Component
Macropinocytosis
Macropinocytosis. Species, exposure and limitations are retained in each linked claim.
2 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.
How nutrients influence it
Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.
Other things that act on it
Enzymes, hormones, genes, and other components with a recorded effect. These are not nutrients, so they do not count toward the arrows above. Each finding names the chapter that recorded it.
How nutrients reach it in more than one step
Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.
Tracing routes…
What it does
Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.
What it acts on
EIPA treatment did not significantly inhibit uptake of the tested zeaxanthin micelles.
Experimental context and source evidence
- evidence_span
- {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"}
- experimental_model
- Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays
- exposure
- Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe
- limitations
- Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing.
- nutrient_topic
- Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin
- organism
- Human Caco-2 monolayers
- plain_language
- This inhibition test did not support a major macropinocytosis contribution.
- primary_references
- [zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389
- tissue_or_cell_type
- Intestinal epithelial model
Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 782–793
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### zeaxanthin-macropinocytosis-null EIPA treatment did not significantly inhibit uptake of the tested zeaxanthin micelles. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This inhibition test did not support a major macropinocytosis contribution. organism: Human Caco-2 monolayers tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal epithelial model experimental_model: Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays limitations: Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing. exposure: Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"} [zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389
Complete structured claim and evidence
What acts on it
EIPA inhibited uptake in the same system, implicating macropinocytosis.
Experimental context and source evidence
- duration
- Not stated here
- evidence_access
- Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
- experimental_model
- Caco-2 cell monolayer and rat
- exposure
- Nattokinase with EIPA
- limitations
- As above. Three pathways were implicated to varying degrees; the report does not apportion them.
- organism
- Caco-2 cell monolayer and rat
- plain_language
- EIPA inhibited uptake in the same system, implicating macropinocytosis.
- primary_references
- Study on the transport and internalisation mechanism of dietary supplement nattokinase in the small intestine using animal and Caco-2 cell monolayer models. (2023) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37971898/ DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2023.2284249
- route
- In vitro
- tissue
- Intestinal epithelium
Nattokinase: what the purified enzyme cleaves, what survives being eaten, and the gap between the two (2026-09-23) · lines 807–807
Original AI-assisted curation built from a supplied entity-first document of 105 entities and 129 claims. Every reference in that document was resolved against live PubMed with its abstract read and its DOI cross-checked on 2026-09-23, and the EFSA novel-food opinion was retrieved and read in full. That check corrected two PMIDs that pointed at unrelated papers, two DOIs, and two papers recorded as carrying no erratum that do carry one; it also reversed three findings the supplied document had stated backwards. Two papers carry a published correction, recorded as such and not as a retraction. Three sources are not indexed in PubMed and are cited by what they have. Laboratory lineages are recorded, so the four papers from one group, the three from another and the two readings of a single applicant dossier cannot be counted as separate lines of support. Study-specific doses, units, populations and limitations retained; activity units are never converted between systems. Not publisher full text. · supports · Caco-2 cell monolayer and rat · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
EIPA inhibited uptake in the same system, implicating macropinocytosis.
Complete structured claim and evidence
The events it takes part in
A mechanism often involves more than two components. These are the full events, with every participant and its role.
Situations it appears in
Low-supply and faulty-machinery situations recorded in the chapters where this component plays a part.
In the sources
Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.
Open hypotheses
Proposed ideas that involve this component. They are labeled as hypotheses and do not change any recorded statement.
This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.