Component
Human lung cancer incidence
Human lung cancer incidence. Species, exposure and limitations are retained in each linked claim.
2 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.
How nutrients influence it
Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.
Other things that act on it
Enzymes, hormones, genes, and other components with a recorded effect. These are not nutrients, so they do not count toward the arrows above. Each finding names the chapter that recorded it.
How nutrients reach it in more than one step
Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.
Tracing routes…
What it does
Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.
What acts on it
Lung cancers occurred in 2.0% with beta-carotene versus 0.9% without, predominantly among former smokers.
Experimental context and source evidence
- evidence_span
- {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/23644932.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1bd379926e56d7243222c2ef69d6367b74aede2b02faabfb77fadcbadf95008f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 3037, "text_sha256": "1bd379926e56d7243222c2ef69d6367b74aede2b02faabfb77fadcbadf95008f"}
- experimental_model
- AREDS2 phase 3 factorial randomized trial
- exposure
- Lutein 10 mg + zeaxanthin 2 mg daily; background AREDS formula; median five years
- limitations
- Combination and background treatment prevent attribution to lutein alone; primary contrast differs from replacement and main-effects analyses. Published correction 10.1001/jama.2013.6403 changes the Table 3 lung-neoplasm row label and Table 4 lung-neoplasm entries. These records use the indexed abstract and do not reproduce the uncorrected Table 4. Correction: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/1710434 .
- nutrient_topic
- Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein
- organism
- 4203 adults aged 50–85 at elevated AMD progression risk
- plain_language
- The comparator carotenoid had a separate safety signal.
- primary_references
- [lutein-p23644932] Lutein + zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids for age-related macular degeneration: the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) randomized clinical trial. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23644932/ DOI: 10.1001/jama.2013.4997
- tissue_or_cell_type
- Eyes with large drusen and/or fellow-eye advanced AMD
Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 736–747
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · AREDS2 phase 3 factorial randomized trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lutein-areds-beta-lung Lung cancers occurred in 2.0% with beta-carotene versus 0.9% without, predominantly among former smokers. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The comparator carotenoid had a separate safety signal. organism: 4203 adults aged 50–85 at elevated AMD progression risk tissue_or_cell_type: Eyes with large drusen and/or fellow-eye advanced AMD experimental_model: AREDS2 phase 3 factorial randomized trial limitations: Combination and background treatment prevent attribution to lutein alone; primary contrast differs from replacement and main-effects analyses. Published correction 10.1001/jama.2013.6403 changes the Table 3 lung-neoplasm row label and Table 4 lung-neoplasm entries. These records use the indexed abstract and do not reproduce the uncorrected Table 4. Correction: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/1710434 . exposure: Lutein 10 mg + zeaxanthin 2 mg daily; background AREDS formula; median five years evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/23644932.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1bd379926e56d7243222c2ef69d6367b74aede2b02faabfb77fadcbadf95008f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 3037, "text_sha256": "1bd379926e56d7243222c2ef69d6367b74aede2b02faabfb77fadcbadf95008f"} [lutein-p23644932] Lutein + zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids for age-related macular degeneration: the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) randomized clinical trial. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23644932/ DOI: 10.1001/jama.2013.4997
Complete structured claim and evidenceL+Z assignment had lung-cancer OR 1.15 (95% CI 0.79–1.66), without a significant increase.
Experimental context and source evidence
- evidence_span
- {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/35653117.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "66ae960c242e18fe246c623e055e94d52a638b6ac6330f8a85208a58d52c13cb", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 3155, "text_sha256": "66ae960c242e18fe246c623e055e94d52a638b6ac6330f8a85208a58d52c13cb"}
- experimental_model
- Ten-year epidemiologic follow-up of randomized AREDS2 assignments
- exposure
- Original randomization followed by common AREDS2 supplementation for everyone
- limitations
- Not ten years of continuously separated randomized treatment; same cohort, additional follow-up.
- nutrient_topic
- Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein
- organism
- 3882 original participants
- plain_language
- The beta-carotene signal was not demonstrated for the pair.
- primary_references
- [lutein-p35653117] Long-term Outcomes of Adding Lutein/Zeaxanthin and ω-3 Fatty Acids to the AREDS Supplements on Age-Related Macular Degeneration Progression: AREDS2 Report 28. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35653117/ DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2022.1640
- tissue_or_cell_type
- Late AMD and lung cancer
Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 801–812
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Ten-year epidemiologic follow-up of randomized AREDS2 assignments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### lutein-areds-longterm-lung-null L+Z assignment had lung-cancer OR 1.15 (95% CI 0.79–1.66), without a significant increase. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The beta-carotene signal was not demonstrated for the pair. organism: 3882 original participants tissue_or_cell_type: Late AMD and lung cancer experimental_model: Ten-year epidemiologic follow-up of randomized AREDS2 assignments limitations: Not ten years of continuously separated randomized treatment; same cohort, additional follow-up. exposure: Original randomization followed by common AREDS2 supplementation for everyone evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/35653117.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "66ae960c242e18fe246c623e055e94d52a638b6ac6330f8a85208a58d52c13cb", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 3155, "text_sha256": "66ae960c242e18fe246c623e055e94d52a638b6ac6330f8a85208a58d52c13cb"} [lutein-p35653117] Long-term Outcomes of Adding Lutein/Zeaxanthin and ω-3 Fatty Acids to the AREDS Supplements on Age-Related Macular Degeneration Progression: AREDS2 Report 28. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35653117/ DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2022.1640
Complete structured claim and evidence
The events it takes part in
A mechanism often involves more than two components. These are the full events, with every participant and its role.
Situations it appears in
Low-supply and faulty-machinery situations recorded in the chapters where this component plays a part.
In the sources
Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.
Open hypotheses
Proposed ideas that involve this component. They are labeled as hypotheses and do not change any recorded statement.
This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.