Component

Zeaxanthin dipalmitate

Zeaxanthin dipalmitate. Species, exposure and limitations are retained in each linked claim.

10 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What it acts on

  1. Zeaxanthin dipalmitate did not significantly increase ABCG5 expression in the comparison.

    Zeaxanthin dipalmitate → Human ABCG5 sterol transporter subunit source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"}
    experimental_model
    Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays
    exposure
    Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe
    limitations
    Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing.
    nutrient_topic
    Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin
    organism
    Human Caco-2 monolayers
    plain_language
    Free and esterified pigment produced different expression responses.
    primary_references
    [zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Intestinal epithelial model

    Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 704–715

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### zeaxanthin-ester-abcg5-null Zeaxanthin dipalmitate did not significantly increase ABCG5 expression in the comparison. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Free and esterified pigment produced different expression responses. organism: Human Caco-2 monolayers tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal epithelial model experimental_model: Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays limitations: Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing. exposure: Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"} [zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. After dipalmitate exposure, about 80.8% of cell-associated zeaxanthin species were free zeaxanthin.

    Zeaxanthin dipalmitate → Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"}
    experimental_model
    Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays
    exposure
    Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe
    limitations
    Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing.
    nutrient_topic
    Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin
    organism
    Human Caco-2 monolayers
    plain_language
    Most of the measured intracellular pigment was de-esterified.
    primary_references
    [zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Intestinal epithelial model

    Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 665–676

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### zeaxanthin-ester-free-product After dipalmitate exposure, about 80.8% of cell-associated zeaxanthin species were free zeaxanthin. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Most of the measured intracellular pigment was de-esterified. organism: Human Caco-2 monolayers tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal epithelial model experimental_model: Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays limitations: Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing. exposure: Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"} [zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. The dipalmitate preparation produced a higher plasma-response AUC than the free preparation in this crossover trial.

    Zeaxanthin dipalmitate → Human post-meal zeaxanthin response source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/15137922.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6410a0f5d52cf32390f90f59a7b17d2340a889f888836129f8a93482ca055be0", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1847, "text_sha256": "6410a0f5d52cf32390f90f59a7b17d2340a889f888836129f8a93482ca055be0"}
    experimental_model
    Randomized single-blind crossover meal trial
    exposure
    5 mg free zeaxanthin equivalents as free pigment or dipalmitate in yoghurt/breakfast; 24 h sampling
    limitations
    Meal- and formulation-specific response; no proof of disease prevention or an optimal universal formulation.
    nutrient_topic
    Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin
    organism
    12 volunteers
    plain_language
    Chemical form changed the measured response to this meal.
    primary_references
    [zeaxanthin-p15137922] Comparison of plasma responses in human subjects after the ingestion of 3R,3R'-zeaxanthin dipalmitate from wolfberry (Lycium barbarum) and non-esterified 3R,3R'-zeaxanthin using chiral high-performance liquid chromatography. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15137922/ DOI: 10.1079/bjn20041105
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Plasma response

    Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 795–806

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized single-blind crossover meal trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### zeaxanthin-ester-human-response The dipalmitate preparation produced a higher plasma-response AUC than the free preparation in this crossover trial. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Chemical form changed the measured response to this meal. organism: 12 volunteers tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma response experimental_model: Randomized single-blind crossover meal trial limitations: Meal- and formulation-specific response; no proof of disease prevention or an optimal universal formulation. exposure: 5 mg free zeaxanthin equivalents as free pigment or dipalmitate in yoghurt/breakfast; 24 h sampling evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/15137922.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6410a0f5d52cf32390f90f59a7b17d2340a889f888836129f8a93482ca055be0", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1847, "text_sha256": "6410a0f5d52cf32390f90f59a7b17d2340a889f888836129f8a93482ca055be0"} [zeaxanthin-p15137922] Comparison of plasma responses in human subjects after the ingestion of 3R,3R'-zeaxanthin dipalmitate from wolfberry (Lycium barbarum) and non-esterified 3R,3R'-zeaxanthin using chiral high-performance liquid chromatography. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15137922/ DOI: 10.1079/bjn20041105
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  4. Monoesters were detected in cells and basolateral medium after dipalmitate exposure.

    Zeaxanthin dipalmitate → Zeaxanthin palmitate monoesters source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"}
    experimental_model
    Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays
    exposure
    Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe
    limitations
    Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing.
    nutrient_topic
    Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin
    organism
    Human Caco-2 monolayers
    plain_language
    Some ester-linked pigment also crossed this model.
    primary_references
    [zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Intestinal epithelial model

    Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 678–689

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### zeaxanthin-ester-mono-product Monoesters were detected in cells and basolateral medium after dipalmitate exposure. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Some ester-linked pigment also crossed this model. organism: Human Caco-2 monolayers tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal epithelial model experimental_model: Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays limitations: Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing. exposure: Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"} [zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389
    Complete structured claim and evidence

Where it participates (unsigned role)

  1. Free zeaxanthin increased ABCG5 protein expression in Caco-2 cells.

    Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin → Human ABCG5 sterol transporter subunit source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"}
    experimental_model
    Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays
    exposure
    Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe
    limitations
    Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing.
    nutrient_topic
    Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin
    organism
    Human Caco-2 monolayers
    plain_language
    The cell increased a transporter subunit; actual zeaxanthin efflux was not established.
    primary_references
    [zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Intestinal epithelial model

    Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 691–702

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### zeaxanthin-abcg5-expression Free zeaxanthin increased ABCG5 protein expression in Caco-2 cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The cell increased a transporter subunit; actual zeaxanthin efflux was not established. organism: Human Caco-2 monolayers tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal epithelial model experimental_model: Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays limitations: Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing. exposure: Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"} [zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. J-aggregated dipalmitate gave a 23% higher AUC estimate than H-aggregated free pigment, with P=0.064.

    J-aggregated zeaxanthin dipalmitate test formulation → Human post-meal zeaxanthin response source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/29185931.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3db71b8dc1b111c999db31427237d2296afb9024060396a63b2b2bc4d9bbcd37", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1785, "text_sha256": "3db71b8dc1b111c999db31427237d2296afb9024060396a63b2b2bc4d9bbcd37"}
    experimental_model
    Randomized two-way crossover and simulated digestion
    exposure
    10 mg free-zeaxanthin equivalents in H-aggregated free or J-aggregated dipalmitate formulations
    limitations
    The 23% higher AUC estimate had P=0.064 and did not meet 0.05; aggregation and esterification changed together.
    nutrient_topic
    Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin
    organism
    16 human participants and in vitro digestion
    plain_language
    The estimate favored one formulation, but statistical uncertainty remained.
    primary_references
    [zeaxanthin-p29185931] Effect of aggregation form on bioavailability of zeaxanthin in humans: a randomised cross-over study. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29185931/ DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517002653
    tissue_or_cell_type
    TAG-rich lipoprotein response

    Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 821–832

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized two-way crossover and simulated digestion · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### zeaxanthin-aggregation-trend J-aggregated dipalmitate gave a 23% higher AUC estimate than H-aggregated free pigment, with P=0.064. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The estimate favored one formulation, but statistical uncertainty remained. organism: 16 human participants and in vitro digestion tissue_or_cell_type: TAG-rich lipoprotein response experimental_model: Randomized two-way crossover and simulated digestion limitations: The 23% higher AUC estimate had P=0.064 and did not meet 0.05; aggregation and esterification changed together. exposure: 10 mg free-zeaxanthin equivalents in H-aggregated free or J-aggregated dipalmitate formulations evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/29185931.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3db71b8dc1b111c999db31427237d2296afb9024060396a63b2b2bc4d9bbcd37", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1785, "text_sha256": "3db71b8dc1b111c999db31427237d2296afb9024060396a63b2b2bc4d9bbcd37"} [zeaxanthin-p29185931] Effect of aggregation form on bioavailability of zeaxanthin in humans: a randomised cross-over study. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29185931/ DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517002653
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. Ezetimibe-sensitive uptake also supported NPC1L1 involvement after dipalmitate exposure.

    Human Niemann-Pick C1-like protein 1 / NPC1L1 → Zeaxanthin dipalmitate-associated uptake in intestinal epithelial models source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"}
    experimental_model
    Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays
    exposure
    Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe
    limitations
    Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing.
    nutrient_topic
    Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin
    organism
    Human Caco-2 monolayers
    plain_language
    The ester formulation also used the tested pathway.
    primary_references
    [zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Intestinal epithelial model

    Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 717–728

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### zeaxanthin-npc1l1-ester Ezetimibe-sensitive uptake also supported NPC1L1 involvement after dipalmitate exposure. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The ester formulation also used the tested pathway. organism: Human Caco-2 monolayers tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal epithelial model experimental_model: Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays limitations: Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing. exposure: Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"} [zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  4. Ezetimibe-sensitive uptake supported NPC1L1 involvement in free-zeaxanthin uptake.

    Human Niemann-Pick C1-like protein 1 / NPC1L1 → Zeaxanthin uptake in intestinal epithelial models source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"}
    experimental_model
    Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays
    exposure
    Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe
    limitations
    Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing.
    nutrient_topic
    Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin
    organism
    Human Caco-2 monolayers
    plain_language
    The cholesterol-uptake pathway contributed in intestinal cells.
    primary_references
    [zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Intestinal epithelial model

    Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 639–650

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### zeaxanthin-npc1l1-uptake Ezetimibe-sensitive uptake supported NPC1L1 involvement in free-zeaxanthin uptake. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The cholesterol-uptake pathway contributed in intestinal cells. organism: Human Caco-2 monolayers tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal epithelial model experimental_model: Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays limitations: Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing. exposure: Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"} [zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  5. BLT-1-sensitive uptake supported SR-BI involvement after dipalmitate exposure.

    Scavenger receptor class B type 1 / SCARB1 → Zeaxanthin dipalmitate-associated uptake in intestinal epithelial models source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"}
    experimental_model
    Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays
    exposure
    Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe
    limitations
    Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing.
    nutrient_topic
    Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin
    organism
    Human Caco-2 monolayers
    plain_language
    Esterification did not remove this transporter contribution.
    primary_references
    [zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Intestinal epithelial model

    Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 730–741

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### zeaxanthin-srbi-ester BLT-1-sensitive uptake supported SR-BI involvement after dipalmitate exposure. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Esterification did not remove this transporter contribution. organism: Human Caco-2 monolayers tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal epithelial model experimental_model: Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays limitations: Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing. exposure: Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"} [zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  6. BLT-1-sensitive uptake supported SR-BI involvement in free-zeaxanthin uptake.

    Scavenger receptor class B type 1 / SCARB1 → Zeaxanthin uptake in intestinal epithelial models source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"}
    experimental_model
    Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays
    exposure
    Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe
    limitations
    Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing.
    nutrient_topic
    Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Dietary (3R,3-prime-R)-zeaxanthin
    organism
    Human Caco-2 monolayers
    plain_language
    The shared carotenoid transporter contributed here too.
    primary_references
    [zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Intestinal epithelial model

    Zeaxanthin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 652–663

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### zeaxanthin-srbi-intestinal BLT-1-sensitive uptake supported SR-BI involvement in free-zeaxanthin uptake. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zeaxanthin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The shared carotenoid transporter contributed here too. organism: Human Caco-2 monolayers tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal epithelial model experimental_model: Micelle uptake, transporter inhibition and protein-expression assays limitations: Inhibitors support pathway involvement rather than exclusivity. Protein-expression changes do not prove efflux; a cell model cannot establish clinical drug spacing. exposure: Free and dipalmitate xanthophyll micelles; BLT-1 and ezetimibe evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zeaxanthin-research/42123990.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1803, "text_sha256": "c0b42011e7f16c3fe60d599d489d01e4b3098db9ad04856d26aca10008e995f4"} [zeaxanthin-p42123990] Mechanisms of Cell Uptake and Transport of Xanthophylls in the Caco-2 Cell Model. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42123990/ DOI: 10.3390/nu18091389
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

    This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

    Evidence, AI assistance and curation standards