human volunteers tissue_or_cell_type: Postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins experimental_model: Original single-meal volunteer data reported alongside a literature discussion limitations: Record uses the original experiment, not the review portion; reduced uptake did not imply impaired cleavage of absorbed beta-carotene. exposure: Beta-carotene alone or combined with lutein; beta-carotene:lutein ratios 2:1 and 1:2 evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/9857262.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "22d6d633851b14b6c170fecfb2b3ef493c263f1640d690a2ee3a1d3bf9ccc77f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 892, "text_sha256": "22d6d633851b14b6c170fecfb2b3ef493c263f1640d690a2ee3a1d3bf9ccc77f"} [lutein-p9857262] Effect of lutein on beta-carotene absorption and cleavage. (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9857262/

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/17344498.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "582744e7beef9ad8341bf862c9d344c1f188e6087676bcaa4c32679547fffe79", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1666, "text_sha256": "582744e7beef9ad8341bf862c9d344c1f188e6087676bcaa4c32679547fffe79"}

experimental_model

Controlled low- then high-xanthophyll diet

exposure

About 1.1 mg/day L+Z for two weeks then 11 mg/day for four weeks

limitations

Small dietary study; circulating distribution is not retinal delivery or an intervention to raise HDL cholesterol.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

Seven AMD patients and five controls

plain_language

Both groups absorbed the higher dietary supply.

primary_references

[lutein-p17344498] Effect of dietary lutein and zeaxanthin on plasma carotenoids and their transport in lipoproteins in age-related macular degeneration. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17344498/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/85.3.762

tissue_or_cell_type

Plasma and separated lipoprotein fractions

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 606–617

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Controlled low- then high-xanthophyll diet · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-human-diet-plasma The high-lutein/zeaxanthin diet increased circulating xanthophylls approximately two- to threefold in both groups. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Both groups absorbed the higher dietary supply. organism: Seven AMD patients and five controls tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma and separated lipoprotein fractions experimental_model: Controlled low- then high-xanthophyll diet limitations: Small dietary study; circulating distribution is not retinal delivery or an intervention to raise HDL cholesterol. exposure: About 1.1 mg/day L+Z for two weeks then 11 mg/day for four weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/17344498.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "582744e7beef9ad8341bf862c9d344c1f188e6087676bcaa4c32679547fffe79", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1666, "text_sha256": "582744e7beef9ad8341bf862c9d344c1f188e6087676bcaa4c32679547fffe79"} [lutein-p17344498] Effect of dietary lutein and zeaxanthin on plasma carotenoids and their transport in lipoproteins in age-related macular degeneration. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17344498/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/85.3.762

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/32589182.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3f863a2aea3b3d98ffd13bc0a4cf8783ab05ef2cb196f8706ba0b9af08ed859c", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 851, "text_sha256": "3f863a2aea3b3d98ffd13bc0a4cf8783ab05ef2cb196f8706ba0b9af08ed859c"}

experimental_model

Pulsed-laser, radiation chemistry and cellular protection experiments

exposure

Hydroxyl radicals across tested oxygen conditions

limitations

Radical species and oxygen conditions matter; no general claim that every carotenoid always acts as an antioxidant.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

In vitro/ex vivo systems; cell identity not specified in indexed abstract

plain_language

Protection was demonstrated for a defined oxidative challenge.

primary_references

[lutein-p32589182] Anti- and pro-oxidative mechanisms comparing the macular carotenoids zeaxanthin and lutein with other dietary carotenoids - a singlet oxygen, free-radical in vitro and ex vivo study. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32589182/ DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00120a

tissue_or_cell_type

Radical challenge assays

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 242–253

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Pulsed-laser, radiation chemistry and cellular protection experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-hydroxyl-protection Lutein protected cells against hydroxyl-radical challenge across the oxygen concentrations tested. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Protection was demonstrated for a defined oxidative challenge. organism: In vitro/ex vivo systems; cell identity not specified in indexed abstract tissue_or_cell_type: Radical challenge assays experimental_model: Pulsed-laser, radiation chemistry and cellular protection experiments limitations: Radical species and oxygen conditions matter; no general claim that every carotenoid always acts as an antioxidant. exposure: Hydroxyl radicals across tested oxygen conditions evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/32589182.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3f863a2aea3b3d98ffd13bc0a4cf8783ab05ef2cb196f8706ba0b9af08ed859c", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 851, "text_sha256": "3f863a2aea3b3d98ffd13bc0a4cf8783ab05ef2cb196f8706ba0b9af08ed859c"} [lutein-p32589182] Anti- and pro-oxidative mechanisms comparing the macular carotenoids zeaxanthin and lutein with other dietary carotenoids - a singlet oxygen, free-radical in vitro and ex vivo study. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32589182/ DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00120a

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/27538825.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1db014221931676349f15dc3c5138fba122417fb49fec5de481594c72b0596f3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1346, "text_sha256": "1db014221931676349f15dc3c5138fba122417fb49fec5de481594c72b0596f3"}

experimental_model

Carotenoid delivery using isolated human lipoproteins

exposure

Carotenoid-loaded LDL versus HDL

limitations

Cell delivery ranking is not identical to circulating carriage fractions or the WHAM-chicken phenotype.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

Human ARPE-19 cells

plain_language

Uptake alone did not reproduce the separate RPE65 overexpression result.

primary_references

[lutein-p27538825] Mechanisms of selective delivery of xanthophylls to retinal pigment epithelial cells by human lipoproteins. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27538825/ DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m070193

tissue_or_cell_type

Retinal pigment epithelial model

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 658–669

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Carotenoid delivery using isolated human lipoproteins · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-rpe-isomerization-null This ARPE-19 delivery experiment detected no lutein conversion to meso-zeaxanthin. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Uptake alone did not reproduce the separate RPE65 overexpression result. organism: Human ARPE-19 cells tissue_or_cell_type: Retinal pigment epithelial model experimental_model: Carotenoid delivery using isolated human lipoproteins limitations: Cell delivery ranking is not identical to circulating carriage fractions or the WHAM-chicken phenotype. exposure: Carotenoid-loaded LDL versus HDL evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/27538825.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1db014221931676349f15dc3c5138fba122417fb49fec5de481594c72b0596f3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1346, "text_sha256": "1db014221931676349f15dc3c5138fba122417fb49fec5de481594c72b0596f3"} [lutein-p27538825] Mechanisms of selective delivery of xanthophylls to retinal pigment epithelial cells by human lipoproteins. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27538825/ DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m070193

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/20678467.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "aaf88f567941ed16adb101981a218960bbd8ae3cfe0919868de63462e7c7be01", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 989, "text_sha256": "aaf88f567941ed16adb101981a218960bbd8ae3cfe0919868de63462e7c7be01"}

experimental_model

EPR of donor eye tissue and solution quenching assays

exposure

White-light challenge and equal-total-concentration carotenoid comparisons

limitations

Solution mixture effects do not establish an optimal oral ratio or clinical benefit; exogenous pigment addition differs from delivery in a living eye.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

Postmortem human tissue and cell-free systems

plain_language

Lutein can reduce excited oxygen in a chemical experiment.

primary_references

[lutein-p20678467] Studies on the singlet oxygen scavenging mechanism of human macular pigment. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20678467/ DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.07.024

tissue_or_cell_type

Macula, RPE/choroid and carotenoid solutions

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 216–227

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · EPR of donor eye tissue and solution quenching assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-singlet-quenching Lutein quenched singlet oxygen in the solution assay comparing individual macular carotenoids and mixtures. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Lutein can reduce excited oxygen in a chemical experiment. organism: Postmortem human tissue and cell-free systems tissue_or_cell_type: Macula, RPE/choroid and carotenoid solutions experimental_model: EPR of donor eye tissue and solution quenching assays limitations: Solution mixture effects do not establish an optimal oral ratio or clinical benefit; exogenous pigment addition differs from delivery in a living eye. exposure: White-light challenge and equal-total-concentration carotenoid comparisons evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/20678467.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "aaf88f567941ed16adb101981a218960bbd8ae3cfe0919868de63462e7c7be01", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 989, "text_sha256": "aaf88f567941ed16adb101981a218960bbd8ae3cfe0919868de63462e7c7be01"} [lutein-p20678467] Studies on the singlet oxygen scavenging mechanism of human macular pigment. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20678467/ DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.07.024

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/16380385.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "410a6cc6c3325e6d2f459b06ddaf9c7b7806f9b82a918f1df02b1626f5f84074", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1960, "text_sha256": "410a6cc6c3325e6d2f459b06ddaf9c7b7806f9b82a918f1df02b1626f5f84074"}

experimental_model

Mixed-micelle uptake in Caco-2 TC-7 cells

exposure

Alpha-tocopherol with co-incubated lutein

limitations

In vitro competition is not demonstrated vitamin E deficiency or a clinical dose-spacing rule.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

Human cell model

plain_language

Lutein and vitamin E can interact during intestinal uptake.

primary_references

[lutein-p16380385] Scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) is involved in vitamin E transport across the enterocyte. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16380385/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m509042200

tissue_or_cell_type

Intestinal epithelium

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 541–552

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mixed-micelle uptake in Caco-2 TC-7 cells · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-vitamin-e-competition Co-incubated lutein reduced alpha-tocopherol uptake in Caco-2 TC-7 cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Lutein and vitamin E can interact during intestinal uptake. organism: Human cell model tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal epithelium experimental_model: Mixed-micelle uptake in Caco-2 TC-7 cells limitations: In vitro competition is not demonstrated vitamin E deficiency or a clinical dose-spacing rule. exposure: Alpha-tocopherol with co-incubated lutein evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/16380385.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "410a6cc6c3325e6d2f459b06ddaf9c7b7806f9b82a918f1df02b1626f5f84074", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1960, "text_sha256": "410a6cc6c3325e6d2f459b06ddaf9c7b7806f9b82a918f1df02b1626f5f84074"} [lutein-p16380385] Scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) is involved in vitamin E transport across the enterocyte. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16380385/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m509042200

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/17724211.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7d7044cc9e41a7d859e5d5d75fc3fb7381d11fa635fa7232bf9dc97b83bd4cf4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1727, "text_sha256": "7d7044cc9e41a7d859e5d5d75fc3fb7381d11fa635fa7232bf9dc97b83bd4cf4"}

experimental_model

High-lutein feeding in WHAM versus control chicks

exposure

High-lutein or control diet from hatching for 28 days

limitations

Animal transport failure; raising human HDL cholesterol is not established as a way to improve retinal lutein.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

Chicken

plain_language

Blood levels rose when more was supplied.

primary_references

[lutein-p17724211] The prime role of HDL to transport lutein into the retina: evidence from HDL-deficient WHAM chicks having a mutant ABCA1 transporter. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17724211/ DOI: 10.1167/iovs.06-1275

tissue_or_cell_type

Plasma, retina, liver and heart

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 398–409

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · High-lutein feeding in WHAM versus control chicks · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-wham-plasma-repletion High-lutein feeding increased plasma lutein greatly in WHAM chicks. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Blood levels rose when more was supplied. organism: Chicken tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma, retina, liver and heart experimental_model: High-lutein feeding in WHAM versus control chicks limitations: Animal transport failure; raising human HDL cholesterol is not established as a way to improve retinal lutein. exposure: High-lutein or control diet from hatching for 28 days evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/17724211.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7d7044cc9e41a7d859e5d5d75fc3fb7381d11fa635fa7232bf9dc97b83bd4cf4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1727, "text_sha256": "7d7044cc9e41a7d859e5d5d75fc3fb7381d11fa635fa7232bf9dc97b83bd4cf4"} [lutein-p17724211] The prime role of HDL to transport lutein into the retina: evidence from HDL-deficient WHAM chicks having a mutant ABCA1 transporter. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17724211/ DOI: 10.1167/iovs.06-1275

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/17724211.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7d7044cc9e41a7d859e5d5d75fc3fb7381d11fa635fa7232bf9dc97b83bd4cf4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1727, "text_sha256": "7d7044cc9e41a7d859e5d5d75fc3fb7381d11fa635fa7232bf9dc97b83bd4cf4"}

experimental_model

High-lutein feeding in WHAM versus control chicks

exposure

High-lutein or control diet from hatching for 28 days

limitations

Animal transport failure; raising human HDL cholesterol is not established as a way to improve retinal lutein.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

Chicken

plain_language

More intake did not repair retinal delivery in this model.

primary_references

[lutein-p17724211] The prime role of HDL to transport lutein into the retina: evidence from HDL-deficient WHAM chicks having a mutant ABCA1 transporter. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17724211/ DOI: 10.1167/iovs.06-1275

tissue_or_cell_type

Plasma, retina, liver and heart

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 411–422

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · High-lutein feeding in WHAM versus control chicks · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-wham-retinal-repletion-failure High-lutein feeding left WHAM retinal lutein near 6% of controls despite increases in plasma, liver and heart. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: More intake did not repair retinal delivery in this model. organism: Chicken tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma, retina, liver and heart experimental_model: High-lutein feeding in WHAM versus control chicks limitations: Animal transport failure; raising human HDL cholesterol is not established as a way to improve retinal lutein. exposure: High-lutein or control diet from hatching for 28 days evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/17724211.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7d7044cc9e41a7d859e5d5d75fc3fb7381d11fa635fa7232bf9dc97b83bd4cf4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1727, "text_sha256": "7d7044cc9e41a7d859e5d5d75fc3fb7381d11fa635fa7232bf9dc97b83bd4cf4"} [lutein-p17724211] The prime role of HDL to transport lutein into the retina: evidence from HDL-deficient WHAM chicks having a mutant ABCA1 transporter. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17724211/ DOI: 10.1167/iovs.06-1275

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/24982131.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "975bef59c81c57ad6e18b45581b23174165732965e8d7e017275fe98ca3ab4a0", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1743, "text_sha256": "975bef59c81c57ad6e18b45581b23174165732965e8d7e017275fe98ca3ab4a0"}

experimental_model

Recombinant enzyme expression and comparative binding

exposure

Zeaxanthin-producing bacteria; surface plasmon resonance

limitations

Historical assay result; later work demonstrates human catalytic competence with altered protein processing and expression conditions.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

Human and mouse proteins; bacterial expression

plain_language

The early protein preparations differed in pigment binding.

primary_references

[lutein-p24982131] Inactivity of human β,β-carotene-9',10'-dioxygenase (BCO2) underlies retinal accumulation of the human macular carotenoid pigment. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24982131/ DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1402526111

tissue_or_cell_type

Recombinant BCO2 and retina

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 268–279

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Recombinant enzyme expression and comparative binding · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-bco2-2014-binding Human BCO2 binding to tested macular carotenoids was 10–40-fold weaker than mouse BCO2 in the 2014 comparison. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The early protein preparations differed in pigment binding. organism: Human and mouse proteins; bacterial expression tissue_or_cell_type: Recombinant BCO2 and retina experimental_model: Recombinant enzyme expression and comparative binding limitations: Historical assay result; later work demonstrates human catalytic competence with altered protein processing and expression conditions. exposure: Zeaxanthin-producing bacteria; surface plasmon resonance evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/24982131.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "975bef59c81c57ad6e18b45581b23174165732965e8d7e017275fe98ca3ab4a0", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1743, "text_sha256": "975bef59c81c57ad6e18b45581b23174165732965e8d7e017275fe98ca3ab4a0"} [lutein-p24982131] Inactivity of human β,β-carotene-9',10'-dioxygenase (BCO2) underlies retinal accumulation of the human macular carotenoid pigment. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24982131/ DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1402526111

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/17344498.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "582744e7beef9ad8341bf862c9d344c1f188e6087676bcaa4c32679547fffe79", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1666, "text_sha256": "582744e7beef9ad8341bf862c9d344c1f188e6087676bcaa4c32679547fffe79"}

experimental_model

Controlled low- then high-xanthophyll diet

exposure

About 1.1 mg/day L+Z for two weeks then 11 mg/day for four weeks

limitations

Small dietary study; circulating distribution is not retinal delivery or an intervention to raise HDL cholesterol.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

Seven AMD patients and five controls

plain_language

Lutein traveled in more than one lipoprotein class.

primary_references

[lutein-p17344498] Effect of dietary lutein and zeaxanthin on plasma carotenoids and their transport in lipoproteins in age-related macular degeneration. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17344498/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/85.3.762

tissue_or_cell_type

Plasma and separated lipoprotein fractions

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 619–630

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Controlled low- then high-xanthophyll diet · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-human-hdl-carriage After the high-xanthophyll diet, HDL carried 52% of measured plasma lutein; LDL carried approximately 22%. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Lutein traveled in more than one lipoprotein class. organism: Seven AMD patients and five controls tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma and separated lipoprotein fractions experimental_model: Controlled low- then high-xanthophyll diet limitations: Small dietary study; circulating distribution is not retinal delivery or an intervention to raise HDL cholesterol. exposure: About 1.1 mg/day L+Z for two weeks then 11 mg/day for four weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/17344498.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "582744e7beef9ad8341bf862c9d344c1f188e6087676bcaa4c32679547fffe79", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1666, "text_sha256": "582744e7beef9ad8341bf862c9d344c1f188e6087676bcaa4c32679547fffe79"} [lutein-p17344498] Effect of dietary lutein and zeaxanthin on plasma carotenoids and their transport in lipoproteins in age-related macular degeneration. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17344498/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/85.3.762

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/27538825.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1db014221931676349f15dc3c5138fba122417fb49fec5de481594c72b0596f3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1346, "text_sha256": "1db014221931676349f15dc3c5138fba122417fb49fec5de481594c72b0596f3"}

experimental_model

Carotenoid delivery using isolated human lipoproteins

exposure

Carotenoid-loaded LDL versus HDL

limitations

Cell delivery ranking is not identical to circulating carriage fractions or the WHAM-chicken phenotype.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

Human ARPE-19 cells

plain_language

The best carrier in this cell assay was LDL.

primary_references

[lutein-p27538825] Mechanisms of selective delivery of xanthophylls to retinal pigment epithelial cells by human lipoproteins. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27538825/ DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m070193

tissue_or_cell_type

Retinal pigment epithelial model

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 632–643

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Carotenoid delivery using isolated human lipoproteins · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-ldl-rpe-delivery LDL delivery produced the greatest lutein uptake in the tested ARPE-19 system. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The best carrier in this cell assay was LDL. organism: Human ARPE-19 cells tissue_or_cell_type: Retinal pigment epithelial model experimental_model: Carotenoid delivery using isolated human lipoproteins limitations: Cell delivery ranking is not identical to circulating carriage fractions or the WHAM-chicken phenotype. exposure: Carotenoid-loaded LDL versus HDL evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/27538825.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1db014221931676349f15dc3c5138fba122417fb49fec5de481594c72b0596f3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1346, "text_sha256": "1db014221931676349f15dc3c5138fba122417fb49fec5de481594c72b0596f3"} [lutein-p27538825] Mechanisms of selective delivery of xanthophylls to retinal pigment epithelial cells by human lipoproteins. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27538825/ DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m070193

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/21322544.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e0362dd86389ecba7d75e2628ffcd785ea404e40a709084dd5a0749a4cfb89fa", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1825, "text_sha256": "e0362dd86389ecba7d75e2628ffcd785ea404e40a709084dd5a0749a4cfb89fa"}

experimental_model

Recombinant binding assays and primate retinal localization

exposure

Surface plasmon resonance and immunohistochemistry

limitations

Binding does not prove net retinal delivery or clinical benefit; localization is from monkey tissue.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

Human protein and monkey retinal tissue

plain_language

A retinal protein selectively holds lutein.

primary_references

[lutein-p21322544] Identification of StARD3 as a lutein-binding protein in the macula of the primate retina. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21322544/ DOI: 10.1021/bi101906y

tissue_or_cell_type

Retina and purified protein

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 125–136

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Recombinant binding assays and primate retinal localization · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-stard3-binding Recombinant human StARD3 bound lutein selectively, with dissociation constant 0.45 micromolar. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A retinal protein selectively holds lutein. organism: Human protein and monkey retinal tissue tissue_or_cell_type: Retina and purified protein experimental_model: Recombinant binding assays and primate retinal localization limitations: Binding does not prove net retinal delivery or clinical benefit; localization is from monkey tissue. exposure: Surface plasmon resonance and immunohistochemistry evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/21322544.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e0362dd86389ecba7d75e2628ffcd785ea404e40a709084dd5a0749a4cfb89fa", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1825, "text_sha256": "e0362dd86389ecba7d75e2628ffcd785ea404e40a709084dd5a0749a4cfb89fa"} [lutein-p21322544] Identification of StARD3 as a lutein-binding protein in the macula of the primate retina. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21322544/ DOI: 10.1021/bi101906y

dose

Fresh or lyophilized leaves with 5% peanut oil

duration

Digestion and uptake time course

evidence_access

Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation

experimental_model

Simulated digestion coupled to human Caco-2 cells

limitations

This food-matrix result supports a fat effect on bioaccessibility but does not quantify human vitamin A status.

nutrient_topic

Moringa oleifera chapter; interacting nutrients, drugs, peptides and proteins retain their experimental settings. · Moringa oleifera

organism

Simulated digestion coupled to human Caco-2 cells

plain_language

Adding 5% peanut oil to Moringa leaves during simulated digestion increased beta-carotene and lutein micellarization, particularly beta-carotene, before uptake by Caco-2 cells.

primary_references

Micellarization and intestinal cell uptake of beta-carotene and lutein from drumstick (Moringa oleifera) leaves. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17651060/ DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2006.250

route

In vitro digestion

tissue

Carotenoid micellarization and cell accumulation

Moringa oleifera: mechanism of action and interactions (2026-09-20) · lines 222–231

Original AI-assisted source-specific curation with primary-study citations, model, exposure, route, duration, negative findings and limitations preserved. Not publisher full text. · supports · Simulated digestion coupled to human Caco-2 cells · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## moringa-peanut-oil-carotenoid-bioaccessibility Adding 5% peanut oil to Moringa leaves during simulated digestion increased beta-carotene and lutein micellarization, particularly beta-carotene, before uptake by Caco-2 cells. Model/species: Simulated digestion coupled to human Caco-2 cells Tissue/system: Carotenoid micellarization and cell accumulation Exposure: Fresh or lyophilized leaves with 5% peanut oil Route: In vitro digestion Duration: Digestion and uptake time course Limits: This food-matrix result supports a fat effect on bioaccessibility but does not quantify human vitamin A status. Primary reference: Micellarization and intestinal cell uptake of beta-carotene and lutein from drumstick (Moringa oleifera) leaves. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17651060/ DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2006.250 Access: Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/35653117.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "66ae960c242e18fe246c623e055e94d52a638b6ac6330f8a85208a58d52c13cb", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 3155, "text_sha256": "66ae960c242e18fe246c623e055e94d52a638b6ac6330f8a85208a58d52c13cb"}

experimental_model

Ten-year epidemiologic follow-up of randomized AREDS2 assignments

exposure

Original randomization followed by common AREDS2 supplementation for everyone

limitations

Not ten years of continuously separated randomized treatment; same cohort, additional follow-up.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

3882 original participants

plain_language

A modest long-term association favored original assignment.

primary_references

[lutein-p35653117] Long-term Outcomes of Adding Lutein/Zeaxanthin and ω-3 Fatty Acids to the AREDS Supplements on Age-Related Macular Degeneration Progression: AREDS2 Report 28. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35653117/ DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2022.1640

tissue_or_cell_type

Late AMD and lung cancer

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 788–799

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Ten-year epidemiologic follow-up of randomized AREDS2 assignments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-areds-longterm Ten-year analysis by original L+Z assignment gave late-AMD HR 0.91 (95% CI 0.84–0.99). Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A modest long-term association favored original assignment. organism: 3882 original participants tissue_or_cell_type: Late AMD and lung cancer experimental_model: Ten-year epidemiologic follow-up of randomized AREDS2 assignments limitations: Not ten years of continuously separated randomized treatment; same cohort, additional follow-up. exposure: Original randomization followed by common AREDS2 supplementation for everyone evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/35653117.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "66ae960c242e18fe246c623e055e94d52a638b6ac6330f8a85208a58d52c13cb", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 3155, "text_sha256": "66ae960c242e18fe246c623e055e94d52a638b6ac6330f8a85208a58d52c13cb"} [lutein-p35653117] Long-term Outcomes of Adding Lutein/Zeaxanthin and ω-3 Fatty Acids to the AREDS Supplements on Age-Related Macular Degeneration Progression: AREDS2 Report 28. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35653117/ DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2022.1640

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/35653117.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "66ae960c242e18fe246c623e055e94d52a638b6ac6330f8a85208a58d52c13cb", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 3155, "text_sha256": "66ae960c242e18fe246c623e055e94d52a638b6ac6330f8a85208a58d52c13cb"}

experimental_model

Ten-year epidemiologic follow-up of randomized AREDS2 assignments

exposure

Original randomization followed by common AREDS2 supplementation for everyone

limitations

Not ten years of continuously separated randomized treatment; same cohort, additional follow-up.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

3882 original participants

plain_language

The beta-carotene signal was not demonstrated for the pair.

primary_references

[lutein-p35653117] Long-term Outcomes of Adding Lutein/Zeaxanthin and ω-3 Fatty Acids to the AREDS Supplements on Age-Related Macular Degeneration Progression: AREDS2 Report 28. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35653117/ DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2022.1640

tissue_or_cell_type

Late AMD and lung cancer

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 801–812

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Ten-year epidemiologic follow-up of randomized AREDS2 assignments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-areds-longterm-lung-null L+Z assignment had lung-cancer OR 1.15 (95% CI 0.79–1.66), without a significant increase. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The beta-carotene signal was not demonstrated for the pair. organism: 3882 original participants tissue_or_cell_type: Late AMD and lung cancer experimental_model: Ten-year epidemiologic follow-up of randomized AREDS2 assignments limitations: Not ten years of continuously separated randomized treatment; same cohort, additional follow-up. exposure: Original randomization followed by common AREDS2 supplementation for everyone evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/35653117.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "66ae960c242e18fe246c623e055e94d52a638b6ac6330f8a85208a58d52c13cb", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 3155, "text_sha256": "66ae960c242e18fe246c623e055e94d52a638b6ac6330f8a85208a58d52c13cb"} [lutein-p35653117] Long-term Outcomes of Adding Lutein/Zeaxanthin and ω-3 Fatty Acids to the AREDS Supplements on Age-Related Macular Degeneration Progression: AREDS2 Report 28. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35653117/ DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2022.1640

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/23644932.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1bd379926e56d7243222c2ef69d6367b74aede2b02faabfb77fadcbadf95008f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 3037, "text_sha256": "1bd379926e56d7243222c2ef69d6367b74aede2b02faabfb77fadcbadf95008f"}

experimental_model

AREDS2 phase 3 factorial randomized trial

exposure

Lutein 10 mg + zeaxanthin 2 mg daily; background AREDS formula; median five years

limitations

Combination and background treatment prevent attribution to lutein alone; primary contrast differs from replacement and main-effects analyses. Published correction 10.1001/jama.2013.6403 changes the Table 3 lung-neoplasm row label and Table 4 lung-neoplasm entries. These records use the indexed abstract and do not reproduce the uncorrected Table 4. Correction: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/1710434 .

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

4203 adults aged 50–85 at elevated AMD progression risk

plain_language

Adding the pair did not meet the primary statistical threshold.

primary_references

[lutein-p23644932] Lutein + zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids for age-related macular degeneration: the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) randomized clinical trial. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23644932/ DOI: 10.1001/jama.2013.4997

tissue_or_cell_type

Eyes with large drusen and/or fellow-eye advanced AMD

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 723–734

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · AREDS2 phase 3 factorial randomized trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-areds-primary-null Primary L+Z versus placebo comparison gave HR 0.90 (98.7% CI 0.76–1.07; P=0.12). Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Adding the pair did not meet the primary statistical threshold. organism: 4203 adults aged 50–85 at elevated AMD progression risk tissue_or_cell_type: Eyes with large drusen and/or fellow-eye advanced AMD experimental_model: AREDS2 phase 3 factorial randomized trial limitations: Combination and background treatment prevent attribution to lutein alone; primary contrast differs from replacement and main-effects analyses. Published correction 10.1001/jama.2013.6403 changes the Table 3 lung-neoplasm row label and Table 4 lung-neoplasm entries. These records use the indexed abstract and do not reproduce the uncorrected Table 4. Correction: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/1710434 . exposure: Lutein 10 mg + zeaxanthin 2 mg daily; background AREDS formula; median five years evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/23644932.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1bd379926e56d7243222c2ef69d6367b74aede2b02faabfb77fadcbadf95008f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 3037, "text_sha256": "1bd379926e56d7243222c2ef69d6367b74aede2b02faabfb77fadcbadf95008f"} [lutein-p23644932] Lutein + zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids for age-related macular degeneration: the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) randomized clinical trial. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23644932/ DOI: 10.1001/jama.2013.4997

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/24310343.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "617cbda47a00c8fc552395a255003b013afa72aca6640c5c2e49d2b4caf09a72", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2419, "text_sha256": "617cbda47a00c8fc552395a255003b013afa72aca6640c5c2e49d2b4caf09a72"}

experimental_model

Exploratory secondary analyses of AREDS2

exposure

L+Z 10/2 mg; direct comparison with beta-carotene on AREDS background

limitations

Exploratory contrasts and different confidence thresholds do not contradict the prespecified primary analysis.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

Same AREDS2 cohort, not an independent replication

plain_language

The same comparison did not show benefit for every subtype.

primary_references

[lutein-p24310343] Secondary analyses of the effects of lutein/zeaxanthin on age-related macular degeneration progression: AREDS2 report No. 3. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24310343/ DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.7376

tissue_or_cell_type

Late AMD subtypes

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 775–786

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Exploratory secondary analyses of AREDS2 · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-areds-replacement-atrophy-null Central geographic atrophy HR was 0.94 (95% CI 0.70–1.26), without a significant difference. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The same comparison did not show benefit for every subtype. organism: Same AREDS2 cohort, not an independent replication tissue_or_cell_type: Late AMD subtypes experimental_model: Exploratory secondary analyses of AREDS2 limitations: Exploratory contrasts and different confidence thresholds do not contradict the prespecified primary analysis. exposure: L+Z 10/2 mg; direct comparison with beta-carotene on AREDS background evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/24310343.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "617cbda47a00c8fc552395a255003b013afa72aca6640c5c2e49d2b4caf09a72", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2419, "text_sha256": "617cbda47a00c8fc552395a255003b013afa72aca6640c5c2e49d2b4caf09a72"} [lutein-p24310343] Secondary analyses of the effects of lutein/zeaxanthin on age-related macular degeneration progression: AREDS2 report No. 3. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24310343/ DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.7376

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/24310343.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "617cbda47a00c8fc552395a255003b013afa72aca6640c5c2e49d2b4caf09a72", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2419, "text_sha256": "617cbda47a00c8fc552395a255003b013afa72aca6640c5c2e49d2b4caf09a72"}

experimental_model

Exploratory secondary analyses of AREDS2

exposure

L+Z 10/2 mg; direct comparison with beta-carotene on AREDS background

limitations

Exploratory contrasts and different confidence thresholds do not contradict the prespecified primary analysis.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

Same AREDS2 cohort, not an independent replication

plain_language

Replacement comparison favored the xanthophyll pair.

primary_references

[lutein-p24310343] Secondary analyses of the effects of lutein/zeaxanthin on age-related macular degeneration progression: AREDS2 report No. 3. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24310343/ DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.7376

tissue_or_cell_type

Late AMD subtypes

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 749–760

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Exploratory secondary analyses of AREDS2 · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-areds-replacement-late Exploratory L+Z versus beta-carotene comparison gave late-AMD HR 0.82 (95% CI 0.69–0.96). Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Replacement comparison favored the xanthophyll pair. organism: Same AREDS2 cohort, not an independent replication tissue_or_cell_type: Late AMD subtypes experimental_model: Exploratory secondary analyses of AREDS2 limitations: Exploratory contrasts and different confidence thresholds do not contradict the prespecified primary analysis. exposure: L+Z 10/2 mg; direct comparison with beta-carotene on AREDS background evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/24310343.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "617cbda47a00c8fc552395a255003b013afa72aca6640c5c2e49d2b4caf09a72", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2419, "text_sha256": "617cbda47a00c8fc552395a255003b013afa72aca6640c5c2e49d2b4caf09a72"} [lutein-p24310343] Secondary analyses of the effects of lutein/zeaxanthin on age-related macular degeneration progression: AREDS2 report No. 3. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24310343/ DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.7376

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/24310343.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "617cbda47a00c8fc552395a255003b013afa72aca6640c5c2e49d2b4caf09a72", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2419, "text_sha256": "617cbda47a00c8fc552395a255003b013afa72aca6640c5c2e49d2b4caf09a72"}

experimental_model

Exploratory secondary analyses of AREDS2

exposure

L+Z 10/2 mg; direct comparison with beta-carotene on AREDS background

limitations

Exploratory contrasts and different confidence thresholds do not contradict the prespecified primary analysis.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

Same AREDS2 cohort, not an independent replication

plain_language

The subtype result favored the pair for neovascular AMD.

primary_references

[lutein-p24310343] Secondary analyses of the effects of lutein/zeaxanthin on age-related macular degeneration progression: AREDS2 report No. 3. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24310343/ DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.7376

tissue_or_cell_type

Late AMD subtypes

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 762–773

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Exploratory secondary analyses of AREDS2 · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-areds-replacement-neovascular The corresponding neovascular-AMD HR was 0.78 (95% CI 0.64–0.94). Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The subtype result favored the pair for neovascular AMD. organism: Same AREDS2 cohort, not an independent replication tissue_or_cell_type: Late AMD subtypes experimental_model: Exploratory secondary analyses of AREDS2 limitations: Exploratory contrasts and different confidence thresholds do not contradict the prespecified primary analysis. exposure: L+Z 10/2 mg; direct comparison with beta-carotene on AREDS background evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/24310343.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "617cbda47a00c8fc552395a255003b013afa72aca6640c5c2e49d2b4caf09a72", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2419, "text_sha256": "617cbda47a00c8fc552395a255003b013afa72aca6640c5c2e49d2b4caf09a72"} [lutein-p24310343] Secondary analyses of the effects of lutein/zeaxanthin on age-related macular degeneration progression: AREDS2 report No. 3. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24310343/ DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.7376

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/15554873.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3dfbef37e3c73db4732f66083063e548a1654cb759ff46392c981c50f338d8a0", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2014, "text_sha256": "3dfbef37e3c73db4732f66083063e548a1654cb759ff46392c981c50f338d8a0"}

experimental_model

Mixed-micelle transport across Caco-2 TC-7 monolayers

exposure

Micellar lutein 1.5–15 micromolar; antibodies and BLT1

limitations

Partial inhibition supports a contribution, not an exclusive route; cell experiments do not set clinical supplement spacing.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

Human intestinal cell model

plain_language

Another carotenoid competed under these conditions.

primary_references

[lutein-p15554873] Lutein transport by Caco-2 TC-7 cells occurs partly by a facilitated process involving the scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI). (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15554873/ DOI: 10.1042/bj20040554

tissue_or_cell_type

Apical intestinal epithelial transport

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 489–500

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mixed-micelle transport across Caco-2 TC-7 monolayers · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-beta-competition Co-incubated beta-carotene reduced lutein absorption by approximately 20% in this cell model. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Another carotenoid competed under these conditions. organism: Human intestinal cell model tissue_or_cell_type: Apical intestinal epithelial transport experimental_model: Mixed-micelle transport across Caco-2 TC-7 monolayers limitations: Partial inhibition supports a contribution, not an exclusive route; cell experiments do not set clinical supplement spacing. exposure: Micellar lutein 1.5–15 micromolar; antibodies and BLT1 evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/15554873.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3dfbef37e3c73db4732f66083063e548a1654cb759ff46392c981c50f338d8a0", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2014, "text_sha256": "3dfbef37e3c73db4732f66083063e548a1654cb759ff46392c981c50f338d8a0"} [lutein-p15554873] Lutein transport by Caco-2 TC-7 cells occurs partly by a facilitated process involving the scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI). (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15554873/ DOI: 10.1042/bj20040554

availability_state

biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/23645227.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3e75988c75dde9e6525246ae68335c49c03c31f02c7419dcf74110966b7dce32", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2245, "text_sha256": "3e75988c75dde9e6525246ae68335c49c03c31f02c7419dcf74110966b7dce32"}

experimental_model

AREDS2 cataract secondary outcome and dietary subgroup analysis

exposure

L+Z 10/2 mg daily; median 4.7 years

limitations

Lowest-intake subgroup is not a clinical deficiency diagnosis; overall and subgroup results must stay separate.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

3159 participants phakic in at least one eye

plain_language

A subgroup with lower intake had a favorable estimate.

primary_references

[lutein-p23645227] Lutein/zeaxanthin for the treatment of age-related cataract: AREDS2 randomized trial report no. 4. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23645227/ DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.4412

tissue_or_cell_type

6027 study eyes

trigger_kind

biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 827–838

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · AREDS2 cataract secondary outcome and dietary subgroup analysis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-cataract-low-intake In the lowest dietary L+Z quintile, cataract-surgery HR was 0.68 (95% CI 0.48–0.96; P=0.03). Condition category: biomarker_context nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A subgroup with lower intake had a favorable estimate. organism: 3159 participants phakic in at least one eye tissue_or_cell_type: 6027 study eyes experimental_model: AREDS2 cataract secondary outcome and dietary subgroup analysis limitations: Lowest-intake subgroup is not a clinical deficiency diagnosis; overall and subgroup results must stay separate. exposure: L+Z 10/2 mg daily; median 4.7 years evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/23645227.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3e75988c75dde9e6525246ae68335c49c03c31f02c7419dcf74110966b7dce32", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2245, "text_sha256": "3e75988c75dde9e6525246ae68335c49c03c31f02c7419dcf74110966b7dce32"} [lutein-p23645227] Lutein/zeaxanthin for the treatment of age-related cataract: AREDS2 randomized trial report no. 4. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23645227/ DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.4412

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/23645227.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3e75988c75dde9e6525246ae68335c49c03c31f02c7419dcf74110966b7dce32", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2245, "text_sha256": "3e75988c75dde9e6525246ae68335c49c03c31f02c7419dcf74110966b7dce32"}

experimental_model

AREDS2 cataract secondary outcome and dietary subgroup analysis

exposure

L+Z 10/2 mg daily; median 4.7 years

limitations

Lowest-intake subgroup is not a clinical deficiency diagnosis; overall and subgroup results must stay separate.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

3159 participants phakic in at least one eye

plain_language

The trial did not show an overall cataract-surgery benefit.

primary_references

[lutein-p23645227] Lutein/zeaxanthin for the treatment of age-related cataract: AREDS2 randomized trial report no. 4. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23645227/ DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.4412

tissue_or_cell_type

6027 study eyes

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 814–825

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · AREDS2 cataract secondary outcome and dietary subgroup analysis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-cataract-overall-null Overall cataract-surgery HR was 0.96 (95% CI 0.84–1.10; P=0.54). Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The trial did not show an overall cataract-surgery benefit. organism: 3159 participants phakic in at least one eye tissue_or_cell_type: 6027 study eyes experimental_model: AREDS2 cataract secondary outcome and dietary subgroup analysis limitations: Lowest-intake subgroup is not a clinical deficiency diagnosis; overall and subgroup results must stay separate. exposure: L+Z 10/2 mg daily; median 4.7 years evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/23645227.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3e75988c75dde9e6525246ae68335c49c03c31f02c7419dcf74110966b7dce32", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2245, "text_sha256": "3e75988c75dde9e6525246ae68335c49c03c31f02c7419dcf74110966b7dce32"} [lutein-p23645227] Lutein/zeaxanthin for the treatment of age-related cataract: AREDS2 randomized trial report no. 4. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23645227/ DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.4412

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/28874556.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "240bde60bb175fdfd5f556b9f2f7aab97f5d5b03e9640160418c34c74194d8c9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1679, "text_sha256": "240bde60bb175fdfd5f556b9f2f7aab97f5d5b03e9640160418c34c74194d8c9"}

experimental_model

Overexpression, developmental expression and pharmacological inhibition

exposure

RPE65 expression with lutein; inhibitor experiments in developing chicken eye

limitations

Cell and animal evidence; docking near iron is not a human iron-supplementation experiment.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

Human/chicken proteins in cells and chicken embryos

plain_language

The conversion was also observed with the chicken enzyme.

primary_references

[lutein-p28874556] RPE65 has an additional function as the lutein to meso-zeaxanthin isomerase in the vertebrate eye. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28874556/ DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1706332114

tissue_or_cell_type

Cultured cells and embryonic RPE/choroid

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 164–175

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Overexpression, developmental expression and pharmacological inhibition · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-chicken-rpe65-isomerase Chicken RPE65 overexpression supported meso-zeaxanthin production from lutein. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The conversion was also observed with the chicken enzyme. organism: Human/chicken proteins in cells and chicken embryos tissue_or_cell_type: Cultured cells and embryonic RPE/choroid experimental_model: Overexpression, developmental expression and pharmacological inhibition limitations: Cell and animal evidence; docking near iron is not a human iron-supplementation experiment. exposure: RPE65 expression with lutein; inhibitor experiments in developing chicken eye evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/28874556.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "240bde60bb175fdfd5f556b9f2f7aab97f5d5b03e9640160418c34c74194d8c9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1679, "text_sha256": "240bde60bb175fdfd5f556b9f2f7aab97f5d5b03e9640160418c34c74194d8c9"} [lutein-p28874556] RPE65 has an additional function as the lutein to meso-zeaxanthin isomerase in the vertebrate eye. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28874556/ DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1706332114

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/26305649.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6b4498bace6ac4564fae52aef2f95e564154631bdfa1e19b02fa6878043dbe72", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2936, "text_sha256": "6b4498bace6ac4564fae52aef2f95e564154631bdfa1e19b02fa6878043dbe72"}

experimental_model

AREDS2 ancillary randomized cognitive study

exposure

L+Z 10/2 mg daily; five-year study on background nutrient formulas

limitations

Cognitive outcome, not a direct brain-lutein assay; no attribution to isolated lutein.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

3501 tested older participants at AMD risk

plain_language

The large older-adult study did not show cognitive benefit.

primary_references

[lutein-p26305649] Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Lutein/Zeaxanthin, or Other Nutrient Supplementation on Cognitive Function: The AREDS2 Randomized Clinical Trial. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26305649/ DOI: 10.1001/jama.2015.9677

tissue_or_cell_type

Telephone cognitive test battery

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 892–903

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · AREDS2 ancillary randomized cognitive study · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-cognition-areds-null L+Z produced no significant difference in yearly cognitive composite change: 0.03 (99% CI −0.14 to 0.19; P=0.66). Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The large older-adult study did not show cognitive benefit. organism: 3501 tested older participants at AMD risk tissue_or_cell_type: Telephone cognitive test battery experimental_model: AREDS2 ancillary randomized cognitive study limitations: Cognitive outcome, not a direct brain-lutein assay; no attribution to isolated lutein. exposure: L+Z 10/2 mg daily; five-year study on background nutrient formulas evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/26305649.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6b4498bace6ac4564fae52aef2f95e564154631bdfa1e19b02fa6878043dbe72", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2936, "text_sha256": "6b4498bace6ac4564fae52aef2f95e564154631bdfa1e19b02fa6878043dbe72"} [lutein-p26305649] Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Lutein/Zeaxanthin, or Other Nutrient Supplementation on Cognitive Function: The AREDS2 Randomized Clinical Trial. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26305649/ DOI: 10.1001/jama.2015.9677

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/25468896.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "01231d6577e7c30e79a74525772191092df003b42344095a53faf0279f138ac3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2007, "text_sha256": "01231d6577e7c30e79a74525772191092df003b42344095a53faf0279f138ac3"}

experimental_model

Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled visual-performance study

exposure

Lutein 10 mg + zeaxanthin 2 mg daily for one year

limitations

Combined intervention; improved task performance is not evidence of AMD prevention or treatment.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

115 young healthy adults

plain_language

Participants detected the test contrast better.

primary_references

[lutein-p25468896] A double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of lutein and zeaxanthin on photostress recovery, glare disability, and chromatic contrast. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25468896/ DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15573

tissue_or_cell_type

Serum, macular pigment and visual tasks

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 866–877

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled visual-performance study · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-contrast-improvement L+Z improved the tested chromatic-contrast threshold versus placebo. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Participants detected the test contrast better. organism: 115 young healthy adults tissue_or_cell_type: Serum, macular pigment and visual tasks experimental_model: Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled visual-performance study limitations: Combined intervention; improved task performance is not evidence of AMD prevention or treatment. exposure: Lutein 10 mg + zeaxanthin 2 mg daily for one year evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/25468896.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "01231d6577e7c30e79a74525772191092df003b42344095a53faf0279f138ac3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2007, "text_sha256": "01231d6577e7c30e79a74525772191092df003b42344095a53faf0279f138ac3"} [lutein-p25468896] A double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of lutein and zeaxanthin on photostress recovery, glare disability, and chromatic contrast. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25468896/ DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15573

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/10799382.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "68c85cb7c391b6bffddcdc9ca0620c8db353400604353ce62873fe74501a0868", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1602, "text_sha256": "68c85cb7c391b6bffddcdc9ca0620c8db353400604353ce62873fe74501a0868"}

experimental_model

Random-sequence crossover supplementation

exposure

Lutein esters providing 8 mg lutein; 3 versus 36 g meal fat; seven-day periods

limitations

Formulation-specific short-term response; not a universal minimum fat requirement.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

Human volunteers in four groups of 14–15

plain_language

Meal fat changed uptake from this ester formulation.

primary_references

[lutein-p10799382] Amount of fat in the diet affects bioavailability of lutein esters but not of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and vitamin E in humans. (2000). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10799382/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/71.5.1187

tissue_or_cell_type

Plasma carotenoid response

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 580–591

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Random-sequence crossover supplementation · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-dietary-fat Lutein rose 207% with the high-fat spread versus 88% with the low-fat spread during lutein-ester supplementation. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Meal fat changed uptake from this ester formulation. organism: Human volunteers in four groups of 14–15 tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma carotenoid response experimental_model: Random-sequence crossover supplementation limitations: Formulation-specific short-term response; not a universal minimum fat requirement. exposure: Lutein esters providing 8 mg lutein; 3 versus 36 g meal fat; seven-day periods evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/10799382.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "68c85cb7c391b6bffddcdc9ca0620c8db353400604353ce62873fe74501a0868", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1602, "text_sha256": "68c85cb7c391b6bffddcdc9ca0620c8db353400604353ce62873fe74501a0868"} [lutein-p10799382] Amount of fat in the diet affects bioavailability of lutein esters but not of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and vitamin E in humans. (2000). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10799382/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/71.5.1187

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/41415389.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b4eb5b9290310947be962df7dae42190e5afa6ffd726e869cb842d7f7ed15a41", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1304, "text_sha256": "b4eb5b9290310947be962df7dae42190e5afa6ffd726e869cb842d7f7ed15a41"}

experimental_model

Cultured-cell enzyme expression, mutagenesis and structural modeling

exposure

Lutein substrate; E148Q substitution; binding-protein coexpression

limitations

Proposed radical transition state remains a mechanistic interpretation, not directly observed chemistry.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

Human, chicken and mouse RPE65

plain_language

A change important to other RPE65 chemistry spared this measured reaction.

primary_references

[lutein-p41415389] Mechanism of Lutein to meso-Zeaxanthin Isomerization by RPE65 Catalysis. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41415389/ DOI: 10.64898/2025.12.10.693550

tissue_or_cell_type

Cultured cells and molecular models

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 203–214

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cultured-cell enzyme expression, mutagenesis and structural modeling · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-e148q-maintained RPE65 E148Q substitution did not reduce meso-zeaxanthin yield in the reported cultured-cell experiments. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A change important to other RPE65 chemistry spared this measured reaction. organism: Human, chicken and mouse RPE65 tissue_or_cell_type: Cultured cells and molecular models experimental_model: Cultured-cell enzyme expression, mutagenesis and structural modeling limitations: Proposed radical transition state remains a mechanistic interpretation, not directly observed chemistry. exposure: Lutein substrate; E148Q substitution; binding-protein coexpression evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/41415389.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b4eb5b9290310947be962df7dae42190e5afa6ffd726e869cb842d7f7ed15a41", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1304, "text_sha256": "b4eb5b9290310947be962df7dae42190e5afa6ffd726e869cb842d7f7ed15a41"} [lutein-p41415389] Mechanism of Lutein to meso-Zeaxanthin Isomerization by RPE65 Catalysis. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41415389/ DOI: 10.64898/2025.12.10.693550

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/26016861.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c275d8263df6d127f722fc47b45e9bc513c6d871653afbc878bc50a911b1df55", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2045, "text_sha256": "c275d8263df6d127f722fc47b45e9bc513c6d871653afbc878bc50a911b1df55"}

experimental_model

Randomized three-meal crossover trial

exposure

Salad plus 0, 75 or 150 g scrambled whole eggs; ten-hour sampling

limitations

Eggs supplied both fat and carotenoids; the experiment does not isolate a choline effect. Published erratum 10.3945/ajcn.115.120956 corrects an author affiliation to Department of Nutrition Science; it does not change the trial outcomes. Correction: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.120956 .

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

16 healthy young men

plain_language

The whole-food meal increased carotenoid appearance in blood.

primary_references

[lutein-p26016861] Effects of egg consumption on carotenoid absorption from co-consumed, raw vegetables. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26016861/ DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.111062

tissue_or_cell_type

Post-meal triglyceride-rich lipoproteins

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 593–604

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized three-meal crossover trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-egg-matrix The high-egg salad meal increased lutein/zeaxanthin lipoprotein AUC about four- to fivefold versus salad without egg. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The whole-food meal increased carotenoid appearance in blood. organism: 16 healthy young men tissue_or_cell_type: Post-meal triglyceride-rich lipoproteins experimental_model: Randomized three-meal crossover trial limitations: Eggs supplied both fat and carotenoids; the experiment does not isolate a choline effect. Published erratum 10.3945/ajcn.115.120956 corrects an author affiliation to Department of Nutrition Science; it does not change the trial outcomes. Correction: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.120956 . exposure: Salad plus 0, 75 or 150 g scrambled whole eggs; ten-hour sampling evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/26016861.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c275d8263df6d127f722fc47b45e9bc513c6d871653afbc878bc50a911b1df55", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2045, "text_sha256": "c275d8263df6d127f722fc47b45e9bc513c6d871653afbc878bc50a911b1df55"} [lutein-p26016861] Effects of egg consumption on carotenoid absorption from co-consumed, raw vegetables. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26016861/ DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.111062

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/22579005.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1dd51af5fd10e865810b3fa2fdab5ed4f6613212a3cd418a009554ae601c076b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1895, "text_sha256": "1dd51af5fd10e865810b3fa2fdab5ed4f6613212a3cd418a009554ae601c076b"}

experimental_model

Transporter-inhibitor uptake/permeability experiment

exposure

Ezetimibe, BLT1 and ATP-depletion reagents

limitations

Pharmacological evidence supports involvement, not an exclusive transporter or proven human clinical interaction.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

Human Caco-2 cells

plain_language

The medicine reduced cellular uptake in this experiment.

primary_references

[lutein-p22579005] Involvement of cholesterol membrane transporter Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 in the intestinal absorption of lutein. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22579005/ DOI: 10.18433/j38k56

tissue_or_cell_type

Intestinal epithelial model

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 528–539

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Transporter-inhibitor uptake/permeability experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-ezetimibe-intestine Ezetimibe reduced lutein accumulation by up to 40% in Caco-2 monolayers. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The medicine reduced cellular uptake in this experiment. organism: Human Caco-2 cells tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal epithelial model experimental_model: Transporter-inhibitor uptake/permeability experiment limitations: Pharmacological evidence supports involvement, not an exclusive transporter or proven human clinical interaction. exposure: Ezetimibe, BLT1 and ATP-depletion reagents evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/22579005.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1dd51af5fd10e865810b3fa2fdab5ed4f6613212a3cd418a009554ae601c076b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1895, "text_sha256": "1dd51af5fd10e865810b3fa2fdab5ed4f6613212a3cd418a009554ae601c076b"} [lutein-p22579005] Involvement of cholesterol membrane transporter Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 in the intestinal absorption of lutein. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22579005/ DOI: 10.18433/j38k56

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/25468896.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "01231d6577e7c30e79a74525772191092df003b42344095a53faf0279f138ac3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2007, "text_sha256": "01231d6577e7c30e79a74525772191092df003b42344095a53faf0279f138ac3"}

experimental_model

Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled visual-performance study

exposure

Lutein 10 mg + zeaxanthin 2 mg daily for one year

limitations

Combined intervention; improved task performance is not evidence of AMD prevention or treatment.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

115 young healthy adults

plain_language

A biomarker correlation did not guarantee a treatment effect.

primary_references

[lutein-p25468896] A double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of lutein and zeaxanthin on photostress recovery, glare disability, and chromatic contrast. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25468896/ DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15573

tissue_or_cell_type

Serum, macular pigment and visual tasks

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 879–890

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled visual-performance study · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-glare-null Glare disability did not improve significantly in the treated group despite correlation with pigment density. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A biomarker correlation did not guarantee a treatment effect. organism: 115 young healthy adults tissue_or_cell_type: Serum, macular pigment and visual tasks experimental_model: Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled visual-performance study limitations: Combined intervention; improved task performance is not evidence of AMD prevention or treatment. exposure: Lutein 10 mg + zeaxanthin 2 mg daily for one year evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/25468896.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "01231d6577e7c30e79a74525772191092df003b42344095a53faf0279f138ac3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2007, "text_sha256": "01231d6577e7c30e79a74525772191092df003b42344095a53faf0279f138ac3"} [lutein-p25468896] A double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of lutein and zeaxanthin on photostress recovery, glare disability, and chromatic contrast. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25468896/ DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15573

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/36863431.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "530dd42d442890be2e5cd11c18bf95c0bd850d8f67ad6682d12360dfc7f8aec0", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1551, "text_sha256": "530dd42d442890be2e5cd11c18bf95c0bd850d8f67ad6682d12360dfc7f8aec0"}

experimental_model

SR-BI expression, tunnel mutation, binding and lipoprotein-partner assays

exposure

Wild-type or C384Y SR-BI; HDL and hepatic lipase additions

limitations

Engineered-cell mechanisms, not a clinical HDL-raising recommendation; no selective direct binding to lutein demonstrated.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

Human HEK293 cell system

plain_language

More carrier did not simply mean more uptake in this assay.

primary_references

[lutein-p36863431] Mechanism for the selective uptake of macular carotenoids mediated by the HDL cholesterol receptor SR-BI. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36863431/ DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109429

tissue_or_cell_type

Engineered cells without endogenous SR-BI

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 697–708

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · SR-BI expression, tunnel mutation, binding and lipoprotein-partner assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-hdl-cell-context Adding HDL reduced cellular lutein in the HEK293 assay despite preferential retention relative to beta-carotene. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: More carrier did not simply mean more uptake in this assay. organism: Human HEK293 cell system tissue_or_cell_type: Engineered cells without endogenous SR-BI experimental_model: SR-BI expression, tunnel mutation, binding and lipoprotein-partner assays limitations: Engineered-cell mechanisms, not a clinical HDL-raising recommendation; no selective direct binding to lutein demonstrated. exposure: Wild-type or C384Y SR-BI; HDL and hepatic lipase additions evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/36863431.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "530dd42d442890be2e5cd11c18bf95c0bd850d8f67ad6682d12360dfc7f8aec0", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1551, "text_sha256": "530dd42d442890be2e5cd11c18bf95c0bd850d8f67ad6682d12360dfc7f8aec0"} [lutein-p36863431] Mechanism for the selective uptake of macular carotenoids mediated by the HDL cholesterol receptor SR-BI. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36863431/ DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109429

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/28874556.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "240bde60bb175fdfd5f556b9f2f7aab97f5d5b03e9640160418c34c74194d8c9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1679, "text_sha256": "240bde60bb175fdfd5f556b9f2f7aab97f5d5b03e9640160418c34c74194d8c9"}

experimental_model

Overexpression, developmental expression and pharmacological inhibition

exposure

RPE65 expression with lutein; inhibitor experiments in developing chicken eye

limitations

Cell and animal evidence; docking near iron is not a human iron-supplementation experiment.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

Human/chicken proteins in cells and chicken embryos

plain_language

The visual-cycle enzyme can also rearrange lutein.

primary_references

[lutein-p28874556] RPE65 has an additional function as the lutein to meso-zeaxanthin isomerase in the vertebrate eye. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28874556/ DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1706332114

tissue_or_cell_type

Cultured cells and embryonic RPE/choroid

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 151–162

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Overexpression, developmental expression and pharmacological inhibition · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-human-rpe65-isomerase Overexpressed human RPE65 supported conversion of lutein into meso-zeaxanthin in cultured cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The visual-cycle enzyme can also rearrange lutein. organism: Human/chicken proteins in cells and chicken embryos tissue_or_cell_type: Cultured cells and embryonic RPE/choroid experimental_model: Overexpression, developmental expression and pharmacological inhibition limitations: Cell and animal evidence; docking near iron is not a human iron-supplementation experiment. exposure: RPE65 expression with lutein; inhibitor experiments in developing chicken eye evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/28874556.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "240bde60bb175fdfd5f556b9f2f7aab97f5d5b03e9640160418c34c74194d8c9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1679, "text_sha256": "240bde60bb175fdfd5f556b9f2f7aab97f5d5b03e9640160418c34c74194d8c9"} [lutein-p28874556] RPE65 has an additional function as the lutein to meso-zeaxanthin isomerase in the vertebrate eye. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28874556/ DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1706332114

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/36863431.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "530dd42d442890be2e5cd11c18bf95c0bd850d8f67ad6682d12360dfc7f8aec0", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1551, "text_sha256": "530dd42d442890be2e5cd11c18bf95c0bd850d8f67ad6682d12360dfc7f8aec0"}

experimental_model

SR-BI expression, tunnel mutation, binding and lipoprotein-partner assays

exposure

Wild-type or C384Y SR-BI; HDL and hepatic lipase additions

limitations

Engineered-cell mechanisms, not a clinical HDL-raising recommendation; no selective direct binding to lutein demonstrated.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

Human HEK293 cell system

plain_language

A lipoprotein-processing partner changed pigment delivery.

primary_references

[lutein-p36863431] Mechanism for the selective uptake of macular carotenoids mediated by the HDL cholesterol receptor SR-BI. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36863431/ DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109429

tissue_or_cell_type

Engineered cells without endogenous SR-BI

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 684–695

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · SR-BI expression, tunnel mutation, binding and lipoprotein-partner assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-lipc-cell-uptake Hepatic lipase increased carotenoid uptake in HDL-treated SR-BI-expressing cells, favoring lutein/zeaxanthin over beta-carotene. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A lipoprotein-processing partner changed pigment delivery. organism: Human HEK293 cell system tissue_or_cell_type: Engineered cells without endogenous SR-BI experimental_model: SR-BI expression, tunnel mutation, binding and lipoprotein-partner assays limitations: Engineered-cell mechanisms, not a clinical HDL-raising recommendation; no selective direct binding to lutein demonstrated. exposure: Wild-type or C384Y SR-BI; HDL and hepatic lipase additions evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/36863431.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "530dd42d442890be2e5cd11c18bf95c0bd850d8f67ad6682d12360dfc7f8aec0", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1551, "text_sha256": "530dd42d442890be2e5cd11c18bf95c0bd850d8f67ad6682d12360dfc7f8aec0"} [lutein-p36863431] Mechanism for the selective uptake of macular carotenoids mediated by the HDL cholesterol receptor SR-BI. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36863431/ DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109429

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/15554873.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3dfbef37e3c73db4732f66083063e548a1654cb759ff46392c981c50f338d8a0", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2014, "text_sha256": "3dfbef37e3c73db4732f66083063e548a1654cb759ff46392c981c50f338d8a0"}

experimental_model

Mixed-micelle transport across Caco-2 TC-7 monolayers

exposure

Micellar lutein 1.5–15 micromolar; antibodies and BLT1

limitations

Partial inhibition supports a contribution, not an exclusive route; cell experiments do not set clinical supplement spacing.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

Human intestinal cell model

plain_language

Shared transport does not mean every pair competes equally.

primary_references

[lutein-p15554873] Lutein transport by Caco-2 TC-7 cells occurs partly by a facilitated process involving the scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI). (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15554873/ DOI: 10.1042/bj20040554

tissue_or_cell_type

Apical intestinal epithelial transport

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 502–513

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mixed-micelle transport across Caco-2 TC-7 monolayers · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-lycopene-null Lycopene did not significantly reduce lutein uptake in the same mixed-micelle assay. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Shared transport does not mean every pair competes equally. organism: Human intestinal cell model tissue_or_cell_type: Apical intestinal epithelial transport experimental_model: Mixed-micelle transport across Caco-2 TC-7 monolayers limitations: Partial inhibition supports a contribution, not an exclusive route; cell experiments do not set clinical supplement spacing. exposure: Micellar lutein 1.5–15 micromolar; antibodies and BLT1 evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/15554873.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3dfbef37e3c73db4732f66083063e548a1654cb759ff46392c981c50f338d8a0", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2014, "text_sha256": "3dfbef37e3c73db4732f66083063e548a1654cb759ff46392c981c50f338d8a0"} [lutein-p15554873] Lutein transport by Caco-2 TC-7 cells occurs partly by a facilitated process involving the scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI). (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15554873/ DOI: 10.1042/bj20040554

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/20678467.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "aaf88f567941ed16adb101981a218960bbd8ae3cfe0919868de63462e7c7be01", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 989, "text_sha256": "aaf88f567941ed16adb101981a218960bbd8ae3cfe0919868de63462e7c7be01"}

experimental_model

EPR of donor eye tissue and solution quenching assays

exposure

White-light challenge and equal-total-concentration carotenoid comparisons

limitations

Solution mixture effects do not establish an optimal oral ratio or clinical benefit; exogenous pigment addition differs from delivery in a living eye.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

Postmortem human tissue and cell-free systems

plain_language

The three pigments worked better together in this solution experiment.

primary_references

[lutein-p20678467] Studies on the singlet oxygen scavenging mechanism of human macular pigment. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20678467/ DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.07.024

tissue_or_cell_type

Macula, RPE/choroid and carotenoid solutions

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 229–240

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · EPR of donor eye tissue and solution quenching assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-mixture-quenching The equal-ratio meso-zeaxanthin, zeaxanthin and lutein mixture quenched more singlet oxygen than each individual pigment at the same total concentration. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The three pigments worked better together in this solution experiment. organism: Postmortem human tissue and cell-free systems tissue_or_cell_type: Macula, RPE/choroid and carotenoid solutions experimental_model: EPR of donor eye tissue and solution quenching assays limitations: Solution mixture effects do not establish an optimal oral ratio or clinical benefit; exogenous pigment addition differs from delivery in a living eye. exposure: White-light challenge and equal-total-concentration carotenoid comparisons evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/20678467.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "aaf88f567941ed16adb101981a218960bbd8ae3cfe0919868de63462e7c7be01", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 989, "text_sha256": "aaf88f567941ed16adb101981a218960bbd8ae3cfe0919868de63462e7c7be01"} [lutein-p20678467] Studies on the singlet oxygen scavenging mechanism of human macular pigment. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20678467/ DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.07.024

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/41415389.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b4eb5b9290310947be962df7dae42190e5afa6ffd726e869cb842d7f7ed15a41", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1304, "text_sha256": "b4eb5b9290310947be962df7dae42190e5afa6ffd726e869cb842d7f7ed15a41"}

experimental_model

Cultured-cell enzyme expression, mutagenesis and structural modeling

exposure

Lutein substrate; E148Q substitution; binding-protein coexpression

limitations

Proposed radical transition state remains a mechanistic interpretation, not directly observed chemistry.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

Human, chicken and mouse RPE65

plain_language

Enzyme capacity and whole-tissue pigment accumulation are different.

primary_references

[lutein-p41415389] Mechanism of Lutein to meso-Zeaxanthin Isomerization by RPE65 Catalysis. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41415389/ DOI: 10.64898/2025.12.10.693550

tissue_or_cell_type

Cultured cells and molecular models

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 190–201

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cultured-cell enzyme expression, mutagenesis and structural modeling · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-mouse-rpe65-isomerase Mouse RPE65 supported lutein isomerization in cultured cells despite mice not normally concentrating meso-zeaxanthin in the eye. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Enzyme capacity and whole-tissue pigment accumulation are different. organism: Human, chicken and mouse RPE65 tissue_or_cell_type: Cultured cells and molecular models experimental_model: Cultured-cell enzyme expression, mutagenesis and structural modeling limitations: Proposed radical transition state remains a mechanistic interpretation, not directly observed chemistry. exposure: Lutein substrate; E148Q substitution; binding-protein coexpression evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/41415389.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b4eb5b9290310947be962df7dae42190e5afa6ffd726e869cb842d7f7ed15a41", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1304, "text_sha256": "b4eb5b9290310947be962df7dae42190e5afa6ffd726e869cb842d7f7ed15a41"} [lutein-p41415389] Mechanism of Lutein to meso-Zeaxanthin Isomerization by RPE65 Catalysis. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41415389/ DOI: 10.64898/2025.12.10.693550

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/25468896.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "01231d6577e7c30e79a74525772191092df003b42344095a53faf0279f138ac3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2007, "text_sha256": "01231d6577e7c30e79a74525772191092df003b42344095a53faf0279f138ac3"}

experimental_model

Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled visual-performance study

exposure

Lutein 10 mg + zeaxanthin 2 mg daily for one year

limitations

Combined intervention; improved task performance is not evidence of AMD prevention or treatment.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

115 young healthy adults

plain_language

More pigment was measured in the macula.

primary_references

[lutein-p25468896] A double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of lutein and zeaxanthin on photostress recovery, glare disability, and chromatic contrast. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25468896/ DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15573

tissue_or_cell_type

Serum, macular pigment and visual tasks

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 840–851

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled visual-performance study · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-mpod-increase L+Z increased macular pigment optical density versus placebo at all measured eccentricities. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: More pigment was measured in the macula. organism: 115 young healthy adults tissue_or_cell_type: Serum, macular pigment and visual tasks experimental_model: Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled visual-performance study limitations: Combined intervention; improved task performance is not evidence of AMD prevention or treatment. exposure: Lutein 10 mg + zeaxanthin 2 mg daily for one year evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/25468896.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "01231d6577e7c30e79a74525772191092df003b42344095a53faf0279f138ac3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2007, "text_sha256": "01231d6577e7c30e79a74525772191092df003b42344095a53faf0279f138ac3"} [lutein-p25468896] A double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of lutein and zeaxanthin on photostress recovery, glare disability, and chromatic contrast. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25468896/ DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15573

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/22579005.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1dd51af5fd10e865810b3fa2fdab5ed4f6613212a3cd418a009554ae601c076b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1895, "text_sha256": "1dd51af5fd10e865810b3fa2fdab5ed4f6613212a3cd418a009554ae601c076b"}

experimental_model

Transporter-inhibitor uptake/permeability experiment

exposure

Ezetimibe, BLT1 and ATP-depletion reagents

limitations

Pharmacological evidence supports involvement, not an exclusive transporter or proven human clinical interaction.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

Human Caco-2 cells

plain_language

A cholesterol-uptake pathway also contributed to lutein entry.

primary_references

[lutein-p22579005] Involvement of cholesterol membrane transporter Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 in the intestinal absorption of lutein. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22579005/ DOI: 10.18433/j38k56

tissue_or_cell_type

Intestinal epithelial model

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 515–526

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Transporter-inhibitor uptake/permeability experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-npc1l1-intestine Ezetimibe-sensitive lutein uptake supported a contribution from NPC1L1 in Caco-2 cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A cholesterol-uptake pathway also contributed to lutein entry. organism: Human Caco-2 cells tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal epithelial model experimental_model: Transporter-inhibitor uptake/permeability experiment limitations: Pharmacological evidence supports involvement, not an exclusive transporter or proven human clinical interaction. exposure: Ezetimibe, BLT1 and ATP-depletion reagents evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/22579005.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1dd51af5fd10e865810b3fa2fdab5ed4f6613212a3cd418a009554ae601c076b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1895, "text_sha256": "1dd51af5fd10e865810b3fa2fdab5ed4f6613212a3cd418a009554ae601c076b"} [lutein-p22579005] Involvement of cholesterol membrane transporter Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 in the intestinal absorption of lutein. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22579005/ DOI: 10.18433/j38k56

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/25468896.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "01231d6577e7c30e79a74525772191092df003b42344095a53faf0279f138ac3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2007, "text_sha256": "01231d6577e7c30e79a74525772191092df003b42344095a53faf0279f138ac3"}

experimental_model

Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled visual-performance study

exposure

Lutein 10 mg + zeaxanthin 2 mg daily for one year

limitations

Combined intervention; improved task performance is not evidence of AMD prevention or treatment.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

115 young healthy adults

plain_language

Vision recovered faster after the experimental bright flash.

primary_references

[lutein-p25468896] A double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of lutein and zeaxanthin on photostress recovery, glare disability, and chromatic contrast. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25468896/ DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15573

tissue_or_cell_type

Serum, macular pigment and visual tasks

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 853–864

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled visual-performance study · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-photostress-improvement L+Z improved photostress recovery time versus placebo. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Vision recovered faster after the experimental bright flash. organism: 115 young healthy adults tissue_or_cell_type: Serum, macular pigment and visual tasks experimental_model: Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled visual-performance study limitations: Combined intervention; improved task performance is not evidence of AMD prevention or treatment. exposure: Lutein 10 mg + zeaxanthin 2 mg daily for one year evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/25468896.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "01231d6577e7c30e79a74525772191092df003b42344095a53faf0279f138ac3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2007, "text_sha256": "01231d6577e7c30e79a74525772191092df003b42344095a53faf0279f138ac3"} [lutein-p25468896] A double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of lutein and zeaxanthin on photostress recovery, glare disability, and chromatic contrast. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25468896/ DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15573

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/28874556.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "240bde60bb175fdfd5f556b9f2f7aab97f5d5b03e9640160418c34c74194d8c9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1679, "text_sha256": "240bde60bb175fdfd5f556b9f2f7aab97f5d5b03e9640160418c34c74194d8c9"}

experimental_model

Overexpression, developmental expression and pharmacological inhibition

exposure

RPE65 expression with lutein; inhibitor experiments in developing chicken eye

limitations

Cell and animal evidence; docking near iron is not a human iron-supplementation experiment.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

Human/chicken proteins in cells and chicken embryos

plain_language

An enzyme block reduced pigment production despite the distinct dietary precursor.

primary_references

[lutein-p28874556] RPE65 has an additional function as the lutein to meso-zeaxanthin isomerase in the vertebrate eye. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28874556/ DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1706332114

tissue_or_cell_type

Cultured cells and embryonic RPE/choroid

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 177–188

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Overexpression, developmental expression and pharmacological inhibition · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-rpe65-inhibition RPE65 inhibition reduced meso-zeaxanthin biosynthesis during chicken eye development. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: An enzyme block reduced pigment production despite the distinct dietary precursor. organism: Human/chicken proteins in cells and chicken embryos tissue_or_cell_type: Cultured cells and embryonic RPE/choroid experimental_model: Overexpression, developmental expression and pharmacological inhibition limitations: Cell and animal evidence; docking near iron is not a human iron-supplementation experiment. exposure: RPE65 expression with lutein; inhibitor experiments in developing chicken eye evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/28874556.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "240bde60bb175fdfd5f556b9f2f7aab97f5d5b03e9640160418c34c74194d8c9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1679, "text_sha256": "240bde60bb175fdfd5f556b9f2f7aab97f5d5b03e9640160418c34c74194d8c9"} [lutein-p28874556] RPE65 has an additional function as the lutein to meso-zeaxanthin isomerase in the vertebrate eye. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28874556/ DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1706332114

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/36863431.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "530dd42d442890be2e5cd11c18bf95c0bd850d8f67ad6682d12360dfc7f8aec0", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1551, "text_sha256": "530dd42d442890be2e5cd11c18bf95c0bd850d8f67ad6682d12360dfc7f8aec0"}

experimental_model

SR-BI expression, tunnel mutation, binding and lipoprotein-partner assays

exposure

Wild-type or C384Y SR-BI; HDL and hepatic lipase additions

limitations

Engineered-cell mechanisms, not a clinical HDL-raising recommendation; no selective direct binding to lutein demonstrated.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

Human HEK293 cell system

plain_language

The receptor changed which pigments entered these cells.

primary_references

[lutein-p36863431] Mechanism for the selective uptake of macular carotenoids mediated by the HDL cholesterol receptor SR-BI. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36863431/ DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109429

tissue_or_cell_type

Engineered cells without endogenous SR-BI

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 671–682

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · SR-BI expression, tunnel mutation, binding and lipoprotein-partner assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-srbi-cell-uptake SR-BI expression increased lutein and zeaxanthin uptake preferentially over beta-carotene. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The receptor changed which pigments entered these cells. organism: Human HEK293 cell system tissue_or_cell_type: Engineered cells without endogenous SR-BI experimental_model: SR-BI expression, tunnel mutation, binding and lipoprotein-partner assays limitations: Engineered-cell mechanisms, not a clinical HDL-raising recommendation; no selective direct binding to lutein demonstrated. exposure: Wild-type or C384Y SR-BI; HDL and hepatic lipase additions evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/36863431.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "530dd42d442890be2e5cd11c18bf95c0bd850d8f67ad6682d12360dfc7f8aec0", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1551, "text_sha256": "530dd42d442890be2e5cd11c18bf95c0bd850d8f67ad6682d12360dfc7f8aec0"} [lutein-p36863431] Mechanism for the selective uptake of macular carotenoids mediated by the HDL cholesterol receptor SR-BI. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36863431/ DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109429

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/15554873.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3dfbef37e3c73db4732f66083063e548a1654cb759ff46392c981c50f338d8a0", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2014, "text_sha256": "3dfbef37e3c73db4732f66083063e548a1654cb759ff46392c981c50f338d8a0"}

experimental_model

Mixed-micelle transport across Caco-2 TC-7 monolayers

exposure

Micellar lutein 1.5–15 micromolar; antibodies and BLT1

limitations

Partial inhibition supports a contribution, not an exclusive route; cell experiments do not set clinical supplement spacing.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

Human intestinal cell model

plain_language

Part of intestinal uptake used the SR-BI pathway.

primary_references

[lutein-p15554873] Lutein transport by Caco-2 TC-7 cells occurs partly by a facilitated process involving the scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI). (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15554873/ DOI: 10.1042/bj20040554

tissue_or_cell_type

Apical intestinal epithelial transport

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 476–487

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mixed-micelle transport across Caco-2 TC-7 monolayers · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-srbi-intestine SR-BI antibody and BLT1 reduced lutein transport by approximately 30% and 57%, respectively. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Part of intestinal uptake used the SR-BI pathway. organism: Human intestinal cell model tissue_or_cell_type: Apical intestinal epithelial transport experimental_model: Mixed-micelle transport across Caco-2 TC-7 monolayers limitations: Partial inhibition supports a contribution, not an exclusive route; cell experiments do not set clinical supplement spacing. exposure: Micellar lutein 1.5–15 micromolar; antibodies and BLT1 evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/15554873.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3dfbef37e3c73db4732f66083063e548a1654cb759ff46392c981c50f338d8a0", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2014, "text_sha256": "3dfbef37e3c73db4732f66083063e548a1654cb759ff46392c981c50f338d8a0"} [lutein-p15554873] Lutein transport by Caco-2 TC-7 cells occurs partly by a facilitated process involving the scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI). (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15554873/ DOI: 10.1042/bj20040554

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/36863431.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "530dd42d442890be2e5cd11c18bf95c0bd850d8f67ad6682d12360dfc7f8aec0", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1551, "text_sha256": "530dd42d442890be2e5cd11c18bf95c0bd850d8f67ad6682d12360dfc7f8aec0"}

experimental_model

SR-BI expression, tunnel mutation, binding and lipoprotein-partner assays

exposure

Wild-type or C384Y SR-BI; HDL and hepatic lipase additions

limitations

Engineered-cell mechanisms, not a clinical HDL-raising recommendation; no selective direct binding to lutein demonstrated.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

Human HEK293 cell system

plain_language

An altered transport tunnel disrupted the effect.

primary_references

[lutein-p36863431] Mechanism for the selective uptake of macular carotenoids mediated by the HDL cholesterol receptor SR-BI. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36863431/ DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109429

tissue_or_cell_type

Engineered cells without endogenous SR-BI

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 710–721

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · SR-BI expression, tunnel mutation, binding and lipoprotein-partner assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-srbi-mutant SR-BI C384Y abolished the preferential lutein/zeaxanthin uptake effect observed with wild-type receptor. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: An altered transport tunnel disrupted the effect. organism: Human HEK293 cell system tissue_or_cell_type: Engineered cells without endogenous SR-BI experimental_model: SR-BI expression, tunnel mutation, binding and lipoprotein-partner assays limitations: Engineered-cell mechanisms, not a clinical HDL-raising recommendation; no selective direct binding to lutein demonstrated. exposure: Wild-type or C384Y SR-BI; HDL and hepatic lipase additions evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/36863431.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "530dd42d442890be2e5cd11c18bf95c0bd850d8f67ad6682d12360dfc7f8aec0", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1551, "text_sha256": "530dd42d442890be2e5cd11c18bf95c0bd850d8f67ad6682d12360dfc7f8aec0"} [lutein-p36863431] Mechanism for the selective uptake of macular carotenoids mediated by the HDL cholesterol receptor SR-BI. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36863431/ DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109429

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/29135938.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f60146e188d1a3093c572c3f637ebd659184f72727a75b35afd265b5ef0be71b", "start_char": 21132, "end_char": 25480, "text_sha256": "02d9398a25880c0ead3b3ef0ed91d12a98f837a8c8f89c141986dd926e1010a8"}

experimental_model

Small randomized double-masked placebo-controlled trial with biomarker-response analyses

exposure

Lutein 10 mg + zeaxanthin 2 mg daily for one year

limitations

Small unequal groups and multiple outcomes; attention/reasoning findings depended on pigment-response analysis. MPOD does not directly measure brain tissue.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

51 analyzable healthy adults aged 18–30; 37 active and 14 placebo

plain_language

A small study found a benefit on a specific memory task.

primary_references

[lutein-p29135938] Effects of a Lutein and Zeaxanthin Intervention on Cognitive Function: A Randomized, Double-Masked, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Younger Healthy Adults. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29135938/ DOI: 10.3390/nu9111246

tissue_or_cell_type

Cognitive testing and retinal pigment measurement

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 905–916

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Small randomized double-masked placebo-controlled trial with biomarker-response analyses · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-young-memory The young-adult trial reported improved visual memory associated with supplementation. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A small study found a benefit on a specific memory task. organism: 51 analyzable healthy adults aged 18–30; 37 active and 14 placebo tissue_or_cell_type: Cognitive testing and retinal pigment measurement experimental_model: Small randomized double-masked placebo-controlled trial with biomarker-response analyses limitations: Small unequal groups and multiple outcomes; attention/reasoning findings depended on pigment-response analysis. MPOD does not directly measure brain tissue. exposure: Lutein 10 mg + zeaxanthin 2 mg daily for one year evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/29135938.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f60146e188d1a3093c572c3f637ebd659184f72727a75b35afd265b5ef0be71b", "start_char": 21132, "end_char": 25480, "text_sha256": "02d9398a25880c0ead3b3ef0ed91d12a98f837a8c8f89c141986dd926e1010a8"} [lutein-p29135938] Effects of a Lutein and Zeaxanthin Intervention on Cognitive Function: A Randomized, Double-Masked, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Younger Healthy Adults. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29135938/ DOI: 10.3390/nu9111246

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/10573545.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f0828162b0e41d10d79784cea5cc96e55409b4ee80be3afc399132a7ad087332", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1340, "text_sha256": "f0828162b0e41d10d79784cea5cc96e55409b4ee80be3afc399132a7ad087332"}

experimental_model

Crossover mixed-carotenoid meal study in six healthy women

exposure

Pectin or other fibers at 0.15 g/kg with a carotenoid and alpha-tocopherol mixture

limitations

Reported effect-size ranges cover multiple fibers, not one pectin-specific estimate. Plasma exposure does not establish long-term deficiency.

nutrient_topic

Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

The finding also involved lutein.

primary_references

[pectin-p10573545] Some dietary fibers reduce the absorption of carotenoids in women. (1999). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10573545/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/129.12.2170

tissue_or_cell_type

Plasma 24-hour area under the curve

Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 698–709

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Crossover mixed-carotenoid meal study in six healthy women · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### pectin-lutein-auc Lutein AUC was reduced with the tested fibers, including pectin. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The finding also involved lutein. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma 24-hour area under the curve experimental_model: Crossover mixed-carotenoid meal study in six healthy women limitations: Reported effect-size ranges cover multiple fibers, not one pectin-specific estimate. Plasma exposure does not establish long-term deficiency. exposure: Pectin or other fibers at 0.15 g/kg with a carotenoid and alpha-tocopherol mixture evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/10573545.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f0828162b0e41d10d79784cea5cc96e55409b4ee80be3afc399132a7ad087332", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1340, "text_sha256": "f0828162b0e41d10d79784cea5cc96e55409b4ee80be3afc399132a7ad087332"} [pectin-p10573545] Some dietary fibers reduce the absorption of carotenoids in women. (1999). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10573545/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/129.12.2170

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/37578906.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0b71f2d30f62ae7c00c7b92d32de4b216af85bfcffb9ff3b467cb02e2fb0ba12", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1038, "text_sha256": "0b71f2d30f62ae7c00c7b92d32de4b216af85bfcffb9ff3b467cb02e2fb0ba12"}

experimental_model

Fluorescence lifetime imaging and EPR oximetry

exposure

All-trans versus 13-cis xanthophyll configurations

limitations

Retinal regulatory implications are proposed; assay oxygen permeability is not a clinical photoprotection endpoint.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

Cell-free lipid vesicles

plain_language

Pigment configuration changed how oxygen entered the membrane.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p37578906] How Do Xanthophylls Protect Lipid Membranes from Oxidative Damage? (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37578906/ DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01374

tissue_or_cell_type

Model lipid membranes

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 353–364

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Fluorescence lifetime imaging and EPR oximetry · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-cis-oxygen-barrier The 13-cis xanthophyll configuration produced a stronger oxygen-penetration barrier than all-trans in the model membranes. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Pigment configuration changed how oxygen entered the membrane. organism: Cell-free lipid vesicles tissue_or_cell_type: Model lipid membranes experimental_model: Fluorescence lifetime imaging and EPR oximetry limitations: Retinal regulatory implications are proposed; assay oxygen permeability is not a clinical photoprotection endpoint. exposure: All-trans versus 13-cis xanthophyll configurations evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/37578906.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0b71f2d30f62ae7c00c7b92d32de4b216af85bfcffb9ff3b467cb02e2fb0ba12", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1038, "text_sha256": "0b71f2d30f62ae7c00c7b92d32de4b216af85bfcffb9ff3b467cb02e2fb0ba12"} [zeaxanthin-p37578906] How Do Xanthophylls Protect Lipid Membranes from Oxidative Damage? (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37578906/ DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01374

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/28852075.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "02ce5ff25dc230c1de6bcb2c4e1e48e1d7f8c218f48e6817d1c697b47b319e7b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1275, "text_sha256": "02ce5ff25dc230c1de6bcb2c4e1e48e1d7f8c218f48e6817d1c697b47b319e7b"}

experimental_model

Microscopy, Raman imaging and molecular dynamics

exposure

Lutein and zeaxanthin orientation

limitations

Model-bilayer geometry is not a measurement of every human retinal membrane.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

Model membrane

plain_language

The pigment spans the membrane rather than remaining only on its surface.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p28852075] Localization and Orientation of Xanthophylls in a Lipid Bilayer. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28852075/ DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10183-7

tissue_or_cell_type

DMPC giant unilamellar vesicles

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 314–325

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Microscopy, Raman imaging and molecular dynamics · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-membrane-orientation Zeaxanthin adopted a transmembrane orientation in the DMPC bilayer, with mean tilt near 40 degrees to the membrane normal. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The pigment spans the membrane rather than remaining only on its surface. organism: Model membrane tissue_or_cell_type: DMPC giant unilamellar vesicles experimental_model: Microscopy, Raman imaging and molecular dynamics limitations: Model-bilayer geometry is not a measurement of every human retinal membrane. exposure: Lutein and zeaxanthin orientation evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/28852075.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "02ce5ff25dc230c1de6bcb2c4e1e48e1d7f8c218f48e6817d1c697b47b319e7b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1275, "text_sha256": "02ce5ff25dc230c1de6bcb2c4e1e48e1d7f8c218f48e6817d1c697b47b319e7b"} [zeaxanthin-p28852075] Localization and Orientation of Xanthophylls in a Lipid Bilayer. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28852075/ DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10183-7

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/32824736.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c5e70eca7c596aeb48b7f1cfccb9af65134926ab26737bc67e3594e4453d09f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1173, "text_sha256": "c5e70eca7c596aeb48b7f1cfccb9af65134926ab26737bc67e3594e4453d09f4"}

experimental_model

Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled formulation trial

exposure

Six months; free pigments in sunflower/omega-3 oil versus mixed diacetate micromicelles

limitations

Combined delivery and ester changes prevent attribution to esterification alone; serum response is not a retinal outcome.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

81 healthy volunteers

plain_language

How the pigments were packaged changed their blood response.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p32824736] The Impact of Formulation on Lutein, Zeaxanthin, and meso-Zeaxanthin Bioavailability: A Randomised Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32824736/ DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080767

tissue_or_cell_type

Fasting serum carotenoids

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 834–845

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled formulation trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-micromicelles The diacetate micromicelle formulation raised serum zeaxanthin more than the other active formulations. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: How the pigments were packaged changed their blood response. organism: 81 healthy volunteers tissue_or_cell_type: Fasting serum carotenoids experimental_model: Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled formulation trial limitations: Combined delivery and ester changes prevent attribution to esterification alone; serum response is not a retinal outcome. exposure: Six months; free pigments in sunflower/omega-3 oil versus mixed diacetate micromicelles evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/32824736.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c5e70eca7c596aeb48b7f1cfccb9af65134926ab26737bc67e3594e4453d09f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1173, "text_sha256": "c5e70eca7c596aeb48b7f1cfccb9af65134926ab26737bc67e3594e4453d09f4"} [zeaxanthin-p32824736] The Impact of Formulation on Lutein, Zeaxanthin, and meso-Zeaxanthin Bioavailability: A Randomised Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32824736/ DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080767

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/22027699.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "849b03f2bf0734e12b654e662e0a15e5f347415de7b0bbabe2cdc0d7bad85e3e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 3131, "text_sha256": "849b03f2bf0734e12b654e662e0a15e5f347415de7b0bbabe2cdc0d7bad85e3e"}

experimental_model

Small randomized active-comparator ZVF trial

exposure

One year; 8 mg zeaxanthin, 8 mg zeaxanthin plus 9 mg lutein, or 9 mg lutein comparator

limitations

The so-called faux placebo was active lutein. Small unequal arms, multiple outcomes and borderline tests limit claims of superiority; proposed competition was not directly tested.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

60 patients with mild-to-moderate AMD; 57 men

plain_language

A within-arm improvement is weaker evidence than a clear treatment comparison.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p22027699] Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of zeaxanthin and visual function in patients with atrophic age-related macular degeneration: the Zeaxanthin and Visual Function Study (ZVF) FDA IND #78, 973. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22027699/ DOI: 10.1016/j.optm.2011.08.008

tissue_or_cell_type

Macular pigment and visual tasks

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 990–1001

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Small randomized active-comparator ZVF trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-zvf-acuity The zeaxanthin arm showed a 1.5-line improvement in high-contrast acuity; the indexed result does not establish between-group superiority. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A within-arm improvement is weaker evidence than a clear treatment comparison. organism: 60 patients with mild-to-moderate AMD; 57 men tissue_or_cell_type: Macular pigment and visual tasks experimental_model: Small randomized active-comparator ZVF trial limitations: The so-called faux placebo was active lutein. Small unequal arms, multiple outcomes and borderline tests limit claims of superiority; proposed competition was not directly tested. exposure: One year; 8 mg zeaxanthin, 8 mg zeaxanthin plus 9 mg lutein, or 9 mg lutein comparator evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/22027699.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "849b03f2bf0734e12b654e662e0a15e5f347415de7b0bbabe2cdc0d7bad85e3e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 3131, "text_sha256": "849b03f2bf0734e12b654e662e0a15e5f347415de7b0bbabe2cdc0d7bad85e3e"} [zeaxanthin-p22027699] Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of zeaxanthin and visual function in patients with atrophic age-related macular degeneration: the Zeaxanthin and Visual Function Study (ZVF) FDA IND #78, 973. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22027699/ DOI: 10.1016/j.optm.2011.08.008

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/22027699.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "849b03f2bf0734e12b654e662e0a15e5f347415de7b0bbabe2cdc0d7bad85e3e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 3131, "text_sha256": "849b03f2bf0734e12b654e662e0a15e5f347415de7b0bbabe2cdc0d7bad85e3e"}

experimental_model

Small randomized active-comparator ZVF trial

exposure

One year; 8 mg zeaxanthin, 8 mg zeaxanthin plus 9 mg lutein, or 9 mg lutein comparator

limitations

The so-called faux placebo was active lutein. Small unequal arms, multiple outcomes and borderline tests limit claims of superiority; proposed competition was not directly tested.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

60 patients with mild-to-moderate AMD; 57 men

plain_language

The study did not establish one arm as superior for pigment density.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p22027699] Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of zeaxanthin and visual function in patients with atrophic age-related macular degeneration: the Zeaxanthin and Visual Function Study (ZVF) FDA IND #78, 973. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22027699/ DOI: 10.1016/j.optm.2011.08.008

tissue_or_cell_type

Macular pigment and visual tasks

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 977–988

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Small randomized active-comparator ZVF trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-zvf-mpod-null MPOD rose across the three active arms, with no significant between-group difference (P=0.47). Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The study did not establish one arm as superior for pigment density. organism: 60 patients with mild-to-moderate AMD; 57 men tissue_or_cell_type: Macular pigment and visual tasks experimental_model: Small randomized active-comparator ZVF trial limitations: The so-called faux placebo was active lutein. Small unequal arms, multiple outcomes and borderline tests limit claims of superiority; proposed competition was not directly tested. exposure: One year; 8 mg zeaxanthin, 8 mg zeaxanthin plus 9 mg lutein, or 9 mg lutein comparator evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/22027699.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "849b03f2bf0734e12b654e662e0a15e5f347415de7b0bbabe2cdc0d7bad85e3e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 3131, "text_sha256": "849b03f2bf0734e12b654e662e0a15e5f347415de7b0bbabe2cdc0d7bad85e3e"} [zeaxanthin-p22027699] Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of zeaxanthin and visual function in patients with atrophic age-related macular degeneration: the Zeaxanthin and Visual Function Study (ZVF) FDA IND #78, 973. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22027699/ DOI: 10.1016/j.optm.2011.08.008