Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays

exposure

Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe

limitations

Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

Human Caco-2 monolayers

plain_language

The cell increased a transporter subunit; actual zeaxanthin efflux was not established.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389

tissue_or_cell_type

Intestinal epithelial model

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 691–702

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-abcg5-expression Free zeaxanthin increased ABCG5 protein expression in Caco-2 cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The cell increased a transporter subunit; actual zeaxanthin efflux was not established. organism: Human Caco-2 monolayers tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal epithelial model experimental_model: Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays limitations: Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing. exposure: Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"} [zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Repeated-dose plasma kinetic study

exposure

1 or 10 mg synthetic zeaxanthin daily for 42 days; follow-up to day 76

limitations

Plasma kinetics do not define retinal adequacy or a dose recommendation; metabolite origin is inferred from time courses.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

20 healthy volunteers

plain_language

Ten times the dose did not give ten times the normalized response.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p14985215] Plasma kinetics of zeaxanthin and 3'-dehydro-lutein after multiple oral doses of synthetic zeaxanthin. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14985215/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/79.3.410

tissue_or_cell_type

Plasma

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 860–871

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Repeated-dose plasma kinetic study · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-dose-normalized Dose-normalized bioavailability was 40% lower at 10 mg than at 1 mg. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Ten times the dose did not give ten times the normalized response. organism: 20 healthy volunteers tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma experimental_model: Repeated-dose plasma kinetic study limitations: Plasma kinetics do not define retinal adequacy or a dose recommendation; metabolite origin is inferred from time courses. exposure: 1 or 10 mg synthetic zeaxanthin daily for 42 days; follow-up to day 76 evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/14985215.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "dfc182ac3b22c31acf68cf01ed05f57cfb325798513d570a4071e8c19fd39c88", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1830, "text_sha256": "dfc182ac3b22c31acf68cf01ed05f57cfb325798513d570a4071e8c19fd39c88"} [zeaxanthin-p14985215] Plasma kinetics of zeaxanthin and 3'-dehydro-lutein after multiple oral doses of synthetic zeaxanthin. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14985215/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/79.3.410

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Cell challenge with siRNA and pathway inhibitors

exposure

Zeaxanthin commonly 10 micromolar for 24 h; 300 micromolar t-BHP challenge for 6 h; study-specific inhibitors

limitations

Pharmacological cell exposures are not dietary concentrations. PI3K/Akt inhibitor evidence is not direct zeaxanthin binding to a kinase. Liposome GSTP1 protection and this cellular GSH-dependent response are different mechanisms.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

Human ARPE-19 cell line

plain_language

It increased instructions for the catalytic glutathione-synthesis subunit.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p24810054] Zeaxanthin induces Nrf2-mediated phase II enzymes in protection of cell death. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24810054/ DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.190

tissue_or_cell_type

Retinal pigment epithelial model

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 379–390

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cell challenge with siRNA and pathway inhibitors · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-gclc-expression Zeaxanthin increased GCLC mRNA in ARPE-19 cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: It increased instructions for the catalytic glutathione-synthesis subunit. organism: Human ARPE-19 cell line tissue_or_cell_type: Retinal pigment epithelial model experimental_model: Cell challenge with siRNA and pathway inhibitors limitations: Pharmacological cell exposures are not dietary concentrations. PI3K/Akt inhibitor evidence is not direct zeaxanthin binding to a kinase. Liposome GSTP1 protection and this cellular GSH-dependent response are different mechanisms. exposure: Zeaxanthin commonly 10 micromolar for 24 h; 300 micromolar t-BHP challenge for 6 h; study-specific inhibitors evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/24810054.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0f185c805dd5d825445cb40e547b794fbc595388aff6e2d29ac81c2eab8b8348", "start_char": 5813, "end_char": 15716, "text_sha256": "89e6abf1967c10b359cb62d935d5b839cf53acf42576d9db3d463bff9f474e38"} [zeaxanthin-p24810054] Zeaxanthin induces Nrf2-mediated phase II enzymes in protection of cell death. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24810054/ DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.190

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Cell challenge with siRNA and pathway inhibitors

exposure

Zeaxanthin commonly 10 micromolar for 24 h; 300 micromolar t-BHP challenge for 6 h; study-specific inhibitors

limitations

Pharmacological cell exposures are not dietary concentrations. PI3K/Akt inhibitor evidence is not direct zeaxanthin binding to a kinase. Liposome GSTP1 protection and this cellular GSH-dependent response are different mechanisms.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

Human ARPE-19 cell line

plain_language

The regulatory subunit also responded.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p24810054] Zeaxanthin induces Nrf2-mediated phase II enzymes in protection of cell death. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24810054/ DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.190

tissue_or_cell_type

Retinal pigment epithelial model

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 392–403

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cell challenge with siRNA and pathway inhibitors · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-gclm-expression Zeaxanthin increased GCLM mRNA in ARPE-19 cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The regulatory subunit also responded. organism: Human ARPE-19 cell line tissue_or_cell_type: Retinal pigment epithelial model experimental_model: Cell challenge with siRNA and pathway inhibitors limitations: Pharmacological cell exposures are not dietary concentrations. PI3K/Akt inhibitor evidence is not direct zeaxanthin binding to a kinase. Liposome GSTP1 protection and this cellular GSH-dependent response are different mechanisms. exposure: Zeaxanthin commonly 10 micromolar for 24 h; 300 micromolar t-BHP challenge for 6 h; study-specific inhibitors evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/24810054.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0f185c805dd5d825445cb40e547b794fbc595388aff6e2d29ac81c2eab8b8348", "start_char": 5813, "end_char": 15716, "text_sha256": "89e6abf1967c10b359cb62d935d5b839cf53acf42576d9db3d463bff9f474e38"} [zeaxanthin-p24810054] Zeaxanthin induces Nrf2-mediated phase II enzymes in protection of cell death. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24810054/ DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.190

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Cell challenge with siRNA and pathway inhibitors

exposure

Zeaxanthin commonly 10 micromolar for 24 h; 300 micromolar t-BHP challenge for 6 h; study-specific inhibitors

limitations

Pharmacological cell exposures are not dietary concentrations. PI3K/Akt inhibitor evidence is not direct zeaxanthin binding to a kinase. Liposome GSTP1 protection and this cellular GSH-dependent response are different mechanisms.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

Human ARPE-19 cell line

plain_language

The cells accumulated more glutathione.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p24810054] Zeaxanthin induces Nrf2-mediated phase II enzymes in protection of cell death. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24810054/ DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.190

tissue_or_cell_type

Retinal pigment epithelial model

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 431–442

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cell challenge with siRNA and pathway inhibitors · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-gsh-pool Zeaxanthin increased the measured cellular glutathione pool. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The cells accumulated more glutathione. organism: Human ARPE-19 cell line tissue_or_cell_type: Retinal pigment epithelial model experimental_model: Cell challenge with siRNA and pathway inhibitors limitations: Pharmacological cell exposures are not dietary concentrations. PI3K/Akt inhibitor evidence is not direct zeaxanthin binding to a kinase. Liposome GSTP1 protection and this cellular GSH-dependent response are different mechanisms. exposure: Zeaxanthin commonly 10 micromolar for 24 h; 300 micromolar t-BHP challenge for 6 h; study-specific inhibitors evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/24810054.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0f185c805dd5d825445cb40e547b794fbc595388aff6e2d29ac81c2eab8b8348", "start_char": 5813, "end_char": 15716, "text_sha256": "89e6abf1967c10b359cb62d935d5b839cf53acf42576d9db3d463bff9f474e38"} [zeaxanthin-p24810054] Zeaxanthin induces Nrf2-mediated phase II enzymes in protection of cell death. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24810054/ DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.190

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Cell challenge with siRNA and pathway inhibitors

exposure

Zeaxanthin commonly 10 micromolar for 24 h; 300 micromolar t-BHP challenge for 6 h; study-specific inhibitors

limitations

Pharmacological cell exposures are not dietary concentrations. PI3K/Akt inhibitor evidence is not direct zeaxanthin binding to a kinase. Liposome GSTP1 protection and this cellular GSH-dependent response are different mechanisms.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

Human ARPE-19 cell line

plain_language

Another Nrf2-regulated defense enzyme increased.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p24810054] Zeaxanthin induces Nrf2-mediated phase II enzymes in protection of cell death. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24810054/ DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.190

tissue_or_cell_type

Retinal pigment epithelial model

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 405–416

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cell challenge with siRNA and pathway inhibitors · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-hmox1-expression Zeaxanthin increased HMOX1 mRNA and protein. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Another Nrf2-regulated defense enzyme increased. organism: Human ARPE-19 cell line tissue_or_cell_type: Retinal pigment epithelial model experimental_model: Cell challenge with siRNA and pathway inhibitors limitations: Pharmacological cell exposures are not dietary concentrations. PI3K/Akt inhibitor evidence is not direct zeaxanthin binding to a kinase. Liposome GSTP1 protection and this cellular GSH-dependent response are different mechanisms. exposure: Zeaxanthin commonly 10 micromolar for 24 h; 300 micromolar t-BHP challenge for 6 h; study-specific inhibitors evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/24810054.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0f185c805dd5d825445cb40e547b794fbc595388aff6e2d29ac81c2eab8b8348", "start_char": 5813, "end_char": 15716, "text_sha256": "89e6abf1967c10b359cb62d935d5b839cf53acf42576d9db3d463bff9f474e38"} [zeaxanthin-p24810054] Zeaxanthin induces Nrf2-mediated phase II enzymes in protection of cell death. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24810054/ DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.190

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Randomized single-blind crossover meal trial

exposure

5 mg free zeaxanthin equivalents as free pigment or dipalmitate in yoghurt/breakfast; 24 h sampling

limitations

Meal- and formulation-specific response; no proof of disease prevention or an optimal universal formulation.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

12 volunteers

plain_language

The study did not show rapid conversion of dietary zeaxanthin into meso-zeaxanthin.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p15137922] Comparison of plasma responses in human subjects after the ingestion of 3R,3R'-zeaxanthin dipalmitate from wolfberry (Lycium barbarum) and non-esterified 3R,3R'-zeaxanthin using chiral high-performance liquid chromatography. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15137922/ DOI: 10.1079/bjn20041105

tissue_or_cell_type

Plasma response

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 808–819

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized single-blind crossover meal trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-human-meso-null No meso-zeaxanthin formation was detected over the trial sampling period. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The study did not show rapid conversion of dietary zeaxanthin into meso-zeaxanthin. organism: 12 volunteers tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma response experimental_model: Randomized single-blind crossover meal trial limitations: Meal- and formulation-specific response; no proof of disease prevention or an optimal universal formulation. exposure: 5 mg free zeaxanthin equivalents as free pigment or dipalmitate in yoghurt/breakfast; 24 h sampling evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/15137922.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6410a0f5d52cf32390f90f59a7b17d2340a889f888836129f8a93482ca055be0", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1847, "text_sha256": "6410a0f5d52cf32390f90f59a7b17d2340a889f888836129f8a93482ca055be0"} [zeaxanthin-p15137922] Comparison of plasma responses in human subjects after the ingestion of 3R,3R'-zeaxanthin dipalmitate from wolfberry (Lycium barbarum) and non-esterified 3R,3R'-zeaxanthin using chiral high-performance liquid chromatography. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15137922/ DOI: 10.1079/bjn20041105

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Microscopy, Raman imaging and molecular dynamics

exposure

Lutein and zeaxanthin orientation

limitations

Model-bilayer geometry is not a measurement of every human retinal membrane.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

Model membrane

plain_language

The pigment spans the membrane rather than remaining only on its surface.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p28852075] Localization and Orientation of Xanthophylls in a Lipid Bilayer. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28852075/ DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10183-7

tissue_or_cell_type

DMPC giant unilamellar vesicles

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 314–325

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Microscopy, Raman imaging and molecular dynamics · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-membrane-orientation Zeaxanthin adopted a transmembrane orientation in the DMPC bilayer, with mean tilt near 40 degrees to the membrane normal. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The pigment spans the membrane rather than remaining only on its surface. organism: Model membrane tissue_or_cell_type: DMPC giant unilamellar vesicles experimental_model: Microscopy, Raman imaging and molecular dynamics limitations: Model-bilayer geometry is not a measurement of every human retinal membrane. exposure: Lutein and zeaxanthin orientation evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/28852075.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "02ce5ff25dc230c1de6bcb2c4e1e48e1d7f8c218f48e6817d1c697b47b319e7b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1275, "text_sha256": "02ce5ff25dc230c1de6bcb2c4e1e48e1d7f8c218f48e6817d1c697b47b319e7b"} [zeaxanthin-p28852075] Localization and Orientation of Xanthophylls in a Lipid Bilayer. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28852075/ DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10183-7

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Repeated-dose plasma kinetic study

exposure

1 or 10 mg synthetic zeaxanthin daily for 42 days; follow-up to day 76

limitations

Plasma kinetics do not define retinal adequacy or a dose recommendation; metabolite origin is inferred from time courses.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

20 healthy volunteers

plain_language

A circulating metabolite followed pigment intake.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p14985215] Plasma kinetics of zeaxanthin and 3'-dehydro-lutein after multiple oral doses of synthetic zeaxanthin. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14985215/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/79.3.410

tissue_or_cell_type

Plasma

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 873–884

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Repeated-dose plasma kinetic study · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-metabolite-timecourse The 3-prime-dehydrolutein time course supported its formation from zeaxanthin, without identifying the responsible enzyme. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A circulating metabolite followed pigment intake. organism: 20 healthy volunteers tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma experimental_model: Repeated-dose plasma kinetic study limitations: Plasma kinetics do not define retinal adequacy or a dose recommendation; metabolite origin is inferred from time courses. exposure: 1 or 10 mg synthetic zeaxanthin daily for 42 days; follow-up to day 76 evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/14985215.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "dfc182ac3b22c31acf68cf01ed05f57cfb325798513d570a4071e8c19fd39c88", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1830, "text_sha256": "dfc182ac3b22c31acf68cf01ed05f57cfb325798513d570a4071e8c19fd39c88"} [zeaxanthin-p14985215] Plasma kinetics of zeaxanthin and 3'-dehydro-lutein after multiple oral doses of synthetic zeaxanthin. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14985215/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/79.3.410

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Cell challenge with siRNA and pathway inhibitors

exposure

Zeaxanthin commonly 10 micromolar for 24 h; 300 micromolar t-BHP challenge for 6 h; study-specific inhibitors

limitations

Pharmacological cell exposures are not dietary concentrations. PI3K/Akt inhibitor evidence is not direct zeaxanthin binding to a kinase. Liposome GSTP1 protection and this cellular GSH-dependent response are different mechanisms.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

Human ARPE-19 cell line

plain_language

The quinone-processing defense enzyme increased.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p24810054] Zeaxanthin induces Nrf2-mediated phase II enzymes in protection of cell death. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24810054/ DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.190

tissue_or_cell_type

Retinal pigment epithelial model

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 418–429

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cell challenge with siRNA and pathway inhibitors · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-nqo1-expression Zeaxanthin increased NQO1 mRNA and protein. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The quinone-processing defense enzyme increased. organism: Human ARPE-19 cell line tissue_or_cell_type: Retinal pigment epithelial model experimental_model: Cell challenge with siRNA and pathway inhibitors limitations: Pharmacological cell exposures are not dietary concentrations. PI3K/Akt inhibitor evidence is not direct zeaxanthin binding to a kinase. Liposome GSTP1 protection and this cellular GSH-dependent response are different mechanisms. exposure: Zeaxanthin commonly 10 micromolar for 24 h; 300 micromolar t-BHP challenge for 6 h; study-specific inhibitors evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/24810054.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0f185c805dd5d825445cb40e547b794fbc595388aff6e2d29ac81c2eab8b8348", "start_char": 5813, "end_char": 15716, "text_sha256": "89e6abf1967c10b359cb62d935d5b839cf53acf42576d9db3d463bff9f474e38"} [zeaxanthin-p24810054] Zeaxanthin induces Nrf2-mediated phase II enzymes in protection of cell death. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24810054/ DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.190

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/24810054.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0f185c805dd5d825445cb40e547b794fbc595388aff6e2d29ac81c2eab8b8348", "start_char": 5813, "end_char": 15716, "text_sha256": "89e6abf1967c10b359cb62d935d5b839cf53acf42576d9db3d463bff9f474e38"}

experimental_model

Cell challenge with siRNA and pathway inhibitors

exposure

Zeaxanthin commonly 10 micromolar for 24 h; 300 micromolar t-BHP challenge for 6 h; study-specific inhibitors

limitations

Pharmacological cell exposures are not dietary concentrations. PI3K/Akt inhibitor evidence is not direct zeaxanthin binding to a kinase. Liposome GSTP1 protection and this cellular GSH-dependent response are different mechanisms.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

Human ARPE-19 cell line

plain_language

It activated part of the cell’s own defense response.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p24810054] Zeaxanthin induces Nrf2-mediated phase II enzymes in protection of cell death. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24810054/ DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.190

tissue_or_cell_type

Retinal pigment epithelial model

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 366–377

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cell challenge with siRNA and pathway inhibitors · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-nrf2-location Zeaxanthin increased nuclear Nrf2 in ARPE-19 cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: It activated part of the cell’s own defense response. organism: Human ARPE-19 cell line tissue_or_cell_type: Retinal pigment epithelial model experimental_model: Cell challenge with siRNA and pathway inhibitors limitations: Pharmacological cell exposures are not dietary concentrations. PI3K/Akt inhibitor evidence is not direct zeaxanthin binding to a kinase. Liposome GSTP1 protection and this cellular GSH-dependent response are different mechanisms. exposure: Zeaxanthin commonly 10 micromolar for 24 h; 300 micromolar t-BHP challenge for 6 h; study-specific inhibitors evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/24810054.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0f185c805dd5d825445cb40e547b794fbc595388aff6e2d29ac81c2eab8b8348", "start_char": 5813, "end_char": 15716, "text_sha256": "89e6abf1967c10b359cb62d935d5b839cf53acf42576d9db3d463bff9f474e38"} [zeaxanthin-p24810054] Zeaxanthin induces Nrf2-mediated phase II enzymes in protection of cell death. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24810054/ DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.190

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/14985215.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "dfc182ac3b22c31acf68cf01ed05f57cfb325798513d570a4071e8c19fd39c88", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1830, "text_sha256": "dfc182ac3b22c31acf68cf01ed05f57cfb325798513d570a4071e8c19fd39c88"}

experimental_model

Repeated-dose plasma kinetic study

exposure

1 or 10 mg synthetic zeaxanthin daily for 42 days; follow-up to day 76

limitations

Plasma kinetics do not define retinal adequacy or a dose recommendation; metabolite origin is inferred from time courses.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

20 healthy volunteers

plain_language

More intake raised blood levels, but not proportionally.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p14985215] Plasma kinetics of zeaxanthin and 3'-dehydro-lutein after multiple oral doses of synthetic zeaxanthin. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14985215/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/79.3.410

tissue_or_cell_type

Plasma

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 847–858

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Repeated-dose plasma kinetic study · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-plasma-dose-response Daily 1 and 10 mg doses raised plasma zeaxanthin approximately four- and twentyfold, respectively. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: More intake raised blood levels, but not proportionally. organism: 20 healthy volunteers tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma experimental_model: Repeated-dose plasma kinetic study limitations: Plasma kinetics do not define retinal adequacy or a dose recommendation; metabolite origin is inferred from time courses. exposure: 1 or 10 mg synthetic zeaxanthin daily for 42 days; follow-up to day 76 evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/14985215.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "dfc182ac3b22c31acf68cf01ed05f57cfb325798513d570a4071e8c19fd39c88", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1830, "text_sha256": "dfc182ac3b22c31acf68cf01ed05f57cfb325798513d570a4071e8c19fd39c88"} [zeaxanthin-p14985215] Plasma kinetics of zeaxanthin and 3'-dehydro-lutein after multiple oral doses of synthetic zeaxanthin. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14985215/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/79.3.410

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/15326146.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "2feb9366dc3d6fc9886076332f2e4ebc33603b94b113bc130163226845f7cea2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1572, "text_sha256": "2feb9366dc3d6fc9886076332f2e4ebc33603b94b113bc130163226845f7cea2"}

experimental_model

Long-term dietary depletion followed by single-pigment repletion

exposure

Lifelong xanthophyll-free diet; six animals received pure zeaxanthin 2.2 mg/kg/day for 24–56 weeks

limitations

Extreme combined-xanthophyll depletion is not isolated human zeaxanthin deficiency or a clinical diagnostic threshold.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

Rhesus macaques

plain_language

The tissue pigment recovered gradually after supply resumed.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p15326146] Nutritional manipulation of primate retinas, I: effects of lutein or zeaxanthin supplements on serum and macular pigment in xanthophyll-free rhesus monkeys. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15326146/ DOI: 10.1167/iovs.02-1243

tissue_or_cell_type

Serum and macular pigment

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 899–910

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Long-term dietary depletion followed by single-pigment repletion · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-primate-repletion Pure zeaxanthin supplementation increased macular pigment, approaching a steady central peak by 24–32 weeks. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The tissue pigment recovered gradually after supply resumed. organism: Rhesus macaques tissue_or_cell_type: Serum and macular pigment experimental_model: Long-term dietary depletion followed by single-pigment repletion limitations: Extreme combined-xanthophyll depletion is not isolated human zeaxanthin deficiency or a clinical diagnostic threshold. exposure: Lifelong xanthophyll-free diet; six animals received pure zeaxanthin 2.2 mg/kg/day for 24–56 weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/15326146.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "2feb9366dc3d6fc9886076332f2e4ebc33603b94b113bc130163226845f7cea2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1572, "text_sha256": "2feb9366dc3d6fc9886076332f2e4ebc33603b94b113bc130163226845f7cea2"} [zeaxanthin-p15326146] Nutritional manipulation of primate retinas, I: effects of lutein or zeaxanthin supplements on serum and macular pigment in xanthophyll-free rhesus monkeys. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15326146/ DOI: 10.1167/iovs.02-1243

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/15326146.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "2feb9366dc3d6fc9886076332f2e4ebc33603b94b113bc130163226845f7cea2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1572, "text_sha256": "2feb9366dc3d6fc9886076332f2e4ebc33603b94b113bc130163226845f7cea2"}

experimental_model

Long-term dietary depletion followed by single-pigment repletion

exposure

Lifelong xanthophyll-free diet; six animals received pure zeaxanthin 2.2 mg/kg/day for 24–56 weeks

limitations

Extreme combined-xanthophyll depletion is not isolated human zeaxanthin deficiency or a clinical diagnostic threshold.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

Rhesus macaques

plain_language

Blood and tissue recovery followed different time courses.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p15326146] Nutritional manipulation of primate retinas, I: effects of lutein or zeaxanthin supplements on serum and macular pigment in xanthophyll-free rhesus monkeys. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15326146/ DOI: 10.1167/iovs.02-1243

tissue_or_cell_type

Serum and macular pigment

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 912–923

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Long-term dietary depletion followed by single-pigment repletion · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-primate-serum Serum zeaxanthin rose rapidly during the first four weeks of supplementation. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Blood and tissue recovery followed different time courses. organism: Rhesus macaques tissue_or_cell_type: Serum and macular pigment experimental_model: Long-term dietary depletion followed by single-pigment repletion limitations: Extreme combined-xanthophyll depletion is not isolated human zeaxanthin deficiency or a clinical diagnostic threshold. exposure: Lifelong xanthophyll-free diet; six animals received pure zeaxanthin 2.2 mg/kg/day for 24–56 weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/15326146.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "2feb9366dc3d6fc9886076332f2e4ebc33603b94b113bc130163226845f7cea2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1572, "text_sha256": "2feb9366dc3d6fc9886076332f2e4ebc33603b94b113bc130163226845f7cea2"} [zeaxanthin-p15326146] Nutritional manipulation of primate retinas, I: effects of lutein or zeaxanthin supplements on serum and macular pigment in xanthophyll-free rhesus monkeys. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15326146/ DOI: 10.1167/iovs.02-1243

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/30689980.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "94c10c1ffd51016a2038f725e1e38457c47b5c929bd89f7222d8bc84a7f76743", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1545, "text_sha256": "94c10c1ffd51016a2038f725e1e38457c47b5c929bd89f7222d8bc84a7f76743"}

experimental_model

Photosensitized liposome experiment

exposure

Carotenoids at 0.15 mol%; toluidine-blue photosensitization

limitations

Measured effects depended on membrane composition; do not generalize the saturated-membrane null to all antioxidant chemistry.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

Cell-free lipid systems

plain_language

A different membrane gave a different result.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p30689980] The effect of carotenoids on the concentration of singlet oxygen in lipid membranes. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30689980/ DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.01.012

tissue_or_cell_type

Saturated versus unsaturated lipid bilayers

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 340–351

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Photosensitized liposome experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-saturated-null The same experiment did not detect the carotenoid-dependent decrease in saturated DMPC liposomes. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A different membrane gave a different result. organism: Cell-free lipid systems tissue_or_cell_type: Saturated versus unsaturated lipid bilayers experimental_model: Photosensitized liposome experiment limitations: Measured effects depended on membrane composition; do not generalize the saturated-membrane null to all antioxidant chemistry. exposure: Carotenoids at 0.15 mol%; toluidine-blue photosensitization evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/30689980.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "94c10c1ffd51016a2038f725e1e38457c47b5c929bd89f7222d8bc84a7f76743", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1545, "text_sha256": "94c10c1ffd51016a2038f725e1e38457c47b5c929bd89f7222d8bc84a7f76743"} [zeaxanthin-p30689980] The effect of carotenoids on the concentration of singlet oxygen in lipid membranes. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30689980/ DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.01.012

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/30265681.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "656f827109394a907278c44e8d33e883c92437beea2a607e99e75ae348489151", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2098, "text_sha256": "656f827109394a907278c44e8d33e883c92437beea2a607e99e75ae348489151"}

experimental_model

RPE-specific knockout with oral supplementation

exposure

55–60 mg/kg/day zeaxanthin by gavage for four months

limitations

High-dose preventive animal model; genetic Sod2 loss is not manganese dietary deficiency, and this does not establish human AMD treatment.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

Sod2-deleted mice

plain_language

Protection did not extend to every retinal function measure.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p30265681] Daily zeaxanthin supplementation prevents atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in a mouse model of mitochondrial oxidative stress. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30265681/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203816

tissue_or_cell_type

Retina/RPE/choroid

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 509–520

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · RPE-specific knockout with oral supplementation · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-sod2-ab-null ERG a- and b-wave amplitudes did not differ between supplemented and control knockout mice. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Protection did not extend to every retinal function measure. organism: Sod2-deleted mice tissue_or_cell_type: Retina/RPE/choroid experimental_model: RPE-specific knockout with oral supplementation limitations: High-dose preventive animal model; genetic Sod2 loss is not manganese dietary deficiency, and this does not establish human AMD treatment. exposure: 55–60 mg/kg/day zeaxanthin by gavage for four months evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/30265681.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "656f827109394a907278c44e8d33e883c92437beea2a607e99e75ae348489151", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2098, "text_sha256": "656f827109394a907278c44e8d33e883c92437beea2a607e99e75ae348489151"} [zeaxanthin-p30265681] Daily zeaxanthin supplementation prevents atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in a mouse model of mitochondrial oxidative stress. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30265681/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203816

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/30265681.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "656f827109394a907278c44e8d33e883c92437beea2a607e99e75ae348489151", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2098, "text_sha256": "656f827109394a907278c44e8d33e883c92437beea2a607e99e75ae348489151"}

experimental_model

RPE-specific knockout with oral supplementation

exposure

55–60 mg/kg/day zeaxanthin by gavage for four months

limitations

High-dose preventive animal model; genetic Sod2 loss is not manganese dietary deficiency, and this does not establish human AMD treatment.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

Sod2-deleted mice

plain_language

One measure of RPE function was better preserved.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p30265681] Daily zeaxanthin supplementation prevents atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in a mouse model of mitochondrial oxidative stress. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30265681/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203816

tissue_or_cell_type

Retina/RPE/choroid

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 496–507

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · RPE-specific knockout with oral supplementation · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-sod2-c-wave After four months, ERG c-wave amplitude was 28% higher with zeaxanthin than in unsupplemented knockout mice. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: One measure of RPE function was better preserved. organism: Sod2-deleted mice tissue_or_cell_type: Retina/RPE/choroid experimental_model: RPE-specific knockout with oral supplementation limitations: High-dose preventive animal model; genetic Sod2 loss is not manganese dietary deficiency, and this does not establish human AMD treatment. exposure: 55–60 mg/kg/day zeaxanthin by gavage for four months evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/30265681.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "656f827109394a907278c44e8d33e883c92437beea2a607e99e75ae348489151", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2098, "text_sha256": "656f827109394a907278c44e8d33e883c92437beea2a607e99e75ae348489151"} [zeaxanthin-p30265681] Daily zeaxanthin supplementation prevents atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in a mouse model of mitochondrial oxidative stress. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30265681/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203816

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/30265681.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "656f827109394a907278c44e8d33e883c92437beea2a607e99e75ae348489151", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2098, "text_sha256": "656f827109394a907278c44e8d33e883c92437beea2a607e99e75ae348489151"}

experimental_model

RPE-specific knockout with oral supplementation

exposure

55–60 mg/kg/day zeaxanthin by gavage for four months

limitations

High-dose preventive animal model; genetic Sod2 loss is not manganese dietary deficiency, and this does not establish human AMD treatment.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

Sod2-deleted mice

plain_language

A marker of oxidative injury decreased.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p30265681] Daily zeaxanthin supplementation prevents atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in a mouse model of mitochondrial oxidative stress. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30265681/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203816

tissue_or_cell_type

Retina/RPE/choroid

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 522–533

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · RPE-specific knockout with oral supplementation · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-sod2-nitrotyrosine Zeaxanthin reduced RPE/choroid nitrotyrosine content in the knockout model. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A marker of oxidative injury decreased. organism: Sod2-deleted mice tissue_or_cell_type: Retina/RPE/choroid experimental_model: RPE-specific knockout with oral supplementation limitations: High-dose preventive animal model; genetic Sod2 loss is not manganese dietary deficiency, and this does not establish human AMD treatment. exposure: 55–60 mg/kg/day zeaxanthin by gavage for four months evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/30265681.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "656f827109394a907278c44e8d33e883c92437beea2a607e99e75ae348489151", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2098, "text_sha256": "656f827109394a907278c44e8d33e883c92437beea2a607e99e75ae348489151"} [zeaxanthin-p30265681] Daily zeaxanthin supplementation prevents atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in a mouse model of mitochondrial oxidative stress. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30265681/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203816

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/30689980.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "94c10c1ffd51016a2038f725e1e38457c47b5c929bd89f7222d8bc84a7f76743", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1545, "text_sha256": "94c10c1ffd51016a2038f725e1e38457c47b5c929bd89f7222d8bc84a7f76743"}

experimental_model

Photosensitized liposome experiment

exposure

Carotenoids at 0.15 mol%; toluidine-blue photosensitization

limitations

Measured effects depended on membrane composition; do not generalize the saturated-membrane null to all antioxidant chemistry.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

Cell-free lipid systems

plain_language

Protection depended on the surrounding membrane.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p30689980] The effect of carotenoids on the concentration of singlet oxygen in lipid membranes. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30689980/ DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.01.012

tissue_or_cell_type

Saturated versus unsaturated lipid bilayers

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 327–338

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Photosensitized liposome experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-unsaturated-quenching Zeaxanthin decreased the detected singlet-oxygen concentration in unsaturated-lipid liposomes. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Protection depended on the surrounding membrane. organism: Cell-free lipid systems tissue_or_cell_type: Saturated versus unsaturated lipid bilayers experimental_model: Photosensitized liposome experiment limitations: Measured effects depended on membrane composition; do not generalize the saturated-membrane null to all antioxidant chemistry. exposure: Carotenoids at 0.15 mol%; toluidine-blue photosensitization evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/30689980.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "94c10c1ffd51016a2038f725e1e38457c47b5c929bd89f7222d8bc84a7f76743", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1545, "text_sha256": "94c10c1ffd51016a2038f725e1e38457c47b5c929bd89f7222d8bc84a7f76743"} [zeaxanthin-p30689980] The effect of carotenoids on the concentration of singlet oxygen in lipid membranes. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30689980/ DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.01.012

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/22027699.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "849b03f2bf0734e12b654e662e0a15e5f347415de7b0bbabe2cdc0d7bad85e3e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 3131, "text_sha256": "849b03f2bf0734e12b654e662e0a15e5f347415de7b0bbabe2cdc0d7bad85e3e"}

experimental_model

Small randomized active-comparator ZVF trial

exposure

One year; 8 mg zeaxanthin, 8 mg zeaxanthin plus 9 mg lutein, or 9 mg lutein comparator

limitations

The so-called faux placebo was active lutein. Small unequal arms, multiple outcomes and borderline tests limit claims of superiority; proposed competition was not directly tested.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

60 patients with mild-to-moderate AMD; 57 men

plain_language

A within-arm improvement is weaker evidence than a clear treatment comparison.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p22027699] Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of zeaxanthin and visual function in patients with atrophic age-related macular degeneration: the Zeaxanthin and Visual Function Study (ZVF) FDA IND #78, 973. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22027699/ DOI: 10.1016/j.optm.2011.08.008

tissue_or_cell_type

Macular pigment and visual tasks

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 990–1001

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Small randomized active-comparator ZVF trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-zvf-acuity The zeaxanthin arm showed a 1.5-line improvement in high-contrast acuity; the indexed result does not establish between-group superiority. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A within-arm improvement is weaker evidence than a clear treatment comparison. organism: 60 patients with mild-to-moderate AMD; 57 men tissue_or_cell_type: Macular pigment and visual tasks experimental_model: Small randomized active-comparator ZVF trial limitations: The so-called faux placebo was active lutein. Small unequal arms, multiple outcomes and borderline tests limit claims of superiority; proposed competition was not directly tested. exposure: One year; 8 mg zeaxanthin, 8 mg zeaxanthin plus 9 mg lutein, or 9 mg lutein comparator evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/22027699.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "849b03f2bf0734e12b654e662e0a15e5f347415de7b0bbabe2cdc0d7bad85e3e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 3131, "text_sha256": "849b03f2bf0734e12b654e662e0a15e5f347415de7b0bbabe2cdc0d7bad85e3e"} [zeaxanthin-p22027699] Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of zeaxanthin and visual function in patients with atrophic age-related macular degeneration: the Zeaxanthin and Visual Function Study (ZVF) FDA IND #78, 973. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22027699/ DOI: 10.1016/j.optm.2011.08.008

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/21322544.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e0362dd86389ecba7d75e2628ffcd785ea404e40a709084dd5a0749a4cfb89fa", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1825, "text_sha256": "e0362dd86389ecba7d75e2628ffcd785ea404e40a709084dd5a0749a4cfb89fa"}

experimental_model

Recombinant binding assays and primate retinal localization

exposure

Surface plasmon resonance and immunohistochemistry

limitations

Binding does not prove net retinal delivery or clinical benefit; localization is from monkey tissue.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

Human protein and monkey retinal tissue

plain_language

The two pigments have different identified binding proteins.

primary_references

[lutein-p21322544] Identification of StARD3 as a lutein-binding protein in the macula of the primate retina. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21322544/ DOI: 10.1021/bi101906y

tissue_or_cell_type

Retina and purified protein

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 138–149

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Recombinant binding assays and primate retinal localization · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-gstp1-distinction The study distinguishes GSTP1-associated zeaxanthin binding from StARD3-associated lutein binding. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The two pigments have different identified binding proteins. organism: Human protein and monkey retinal tissue tissue_or_cell_type: Retina and purified protein experimental_model: Recombinant binding assays and primate retinal localization limitations: Binding does not prove net retinal delivery or clinical benefit; localization is from monkey tissue. exposure: Surface plasmon resonance and immunohistochemistry evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/21322544.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e0362dd86389ecba7d75e2628ffcd785ea404e40a709084dd5a0749a4cfb89fa", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1825, "text_sha256": "e0362dd86389ecba7d75e2628ffcd785ea404e40a709084dd5a0749a4cfb89fa"} [lutein-p21322544] Identification of StARD3 as a lutein-binding protein in the macula of the primate retina. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21322544/ DOI: 10.1021/bi101906y

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/27538825.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1db014221931676349f15dc3c5138fba122417fb49fec5de481594c72b0596f3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1346, "text_sha256": "1db014221931676349f15dc3c5138fba122417fb49fec5de481594c72b0596f3"}

experimental_model

Carotenoid delivery using isolated human lipoproteins

exposure

Carotenoid-loaded LDL versus HDL

limitations

Cell delivery ranking is not identical to circulating carriage fractions or the WHAM-chicken phenotype.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

Human ARPE-19 cells

plain_language

The preferred delivery route differed between pigments.

primary_references

[lutein-p27538825] Mechanisms of selective delivery of xanthophylls to retinal pigment epithelial cells by human lipoproteins. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27538825/ DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m070193

tissue_or_cell_type

Retinal pigment epithelial model

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 645–656

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Carotenoid delivery using isolated human lipoproteins · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-hdl-z-delivery HDL most effectively delivered zeaxanthin and meso-zeaxanthin; SR-BI inhibition suppressed zeaxanthin delivery. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The preferred delivery route differed between pigments. organism: Human ARPE-19 cells tissue_or_cell_type: Retinal pigment epithelial model experimental_model: Carotenoid delivery using isolated human lipoproteins limitations: Cell delivery ranking is not identical to circulating carriage fractions or the WHAM-chicken phenotype. exposure: Carotenoid-loaded LDL versus HDL evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/27538825.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1db014221931676349f15dc3c5138fba122417fb49fec5de481594c72b0596f3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1346, "text_sha256": "1db014221931676349f15dc3c5138fba122417fb49fec5de481594c72b0596f3"} [lutein-p27538825] Mechanisms of selective delivery of xanthophylls to retinal pigment epithelial cells by human lipoproteins. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27538825/ DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m070193

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"}

experimental_model

Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays

exposure

Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe

limitations

Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

Human Caco-2 monolayers

plain_language

Most of the measured intracellular pigment was de-esterified.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389

tissue_or_cell_type

Intestinal epithelial model

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 665–676

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-ester-free-product After dipalmitate exposure, about 80.8% of cell-associated zeaxanthin species were free zeaxanthin. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Most of the measured intracellular pigment was de-esterified. organism: Human Caco-2 monolayers tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal epithelial model experimental_model: Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays limitations: Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing. exposure: Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"} [zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/15355982.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6365b1d54aafda71be4dbf6c8e5252fa6ce0af3b808d9af6fe07c37ae188ea92", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1907, "text_sha256": "6365b1d54aafda71be4dbf6c8e5252fa6ce0af3b808d9af6fe07c37ae188ea92"}

experimental_model

Human macular protein purification and recombinant binding

exposure

Equilibrium binding and immunocytochemistry

limitations

Binding affinity is assay-specific and does not quantify uptake or clinical benefit.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

Human tissue/proteins

plain_language

Membership in the GST family does not guarantee selective binding.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p15355982] Identification and characterization of a Pi isoform of glutathione S-transferase (GSTP1) as a zeaxanthin-binding protein in the macula of the human eye. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15355982/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m405334200

tissue_or_cell_type

Macula and purified proteins

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 236–247

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human macular protein purification and recombinant binding · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-gsta1-low GSTA1 showed only low-affinity xanthophyll binding in the comparison. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Membership in the GST family does not guarantee selective binding. organism: Human tissue/proteins tissue_or_cell_type: Macula and purified proteins experimental_model: Human macular protein purification and recombinant binding limitations: Binding affinity is assay-specific and does not quantify uptake or clinical benefit. exposure: Equilibrium binding and immunocytochemistry evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/15355982.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6365b1d54aafda71be4dbf6c8e5252fa6ce0af3b808d9af6fe07c37ae188ea92", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1907, "text_sha256": "6365b1d54aafda71be4dbf6c8e5252fa6ce0af3b808d9af6fe07c37ae188ea92"} [zeaxanthin-p15355982] Identification and characterization of a Pi isoform of glutathione S-transferase (GSTP1) as a zeaxanthin-binding protein in the macula of the human eye. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15355982/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m405334200

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/15355982.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6365b1d54aafda71be4dbf6c8e5252fa6ce0af3b808d9af6fe07c37ae188ea92", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1907, "text_sha256": "6365b1d54aafda71be4dbf6c8e5252fa6ce0af3b808d9af6fe07c37ae188ea92"}

experimental_model

Human macular protein purification and recombinant binding

exposure

Equilibrium binding and immunocytochemistry

limitations

Binding affinity is assay-specific and does not quantify uptake or clinical benefit.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

Human tissue/proteins

plain_language

Different GST proteins have different binding behavior.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p15355982] Identification and characterization of a Pi isoform of glutathione S-transferase (GSTP1) as a zeaxanthin-binding protein in the macula of the human eye. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15355982/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m405334200

tissue_or_cell_type

Macula and purified proteins

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 249–260

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human macular protein purification and recombinant binding · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-gstm1-low GSTM1 showed only low-affinity xanthophyll binding in the comparison. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Different GST proteins have different binding behavior. organism: Human tissue/proteins tissue_or_cell_type: Macula and purified proteins experimental_model: Human macular protein purification and recombinant binding limitations: Binding affinity is assay-specific and does not quantify uptake or clinical benefit. exposure: Equilibrium binding and immunocytochemistry evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/15355982.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6365b1d54aafda71be4dbf6c8e5252fa6ce0af3b808d9af6fe07c37ae188ea92", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1907, "text_sha256": "6365b1d54aafda71be4dbf6c8e5252fa6ce0af3b808d9af6fe07c37ae188ea92"} [zeaxanthin-p15355982] Identification and characterization of a Pi isoform of glutathione S-transferase (GSTP1) as a zeaxanthin-binding protein in the macula of the human eye. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15355982/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m405334200

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/15355982.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6365b1d54aafda71be4dbf6c8e5252fa6ce0af3b808d9af6fe07c37ae188ea92", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1907, "text_sha256": "6365b1d54aafda71be4dbf6c8e5252fa6ce0af3b808d9af6fe07c37ae188ea92"}

experimental_model

Human macular protein purification and recombinant binding

exposure

Equilibrium binding and immunocytochemistry

limitations

Binding affinity is assay-specific and does not quantify uptake or clinical benefit.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

Human tissue/proteins

plain_language

A retinal binding protein selectively holds dietary zeaxanthin.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p15355982] Identification and characterization of a Pi isoform of glutathione S-transferase (GSTP1) as a zeaxanthin-binding protein in the macula of the human eye. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15355982/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m405334200

tissue_or_cell_type

Macula and purified proteins

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 210–221

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human macular protein purification and recombinant binding · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-gstp1-binding Purified recombinant GSTP1 bound dietary zeaxanthin with apparent Kd 0.33 micromolar. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A retinal binding protein selectively holds dietary zeaxanthin. organism: Human tissue/proteins tissue_or_cell_type: Macula and purified proteins experimental_model: Human macular protein purification and recombinant binding limitations: Binding affinity is assay-specific and does not quantify uptake or clinical benefit. exposure: Equilibrium binding and immunocytochemistry evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/15355982.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6365b1d54aafda71be4dbf6c8e5252fa6ce0af3b808d9af6fe07c37ae188ea92", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1907, "text_sha256": "6365b1d54aafda71be4dbf6c8e5252fa6ce0af3b808d9af6fe07c37ae188ea92"} [zeaxanthin-p15355982] Identification and characterization of a Pi isoform of glutathione S-transferase (GSTP1) as a zeaxanthin-binding protein in the macula of the human eye. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15355982/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m405334200

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/35653117.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "66ae960c242e18fe246c623e055e94d52a638b6ac6330f8a85208a58d52c13cb", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 3155, "text_sha256": "66ae960c242e18fe246c623e055e94d52a638b6ac6330f8a85208a58d52c13cb"}

experimental_model

Ten-year epidemiologic follow-up of randomized AREDS2 assignments

exposure

Original randomization followed by common AREDS2 supplementation for everyone

limitations

Not ten years of continuously separated randomized treatment; same cohort, additional follow-up.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

3882 original participants

plain_language

A modest long-term association favored original assignment.

primary_references

[lutein-p35653117] Long-term Outcomes of Adding Lutein/Zeaxanthin and ω-3 Fatty Acids to the AREDS Supplements on Age-Related Macular Degeneration Progression: AREDS2 Report 28. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35653117/ DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2022.1640

tissue_or_cell_type

Late AMD and lung cancer

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 788–799

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Ten-year epidemiologic follow-up of randomized AREDS2 assignments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-areds-longterm Ten-year analysis by original L+Z assignment gave late-AMD HR 0.91 (95% CI 0.84–0.99). Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A modest long-term association favored original assignment. organism: 3882 original participants tissue_or_cell_type: Late AMD and lung cancer experimental_model: Ten-year epidemiologic follow-up of randomized AREDS2 assignments limitations: Not ten years of continuously separated randomized treatment; same cohort, additional follow-up. exposure: Original randomization followed by common AREDS2 supplementation for everyone evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/35653117.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "66ae960c242e18fe246c623e055e94d52a638b6ac6330f8a85208a58d52c13cb", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 3155, "text_sha256": "66ae960c242e18fe246c623e055e94d52a638b6ac6330f8a85208a58d52c13cb"} [lutein-p35653117] Long-term Outcomes of Adding Lutein/Zeaxanthin and ω-3 Fatty Acids to the AREDS Supplements on Age-Related Macular Degeneration Progression: AREDS2 Report 28. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35653117/ DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2022.1640

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/35653117.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "66ae960c242e18fe246c623e055e94d52a638b6ac6330f8a85208a58d52c13cb", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 3155, "text_sha256": "66ae960c242e18fe246c623e055e94d52a638b6ac6330f8a85208a58d52c13cb"}

experimental_model

Ten-year epidemiologic follow-up of randomized AREDS2 assignments

exposure

Original randomization followed by common AREDS2 supplementation for everyone

limitations

Not ten years of continuously separated randomized treatment; same cohort, additional follow-up.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

3882 original participants

plain_language

The beta-carotene signal was not demonstrated for the pair.

primary_references

[lutein-p35653117] Long-term Outcomes of Adding Lutein/Zeaxanthin and ω-3 Fatty Acids to the AREDS Supplements on Age-Related Macular Degeneration Progression: AREDS2 Report 28. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35653117/ DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2022.1640

tissue_or_cell_type

Late AMD and lung cancer

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 801–812

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Ten-year epidemiologic follow-up of randomized AREDS2 assignments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-areds-longterm-lung-null L+Z assignment had lung-cancer OR 1.15 (95% CI 0.79–1.66), without a significant increase. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The beta-carotene signal was not demonstrated for the pair. organism: 3882 original participants tissue_or_cell_type: Late AMD and lung cancer experimental_model: Ten-year epidemiologic follow-up of randomized AREDS2 assignments limitations: Not ten years of continuously separated randomized treatment; same cohort, additional follow-up. exposure: Original randomization followed by common AREDS2 supplementation for everyone evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/35653117.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "66ae960c242e18fe246c623e055e94d52a638b6ac6330f8a85208a58d52c13cb", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 3155, "text_sha256": "66ae960c242e18fe246c623e055e94d52a638b6ac6330f8a85208a58d52c13cb"} [lutein-p35653117] Long-term Outcomes of Adding Lutein/Zeaxanthin and ω-3 Fatty Acids to the AREDS Supplements on Age-Related Macular Degeneration Progression: AREDS2 Report 28. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35653117/ DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2022.1640

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/23644932.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1bd379926e56d7243222c2ef69d6367b74aede2b02faabfb77fadcbadf95008f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 3037, "text_sha256": "1bd379926e56d7243222c2ef69d6367b74aede2b02faabfb77fadcbadf95008f"}

experimental_model

AREDS2 phase 3 factorial randomized trial

exposure

Lutein 10 mg + zeaxanthin 2 mg daily; background AREDS formula; median five years

limitations

Combination and background treatment prevent attribution to lutein alone; primary contrast differs from replacement and main-effects analyses. Published correction 10.1001/jama.2013.6403 changes the Table 3 lung-neoplasm row label and Table 4 lung-neoplasm entries. These records use the indexed abstract and do not reproduce the uncorrected Table 4. Correction: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/1710434 .

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

4203 adults aged 50–85 at elevated AMD progression risk

plain_language

Adding the pair did not meet the primary statistical threshold.

primary_references

[lutein-p23644932] Lutein + zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids for age-related macular degeneration: the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) randomized clinical trial. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23644932/ DOI: 10.1001/jama.2013.4997

tissue_or_cell_type

Eyes with large drusen and/or fellow-eye advanced AMD

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 723–734

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · AREDS2 phase 3 factorial randomized trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-areds-primary-null Primary L+Z versus placebo comparison gave HR 0.90 (98.7% CI 0.76–1.07; P=0.12). Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Adding the pair did not meet the primary statistical threshold. organism: 4203 adults aged 50–85 at elevated AMD progression risk tissue_or_cell_type: Eyes with large drusen and/or fellow-eye advanced AMD experimental_model: AREDS2 phase 3 factorial randomized trial limitations: Combination and background treatment prevent attribution to lutein alone; primary contrast differs from replacement and main-effects analyses. Published correction 10.1001/jama.2013.6403 changes the Table 3 lung-neoplasm row label and Table 4 lung-neoplasm entries. These records use the indexed abstract and do not reproduce the uncorrected Table 4. Correction: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/1710434 . exposure: Lutein 10 mg + zeaxanthin 2 mg daily; background AREDS formula; median five years evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/23644932.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1bd379926e56d7243222c2ef69d6367b74aede2b02faabfb77fadcbadf95008f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 3037, "text_sha256": "1bd379926e56d7243222c2ef69d6367b74aede2b02faabfb77fadcbadf95008f"} [lutein-p23644932] Lutein + zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids for age-related macular degeneration: the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) randomized clinical trial. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23644932/ DOI: 10.1001/jama.2013.4997

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/24310343.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "617cbda47a00c8fc552395a255003b013afa72aca6640c5c2e49d2b4caf09a72", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2419, "text_sha256": "617cbda47a00c8fc552395a255003b013afa72aca6640c5c2e49d2b4caf09a72"}

experimental_model

Exploratory secondary analyses of AREDS2

exposure

L+Z 10/2 mg; direct comparison with beta-carotene on AREDS background

limitations

Exploratory contrasts and different confidence thresholds do not contradict the prespecified primary analysis.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

Same AREDS2 cohort, not an independent replication

plain_language

The same comparison did not show benefit for every subtype.

primary_references

[lutein-p24310343] Secondary analyses of the effects of lutein/zeaxanthin on age-related macular degeneration progression: AREDS2 report No. 3. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24310343/ DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.7376

tissue_or_cell_type

Late AMD subtypes

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 775–786

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Exploratory secondary analyses of AREDS2 · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-areds-replacement-atrophy-null Central geographic atrophy HR was 0.94 (95% CI 0.70–1.26), without a significant difference. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The same comparison did not show benefit for every subtype. organism: Same AREDS2 cohort, not an independent replication tissue_or_cell_type: Late AMD subtypes experimental_model: Exploratory secondary analyses of AREDS2 limitations: Exploratory contrasts and different confidence thresholds do not contradict the prespecified primary analysis. exposure: L+Z 10/2 mg; direct comparison with beta-carotene on AREDS background evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/24310343.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "617cbda47a00c8fc552395a255003b013afa72aca6640c5c2e49d2b4caf09a72", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2419, "text_sha256": "617cbda47a00c8fc552395a255003b013afa72aca6640c5c2e49d2b4caf09a72"} [lutein-p24310343] Secondary analyses of the effects of lutein/zeaxanthin on age-related macular degeneration progression: AREDS2 report No. 3. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24310343/ DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.7376

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/24310343.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "617cbda47a00c8fc552395a255003b013afa72aca6640c5c2e49d2b4caf09a72", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2419, "text_sha256": "617cbda47a00c8fc552395a255003b013afa72aca6640c5c2e49d2b4caf09a72"}

experimental_model

Exploratory secondary analyses of AREDS2

exposure

L+Z 10/2 mg; direct comparison with beta-carotene on AREDS background

limitations

Exploratory contrasts and different confidence thresholds do not contradict the prespecified primary analysis.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

Same AREDS2 cohort, not an independent replication

plain_language

Replacement comparison favored the xanthophyll pair.

primary_references

[lutein-p24310343] Secondary analyses of the effects of lutein/zeaxanthin on age-related macular degeneration progression: AREDS2 report No. 3. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24310343/ DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.7376

tissue_or_cell_type

Late AMD subtypes

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 749–760

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Exploratory secondary analyses of AREDS2 · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-areds-replacement-late Exploratory L+Z versus beta-carotene comparison gave late-AMD HR 0.82 (95% CI 0.69–0.96). Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Replacement comparison favored the xanthophyll pair. organism: Same AREDS2 cohort, not an independent replication tissue_or_cell_type: Late AMD subtypes experimental_model: Exploratory secondary analyses of AREDS2 limitations: Exploratory contrasts and different confidence thresholds do not contradict the prespecified primary analysis. exposure: L+Z 10/2 mg; direct comparison with beta-carotene on AREDS background evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/24310343.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "617cbda47a00c8fc552395a255003b013afa72aca6640c5c2e49d2b4caf09a72", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2419, "text_sha256": "617cbda47a00c8fc552395a255003b013afa72aca6640c5c2e49d2b4caf09a72"} [lutein-p24310343] Secondary analyses of the effects of lutein/zeaxanthin on age-related macular degeneration progression: AREDS2 report No. 3. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24310343/ DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.7376

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/24310343.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "617cbda47a00c8fc552395a255003b013afa72aca6640c5c2e49d2b4caf09a72", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2419, "text_sha256": "617cbda47a00c8fc552395a255003b013afa72aca6640c5c2e49d2b4caf09a72"}

experimental_model

Exploratory secondary analyses of AREDS2

exposure

L+Z 10/2 mg; direct comparison with beta-carotene on AREDS background

limitations

Exploratory contrasts and different confidence thresholds do not contradict the prespecified primary analysis.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

Same AREDS2 cohort, not an independent replication

plain_language

The subtype result favored the pair for neovascular AMD.

primary_references

[lutein-p24310343] Secondary analyses of the effects of lutein/zeaxanthin on age-related macular degeneration progression: AREDS2 report No. 3. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24310343/ DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.7376

tissue_or_cell_type

Late AMD subtypes

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 762–773

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Exploratory secondary analyses of AREDS2 · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-areds-replacement-neovascular The corresponding neovascular-AMD HR was 0.78 (95% CI 0.64–0.94). Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The subtype result favored the pair for neovascular AMD. organism: Same AREDS2 cohort, not an independent replication tissue_or_cell_type: Late AMD subtypes experimental_model: Exploratory secondary analyses of AREDS2 limitations: Exploratory contrasts and different confidence thresholds do not contradict the prespecified primary analysis. exposure: L+Z 10/2 mg; direct comparison with beta-carotene on AREDS background evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/24310343.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "617cbda47a00c8fc552395a255003b013afa72aca6640c5c2e49d2b4caf09a72", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2419, "text_sha256": "617cbda47a00c8fc552395a255003b013afa72aca6640c5c2e49d2b4caf09a72"} [lutein-p24310343] Secondary analyses of the effects of lutein/zeaxanthin on age-related macular degeneration progression: AREDS2 report No. 3. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24310343/ DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.7376

availability_state

biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/23645227.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3e75988c75dde9e6525246ae68335c49c03c31f02c7419dcf74110966b7dce32", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2245, "text_sha256": "3e75988c75dde9e6525246ae68335c49c03c31f02c7419dcf74110966b7dce32"}

experimental_model

AREDS2 cataract secondary outcome and dietary subgroup analysis

exposure

L+Z 10/2 mg daily; median 4.7 years

limitations

Lowest-intake subgroup is not a clinical deficiency diagnosis; overall and subgroup results must stay separate.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

3159 participants phakic in at least one eye

plain_language

A subgroup with lower intake had a favorable estimate.

primary_references

[lutein-p23645227] Lutein/zeaxanthin for the treatment of age-related cataract: AREDS2 randomized trial report no. 4. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23645227/ DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.4412

tissue_or_cell_type

6027 study eyes

trigger_kind

biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 827–838

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · AREDS2 cataract secondary outcome and dietary subgroup analysis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-cataract-low-intake In the lowest dietary L+Z quintile, cataract-surgery HR was 0.68 (95% CI 0.48–0.96; P=0.03). Condition category: biomarker_context nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A subgroup with lower intake had a favorable estimate. organism: 3159 participants phakic in at least one eye tissue_or_cell_type: 6027 study eyes experimental_model: AREDS2 cataract secondary outcome and dietary subgroup analysis limitations: Lowest-intake subgroup is not a clinical deficiency diagnosis; overall and subgroup results must stay separate. exposure: L+Z 10/2 mg daily; median 4.7 years evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/23645227.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3e75988c75dde9e6525246ae68335c49c03c31f02c7419dcf74110966b7dce32", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2245, "text_sha256": "3e75988c75dde9e6525246ae68335c49c03c31f02c7419dcf74110966b7dce32"} [lutein-p23645227] Lutein/zeaxanthin for the treatment of age-related cataract: AREDS2 randomized trial report no. 4. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23645227/ DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.4412

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/23645227.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3e75988c75dde9e6525246ae68335c49c03c31f02c7419dcf74110966b7dce32", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2245, "text_sha256": "3e75988c75dde9e6525246ae68335c49c03c31f02c7419dcf74110966b7dce32"}

experimental_model

AREDS2 cataract secondary outcome and dietary subgroup analysis

exposure

L+Z 10/2 mg daily; median 4.7 years

limitations

Lowest-intake subgroup is not a clinical deficiency diagnosis; overall and subgroup results must stay separate.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

3159 participants phakic in at least one eye

plain_language

The trial did not show an overall cataract-surgery benefit.

primary_references

[lutein-p23645227] Lutein/zeaxanthin for the treatment of age-related cataract: AREDS2 randomized trial report no. 4. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23645227/ DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.4412

tissue_or_cell_type

6027 study eyes

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 814–825

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · AREDS2 cataract secondary outcome and dietary subgroup analysis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-cataract-overall-null Overall cataract-surgery HR was 0.96 (95% CI 0.84–1.10; P=0.54). Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The trial did not show an overall cataract-surgery benefit. organism: 3159 participants phakic in at least one eye tissue_or_cell_type: 6027 study eyes experimental_model: AREDS2 cataract secondary outcome and dietary subgroup analysis limitations: Lowest-intake subgroup is not a clinical deficiency diagnosis; overall and subgroup results must stay separate. exposure: L+Z 10/2 mg daily; median 4.7 years evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/23645227.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3e75988c75dde9e6525246ae68335c49c03c31f02c7419dcf74110966b7dce32", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2245, "text_sha256": "3e75988c75dde9e6525246ae68335c49c03c31f02c7419dcf74110966b7dce32"} [lutein-p23645227] Lutein/zeaxanthin for the treatment of age-related cataract: AREDS2 randomized trial report no. 4. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23645227/ DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.4412

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/26305649.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6b4498bace6ac4564fae52aef2f95e564154631bdfa1e19b02fa6878043dbe72", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2936, "text_sha256": "6b4498bace6ac4564fae52aef2f95e564154631bdfa1e19b02fa6878043dbe72"}

experimental_model

AREDS2 ancillary randomized cognitive study

exposure

L+Z 10/2 mg daily; five-year study on background nutrient formulas

limitations

Cognitive outcome, not a direct brain-lutein assay; no attribution to isolated lutein.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

3501 tested older participants at AMD risk

plain_language

The large older-adult study did not show cognitive benefit.

primary_references

[lutein-p26305649] Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Lutein/Zeaxanthin, or Other Nutrient Supplementation on Cognitive Function: The AREDS2 Randomized Clinical Trial. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26305649/ DOI: 10.1001/jama.2015.9677

tissue_or_cell_type

Telephone cognitive test battery

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 892–903

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · AREDS2 ancillary randomized cognitive study · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-cognition-areds-null L+Z produced no significant difference in yearly cognitive composite change: 0.03 (99% CI −0.14 to 0.19; P=0.66). Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The large older-adult study did not show cognitive benefit. organism: 3501 tested older participants at AMD risk tissue_or_cell_type: Telephone cognitive test battery experimental_model: AREDS2 ancillary randomized cognitive study limitations: Cognitive outcome, not a direct brain-lutein assay; no attribution to isolated lutein. exposure: L+Z 10/2 mg daily; five-year study on background nutrient formulas evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/26305649.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6b4498bace6ac4564fae52aef2f95e564154631bdfa1e19b02fa6878043dbe72", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2936, "text_sha256": "6b4498bace6ac4564fae52aef2f95e564154631bdfa1e19b02fa6878043dbe72"} [lutein-p26305649] Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Lutein/Zeaxanthin, or Other Nutrient Supplementation on Cognitive Function: The AREDS2 Randomized Clinical Trial. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26305649/ DOI: 10.1001/jama.2015.9677

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/25468896.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "01231d6577e7c30e79a74525772191092df003b42344095a53faf0279f138ac3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2007, "text_sha256": "01231d6577e7c30e79a74525772191092df003b42344095a53faf0279f138ac3"}

experimental_model

Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled visual-performance study

exposure

Lutein 10 mg + zeaxanthin 2 mg daily for one year

limitations

Combined intervention; improved task performance is not evidence of AMD prevention or treatment.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

115 young healthy adults

plain_language

Participants detected the test contrast better.

primary_references

[lutein-p25468896] A double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of lutein and zeaxanthin on photostress recovery, glare disability, and chromatic contrast. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25468896/ DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15573

tissue_or_cell_type

Serum, macular pigment and visual tasks

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 866–877

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled visual-performance study · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-contrast-improvement L+Z improved the tested chromatic-contrast threshold versus placebo. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Participants detected the test contrast better. organism: 115 young healthy adults tissue_or_cell_type: Serum, macular pigment and visual tasks experimental_model: Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled visual-performance study limitations: Combined intervention; improved task performance is not evidence of AMD prevention or treatment. exposure: Lutein 10 mg + zeaxanthin 2 mg daily for one year evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/25468896.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "01231d6577e7c30e79a74525772191092df003b42344095a53faf0279f138ac3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2007, "text_sha256": "01231d6577e7c30e79a74525772191092df003b42344095a53faf0279f138ac3"} [lutein-p25468896] A double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of lutein and zeaxanthin on photostress recovery, glare disability, and chromatic contrast. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25468896/ DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15573

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/26016861.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c275d8263df6d127f722fc47b45e9bc513c6d871653afbc878bc50a911b1df55", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2045, "text_sha256": "c275d8263df6d127f722fc47b45e9bc513c6d871653afbc878bc50a911b1df55"}

experimental_model

Randomized three-meal crossover trial

exposure

Salad plus 0, 75 or 150 g scrambled whole eggs; ten-hour sampling

limitations

Eggs supplied both fat and carotenoids; the experiment does not isolate a choline effect. Published erratum 10.3945/ajcn.115.120956 corrects an author affiliation to Department of Nutrition Science; it does not change the trial outcomes. Correction: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.120956 .

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

16 healthy young men

plain_language

The whole-food meal increased carotenoid appearance in blood.

primary_references

[lutein-p26016861] Effects of egg consumption on carotenoid absorption from co-consumed, raw vegetables. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26016861/ DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.111062

tissue_or_cell_type

Post-meal triglyceride-rich lipoproteins

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 593–604

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized three-meal crossover trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-egg-matrix The high-egg salad meal increased lutein/zeaxanthin lipoprotein AUC about four- to fivefold versus salad without egg. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The whole-food meal increased carotenoid appearance in blood. organism: 16 healthy young men tissue_or_cell_type: Post-meal triglyceride-rich lipoproteins experimental_model: Randomized three-meal crossover trial limitations: Eggs supplied both fat and carotenoids; the experiment does not isolate a choline effect. Published erratum 10.3945/ajcn.115.120956 corrects an author affiliation to Department of Nutrition Science; it does not change the trial outcomes. Correction: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.120956 . exposure: Salad plus 0, 75 or 150 g scrambled whole eggs; ten-hour sampling evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/26016861.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c275d8263df6d127f722fc47b45e9bc513c6d871653afbc878bc50a911b1df55", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2045, "text_sha256": "c275d8263df6d127f722fc47b45e9bc513c6d871653afbc878bc50a911b1df55"} [lutein-p26016861] Effects of egg consumption on carotenoid absorption from co-consumed, raw vegetables. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26016861/ DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.111062

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/25468896.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "01231d6577e7c30e79a74525772191092df003b42344095a53faf0279f138ac3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2007, "text_sha256": "01231d6577e7c30e79a74525772191092df003b42344095a53faf0279f138ac3"}

experimental_model

Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled visual-performance study

exposure

Lutein 10 mg + zeaxanthin 2 mg daily for one year

limitations

Combined intervention; improved task performance is not evidence of AMD prevention or treatment.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

115 young healthy adults

plain_language

A biomarker correlation did not guarantee a treatment effect.

primary_references

[lutein-p25468896] A double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of lutein and zeaxanthin on photostress recovery, glare disability, and chromatic contrast. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25468896/ DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15573

tissue_or_cell_type

Serum, macular pigment and visual tasks

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 879–890

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled visual-performance study · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-glare-null Glare disability did not improve significantly in the treated group despite correlation with pigment density. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A biomarker correlation did not guarantee a treatment effect. organism: 115 young healthy adults tissue_or_cell_type: Serum, macular pigment and visual tasks experimental_model: Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled visual-performance study limitations: Combined intervention; improved task performance is not evidence of AMD prevention or treatment. exposure: Lutein 10 mg + zeaxanthin 2 mg daily for one year evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/25468896.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "01231d6577e7c30e79a74525772191092df003b42344095a53faf0279f138ac3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2007, "text_sha256": "01231d6577e7c30e79a74525772191092df003b42344095a53faf0279f138ac3"} [lutein-p25468896] A double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of lutein and zeaxanthin on photostress recovery, glare disability, and chromatic contrast. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25468896/ DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15573

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/20678467.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "aaf88f567941ed16adb101981a218960bbd8ae3cfe0919868de63462e7c7be01", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 989, "text_sha256": "aaf88f567941ed16adb101981a218960bbd8ae3cfe0919868de63462e7c7be01"}

experimental_model

EPR of donor eye tissue and solution quenching assays

exposure

White-light challenge and equal-total-concentration carotenoid comparisons

limitations

Solution mixture effects do not establish an optimal oral ratio or clinical benefit; exogenous pigment addition differs from delivery in a living eye.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

Postmortem human tissue and cell-free systems

plain_language

The three pigments worked better together in this solution experiment.

primary_references

[lutein-p20678467] Studies on the singlet oxygen scavenging mechanism of human macular pigment. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20678467/ DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.07.024

tissue_or_cell_type

Macula, RPE/choroid and carotenoid solutions

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 229–240

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · EPR of donor eye tissue and solution quenching assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-mixture-quenching The equal-ratio meso-zeaxanthin, zeaxanthin and lutein mixture quenched more singlet oxygen than each individual pigment at the same total concentration. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The three pigments worked better together in this solution experiment. organism: Postmortem human tissue and cell-free systems tissue_or_cell_type: Macula, RPE/choroid and carotenoid solutions experimental_model: EPR of donor eye tissue and solution quenching assays limitations: Solution mixture effects do not establish an optimal oral ratio or clinical benefit; exogenous pigment addition differs from delivery in a living eye. exposure: White-light challenge and equal-total-concentration carotenoid comparisons evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/20678467.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "aaf88f567941ed16adb101981a218960bbd8ae3cfe0919868de63462e7c7be01", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 989, "text_sha256": "aaf88f567941ed16adb101981a218960bbd8ae3cfe0919868de63462e7c7be01"} [lutein-p20678467] Studies on the singlet oxygen scavenging mechanism of human macular pigment. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20678467/ DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.07.024

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/25468896.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "01231d6577e7c30e79a74525772191092df003b42344095a53faf0279f138ac3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2007, "text_sha256": "01231d6577e7c30e79a74525772191092df003b42344095a53faf0279f138ac3"}

experimental_model

Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled visual-performance study

exposure

Lutein 10 mg + zeaxanthin 2 mg daily for one year

limitations

Combined intervention; improved task performance is not evidence of AMD prevention or treatment.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

115 young healthy adults

plain_language

More pigment was measured in the macula.

primary_references

[lutein-p25468896] A double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of lutein and zeaxanthin on photostress recovery, glare disability, and chromatic contrast. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25468896/ DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15573

tissue_or_cell_type

Serum, macular pigment and visual tasks

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 840–851

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled visual-performance study · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-mpod-increase L+Z increased macular pigment optical density versus placebo at all measured eccentricities. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: More pigment was measured in the macula. organism: 115 young healthy adults tissue_or_cell_type: Serum, macular pigment and visual tasks experimental_model: Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled visual-performance study limitations: Combined intervention; improved task performance is not evidence of AMD prevention or treatment. exposure: Lutein 10 mg + zeaxanthin 2 mg daily for one year evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/25468896.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "01231d6577e7c30e79a74525772191092df003b42344095a53faf0279f138ac3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2007, "text_sha256": "01231d6577e7c30e79a74525772191092df003b42344095a53faf0279f138ac3"} [lutein-p25468896] A double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of lutein and zeaxanthin on photostress recovery, glare disability, and chromatic contrast. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25468896/ DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15573

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/25468896.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "01231d6577e7c30e79a74525772191092df003b42344095a53faf0279f138ac3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2007, "text_sha256": "01231d6577e7c30e79a74525772191092df003b42344095a53faf0279f138ac3"}

experimental_model

Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled visual-performance study

exposure

Lutein 10 mg + zeaxanthin 2 mg daily for one year

limitations

Combined intervention; improved task performance is not evidence of AMD prevention or treatment.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

115 young healthy adults

plain_language

Vision recovered faster after the experimental bright flash.

primary_references

[lutein-p25468896] A double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of lutein and zeaxanthin on photostress recovery, glare disability, and chromatic contrast. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25468896/ DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15573

tissue_or_cell_type

Serum, macular pigment and visual tasks

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 853–864

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled visual-performance study · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-photostress-improvement L+Z improved photostress recovery time versus placebo. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Vision recovered faster after the experimental bright flash. organism: 115 young healthy adults tissue_or_cell_type: Serum, macular pigment and visual tasks experimental_model: Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled visual-performance study limitations: Combined intervention; improved task performance is not evidence of AMD prevention or treatment. exposure: Lutein 10 mg + zeaxanthin 2 mg daily for one year evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/25468896.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "01231d6577e7c30e79a74525772191092df003b42344095a53faf0279f138ac3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2007, "text_sha256": "01231d6577e7c30e79a74525772191092df003b42344095a53faf0279f138ac3"} [lutein-p25468896] A double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the effects of lutein and zeaxanthin on photostress recovery, glare disability, and chromatic contrast. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25468896/ DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15573

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/29135938.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f60146e188d1a3093c572c3f637ebd659184f72727a75b35afd265b5ef0be71b", "start_char": 21132, "end_char": 25480, "text_sha256": "02d9398a25880c0ead3b3ef0ed91d12a98f837a8c8f89c141986dd926e1010a8"}

experimental_model

Small randomized double-masked placebo-controlled trial with biomarker-response analyses

exposure

Lutein 10 mg + zeaxanthin 2 mg daily for one year

limitations

Small unequal groups and multiple outcomes; attention/reasoning findings depended on pigment-response analysis. MPOD does not directly measure brain tissue.

nutrient_topic

Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lutein

organism

51 analyzable healthy adults aged 18–30; 37 active and 14 placebo

plain_language

A small study found a benefit on a specific memory task.

primary_references

[lutein-p29135938] Effects of a Lutein and Zeaxanthin Intervention on Cognitive Function: A Randomized, Double-Masked, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Younger Healthy Adults. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29135938/ DOI: 10.3390/nu9111246

tissue_or_cell_type

Cognitive testing and retinal pigment measurement

Lutein: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 905–916

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Small randomized double-masked placebo-controlled trial with biomarker-response analyses · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### lutein-young-memory The young-adult trial reported improved visual memory associated with supplementation. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lutein research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A small study found a benefit on a specific memory task. organism: 51 analyzable healthy adults aged 18–30; 37 active and 14 placebo tissue_or_cell_type: Cognitive testing and retinal pigment measurement experimental_model: Small randomized double-masked placebo-controlled trial with biomarker-response analyses limitations: Small unequal groups and multiple outcomes; attention/reasoning findings depended on pigment-response analysis. MPOD does not directly measure brain tissue. exposure: Lutein 10 mg + zeaxanthin 2 mg daily for one year evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lutein-research/29135938.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f60146e188d1a3093c572c3f637ebd659184f72727a75b35afd265b5ef0be71b", "start_char": 21132, "end_char": 25480, "text_sha256": "02d9398a25880c0ead3b3ef0ed91d12a98f837a8c8f89c141986dd926e1010a8"} [lutein-p29135938] Effects of a Lutein and Zeaxanthin Intervention on Cognitive Function: A Randomized, Double-Masked, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Younger Healthy Adults. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29135938/ DOI: 10.3390/nu9111246

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/29185931.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3db71b8dc1b111c999db31427237d2296afb9024060396a63b2b2bc4d9bbcd37", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1785, "text_sha256": "3db71b8dc1b111c999db31427237d2296afb9024060396a63b2b2bc4d9bbcd37"}

experimental_model

Randomized two-way crossover and simulated digestion

exposure

10 mg free-zeaxanthin equivalents in H-aggregated free or J-aggregated dipalmitate formulations

limitations

The 23% higher AUC estimate had P=0.064 and did not meet 0.05; aggregation and esterification changed together.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

16 human participants and in vitro digestion

plain_language

The estimate favored one formulation, but statistical uncertainty remained.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p29185931] Effect of aggregation form on bioavailability of zeaxanthin in humans: a randomised cross-over study. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29185931/ DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517002653

tissue_or_cell_type

TAG-rich lipoprotein response

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 821–832

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized two-way crossover and simulated digestion · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-aggregation-trend J-aggregated dipalmitate gave a 23% higher AUC estimate than H-aggregated free pigment, with P=0.064. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The estimate favored one formulation, but statistical uncertainty remained. organism: 16 human participants and in vitro digestion tissue_or_cell_type: TAG-rich lipoprotein response experimental_model: Randomized two-way crossover and simulated digestion limitations: The 23% higher AUC estimate had P=0.064 and did not meet 0.05; aggregation and esterification changed together. exposure: 10 mg free-zeaxanthin equivalents in H-aggregated free or J-aggregated dipalmitate formulations evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/29185931.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3db71b8dc1b111c999db31427237d2296afb9024060396a63b2b2bc4d9bbcd37", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1785, "text_sha256": "3db71b8dc1b111c999db31427237d2296afb9024060396a63b2b2bc4d9bbcd37"} [zeaxanthin-p29185931] Effect of aggregation form on bioavailability of zeaxanthin in humans: a randomised cross-over study. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29185931/ DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517002653

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/35740030.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6c66a3183f1b2cc985ad22d5350f53aaeaf65b2519e89ddc13e0460a035903e8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1784, "text_sha256": "6c66a3183f1b2cc985ad22d5350f53aaeaf65b2519e89ddc13e0460a035903e8"}

experimental_model

Retinaldehyde-liposome photosensitization with cells

exposure

4 micromolar zeaxanthin, 80 micromolar alpha-tocopherol; 0.5–2 mM ascorbate

limitations

Bath concentrations and irradiation are not oral doses or established human safety limits. Combination conditions and localization matter.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

Human ARPE-19 cells and unsaturated liposomes

plain_language

A higher concentration changed the interaction.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p35740030] Is There an Optimal Combination of AREDS2 Antioxidants Zeaxanthin, Vitamin E and Vitamin C on Light-Induced Toxicity of Vitamin A Aldehyde to the Retina? (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35740030/ DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061132

tissue_or_cell_type

RPE injury model

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 951–962

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Retinaldehyde-liposome photosensitization with cells · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-ascorbate-high At 2 mM, ascorbate exacerbated phototoxicity; zeaxanthin or alpha-tocopherol partly ameliorated it. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A higher concentration changed the interaction. organism: Human ARPE-19 cells and unsaturated liposomes tissue_or_cell_type: RPE injury model experimental_model: Retinaldehyde-liposome photosensitization with cells limitations: Bath concentrations and irradiation are not oral doses or established human safety limits. Combination conditions and localization matter. exposure: 4 micromolar zeaxanthin, 80 micromolar alpha-tocopherol; 0.5–2 mM ascorbate evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/35740030.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6c66a3183f1b2cc985ad22d5350f53aaeaf65b2519e89ddc13e0460a035903e8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1784, "text_sha256": "6c66a3183f1b2cc985ad22d5350f53aaeaf65b2519e89ddc13e0460a035903e8"} [zeaxanthin-p35740030] Is There an Optimal Combination of AREDS2 Antioxidants Zeaxanthin, Vitamin E and Vitamin C on Light-Induced Toxicity of Vitamin A Aldehyde to the Retina? (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35740030/ DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061132

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/35740030.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6c66a3183f1b2cc985ad22d5350f53aaeaf65b2519e89ddc13e0460a035903e8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1784, "text_sha256": "6c66a3183f1b2cc985ad22d5350f53aaeaf65b2519e89ddc13e0460a035903e8"}

experimental_model

Retinaldehyde-liposome photosensitization with cells

exposure

4 micromolar zeaxanthin, 80 micromolar alpha-tocopherol; 0.5–2 mM ascorbate

limitations

Bath concentrations and irradiation are not oral doses or established human safety limits. Combination conditions and localization matter.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

Human ARPE-19 cells and unsaturated liposomes

plain_language

Vitamin C added protection under this condition.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p35740030] Is There an Optimal Combination of AREDS2 Antioxidants Zeaxanthin, Vitamin E and Vitamin C on Light-Induced Toxicity of Vitamin A Aldehyde to the Retina? (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35740030/ DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061132

tissue_or_cell_type

RPE injury model

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 938–949

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Retinaldehyde-liposome photosensitization with cells · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-ascorbate-low Adding 0.5 mM ascorbate to the combination raised viability to approximately 69%. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Vitamin C added protection under this condition. organism: Human ARPE-19 cells and unsaturated liposomes tissue_or_cell_type: RPE injury model experimental_model: Retinaldehyde-liposome photosensitization with cells limitations: Bath concentrations and irradiation are not oral doses or established human safety limits. Combination conditions and localization matter. exposure: 4 micromolar zeaxanthin, 80 micromolar alpha-tocopherol; 0.5–2 mM ascorbate evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/35740030.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6c66a3183f1b2cc985ad22d5350f53aaeaf65b2519e89ddc13e0460a035903e8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1784, "text_sha256": "6c66a3183f1b2cc985ad22d5350f53aaeaf65b2519e89ddc13e0460a035903e8"} [zeaxanthin-p35740030] Is There an Optimal Combination of AREDS2 Antioxidants Zeaxanthin, Vitamin E and Vitamin C on Light-Induced Toxicity of Vitamin A Aldehyde to the Retina? (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35740030/ DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061132

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/22924673.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0acdf0e77d224421d61b41baeefd396ff54e53488a85dee22bfb04b0f827c177", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1415, "text_sha256": "0acdf0e77d224421d61b41baeefd396ff54e53488a85dee22bfb04b0f827c177"}

experimental_model

Rose-bengal photosensitization with antioxidant combinations

exposure

Visible-light exposures; ascorbate 0.35–1.4 mM with lipophilic antioxidants

limitations

Different photosensitizer and exposure duration from the retinaldehyde study; do not treat this as a universal contradiction or dietary safety threshold.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

Human ARPE-19 cells

plain_language

Protection had limits under a different light challenge.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p22924673] Concentration dependence of vitamin C in combinations with vitamin E and zeaxanthin on light-induced toxicity to retinal pigment epithelial cells. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22924673/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01228.x

tissue_or_cell_type

Cultured RPE model

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 964–975

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rose-bengal photosensitization with antioxidant combinations · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-ascorbate-rescue-limit The vitamin E–zeaxanthin combination did not prevent the deleterious high-ascorbate effect in the rose-bengal model. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Protection had limits under a different light challenge. organism: Human ARPE-19 cells tissue_or_cell_type: Cultured RPE model experimental_model: Rose-bengal photosensitization with antioxidant combinations limitations: Different photosensitizer and exposure duration from the retinaldehyde study; do not treat this as a universal contradiction or dietary safety threshold. exposure: Visible-light exposures; ascorbate 0.35–1.4 mM with lipophilic antioxidants evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/22924673.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0acdf0e77d224421d61b41baeefd396ff54e53488a85dee22bfb04b0f827c177", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1415, "text_sha256": "0acdf0e77d224421d61b41baeefd396ff54e53488a85dee22bfb04b0f827c177"} [zeaxanthin-p22924673] Concentration dependence of vitamin C in combinations with vitamin E and zeaxanthin on light-induced toxicity to retinal pigment epithelial cells. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22924673/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01228.x

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Cell challenge with siRNA and pathway inhibitors

exposure

Zeaxanthin commonly 10 micromolar for 24 h; 300 micromolar t-BHP challenge for 6 h; study-specific inhibitors

limitations

Pharmacological cell exposures are not dietary concentrations. PI3K/Akt inhibitor evidence is not direct zeaxanthin binding to a kinase. Liposome GSTP1 protection and this cellular GSH-dependent response are different mechanisms.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

Human ARPE-19 cell line

plain_language

Pigment supply did not overcome the blocked glutathione response.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p24810054] Zeaxanthin induces Nrf2-mediated phase II enzymes in protection of cell death. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24810054/ DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.190

tissue_or_cell_type

Retinal pigment epithelial model

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 457–468

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cell challenge with siRNA and pathway inhibitors · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-bso-failure BSO abolished zeaxanthin-associated protection of cell viability and mitochondrial membrane potential. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Pigment supply did not overcome the blocked glutathione response. organism: Human ARPE-19 cell line tissue_or_cell_type: Retinal pigment epithelial model experimental_model: Cell challenge with siRNA and pathway inhibitors limitations: Pharmacological cell exposures are not dietary concentrations. PI3K/Akt inhibitor evidence is not direct zeaxanthin binding to a kinase. Liposome GSTP1 protection and this cellular GSH-dependent response are different mechanisms. exposure: Zeaxanthin commonly 10 micromolar for 24 h; 300 micromolar t-BHP challenge for 6 h; study-specific inhibitors evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/24810054.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0f185c805dd5d825445cb40e547b794fbc595388aff6e2d29ac81c2eab8b8348", "start_char": 5813, "end_char": 15716, "text_sha256": "89e6abf1967c10b359cb62d935d5b839cf53acf42576d9db3d463bff9f474e38"} [zeaxanthin-p24810054] Zeaxanthin induces Nrf2-mediated phase II enzymes in protection of cell death. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24810054/ DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.190

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/35740030.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6c66a3183f1b2cc985ad22d5350f53aaeaf65b2519e89ddc13e0460a035903e8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1784, "text_sha256": "6c66a3183f1b2cc985ad22d5350f53aaeaf65b2519e89ddc13e0460a035903e8"}

experimental_model

Retinaldehyde-liposome photosensitization with cells

exposure

4 micromolar zeaxanthin, 80 micromolar alpha-tocopherol; 0.5–2 mM ascorbate

limitations

Bath concentrations and irradiation are not oral doses or established human safety limits. Combination conditions and localization matter.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

Human ARPE-19 cells and unsaturated liposomes

plain_language

The pair protected cells against this defined light challenge.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p35740030] Is There an Optimal Combination of AREDS2 Antioxidants Zeaxanthin, Vitamin E and Vitamin C on Light-Induced Toxicity of Vitamin A Aldehyde to the Retina? (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35740030/ DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061132

tissue_or_cell_type

RPE injury model

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 925–936

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Retinaldehyde-liposome photosensitization with cells · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-c-e-z-protection Combined zeaxanthin and alpha-tocopherol raised viability from about 26% to 63% in the tested model. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The pair protected cells against this defined light challenge. organism: Human ARPE-19 cells and unsaturated liposomes tissue_or_cell_type: RPE injury model experimental_model: Retinaldehyde-liposome photosensitization with cells limitations: Bath concentrations and irradiation are not oral doses or established human safety limits. Combination conditions and localization matter. exposure: 4 micromolar zeaxanthin, 80 micromolar alpha-tocopherol; 0.5–2 mM ascorbate evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/35740030.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6c66a3183f1b2cc985ad22d5350f53aaeaf65b2519e89ddc13e0460a035903e8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1784, "text_sha256": "6c66a3183f1b2cc985ad22d5350f53aaeaf65b2519e89ddc13e0460a035903e8"} [zeaxanthin-p35740030] Is There an Optimal Combination of AREDS2 Antioxidants Zeaxanthin, Vitamin E and Vitamin C on Light-Induced Toxicity of Vitamin A Aldehyde to the Retina? (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35740030/ DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061132

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"}

experimental_model

Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays

exposure

Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe

limitations

Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

Human Caco-2 monolayers

plain_language

A second endocytic route contributed in the assay.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389

tissue_or_cell_type

Intestinal epithelial model

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 769–780

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-caveolae-route Nystatin-sensitive uptake supported a caveolae/lipid-raft-related route for zeaxanthin micelles. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A second endocytic route contributed in the assay. organism: Human Caco-2 monolayers tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal epithelial model experimental_model: Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays limitations: Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing. exposure: Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"} [zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/28947101.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8899547af674d9bc7acc413d58c440726a1469ca705aa82bc5dafd5c89aadcc2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1330, "text_sha256": "8899547af674d9bc7acc413d58c440726a1469ca705aa82bc5dafd5c89aadcc2"}

experimental_model

SPR and transporter overexpression

exposure

SR-BI, SCARB2/LIMP-II and CD36; HDL or LDL carriers

limitations

The study used SCARB2/LIMP-II (methods reagent AF1966), not the similarly named SCARB1 splice variant SR-BII. Reagent identity: https://www.rndsystems.com/products/human-limpii-sr-b2-antibody_af1966 . Transporter overexpression is not an oral absorption trial.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

Human proteins in HEK-293T cells and donor eye tissue

plain_language

Another lipid transporter supplied an entry route.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p28947101] All three human scavenger receptor class B proteins can bind and transport all three macular xanthophyll carotenoids. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28947101/ DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.09.013

tissue_or_cell_type

Recombinant receptors and HEK-293T cells

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 613–624

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · SPR and transporter overexpression · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-cd36-uptake CD36 supported zeaxanthin uptake in the transfected-cell experiment. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Another lipid transporter supplied an entry route. organism: Human proteins in HEK-293T cells and donor eye tissue tissue_or_cell_type: Recombinant receptors and HEK-293T cells experimental_model: SPR and transporter overexpression limitations: The study used SCARB2/LIMP-II (methods reagent AF1966), not the similarly named SCARB1 splice variant SR-BII. Reagent identity: https://www.rndsystems.com/products/human-limpii-sr-b2-antibody_af1966 . Transporter overexpression is not an oral absorption trial. exposure: SR-BI, SCARB2/LIMP-II and CD36; HDL or LDL carriers evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/28947101.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8899547af674d9bc7acc413d58c440726a1469ca705aa82bc5dafd5c89aadcc2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1330, "text_sha256": "8899547af674d9bc7acc413d58c440726a1469ca705aa82bc5dafd5c89aadcc2"} [zeaxanthin-p28947101] All three human scavenger receptor class B proteins can bind and transport all three macular xanthophyll carotenoids. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28947101/ DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.09.013

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/37578906.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0b71f2d30f62ae7c00c7b92d32de4b216af85bfcffb9ff3b467cb02e2fb0ba12", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1038, "text_sha256": "0b71f2d30f62ae7c00c7b92d32de4b216af85bfcffb9ff3b467cb02e2fb0ba12"}

experimental_model

Fluorescence lifetime imaging and EPR oximetry

exposure

All-trans versus 13-cis xanthophyll configurations

limitations

Retinal regulatory implications are proposed; assay oxygen permeability is not a clinical photoprotection endpoint.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

Cell-free lipid vesicles

plain_language

Pigment configuration changed how oxygen entered the membrane.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p37578906] How Do Xanthophylls Protect Lipid Membranes from Oxidative Damage? (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37578906/ DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01374

tissue_or_cell_type

Model lipid membranes

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 353–364

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Fluorescence lifetime imaging and EPR oximetry · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-cis-oxygen-barrier The 13-cis xanthophyll configuration produced a stronger oxygen-penetration barrier than all-trans in the model membranes. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Pigment configuration changed how oxygen entered the membrane. organism: Cell-free lipid vesicles tissue_or_cell_type: Model lipid membranes experimental_model: Fluorescence lifetime imaging and EPR oximetry limitations: Retinal regulatory implications are proposed; assay oxygen permeability is not a clinical photoprotection endpoint. exposure: All-trans versus 13-cis xanthophyll configurations evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/37578906.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0b71f2d30f62ae7c00c7b92d32de4b216af85bfcffb9ff3b467cb02e2fb0ba12", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1038, "text_sha256": "0b71f2d30f62ae7c00c7b92d32de4b216af85bfcffb9ff3b467cb02e2fb0ba12"} [zeaxanthin-p37578906] How Do Xanthophylls Protect Lipid Membranes from Oxidative Damage? (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37578906/ DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01374

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"}

experimental_model

Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays

exposure

Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe

limitations

Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

Human Caco-2 monolayers

plain_language

Cells could take up the formulation through an endocytic route.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389

tissue_or_cell_type

Intestinal epithelial model

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 756–767

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-clathrin-route Dynasore-sensitive uptake supported a clathrin-related route for zeaxanthin micelles. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Cells could take up the formulation through an endocytic route. organism: Human Caco-2 monolayers tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal epithelial model experimental_model: Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays limitations: Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing. exposure: Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"} [zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"}

experimental_model

Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays

exposure

Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe

limitations

Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

Human Caco-2 monolayers

plain_language

Free and esterified pigment produced different expression responses.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389

tissue_or_cell_type

Intestinal epithelial model

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 704–715

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-ester-abcg5-null Zeaxanthin dipalmitate did not significantly increase ABCG5 expression in the comparison. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Free and esterified pigment produced different expression responses. organism: Human Caco-2 monolayers tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal epithelial model experimental_model: Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays limitations: Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing. exposure: Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"} [zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"}

experimental_model

Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays

exposure

Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe

limitations

Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

Human Caco-2 monolayers

plain_language

Some ester-linked pigment also crossed this model.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389

tissue_or_cell_type

Intestinal epithelial model

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 678–689

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-ester-mono-product Monoesters were detected in cells and basolateral medium after dipalmitate exposure. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Some ester-linked pigment also crossed this model. organism: Human Caco-2 monolayers tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal epithelial model experimental_model: Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays limitations: Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing. exposure: Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"} [zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"}

experimental_model

Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays

exposure

Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe

limitations

Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

Human Caco-2 monolayers

plain_language

The drug reduced uptake in cells; clinical importance remains unknown.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389

tissue_or_cell_type

Intestinal epithelial model

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 743–754

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-ezetimibe-uptake Ezetimibe reduced free-zeaxanthin uptake in the Caco-2 inhibitor experiment. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The drug reduced uptake in cells; clinical importance remains unknown. organism: Human Caco-2 monolayers tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal epithelial model experimental_model: Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays limitations: Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing. exposure: Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"} [zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Lipid-peroxyl radical challenge in liposomes

exposure

AAPH or AMVN challenge; dietary and meso zeaxanthin

limitations

Protein-associated antioxidant synergy is demonstrated in this assay, not a clinical supplement combination.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

Cell-free system with human GSTP1

plain_language

This binding-related effect persisted without glutathione.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p15949677] Synergistic effects of zeaxanthin and its binding protein in the prevention of lipid membrane oxidation. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15949677/ DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2005.02.002

tissue_or_cell_type

Egg-yolk phosphatidylcholine liposomes

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 288–299

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Lipid-peroxyl radical challenge in liposomes · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-gsh-independent The GSTP1–zeaxanthin protective effect did not require glutathione in this liposome experiment. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This binding-related effect persisted without glutathione. organism: Cell-free system with human GSTP1 tissue_or_cell_type: Egg-yolk phosphatidylcholine liposomes experimental_model: Lipid-peroxyl radical challenge in liposomes limitations: Protein-associated antioxidant synergy is demonstrated in this assay, not a clinical supplement combination. exposure: AAPH or AMVN challenge; dietary and meso zeaxanthin evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/15949677.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4ed175c0b5cf937df5a37c94739b40d713261c3a99e2bebc02b3b6a37ea3f194", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1404, "text_sha256": "4ed175c0b5cf937df5a37c94739b40d713261c3a99e2bebc02b3b6a37ea3f194"} [zeaxanthin-p15949677] Synergistic effects of zeaxanthin and its binding protein in the prevention of lipid membrane oxidation. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15949677/ DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2005.02.002

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Lipid-peroxyl radical challenge in liposomes

exposure

AAPH or AMVN challenge; dietary and meso zeaxanthin

limitations

Protein-associated antioxidant synergy is demonstrated in this assay, not a clinical supplement combination.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

Cell-free system with human GSTP1

plain_language

The protein helped preserve the pigments during oxidation.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p15949677] Synergistic effects of zeaxanthin and its binding protein in the prevention of lipid membrane oxidation. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15949677/ DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2005.02.002

tissue_or_cell_type

Egg-yolk phosphatidylcholine liposomes

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 275–286

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Lipid-peroxyl radical challenge in liposomes · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-gstp1-stability GSTP1 association increased resistance of zeaxanthin diastereomers to chemical degradation. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The protein helped preserve the pigments during oxidation. organism: Cell-free system with human GSTP1 tissue_or_cell_type: Egg-yolk phosphatidylcholine liposomes experimental_model: Lipid-peroxyl radical challenge in liposomes limitations: Protein-associated antioxidant synergy is demonstrated in this assay, not a clinical supplement combination. exposure: AAPH or AMVN challenge; dietary and meso zeaxanthin evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/15949677.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4ed175c0b5cf937df5a37c94739b40d713261c3a99e2bebc02b3b6a37ea3f194", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1404, "text_sha256": "4ed175c0b5cf937df5a37c94739b40d713261c3a99e2bebc02b3b6a37ea3f194"} [zeaxanthin-p15949677] Synergistic effects of zeaxanthin and its binding protein in the prevention of lipid membrane oxidation. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15949677/ DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2005.02.002

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/15949677.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4ed175c0b5cf937df5a37c94739b40d713261c3a99e2bebc02b3b6a37ea3f194", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1404, "text_sha256": "4ed175c0b5cf937df5a37c94739b40d713261c3a99e2bebc02b3b6a37ea3f194"}

experimental_model

Lipid-peroxyl radical challenge in liposomes

exposure

AAPH or AMVN challenge; dietary and meso zeaxanthin

limitations

Protein-associated antioxidant synergy is demonstrated in this assay, not a clinical supplement combination.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

Cell-free system with human GSTP1

plain_language

Binding enhanced protection of the test membrane.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p15949677] Synergistic effects of zeaxanthin and its binding protein in the prevention of lipid membrane oxidation. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15949677/ DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2005.02.002

tissue_or_cell_type

Egg-yolk phosphatidylcholine liposomes

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 262–273

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Lipid-peroxyl radical challenge in liposomes · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-gstp1-synergy GSTP1-bound dietary zeaxanthin synergistically inhibited peroxidation induced by either radical generator. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Binding enhanced protection of the test membrane. organism: Cell-free system with human GSTP1 tissue_or_cell_type: Egg-yolk phosphatidylcholine liposomes experimental_model: Lipid-peroxyl radical challenge in liposomes limitations: Protein-associated antioxidant synergy is demonstrated in this assay, not a clinical supplement combination. exposure: AAPH or AMVN challenge; dietary and meso zeaxanthin evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/15949677.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4ed175c0b5cf937df5a37c94739b40d713261c3a99e2bebc02b3b6a37ea3f194", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1404, "text_sha256": "4ed175c0b5cf937df5a37c94739b40d713261c3a99e2bebc02b3b6a37ea3f194"} [zeaxanthin-p15949677] Synergistic effects of zeaxanthin and its binding protein in the prevention of lipid membrane oxidation. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15949677/ DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2005.02.002

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/28947101.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8899547af674d9bc7acc413d58c440726a1469ca705aa82bc5dafd5c89aadcc2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1330, "text_sha256": "8899547af674d9bc7acc413d58c440726a1469ca705aa82bc5dafd5c89aadcc2"}

experimental_model

SPR and transporter overexpression

exposure

SR-BI, SCARB2/LIMP-II and CD36; HDL or LDL carriers

limitations

The study used SCARB2/LIMP-II (methods reagent AF1966), not the similarly named SCARB1 splice variant SR-BII. Reagent identity: https://www.rndsystems.com/products/human-limpii-sr-b2-antibody_af1966 . Transporter overexpression is not an oral absorption trial.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

Human proteins in HEK-293T cells and donor eye tissue

plain_language

The carrier and receptor worked together in this model.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p28947101] All three human scavenger receptor class B proteins can bind and transport all three macular xanthophyll carotenoids. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28947101/ DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.09.013

tissue_or_cell_type

Recombinant receptors and HEK-293T cells

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 626–637

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · SPR and transporter overexpression · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-hdl-delivery HDL increased zeaxanthin uptake mediated by the tested SRB proteins. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The carrier and receptor worked together in this model. organism: Human proteins in HEK-293T cells and donor eye tissue tissue_or_cell_type: Recombinant receptors and HEK-293T cells experimental_model: SPR and transporter overexpression limitations: The study used SCARB2/LIMP-II (methods reagent AF1966), not the similarly named SCARB1 splice variant SR-BII. Reagent identity: https://www.rndsystems.com/products/human-limpii-sr-b2-antibody_af1966 . Transporter overexpression is not an oral absorption trial. exposure: SR-BI, SCARB2/LIMP-II and CD36; HDL or LDL carriers evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/28947101.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8899547af674d9bc7acc413d58c440726a1469ca705aa82bc5dafd5c89aadcc2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1330, "text_sha256": "8899547af674d9bc7acc413d58c440726a1469ca705aa82bc5dafd5c89aadcc2"} [zeaxanthin-p28947101] All three human scavenger receptor class B proteins can bind and transport all three macular xanthophyll carotenoids. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28947101/ DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.09.013

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"}

experimental_model

Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays

exposure

Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe

limitations

Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

Human Caco-2 monolayers

plain_language

This inhibition test did not support a major macropinocytosis contribution.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389

tissue_or_cell_type

Intestinal epithelial model

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 782–793

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-macropinocytosis-null EIPA treatment did not significantly inhibit uptake of the tested zeaxanthin micelles. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This inhibition test did not support a major macropinocytosis contribution. organism: Human Caco-2 monolayers tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal epithelial model experimental_model: Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays limitations: Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing. exposure: Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"} [zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/15949677.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4ed175c0b5cf937df5a37c94739b40d713261c3a99e2bebc02b3b6a37ea3f194", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1404, "text_sha256": "4ed175c0b5cf937df5a37c94739b40d713261c3a99e2bebc02b3b6a37ea3f194"}

experimental_model

Lipid-peroxyl radical challenge in liposomes

exposure

AAPH or AMVN challenge; dietary and meso zeaxanthin

limitations

Protein-associated antioxidant synergy is demonstrated in this assay, not a clinical supplement combination.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

Cell-free system with human GSTP1

plain_language

The two stereoisomers were not identical in this comparison.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p15949677] Synergistic effects of zeaxanthin and its binding protein in the prevention of lipid membrane oxidation. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15949677/ DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2005.02.002

tissue_or_cell_type

Egg-yolk phosphatidylcholine liposomes

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 301–312

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Lipid-peroxyl radical challenge in liposomes · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-meso-bound-protection GSTP1-bound meso-zeaxanthin was more protective than bound dietary zeaxanthin in this assay. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The two stereoisomers were not identical in this comparison. organism: Cell-free system with human GSTP1 tissue_or_cell_type: Egg-yolk phosphatidylcholine liposomes experimental_model: Lipid-peroxyl radical challenge in liposomes limitations: Protein-associated antioxidant synergy is demonstrated in this assay, not a clinical supplement combination. exposure: AAPH or AMVN challenge; dietary and meso zeaxanthin evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/15949677.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4ed175c0b5cf937df5a37c94739b40d713261c3a99e2bebc02b3b6a37ea3f194", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1404, "text_sha256": "4ed175c0b5cf937df5a37c94739b40d713261c3a99e2bebc02b3b6a37ea3f194"} [zeaxanthin-p15949677] Synergistic effects of zeaxanthin and its binding protein in the prevention of lipid membrane oxidation. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15949677/ DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2005.02.002

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/32824736.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c5e70eca7c596aeb48b7f1cfccb9af65134926ab26737bc67e3594e4453d09f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1173, "text_sha256": "c5e70eca7c596aeb48b7f1cfccb9af65134926ab26737bc67e3594e4453d09f4"}

experimental_model

Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled formulation trial

exposure

Six months; free pigments in sunflower/omega-3 oil versus mixed diacetate micromicelles

limitations

Combined delivery and ester changes prevent attribution to esterification alone; serum response is not a retinal outcome.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

81 healthy volunteers

plain_language

How the pigments were packaged changed their blood response.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p32824736] The Impact of Formulation on Lutein, Zeaxanthin, and meso-Zeaxanthin Bioavailability: A Randomised Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32824736/ DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080767

tissue_or_cell_type

Fasting serum carotenoids

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 834–845

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled formulation trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-micromicelles The diacetate micromicelle formulation raised serum zeaxanthin more than the other active formulations. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: How the pigments were packaged changed their blood response. organism: 81 healthy volunteers tissue_or_cell_type: Fasting serum carotenoids experimental_model: Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled formulation trial limitations: Combined delivery and ester changes prevent attribution to esterification alone; serum response is not a retinal outcome. exposure: Six months; free pigments in sunflower/omega-3 oil versus mixed diacetate micromicelles evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/32824736.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c5e70eca7c596aeb48b7f1cfccb9af65134926ab26737bc67e3594e4453d09f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1173, "text_sha256": "c5e70eca7c596aeb48b7f1cfccb9af65134926ab26737bc67e3594e4453d09f4"} [zeaxanthin-p32824736] The Impact of Formulation on Lutein, Zeaxanthin, and meso-Zeaxanthin Bioavailability: A Randomised Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32824736/ DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080767

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"}

experimental_model

Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays

exposure

Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe

limitations

Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

Human Caco-2 monolayers

plain_language

The cholesterol-uptake pathway contributed in intestinal cells.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389

tissue_or_cell_type

Intestinal epithelial model

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 639–650

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-npc1l1-uptake Ezetimibe-sensitive uptake supported NPC1L1 involvement in free-zeaxanthin uptake. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The cholesterol-uptake pathway contributed in intestinal cells. organism: Human Caco-2 monolayers tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal epithelial model experimental_model: Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays limitations: Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing. exposure: Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"} [zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/24810054.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0f185c805dd5d825445cb40e547b794fbc595388aff6e2d29ac81c2eab8b8348", "start_char": 5813, "end_char": 15716, "text_sha256": "89e6abf1967c10b359cb62d935d5b839cf53acf42576d9db3d463bff9f474e38"}

experimental_model

Cell challenge with siRNA and pathway inhibitors

exposure

Zeaxanthin commonly 10 micromolar for 24 h; 300 micromolar t-BHP challenge for 6 h; study-specific inhibitors

limitations

Pharmacological cell exposures are not dietary concentrations. PI3K/Akt inhibitor evidence is not direct zeaxanthin binding to a kinase. Liposome GSTP1 protection and this cellular GSH-dependent response are different mechanisms.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

Human ARPE-19 cell line

plain_language

Adding pigment could not fully replace the missing regulatory machinery.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p24810054] Zeaxanthin induces Nrf2-mediated phase II enzymes in protection of cell death. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24810054/ DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.190

tissue_or_cell_type

Retinal pigment epithelial model

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 444–455

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cell challenge with siRNA and pathway inhibitors · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-nrf2-failure Nrf2 knockdown suppressed zeaxanthin-induced glutathione accumulation. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Adding pigment could not fully replace the missing regulatory machinery. organism: Human ARPE-19 cell line tissue_or_cell_type: Retinal pigment epithelial model experimental_model: Cell challenge with siRNA and pathway inhibitors limitations: Pharmacological cell exposures are not dietary concentrations. PI3K/Akt inhibitor evidence is not direct zeaxanthin binding to a kinase. Liposome GSTP1 protection and this cellular GSH-dependent response are different mechanisms. exposure: Zeaxanthin commonly 10 micromolar for 24 h; 300 micromolar t-BHP challenge for 6 h; study-specific inhibitors evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/24810054.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0f185c805dd5d825445cb40e547b794fbc595388aff6e2d29ac81c2eab8b8348", "start_char": 5813, "end_char": 15716, "text_sha256": "89e6abf1967c10b359cb62d935d5b839cf53acf42576d9db3d463bff9f474e38"} [zeaxanthin-p24810054] Zeaxanthin induces Nrf2-mediated phase II enzymes in protection of cell death. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24810054/ DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.190

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/24810054.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0f185c805dd5d825445cb40e547b794fbc595388aff6e2d29ac81c2eab8b8348", "start_char": 5813, "end_char": 15716, "text_sha256": "89e6abf1967c10b359cb62d935d5b839cf53acf42576d9db3d463bff9f474e38"}

experimental_model

Cell challenge with siRNA and pathway inhibitors

exposure

Zeaxanthin commonly 10 micromolar for 24 h; 300 micromolar t-BHP challenge for 6 h; study-specific inhibitors

limitations

Pharmacological cell exposures are not dietary concentrations. PI3K/Akt inhibitor evidence is not direct zeaxanthin binding to a kinase. Liposome GSTP1 protection and this cellular GSH-dependent response are different mechanisms.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

Human ARPE-19 cell line

plain_language

Activating a pathway and needing it for protection are different tests.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p24810054] Zeaxanthin induces Nrf2-mediated phase II enzymes in protection of cell death. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24810054/ DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.190

tissue_or_cell_type

Retinal pigment epithelial model

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 470–481

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cell challenge with siRNA and pathway inhibitors · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-pi3k-block LY294002 blocked zeaxanthin-associated survival protection; U0126 did not show the same effect. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Activating a pathway and needing it for protection are different tests. organism: Human ARPE-19 cell line tissue_or_cell_type: Retinal pigment epithelial model experimental_model: Cell challenge with siRNA and pathway inhibitors limitations: Pharmacological cell exposures are not dietary concentrations. PI3K/Akt inhibitor evidence is not direct zeaxanthin binding to a kinase. Liposome GSTP1 protection and this cellular GSH-dependent response are different mechanisms. exposure: Zeaxanthin commonly 10 micromolar for 24 h; 300 micromolar t-BHP challenge for 6 h; study-specific inhibitors evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/24810054.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0f185c805dd5d825445cb40e547b794fbc595388aff6e2d29ac81c2eab8b8348", "start_char": 5813, "end_char": 15716, "text_sha256": "89e6abf1967c10b359cb62d935d5b839cf53acf42576d9db3d463bff9f474e38"} [zeaxanthin-p24810054] Zeaxanthin induces Nrf2-mediated phase II enzymes in protection of cell death. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24810054/ DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.190

evidence_span

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experimental_model

SPR and transporter overexpression

exposure

SR-BI, SCARB2/LIMP-II and CD36; HDL or LDL carriers

limitations

The study used SCARB2/LIMP-II (methods reagent AF1966), not the similarly named SCARB1 splice variant SR-BII. Reagent identity: https://www.rndsystems.com/products/human-limpii-sr-b2-antibody_af1966 . Transporter overexpression is not an oral absorption trial.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

Human proteins in HEK-293T cells and donor eye tissue

plain_language

A separate scavenger receptor also transported the pigment.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p28947101] All three human scavenger receptor class B proteins can bind and transport all three macular xanthophyll carotenoids. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28947101/ DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.09.013

tissue_or_cell_type

Recombinant receptors and HEK-293T cells

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 600–611

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · SPR and transporter overexpression · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-scarb2-uptake SCARB2/LIMP-II supported zeaxanthin uptake in the same comparison. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A separate scavenger receptor also transported the pigment. organism: Human proteins in HEK-293T cells and donor eye tissue tissue_or_cell_type: Recombinant receptors and HEK-293T cells experimental_model: SPR and transporter overexpression limitations: The study used SCARB2/LIMP-II (methods reagent AF1966), not the similarly named SCARB1 splice variant SR-BII. Reagent identity: https://www.rndsystems.com/products/human-limpii-sr-b2-antibody_af1966 . Transporter overexpression is not an oral absorption trial. exposure: SR-BI, SCARB2/LIMP-II and CD36; HDL or LDL carriers evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/28947101.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8899547af674d9bc7acc413d58c440726a1469ca705aa82bc5dafd5c89aadcc2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1330, "text_sha256": "8899547af674d9bc7acc413d58c440726a1469ca705aa82bc5dafd5c89aadcc2"} [zeaxanthin-p28947101] All three human scavenger receptor class B proteins can bind and transport all three macular xanthophyll carotenoids. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28947101/ DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.09.013

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"}

experimental_model

Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays

exposure

Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe

limitations

Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

Human Caco-2 monolayers

plain_language

The shared carotenoid transporter contributed here too.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389

tissue_or_cell_type

Intestinal epithelial model

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 652–663

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-srbi-intestinal BLT-1-sensitive uptake supported SR-BI involvement in free-zeaxanthin uptake. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The shared carotenoid transporter contributed here too. organism: Human Caco-2 monolayers tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal epithelial model experimental_model: Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays limitations: Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing. exposure: Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"} [zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/28947101.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8899547af674d9bc7acc413d58c440726a1469ca705aa82bc5dafd5c89aadcc2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1330, "text_sha256": "8899547af674d9bc7acc413d58c440726a1469ca705aa82bc5dafd5c89aadcc2"}

experimental_model

SPR and transporter overexpression

exposure

SR-BI, SCARB2/LIMP-II and CD36; HDL or LDL carriers

limitations

The study used SCARB2/LIMP-II (methods reagent AF1966), not the similarly named SCARB1 splice variant SR-BII. Reagent identity: https://www.rndsystems.com/products/human-limpii-sr-b2-antibody_af1966 . Transporter overexpression is not an oral absorption trial.

nutrient_topic

Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin

organism

Human proteins in HEK-293T cells and donor eye tissue

plain_language

A shared lipid receptor can deliver zeaxanthin.

primary_references

[zeaxanthin-p28947101] All three human scavenger receptor class B proteins can bind and transport all three macular xanthophyll carotenoids. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28947101/ DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.09.013

tissue_or_cell_type

Recombinant receptors and HEK-293T cells

Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 587–598

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · SPR and transporter overexpression · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zeaxanthin-srbi-uptake SR-BI supported zeaxanthin uptake in the transfected-cell experiment. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A shared lipid receptor can deliver zeaxanthin. organism: Human proteins in HEK-293T cells and donor eye tissue tissue_or_cell_type: Recombinant receptors and HEK-293T cells experimental_model: SPR and transporter overexpression limitations: The study used SCARB2/LIMP-II (methods reagent AF1966), not the similarly named SCARB1 splice variant SR-BII. Reagent identity: https://www.rndsystems.com/products/human-limpii-sr-b2-antibody_af1966 . Transporter overexpression is not an oral absorption trial. exposure: SR-BI, SCARB2/LIMP-II and CD36; HDL or LDL carriers evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/28947101.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8899547af674d9bc7acc413d58c440726a1469ca705aa82bc5dafd5c89aadcc2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1330, "text_sha256": "8899547af674d9bc7acc413d58c440726a1469ca705aa82bc5dafd5c89aadcc2"} [zeaxanthin-p28947101] All three human scavenger receptor class B proteins can bind and transport all three macular xanthophyll carotenoids. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28947101/ DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.09.013