Component

Zeaxanthin uptake in intestinal epithelial models

Zeaxanthin uptake in intestinal epithelial models. Species, exposure and limitations are retained in each linked claim.

6 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What acts on it

  1. Nystatin-sensitive uptake supported a caveolae/lipid-raft-related route for zeaxanthin micelles.

    Caveolae/lipid-raft-associated endocytosis → Zeaxanthin uptake in intestinal epithelial models source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"}
    experimental_model
    Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays
    exposure
    Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe
    limitations
    Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing.
    nutrient_topic
    Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin
    organism
    Human Caco-2 monolayers
    plain_language
    A second endocytic route contributed in the assay.
    primary_references
    [zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Intestinal epithelial model

    Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 769–780

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### zeaxanthin-caveolae-route Nystatin-sensitive uptake supported a caveolae/lipid-raft-related route for zeaxanthin micelles. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A second endocytic route contributed in the assay. organism: Human Caco-2 monolayers tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal epithelial model experimental_model: Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays limitations: Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing. exposure: Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"} [zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. Dynasore-sensitive uptake supported a clathrin-related route for zeaxanthin micelles.

    Clathrin-mediated endocytosis → Zeaxanthin uptake in intestinal epithelial models source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"}
    experimental_model
    Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays
    exposure
    Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe
    limitations
    Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing.
    nutrient_topic
    Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin
    organism
    Human Caco-2 monolayers
    plain_language
    Cells could take up the formulation through an endocytic route.
    primary_references
    [zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Intestinal epithelial model

    Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 756–767

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### zeaxanthin-clathrin-route Dynasore-sensitive uptake supported a clathrin-related route for zeaxanthin micelles. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Cells could take up the formulation through an endocytic route. organism: Human Caco-2 monolayers tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal epithelial model experimental_model: Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays limitations: Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing. exposure: Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"} [zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. Ezetimibe reduced free-zeaxanthin uptake in the Caco-2 inhibitor experiment.

    Ezetimibe → Zeaxanthin uptake in intestinal epithelial models source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"}
    experimental_model
    Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays
    exposure
    Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe
    limitations
    Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing.
    nutrient_topic
    Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin
    organism
    Human Caco-2 monolayers
    plain_language
    The drug reduced uptake in cells; clinical importance remains unknown.
    primary_references
    [zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Intestinal epithelial model

    Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 743–754

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### zeaxanthin-ezetimibe-uptake Ezetimibe reduced free-zeaxanthin uptake in the Caco-2 inhibitor experiment. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The drug reduced uptake in cells; clinical importance remains unknown. organism: Human Caco-2 monolayers tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal epithelial model experimental_model: Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays limitations: Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing. exposure: Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"} [zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  4. EIPA treatment did not significantly inhibit uptake of the tested zeaxanthin micelles.

    Macropinocytosis → Zeaxanthin uptake in intestinal epithelial models source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"}
    experimental_model
    Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays
    exposure
    Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe
    limitations
    Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing.
    nutrient_topic
    Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin
    organism
    Human Caco-2 monolayers
    plain_language
    This inhibition test did not support a major macropinocytosis contribution.
    primary_references
    [zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Intestinal epithelial model

    Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 782–793

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### zeaxanthin-macropinocytosis-null EIPA treatment did not significantly inhibit uptake of the tested zeaxanthin micelles. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This inhibition test did not support a major macropinocytosis contribution. organism: Human Caco-2 monolayers tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal epithelial model experimental_model: Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays limitations: Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing. exposure: Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"} [zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  5. Ezetimibe-sensitive uptake supported NPC1L1 involvement in free-zeaxanthin uptake.

    Human Niemann-Pick C1-like protein 1 / NPC1L1 → Zeaxanthin uptake in intestinal epithelial models source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"}
    experimental_model
    Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays
    exposure
    Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe
    limitations
    Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing.
    nutrient_topic
    Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin
    organism
    Human Caco-2 monolayers
    plain_language
    The cholesterol-uptake pathway contributed in intestinal cells.
    primary_references
    [zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Intestinal epithelial model

    Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 639–650

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### zeaxanthin-npc1l1-uptake Ezetimibe-sensitive uptake supported NPC1L1 involvement in free-zeaxanthin uptake. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The cholesterol-uptake pathway contributed in intestinal cells. organism: Human Caco-2 monolayers tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal epithelial model experimental_model: Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays limitations: Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing. exposure: Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"} [zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  6. BLT-1-sensitive uptake supported SR-BI involvement in free-zeaxanthin uptake.

    Scavenger receptor class B type 1 / SCARB1 → Zeaxanthin uptake in intestinal epithelial models source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"}
    experimental_model
    Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays
    exposure
    Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe
    limitations
    Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing.
    nutrient_topic
    Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin
    organism
    Human Caco-2 monolayers
    plain_language
    The shared carotenoid transporter contributed here too.
    primary_references
    [zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Intestinal epithelial model

    Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 652–663

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### zeaxanthin-srbi-intestinal BLT-1-sensitive uptake supported SR-BI involvement in free-zeaxanthin uptake. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The shared carotenoid transporter contributed here too. organism: Human Caco-2 monolayers tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal epithelial model experimental_model: Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays limitations: Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing. exposure: Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"} [zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

    This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

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