Nutrient chapter

Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations. Species, exposure and limitations are retained in each linked claim.

96 recorded mechanisms · 7 availability situations · 4 preserved sources. Draft and verified records are labeled separately.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

The mechanisms

What the sources say this nutrient does, one relationship at a time. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Authenticated C. verum bark contained only trace coumarin, whereas the tested cassia-type species contained substantial amounts.
Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations → Coumarin source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/23627682.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7d3f2b3624550aeea2fde2ed51c9700a7e00e7dacf8e72fc242733dd0eb84161", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1273, "text_sha256": "7d3f2b3624550aeea2fde2ed51c9700a7e00e7dacf8e72fc242733dd0eb84161"}
experimental_model
UPLC-UV/MS authenticated bark and retail-product analysis
exposure
Analytical sampling; no administered human dose
limitations
Botanical identity and product-specific composition matter; traces do not mean zero, and retail products need not be Ceylon.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Cinnamomum verum, cassia, loureiroi and burmannii
plain_language
Ceylon generally had much less coumarin in these samples; the species and product still need checking.
primary_references
[ceylon-p23627682] Cassia cinnamon as a source of coumarin in cinnamon-flavored food and food supplements in the United States. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23627682/ DOI: 10.1021/jf4005862
tissue_or_cell_type
Bark and commercial cinnamon foods/supplements
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 90–101
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · UPLC-UV/MS authenticated bark and retail-product analysis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-coumarin Authenticated C. verum bark contained only trace coumarin, whereas the tested cassia-type species contained substantial amounts. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Ceylon generally had much less coumarin in these samples; the species and product still need checking. organism: Cinnamomum verum, cassia, loureiroi and burmannii tissue_or_cell_type: Bark and commercial cinnamon foods/supplements experimental_model: UPLC-UV/MS authenticated bark and retail-product analysis limitations: Botanical identity and product-specific composition matter; traces do not mean zero, and retail products need not be Ceylon. exposure: Analytical sampling; no administered human dose evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/23627682.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7d3f2b3624550aeea2fde2ed51c9700a7e00e7dacf8e72fc242733dd0eb84161", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1273, "text_sha256": "7d3f2b3624550aeea2fde2ed51c9700a7e00e7dacf8e72fc242733dd0eb84161"} [ceylon-p23627682] Cassia cinnamon as a source of coumarin in cinnamon-flavored food and food supplements in the United States. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23627682/ DOI: 10.1021/jf4005862
Complete structured claim and evidence
Human liver microsomes and S9 fractions rapidly oxidized cinnamaldehyde, alone or in cinnamon oil, to cinnamic acid.
trans-Cinnamaldehyde / cinnamal → trans-Cinnamic acid source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/39845339.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1463, "text_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118"}
experimental_model
Simulated digestion and human liver microsomal/S9 metabolism
exposure
Cinnamaldehyde alone or in the characterized C. verum oil
limitations
Bioaccessibility is not systemic bioavailability; the oxidation data do not assign a unique aldehyde-dehydrogenase isoform.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human-derived preparations and acellular digestive fluids
plain_language
The liver preparations quickly converted the aldehyde into a different molecule.
primary_references
[ceylon-p39845339] Evaluation of bioaccessibility, metabolic clearance and interaction with xenobiotic receptors (PXR and AhR) of cinnamaldehyde. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39845339/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100237
tissue_or_cell_type
Gastric/intestinal simulations; liver fractions
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 272–283
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Simulated digestion and human liver microsomal/S9 metabolism · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-oxidation Human liver microsomes and S9 fractions rapidly oxidized cinnamaldehyde, alone or in cinnamon oil, to cinnamic acid. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The liver preparations quickly converted the aldehyde into a different molecule. organism: Human-derived preparations and acellular digestive fluids tissue_or_cell_type: Gastric/intestinal simulations; liver fractions experimental_model: Simulated digestion and human liver microsomal/S9 metabolism limitations: Bioaccessibility is not systemic bioavailability; the oxidation data do not assign a unique aldehyde-dehydrogenase isoform. exposure: Cinnamaldehyde alone or in the characterized C. verum oil evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/39845339.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1463, "text_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118"} [ceylon-p39845339] Evaluation of bioaccessibility, metabolic clearance and interaction with xenobiotic receptors (PXR and AhR) of cinnamaldehyde. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39845339/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100237
Complete structured claim and evidence
Cinnamaldehyde activated human TRPA1, with calcium-fluorescence EC50 approximately 11 micromolar in the expression assay.
trans-Cinnamaldehyde / cinnamal → Human TRPA1 ion channel source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/24516781.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5605569464035286614b12021fc60adbaf6c8a003a6b634d03fc5b544ce59d27", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1685, "text_sha256": "5605569464035286614b12021fc60adbaf6c8a003a6b634d03fc5b544ce59d27"}
experimental_model
Human TRPA1 expression, calcium fluorescence and patch clamp
exposure
Cinnamaldehyde concentration response; 300 micromolar challenge; triple cysteine-to-serine construct
limitations
Channel expression and high cell-assay concentrations do not establish dietary exposure or a human calcium-deficiency effect.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human TRPA1 in HEK293 cells
plain_language
Cinnamaldehyde can open a cellular sensor channel that lets a calcium signal develop.
primary_references
[ceylon-p24516781] Ligand determinants of fatty acid activation of the pronociceptive ion channel TRPA1. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24516781/ DOI: 10.7717/peerj.248
tissue_or_cell_type
Engineered cultured cells
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 337–348
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human TRPA1 expression, calcium fluorescence and patch clamp · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-human-trpa1 Cinnamaldehyde activated human TRPA1, with calcium-fluorescence EC50 approximately 11 micromolar in the expression assay. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Cinnamaldehyde can open a cellular sensor channel that lets a calcium signal develop. organism: Human TRPA1 in HEK293 cells tissue_or_cell_type: Engineered cultured cells experimental_model: Human TRPA1 expression, calcium fluorescence and patch clamp limitations: Channel expression and high cell-assay concentrations do not establish dietary exposure or a human calcium-deficiency effect. exposure: Cinnamaldehyde concentration response; 300 micromolar challenge; triple cysteine-to-serine construct evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/24516781.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5605569464035286614b12021fc60adbaf6c8a003a6b634d03fc5b544ce59d27", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1685, "text_sha256": "5605569464035286614b12021fc60adbaf6c8a003a6b634d03fc5b544ce59d27"} [ceylon-p24516781] Ligand determinants of fatty acid activation of the pronociceptive ion channel TRPA1. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24516781/ DOI: 10.7717/peerj.248
Complete structured claim and evidence
Cinnamaldehyde increased calcium influx into isolated rat pancreatic islets.
trans-Cinnamaldehyde / cinnamal → Rat pancreatic-islet calcium influx source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/37631083.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6e5158a53c14ee90391ae2756078dd5511e2caeaa1c078940b3e2f8c34775226", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1437, "text_sha256": "6e5158a53c14ee90391ae2756078dd5511e2caeaa1c078940b3e2f8c34775226"}
experimental_model
Rat glucose challenges and isolated intestinal/islet experiments
exposure
Cinnamaldehyde 5–20 mg/kg intraperitoneal in vivo; islet calcium experiment 100 micromolar for 10 minutes
limitations
Injection is not spice ingestion. Antagonists and calcium chelation probe machinery, not dietary mineral inadequacy.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Rat
plain_language
Calcium movement connected the chemical stimulus to the insulin-secreting machinery.
primary_references
[ceylon-p37631083] Electrophilic Agonists Modulate the Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin-1 Channels Mediated by Insulin and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Secretion for Glucose Homeostasis. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37631083/ DOI: 10.3390/ph16081167
tissue_or_cell_type
Intestine and pancreatic islets
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 415–426
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rat glucose challenges and isolated intestinal/islet experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-islet-calcium Cinnamaldehyde increased calcium influx into isolated rat pancreatic islets. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Calcium movement connected the chemical stimulus to the insulin-secreting machinery. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Intestine and pancreatic islets experimental_model: Rat glucose challenges and isolated intestinal/islet experiments limitations: Injection is not spice ingestion. Antagonists and calcium chelation probe machinery, not dietary mineral inadequacy. exposure: Cinnamaldehyde 5–20 mg/kg intraperitoneal in vivo; islet calcium experiment 100 micromolar for 10 minutes evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/37631083.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6e5158a53c14ee90391ae2756078dd5511e2caeaa1c078940b3e2f8c34775226", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1437, "text_sha256": "6e5158a53c14ee90391ae2756078dd5511e2caeaa1c078940b3e2f8c34775226"} [ceylon-p37631083] Electrophilic Agonists Modulate the Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin-1 Channels Mediated by Insulin and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Secretion for Glucose Homeostasis. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37631083/ DOI: 10.3390/ph16081167
Complete structured claim and evidence
Cinnamaldehyde increased cellular glutathione in the HCT116 NRF2-response study.
trans-Cinnamaldehyde / cinnamal → HCT116 cellular glutathione content source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/25712056.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8ad37b0dca440e7fa609a46cf02377c2979d2be8e09291a370efb963ff3c9cfd", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1920, "text_sha256": "8ad37b0dca440e7fa609a46cf02377c2979d2be8e09291a370efb963ff3c9cfd"}
experimental_model
HCT116 mechanism and AOM/DSS knockout-mouse experiment
exposure
Purified cinnamaldehyde cell exposure and dietary supplementation in mice
limitations
No human cancer-prevention outcome; the abstract identifies C151 dependence but does not resolve the transfected KEAP1 construct species.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human HCT116 cells; KEAP1 construct species unresolved
plain_language
These cells accumulated more glutathione; that does not measure whole-body glutathione supply.
primary_references
[ceylon-p25712056] Nrf2-dependent suppression of azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium-induced colon carcinogenesis by the cinnamon-derived dietary factor cinnamaldehyde. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25712056/ DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0359
tissue_or_cell_type
Colon epithelial cancer cells and experimental inflammatory colon tumors
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 623–634
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · HCT116 mechanism and AOM/DSS knockout-mouse experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-nrf2-gsh Cinnamaldehyde increased cellular glutathione in the HCT116 NRF2-response study. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: These cells accumulated more glutathione; that does not measure whole-body glutathione supply. organism: Human HCT116 cells; KEAP1 construct species unresolved tissue_or_cell_type: Colon epithelial cancer cells and experimental inflammatory colon tumors experimental_model: HCT116 mechanism and AOM/DSS knockout-mouse experiment limitations: No human cancer-prevention outcome; the abstract identifies C151 dependence but does not resolve the transfected KEAP1 construct species. exposure: Purified cinnamaldehyde cell exposure and dietary supplementation in mice evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/25712056.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8ad37b0dca440e7fa609a46cf02377c2979d2be8e09291a370efb963ff3c9cfd", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1920, "text_sha256": "8ad37b0dca440e7fa609a46cf02377c2979d2be8e09291a370efb963ff3c9cfd"} [ceylon-p25712056] Nrf2-dependent suppression of azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium-induced colon carcinogenesis by the cinnamon-derived dietary factor cinnamaldehyde. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25712056/ DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0359
Complete structured claim and evidence
Cinnamaldehyde inhibited recombinant human CYP2A6, with reported IC50 6.1 micromolar; inhibition increased with time and required NADPH.
trans-Cinnamaldehyde / cinnamal → Human cytochrome P450 2A6 / CYP2A6 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/26851241.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c2fb6b18a3ba708f060d53011ea0e198f98fe980930297e714c488a41413b5a2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1591, "text_sha256": "c2fb6b18a3ba708f060d53011ea0e198f98fe980930297e714c488a41413b5a2"}
experimental_model
Recombinant human CYP assays and mechanistic static modeling
exposure
Cinnamaldehyde, NADPH and glutathione; modeled inhibitor concentrations 0.1 and 1 micromolar
limitations
Enzyme inhibition and model predictions are not measured clinical drug interactions. NADPH omission is not dietary niacin deficiency.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human enzyme preparations; computational model
plain_language
The chemical interfered with a drug-metabolizing enzyme when its catalytic system was operating.
primary_references
[ceylon-p26851241] Inactivation of CYP2A6 by the Dietary Phenylpropanoid trans-Cinnamic Aldehyde (Cinnamaldehyde) and Estimation of Interactions with Nicotine and Letrozole. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26851241/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.067942
tissue_or_cell_type
CYP2A6 reaction system
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 727–738
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Recombinant human CYP assays and mechanistic static modeling · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-cyp2a6 Cinnamaldehyde inhibited recombinant human CYP2A6, with reported IC50 6.1 micromolar; inhibition increased with time and required NADPH. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The chemical interfered with a drug-metabolizing enzyme when its catalytic system was operating. organism: Human enzyme preparations; computational model tissue_or_cell_type: CYP2A6 reaction system experimental_model: Recombinant human CYP assays and mechanistic static modeling limitations: Enzyme inhibition and model predictions are not measured clinical drug interactions. NADPH omission is not dietary niacin deficiency. exposure: Cinnamaldehyde, NADPH and glutathione; modeled inhibitor concentrations 0.1 and 1 micromolar evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/26851241.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c2fb6b18a3ba708f060d53011ea0e198f98fe980930297e714c488a41413b5a2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1591, "text_sha256": "c2fb6b18a3ba708f060d53011ea0e198f98fe980930297e714c488a41413b5a2"} [ceylon-p26851241] Inactivation of CYP2A6 by the Dietary Phenylpropanoid trans-Cinnamic Aldehyde (Cinnamaldehyde) and Estimation of Interactions with Nicotine and Letrozole. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26851241/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.067942
Complete structured claim and evidence
The clinical trial found no significant nicotine AUC change with the characterized C. verum regimen; the geometric mean exposure ratio was 0.98.
Well-characterized C. verum product in the 2026 interaction trial → Measured human nicotine plasma exposure AUC source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/41622703.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0d12141499aba319f8c7513f708889a4dc40fae628e26600f780be2323fe0db3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1643, "text_sha256": "0d12141499aba319f8c7513f708889a4dc40fae628e26600f780be2323fe0db3"}
experimental_model
Within-person clinical pharmacokinetic comparison
exposure
Characterized C. verum 2 g three times daily for five days, with day-six drug coadministration and two further cinnamon doses; nicotine gum 2 mg or letrozole 2.5 mg
limitations
Product- and regimen-specific short-term result, not proof of no interaction with all drugs, oils or extracts. CYP2A6 model predictions did not translate into large AUC changes here.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human
plain_language
The large interaction predicted from enzyme models was not seen for nicotine in this human study.
primary_references
[ceylon-p41622703] Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of a Cinnamon Product on CYP2A6 Substrate Drugs: Application of a Novel Tool Involving the Nicotine Metabolite Ratio. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41622703/ DOI: 10.1002/cpt.70218
tissue_or_cell_type
16 healthy non-nicotine-using adults; plasma drug profiles
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1195–1206
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Within-person clinical pharmacokinetic comparison · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-nicotine-clinical The clinical trial found no significant nicotine AUC change with the characterized C. verum regimen; the geometric mean exposure ratio was 0.98. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The large interaction predicted from enzyme models was not seen for nicotine in this human study. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: 16 healthy non-nicotine-using adults; plasma drug profiles experimental_model: Within-person clinical pharmacokinetic comparison limitations: Product- and regimen-specific short-term result, not proof of no interaction with all drugs, oils or extracts. CYP2A6 model predictions did not translate into large AUC changes here. exposure: Characterized C. verum 2 g three times daily for five days, with day-six drug coadministration and two further cinnamon doses; nicotine gum 2 mg or letrozole 2.5 mg evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/41622703.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0d12141499aba319f8c7513f708889a4dc40fae628e26600f780be2323fe0db3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1643, "text_sha256": "0d12141499aba319f8c7513f708889a4dc40fae628e26600f780be2323fe0db3"} [ceylon-p41622703] Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of a Cinnamon Product on CYP2A6 Substrate Drugs: Application of a Novel Tool Involving the Nicotine Metabolite Ratio. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41622703/ DOI: 10.1002/cpt.70218
Complete structured claim and evidence
The clinical trial found no significant letrozole AUC change with the characterized C. verum regimen; the geometric mean exposure ratio was 1.11.
Well-characterized C. verum product in the 2026 interaction trial → Measured human letrozole plasma exposure AUC source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/41622703.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0d12141499aba319f8c7513f708889a4dc40fae628e26600f780be2323fe0db3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1643, "text_sha256": "0d12141499aba319f8c7513f708889a4dc40fae628e26600f780be2323fe0db3"}
experimental_model
Within-person clinical pharmacokinetic comparison
exposure
Characterized C. verum 2 g three times daily for five days, with day-six drug coadministration and two further cinnamon doses; nicotine gum 2 mg or letrozole 2.5 mg
limitations
Product- and regimen-specific short-term result, not proof of no interaction with all drugs, oils or extracts. CYP2A6 model predictions did not translate into large AUC changes here.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human
plain_language
The large interaction predicted from enzyme models was not seen for letrozole in this human study.
primary_references
[ceylon-p41622703] Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of a Cinnamon Product on CYP2A6 Substrate Drugs: Application of a Novel Tool Involving the Nicotine Metabolite Ratio. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41622703/ DOI: 10.1002/cpt.70218
tissue_or_cell_type
16 healthy non-nicotine-using adults; plasma drug profiles
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1208–1219
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Within-person clinical pharmacokinetic comparison · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-letrozole-clinical The clinical trial found no significant letrozole AUC change with the characterized C. verum regimen; the geometric mean exposure ratio was 1.11. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The large interaction predicted from enzyme models was not seen for letrozole in this human study. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: 16 healthy non-nicotine-using adults; plasma drug profiles experimental_model: Within-person clinical pharmacokinetic comparison limitations: Product- and regimen-specific short-term result, not proof of no interaction with all drugs, oils or extracts. CYP2A6 model predictions did not translate into large AUC changes here. exposure: Characterized C. verum 2 g three times daily for five days, with day-six drug coadministration and two further cinnamon doses; nicotine gum 2 mg or letrozole 2.5 mg evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/41622703.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0d12141499aba319f8c7513f708889a4dc40fae628e26600f780be2323fe0db3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1643, "text_sha256": "0d12141499aba319f8c7513f708889a4dc40fae628e26600f780be2323fe0db3"} [ceylon-p41622703] Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of a Cinnamon Product on CYP2A6 Substrate Drugs: Application of a Novel Tool Involving the Nicotine Metabolite Ratio. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41622703/ DOI: 10.1002/cpt.70218
Complete structured claim and evidence
The trial did not find significant LDL lowering: baseline-adjusted between-group difference reported as 6.05 mg/dL, 95% CI −2.43 to 14.52, p=0.161.
C. zeylanicum standardized extract in the 2025 LDL trial → LDL cholesterol concentration source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/39854533.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5a891f5ed9907674aa119b8c697d009c06017b11d7e21e7959013853e3fd3443", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2414, "text_sha256": "5a891f5ed9907674aa119b8c697d009c06017b11d7e21e7959013853e3fd3443"}
experimental_model
Double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial, complete-case analysis
exposure
150 randomized, 127 assessed at 12 weeks; standardized extract 1000 mg/day
limitations
LDL was primary and nonsignificant; fasting glucose was secondary. Missing follow-up, baseline metabolic status and preparation constrain generalization.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human
plain_language
The main cholesterol endpoint did not show a reliable treatment benefit.
primary_references
[ceylon-p39854533] Effects of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Ceylon cinnamon) extract on lipid profile, glucose levels and its safety in adults: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39854533/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0317904
tissue_or_cell_type
Adults with LDL-C 100–190 mg/dL
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1143–1154
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial, complete-case analysis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-trial-ldl-null The trial did not find significant LDL lowering: baseline-adjusted between-group difference reported as 6.05 mg/dL, 95% CI −2.43 to 14.52, p=0.161. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The main cholesterol endpoint did not show a reliable treatment benefit. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Adults with LDL-C 100–190 mg/dL experimental_model: Double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial, complete-case analysis limitations: LDL was primary and nonsignificant; fasting glucose was secondary. Missing follow-up, baseline metabolic status and preparation constrain generalization. exposure: 150 randomized, 127 assessed at 12 weeks; standardized extract 1000 mg/day evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/39854533.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5a891f5ed9907674aa119b8c697d009c06017b11d7e21e7959013853e3fd3443", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2414, "text_sha256": "5a891f5ed9907674aa119b8c697d009c06017b11d7e21e7959013853e3fd3443"} [ceylon-p39854533] Effects of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Ceylon cinnamon) extract on lipid profile, glucose levels and its safety in adults: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39854533/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0317904
Complete structured claim and evidence
Fasting glucose reduction favored extract by an adjusted 8.59 mg/dL, 95% CI 0.59–16.59, p=0.036, on the secondary endpoint.
C. zeylanicum standardized extract in the 2025 LDL trial → Serum glucose concentration source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/39854533.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5a891f5ed9907674aa119b8c697d009c06017b11d7e21e7959013853e3fd3443", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2414, "text_sha256": "5a891f5ed9907674aa119b8c697d009c06017b11d7e21e7959013853e3fd3443"}
experimental_model
Double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial, complete-case analysis
exposure
150 randomized, 127 assessed at 12 weeks; standardized extract 1000 mg/day
limitations
LDL was primary and nonsignificant; fasting glucose was secondary. Missing follow-up, baseline metabolic status and preparation constrain generalization.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human
plain_language
The trial found a modest fasting-glucose signal, even though its main cholesterol result was negative.
primary_references
[ceylon-p39854533] Effects of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Ceylon cinnamon) extract on lipid profile, glucose levels and its safety in adults: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39854533/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0317904
tissue_or_cell_type
Adults with LDL-C 100–190 mg/dL
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1156–1167
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial, complete-case analysis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-trial-glucose Fasting glucose reduction favored extract by an adjusted 8.59 mg/dL, 95% CI 0.59–16.59, p=0.036, on the secondary endpoint. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The trial found a modest fasting-glucose signal, even though its main cholesterol result was negative. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Adults with LDL-C 100–190 mg/dL experimental_model: Double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial, complete-case analysis limitations: LDL was primary and nonsignificant; fasting glucose was secondary. Missing follow-up, baseline metabolic status and preparation constrain generalization. exposure: 150 randomized, 127 assessed at 12 weeks; standardized extract 1000 mg/day evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/39854533.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5a891f5ed9907674aa119b8c697d009c06017b11d7e21e7959013853e3fd3443", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2414, "text_sha256": "5a891f5ed9907674aa119b8c697d009c06017b11d7e21e7959013853e3fd3443"} [ceylon-p39854533] Effects of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Ceylon cinnamon) extract on lipid profile, glucose levels and its safety in adults: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39854533/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0317904
Complete structured claim and evidence
The 3-g Ceylon cinnamon high-fat-meal experiment found no effect on postprandial glucose.
C. zeylanicum spice, 3 g with a high-fat meal in 2011 → Human postprandial glucose response source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/21899741.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d49880de3ff914aa03404f38b7590f5905e069135a693cd0bc2aca626c0a9493", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1845, "text_sha256": "d49880de3ff914aa03404f38b7590f5905e069135a693cd0bc2aca626c0a9493"}
experimental_model
Single-blind randomized crossover meal experiment
exposure
3 g C. zeylanicum with a high-fat meal; 360-minute observation
limitations
Small acute meal experiment; a null result here is not inconsistent with every longer extract trial. Abstract has an inconsistent parenthetical p-value, so no numeric p-value is asserted here.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human
plain_language
Adding this amount of spice to the test meal did not produce the expected change in postprandial glucose.
primary_references
[ceylon-p21899741] Effect of cinnamon on gastric emptying, arterial stiffness, postprandial lipemia, glycemia, and appetite responses to high-fat breakfast. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21899741/ DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-10-78
tissue_or_cell_type
Nine healthy young adults
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1234–1245
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Single-blind randomized crossover meal experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-meal-glucose The 3-g Ceylon cinnamon high-fat-meal experiment found no effect on postprandial glucose. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Adding this amount of spice to the test meal did not produce the expected change in postprandial glucose. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Nine healthy young adults experimental_model: Single-blind randomized crossover meal experiment limitations: Small acute meal experiment; a null result here is not inconsistent with every longer extract trial. Abstract has an inconsistent parenthetical p-value, so no numeric p-value is asserted here. exposure: 3 g C. zeylanicum with a high-fat meal; 360-minute observation evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/21899741.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d49880de3ff914aa03404f38b7590f5905e069135a693cd0bc2aca626c0a9493", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1845, "text_sha256": "d49880de3ff914aa03404f38b7590f5905e069135a693cd0bc2aca626c0a9493"} [ceylon-p21899741] Effect of cinnamon on gastric emptying, arterial stiffness, postprandial lipemia, glycemia, and appetite responses to high-fat breakfast. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21899741/ DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-10-78
Complete structured claim and evidence
Comparative fingerprinting distinguished C. verum cinnamate-rich profiles from the cassia profiles enriched in procyanidins, dihydrocoumaroyl glycosides and coumarin.
Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations → Species-resolved cinnamon metabolite fingerprint source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/35566284.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9189fb0ee709c529ffc944af07be62e07dbe56a6f9e3508924ee60867fb05707", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1131, "text_sha256": "9189fb0ee709c529ffc944af07be62e07dbe56a6f9e3508924ee60867fb05707"}
experimental_model
Comparative metabolomic fingerprinting
exposure
Analytical characterization of four species
limitations
Chemical patterns cannot establish clinical benefit or a fixed composition for every product.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
C. verum, C. cassia, C. iners and C. tamala
plain_language
Ceylon and cassia are different chemical mixtures, so their results should not be silently combined.
primary_references
[ceylon-p35566284] Comparative Metabolite Fingerprinting of Four Different Cinnamon Species Analyzed via UPLC-MS and GC-MS and Chemometric Tools. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35566284/ DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092935
tissue_or_cell_type
Bark metabolite profiles
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 103–114
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Comparative metabolomic fingerprinting · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-fingerprint Comparative fingerprinting distinguished C. verum cinnamate-rich profiles from the cassia profiles enriched in procyanidins, dihydrocoumaroyl glycosides and coumarin. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Ceylon and cassia are different chemical mixtures, so their results should not be silently combined. organism: C. verum, C. cassia, C. iners and C. tamala tissue_or_cell_type: Bark metabolite profiles experimental_model: Comparative metabolomic fingerprinting limitations: Chemical patterns cannot establish clinical benefit or a fixed composition for every product. exposure: Analytical characterization of four species evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/35566284.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9189fb0ee709c529ffc944af07be62e07dbe56a6f9e3508924ee60867fb05707", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1131, "text_sha256": "9189fb0ee709c529ffc944af07be62e07dbe56a6f9e3508924ee60867fb05707"} [ceylon-p35566284] Comparative Metabolite Fingerprinting of Four Different Cinnamon Species Analyzed via UPLC-MS and GC-MS and Chemometric Tools. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35566284/ DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092935
Complete structured claim and evidence
The studied Ceylon leaf oil contained 72.98% (E)-cinnamaldehyde by its reported volatile profile.
Ceylon leaf oil sample characterized in the 2023 enzyme study → trans-Cinnamaldehyde / cinnamal source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/36676085.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c71e19c572310e80b103949f460ac437e9a564daae423e1de3f17964f2c92291", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1755, "text_sha256": "c71e19c572310e80b103949f460ac437e9a564daae423e1de3f17964f2c92291"}
experimental_model
Composition, chemical redox and cell-free enzyme assays
exposure
One leaf oil sample; concentration-response assays in micrograms/mL
limitations
This leaf sample is not representative of all leaf oils. Chemical reduction is not mineral absorption; enzyme inhibition is not disease treatment.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
C. zeylanicum leaf sample; human CA II and other assay preparations
plain_language
This particular leaf oil was cinnamaldehyde-rich; other oils can have different compositions.
primary_references
[ceylon-p36676085] Comprehensive Metabolite Profiling of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Leaf Oil Using LC-HR/MS, GC/MS, and GC-FID: Determination of Antiglaucoma, Antioxidant, Anticholinergic, and Antidiabetic Profiles. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36676085/ DOI: 10.3390/life13010136
tissue_or_cell_type
Leaf essential oil and purified-enzyme assays
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 116–127
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Composition, chemical redox and cell-free enzyme assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-leaf-ca-content The studied Ceylon leaf oil contained 72.98% (E)-cinnamaldehyde by its reported volatile profile. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This particular leaf oil was cinnamaldehyde-rich; other oils can have different compositions. organism: C. zeylanicum leaf sample; human CA II and other assay preparations tissue_or_cell_type: Leaf essential oil and purified-enzyme assays experimental_model: Composition, chemical redox and cell-free enzyme assays limitations: This leaf sample is not representative of all leaf oils. Chemical reduction is not mineral absorption; enzyme inhibition is not disease treatment. exposure: One leaf oil sample; concentration-response assays in micrograms/mL evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/36676085.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c71e19c572310e80b103949f460ac437e9a564daae423e1de3f17964f2c92291", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1755, "text_sha256": "c71e19c572310e80b103949f460ac437e9a564daae423e1de3f17964f2c92291"} [ceylon-p36676085] Comprehensive Metabolite Profiling of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Leaf Oil Using LC-HR/MS, GC/MS, and GC-FID: Determination of Antiglaucoma, Antioxidant, Anticholinergic, and Antidiabetic Profiles. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36676085/ DOI: 10.3390/life13010136
Complete structured claim and evidence
The leaf oil inhibited human carbonic anhydrase II in vitro, with reported IC50 243.24 micrograms/mL.
Ceylon leaf oil sample characterized in the 2023 enzyme study → Human carbonic anhydrase II / CA2 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/36676085.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c71e19c572310e80b103949f460ac437e9a564daae423e1de3f17964f2c92291", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1755, "text_sha256": "c71e19c572310e80b103949f460ac437e9a564daae423e1de3f17964f2c92291"}
experimental_model
Composition, chemical redox and cell-free enzyme assays
exposure
One leaf oil sample; concentration-response assays in micrograms/mL
limitations
This leaf sample is not representative of all leaf oils. Chemical reduction is not mineral absorption; enzyme inhibition is not disease treatment.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
C. zeylanicum leaf sample; human CA II and other assay preparations
plain_language
The oil slowed a human enzyme in a test tube; clinical effects were not tested.
primary_references
[ceylon-p36676085] Comprehensive Metabolite Profiling of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Leaf Oil Using LC-HR/MS, GC/MS, and GC-FID: Determination of Antiglaucoma, Antioxidant, Anticholinergic, and Antidiabetic Profiles. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36676085/ DOI: 10.3390/life13010136
tissue_or_cell_type
Leaf essential oil and purified-enzyme assays
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 129–140
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Composition, chemical redox and cell-free enzyme assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-leaf-ca2 The leaf oil inhibited human carbonic anhydrase II in vitro, with reported IC50 243.24 micrograms/mL. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The oil slowed a human enzyme in a test tube; clinical effects were not tested. organism: C. zeylanicum leaf sample; human CA II and other assay preparations tissue_or_cell_type: Leaf essential oil and purified-enzyme assays experimental_model: Composition, chemical redox and cell-free enzyme assays limitations: This leaf sample is not representative of all leaf oils. Chemical reduction is not mineral absorption; enzyme inhibition is not disease treatment. exposure: One leaf oil sample; concentration-response assays in micrograms/mL evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/36676085.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c71e19c572310e80b103949f460ac437e9a564daae423e1de3f17964f2c92291", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1755, "text_sha256": "c71e19c572310e80b103949f460ac437e9a564daae423e1de3f17964f2c92291"} [ceylon-p36676085] Comprehensive Metabolite Profiling of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Leaf Oil Using LC-HR/MS, GC/MS, and GC-FID: Determination of Antiglaucoma, Antioxidant, Anticholinergic, and Antidiabetic Profiles. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36676085/ DOI: 10.3390/life13010136
Complete structured claim and evidence
The leaf oil inhibited the assay acetylcholinesterase preparation, with reported IC50 16.03 micrograms/mL.
Ceylon leaf oil sample characterized in the 2023 enzyme study → Acetylcholinesterase assay preparation in the 2023 leaf-oil study; species unresolved here source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/36676085.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c71e19c572310e80b103949f460ac437e9a564daae423e1de3f17964f2c92291", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1755, "text_sha256": "c71e19c572310e80b103949f460ac437e9a564daae423e1de3f17964f2c92291"}
experimental_model
Composition, chemical redox and cell-free enzyme assays
exposure
One leaf oil sample; concentration-response assays in micrograms/mL
limitations
This leaf sample is not representative of all leaf oils. Chemical reduction is not mineral absorption; enzyme inhibition is not disease treatment.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
C. zeylanicum leaf sample; human CA II and other assay preparations
plain_language
An enzyme assay found inhibition; this does not establish improved memory.
primary_references
[ceylon-p36676085] Comprehensive Metabolite Profiling of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Leaf Oil Using LC-HR/MS, GC/MS, and GC-FID: Determination of Antiglaucoma, Antioxidant, Anticholinergic, and Antidiabetic Profiles. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36676085/ DOI: 10.3390/life13010136
tissue_or_cell_type
Leaf essential oil and purified-enzyme assays
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 142–153
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Composition, chemical redox and cell-free enzyme assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-leaf-ache The leaf oil inhibited the assay acetylcholinesterase preparation, with reported IC50 16.03 micrograms/mL. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: An enzyme assay found inhibition; this does not establish improved memory. organism: C. zeylanicum leaf sample; human CA II and other assay preparations tissue_or_cell_type: Leaf essential oil and purified-enzyme assays experimental_model: Composition, chemical redox and cell-free enzyme assays limitations: This leaf sample is not representative of all leaf oils. Chemical reduction is not mineral absorption; enzyme inhibition is not disease treatment. exposure: One leaf oil sample; concentration-response assays in micrograms/mL evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/36676085.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c71e19c572310e80b103949f460ac437e9a564daae423e1de3f17964f2c92291", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1755, "text_sha256": "c71e19c572310e80b103949f460ac437e9a564daae423e1de3f17964f2c92291"} [ceylon-p36676085] Comprehensive Metabolite Profiling of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Leaf Oil Using LC-HR/MS, GC/MS, and GC-FID: Determination of Antiglaucoma, Antioxidant, Anticholinergic, and Antidiabetic Profiles. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36676085/ DOI: 10.3390/life13010136
Complete structured claim and evidence
The leaf oil inhibited the assay alpha-amylase preparation, with reported IC50 7.54 micrograms/mL.
Ceylon leaf oil sample characterized in the 2023 enzyme study → Alpha-amylase assay preparation in the 2023 leaf-oil study; species unresolved here source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/36676085.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c71e19c572310e80b103949f460ac437e9a564daae423e1de3f17964f2c92291", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1755, "text_sha256": "c71e19c572310e80b103949f460ac437e9a564daae423e1de3f17964f2c92291"}
experimental_model
Composition, chemical redox and cell-free enzyme assays
exposure
One leaf oil sample; concentration-response assays in micrograms/mL
limitations
This leaf sample is not representative of all leaf oils. Chemical reduction is not mineral absorption; enzyme inhibition is not disease treatment.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
C. zeylanicum leaf sample; human CA II and other assay preparations
plain_language
A starch-digesting enzyme was inhibited in the assay, but a meal response was not measured.
primary_references
[ceylon-p36676085] Comprehensive Metabolite Profiling of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Leaf Oil Using LC-HR/MS, GC/MS, and GC-FID: Determination of Antiglaucoma, Antioxidant, Anticholinergic, and Antidiabetic Profiles. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36676085/ DOI: 10.3390/life13010136
tissue_or_cell_type
Leaf essential oil and purified-enzyme assays
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 155–166
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Composition, chemical redox and cell-free enzyme assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-leaf-amylase The leaf oil inhibited the assay alpha-amylase preparation, with reported IC50 7.54 micrograms/mL. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A starch-digesting enzyme was inhibited in the assay, but a meal response was not measured. organism: C. zeylanicum leaf sample; human CA II and other assay preparations tissue_or_cell_type: Leaf essential oil and purified-enzyme assays experimental_model: Composition, chemical redox and cell-free enzyme assays limitations: This leaf sample is not representative of all leaf oils. Chemical reduction is not mineral absorption; enzyme inhibition is not disease treatment. exposure: One leaf oil sample; concentration-response assays in micrograms/mL evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/36676085.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c71e19c572310e80b103949f460ac437e9a564daae423e1de3f17964f2c92291", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1755, "text_sha256": "c71e19c572310e80b103949f460ac437e9a564daae423e1de3f17964f2c92291"} [ceylon-p36676085] Comprehensive Metabolite Profiling of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Leaf Oil Using LC-HR/MS, GC/MS, and GC-FID: Determination of Antiglaucoma, Antioxidant, Anticholinergic, and Antidiabetic Profiles. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36676085/ DOI: 10.3390/life13010136
Complete structured claim and evidence
The leaf oil displayed ferric-ion reducing capacity in the study chemical assays.
Ceylon leaf oil sample characterized in the 2023 enzyme study → Cinnamon oil ferric-ion reducing assay signal source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/36676085.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c71e19c572310e80b103949f460ac437e9a564daae423e1de3f17964f2c92291", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1755, "text_sha256": "c71e19c572310e80b103949f460ac437e9a564daae423e1de3f17964f2c92291"}
experimental_model
Composition, chemical redox and cell-free enzyme assays
exposure
One leaf oil sample; concentration-response assays in micrograms/mL
limitations
This leaf sample is not representative of all leaf oils. Chemical reduction is not mineral absorption; enzyme inhibition is not disease treatment.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
C. zeylanicum leaf sample; human CA II and other assay preparations
plain_language
Changing iron oxidation state in an assay does not show better iron nutrition.
primary_references
[ceylon-p36676085] Comprehensive Metabolite Profiling of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Leaf Oil Using LC-HR/MS, GC/MS, and GC-FID: Determination of Antiglaucoma, Antioxidant, Anticholinergic, and Antidiabetic Profiles. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36676085/ DOI: 10.3390/life13010136
tissue_or_cell_type
Leaf essential oil and purified-enzyme assays
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 168–179
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Composition, chemical redox and cell-free enzyme assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-iron-reduction The leaf oil displayed ferric-ion reducing capacity in the study chemical assays. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Changing iron oxidation state in an assay does not show better iron nutrition. organism: C. zeylanicum leaf sample; human CA II and other assay preparations tissue_or_cell_type: Leaf essential oil and purified-enzyme assays experimental_model: Composition, chemical redox and cell-free enzyme assays limitations: This leaf sample is not representative of all leaf oils. Chemical reduction is not mineral absorption; enzyme inhibition is not disease treatment. exposure: One leaf oil sample; concentration-response assays in micrograms/mL evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/36676085.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c71e19c572310e80b103949f460ac437e9a564daae423e1de3f17964f2c92291", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1755, "text_sha256": "c71e19c572310e80b103949f460ac437e9a564daae423e1de3f17964f2c92291"} [ceylon-p36676085] Comprehensive Metabolite Profiling of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Leaf Oil Using LC-HR/MS, GC/MS, and GC-FID: Determination of Antiglaucoma, Antioxidant, Anticholinergic, and Antidiabetic Profiles. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36676085/ DOI: 10.3390/life13010136
Complete structured claim and evidence
The leaf oil displayed cupric-ion reducing capacity in the study chemical assays.
Ceylon leaf oil sample characterized in the 2023 enzyme study → Cinnamon oil cupric-ion reducing assay signal source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/36676085.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c71e19c572310e80b103949f460ac437e9a564daae423e1de3f17964f2c92291", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1755, "text_sha256": "c71e19c572310e80b103949f460ac437e9a564daae423e1de3f17964f2c92291"}
experimental_model
Composition, chemical redox and cell-free enzyme assays
exposure
One leaf oil sample; concentration-response assays in micrograms/mL
limitations
This leaf sample is not representative of all leaf oils. Chemical reduction is not mineral absorption; enzyme inhibition is not disease treatment.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
C. zeylanicum leaf sample; human CA II and other assay preparations
plain_language
Changing copper oxidation state in an assay does not show copper absorption or depletion.
primary_references
[ceylon-p36676085] Comprehensive Metabolite Profiling of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Leaf Oil Using LC-HR/MS, GC/MS, and GC-FID: Determination of Antiglaucoma, Antioxidant, Anticholinergic, and Antidiabetic Profiles. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36676085/ DOI: 10.3390/life13010136
tissue_or_cell_type
Leaf essential oil and purified-enzyme assays
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 181–192
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Composition, chemical redox and cell-free enzyme assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-copper-reduction The leaf oil displayed cupric-ion reducing capacity in the study chemical assays. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Changing copper oxidation state in an assay does not show copper absorption or depletion. organism: C. zeylanicum leaf sample; human CA II and other assay preparations tissue_or_cell_type: Leaf essential oil and purified-enzyme assays experimental_model: Composition, chemical redox and cell-free enzyme assays limitations: This leaf sample is not representative of all leaf oils. Chemical reduction is not mineral absorption; enzyme inhibition is not disease treatment. exposure: One leaf oil sample; concentration-response assays in micrograms/mL evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/36676085.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c71e19c572310e80b103949f460ac437e9a564daae423e1de3f17964f2c92291", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1755, "text_sha256": "c71e19c572310e80b103949f460ac437e9a564daae423e1de3f17964f2c92291"} [ceylon-p36676085] Comprehensive Metabolite Profiling of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Leaf Oil Using LC-HR/MS, GC/MS, and GC-FID: Determination of Antiglaucoma, Antioxidant, Anticholinergic, and Antidiabetic Profiles. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36676085/ DOI: 10.3390/life13010136
Complete structured claim and evidence
Hippuric acid was the major urinary metabolite after radiolabeled trans-cinnamaldehyde administration in rats and mice.
trans-Cinnamaldehyde / cinnamal → Hippuric acid / benzoylglycine source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/7959441.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5bab6bd0ad082e4064c601368d147bfcd87566a98ba749a37974fb1057e8c1be", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1564, "text_sha256": "5bab6bd0ad082e4064c601368d147bfcd87566a98ba749a37974fb1057e8c1be"}
experimental_model
Radiolabeled disposition experiment
exposure
2 or 250 mg/kg intraperitoneal, with an additional 250 mg/kg oral arm
limitations
High experimental exposures and rodent species; metabolite recovery does not quantify human nutrient demand or identify every enzyme.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Rats and mice
plain_language
Much of the measured rodent dose left as hippurate, a benzoate-glycine conjugate.
primary_references
[ceylon-p7959441] Studies on trans-cinnamaldehyde. 1. The influence of dose size and sex on its disposition in the rat and mouse. (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7959441/ DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(94)90084-1
tissue_or_cell_type
Urine and excreta
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 194–205
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Radiolabeled disposition experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-hippurate Hippuric acid was the major urinary metabolite after radiolabeled trans-cinnamaldehyde administration in rats and mice. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Much of the measured rodent dose left as hippurate, a benzoate-glycine conjugate. organism: Rats and mice tissue_or_cell_type: Urine and excreta experimental_model: Radiolabeled disposition experiment limitations: High experimental exposures and rodent species; metabolite recovery does not quantify human nutrient demand or identify every enzyme. exposure: 2 or 250 mg/kg intraperitoneal, with an additional 250 mg/kg oral arm evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/7959441.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5bab6bd0ad082e4064c601368d147bfcd87566a98ba749a37974fb1057e8c1be", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1564, "text_sha256": "5bab6bd0ad082e4064c601368d147bfcd87566a98ba749a37974fb1057e8c1be"} [ceylon-p7959441] Studies on trans-cinnamaldehyde. 1. The influence of dose size and sex on its disposition in the rat and mouse. (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7959441/ DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(94)90084-1
Complete structured claim and evidence
Benzoic acid was identified among the urinary metabolites of administered trans-cinnamaldehyde in rats and mice.
trans-Cinnamaldehyde / cinnamal → Benzoic acid source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/7959441.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5bab6bd0ad082e4064c601368d147bfcd87566a98ba749a37974fb1057e8c1be", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1564, "text_sha256": "5bab6bd0ad082e4064c601368d147bfcd87566a98ba749a37974fb1057e8c1be"}
experimental_model
Radiolabeled disposition experiment
exposure
2 or 250 mg/kg intraperitoneal, with an additional 250 mg/kg oral arm
limitations
High experimental exposures and rodent species; metabolite recovery does not quantify human nutrient demand or identify every enzyme.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Rats and mice
plain_language
The aldehyde entered a pathway that produced benzoate.
primary_references
[ceylon-p7959441] Studies on trans-cinnamaldehyde. 1. The influence of dose size and sex on its disposition in the rat and mouse. (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7959441/ DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(94)90084-1
tissue_or_cell_type
Urine and excreta
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 207–218
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Radiolabeled disposition experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-benzoate Benzoic acid was identified among the urinary metabolites of administered trans-cinnamaldehyde in rats and mice. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The aldehyde entered a pathway that produced benzoate. organism: Rats and mice tissue_or_cell_type: Urine and excreta experimental_model: Radiolabeled disposition experiment limitations: High experimental exposures and rodent species; metabolite recovery does not quantify human nutrient demand or identify every enzyme. exposure: 2 or 250 mg/kg intraperitoneal, with an additional 250 mg/kg oral arm evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/7959441.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5bab6bd0ad082e4064c601368d147bfcd87566a98ba749a37974fb1057e8c1be", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1564, "text_sha256": "5bab6bd0ad082e4064c601368d147bfcd87566a98ba749a37974fb1057e8c1be"} [ceylon-p7959441] Studies on trans-cinnamaldehyde. 1. The influence of dose size and sex on its disposition in the rat and mouse. (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7959441/ DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(94)90084-1
Complete structured claim and evidence
Benzoyl glucuronide was identified among urinary cinnamaldehyde-derived metabolites in the rodent study.
trans-Cinnamaldehyde / cinnamal → Benzoyl glucuronide source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/7959441.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5bab6bd0ad082e4064c601368d147bfcd87566a98ba749a37974fb1057e8c1be", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1564, "text_sha256": "5bab6bd0ad082e4064c601368d147bfcd87566a98ba749a37974fb1057e8c1be"}
experimental_model
Radiolabeled disposition experiment
exposure
2 or 250 mg/kg intraperitoneal, with an additional 250 mg/kg oral arm
limitations
High experimental exposures and rodent species; metabolite recovery does not quantify human nutrient demand or identify every enzyme.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Rats and mice
plain_language
A glucuronide conjugate was another exit route.
primary_references
[ceylon-p7959441] Studies on trans-cinnamaldehyde. 1. The influence of dose size and sex on its disposition in the rat and mouse. (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7959441/ DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(94)90084-1
tissue_or_cell_type
Urine and excreta
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 220–231
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Radiolabeled disposition experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-benzoyl-glucuronide Benzoyl glucuronide was identified among urinary cinnamaldehyde-derived metabolites in the rodent study. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A glucuronide conjugate was another exit route. organism: Rats and mice tissue_or_cell_type: Urine and excreta experimental_model: Radiolabeled disposition experiment limitations: High experimental exposures and rodent species; metabolite recovery does not quantify human nutrient demand or identify every enzyme. exposure: 2 or 250 mg/kg intraperitoneal, with an additional 250 mg/kg oral arm evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/7959441.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5bab6bd0ad082e4064c601368d147bfcd87566a98ba749a37974fb1057e8c1be", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1564, "text_sha256": "5bab6bd0ad082e4064c601368d147bfcd87566a98ba749a37974fb1057e8c1be"} [ceylon-p7959441] Studies on trans-cinnamaldehyde. 1. The influence of dose size and sex on its disposition in the rat and mouse. (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7959441/ DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(94)90084-1
Complete structured claim and evidence
A cinnamic-acid glycine conjugate appeared in substantial amounts only in mice in the rat/mouse comparison.
trans-Cinnamaldehyde / cinnamal → Cinnamoylglycine source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/7959441.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5bab6bd0ad082e4064c601368d147bfcd87566a98ba749a37974fb1057e8c1be", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1564, "text_sha256": "5bab6bd0ad082e4064c601368d147bfcd87566a98ba749a37974fb1057e8c1be"}
experimental_model
Radiolabeled disposition experiment
exposure
2 or 250 mg/kg intraperitoneal, with an additional 250 mg/kg oral arm
limitations
High experimental exposures and rodent species; metabolite recovery does not quantify human nutrient demand or identify every enzyme.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Rats and mice
plain_language
The two rodent species did not handle every conjugation pathway identically.
primary_references
[ceylon-p7959441] Studies on trans-cinnamaldehyde. 1. The influence of dose size and sex on its disposition in the rat and mouse. (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7959441/ DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(94)90084-1
tissue_or_cell_type
Urine and excreta
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 233–244
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Radiolabeled disposition experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-cinnamoylglycine A cinnamic-acid glycine conjugate appeared in substantial amounts only in mice in the rat/mouse comparison. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The two rodent species did not handle every conjugation pathway identically. organism: Rats and mice tissue_or_cell_type: Urine and excreta experimental_model: Radiolabeled disposition experiment limitations: High experimental exposures and rodent species; metabolite recovery does not quantify human nutrient demand or identify every enzyme. exposure: 2 or 250 mg/kg intraperitoneal, with an additional 250 mg/kg oral arm evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/7959441.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5bab6bd0ad082e4064c601368d147bfcd87566a98ba749a37974fb1057e8c1be", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1564, "text_sha256": "5bab6bd0ad082e4064c601368d147bfcd87566a98ba749a37974fb1057e8c1be"} [ceylon-p7959441] Studies on trans-cinnamaldehyde. 1. The influence of dose size and sex on its disposition in the rat and mouse. (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7959441/ DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(94)90084-1
Complete structured claim and evidence
In the rodent study, 75–81% of administered radiolabel was recovered in urine within 24 hours; overall excreta recovery reached 94% within 72 hours.
trans-Cinnamaldehyde / cinnamal → Rat/mouse urinary recovery of administered cinnamaldehyde radiolabel source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/7959441.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5bab6bd0ad082e4064c601368d147bfcd87566a98ba749a37974fb1057e8c1be", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1564, "text_sha256": "5bab6bd0ad082e4064c601368d147bfcd87566a98ba749a37974fb1057e8c1be"}
experimental_model
Radiolabeled disposition experiment
exposure
2 or 250 mg/kg intraperitoneal, with an additional 250 mg/kg oral arm
limitations
High experimental exposures and rodent species; metabolite recovery does not quantify human nutrient demand or identify every enzyme.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Rats and mice
plain_language
The experiment followed the labeled carbon through elimination, not just unchanged cinnamaldehyde.
primary_references
[ceylon-p7959441] Studies on trans-cinnamaldehyde. 1. The influence of dose size and sex on its disposition in the rat and mouse. (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7959441/ DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(94)90084-1
tissue_or_cell_type
Urine and excreta
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 246–257
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Radiolabeled disposition experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-excretion In the rodent study, 75–81% of administered radiolabel was recovered in urine within 24 hours; overall excreta recovery reached 94% within 72 hours. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The experiment followed the labeled carbon through elimination, not just unchanged cinnamaldehyde. organism: Rats and mice tissue_or_cell_type: Urine and excreta experimental_model: Radiolabeled disposition experiment limitations: High experimental exposures and rodent species; metabolite recovery does not quantify human nutrient demand or identify every enzyme. exposure: 2 or 250 mg/kg intraperitoneal, with an additional 250 mg/kg oral arm evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/7959441.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5bab6bd0ad082e4064c601368d147bfcd87566a98ba749a37974fb1057e8c1be", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1564, "text_sha256": "5bab6bd0ad082e4064c601368d147bfcd87566a98ba749a37974fb1057e8c1be"} [ceylon-p7959441] Studies on trans-cinnamaldehyde. 1. The influence of dose size and sex on its disposition in the rat and mouse. (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7959441/ DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(94)90084-1
Complete structured claim and evidence
Cinnamaldehyde showed reported 100% bioaccessibility in the simulated fasted and fed gastric/intestinal fluids.
trans-Cinnamaldehyde / cinnamal → Cinnamaldehyde bioaccessibility in simulated digestive fluids source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/39845339.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1463, "text_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118"}
experimental_model
Simulated digestion and human liver microsomal/S9 metabolism
exposure
Cinnamaldehyde alone or in the characterized C. verum oil
limitations
Bioaccessibility is not systemic bioavailability; the oxidation data do not assign a unique aldehyde-dehydrogenase isoform.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human-derived preparations and acellular digestive fluids
plain_language
It remained accessible in simulated digestion; this does not mean all of it reaches human blood unchanged.
primary_references
[ceylon-p39845339] Evaluation of bioaccessibility, metabolic clearance and interaction with xenobiotic receptors (PXR and AhR) of cinnamaldehyde. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39845339/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100237
tissue_or_cell_type
Gastric/intestinal simulations; liver fractions
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 259–270
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Simulated digestion and human liver microsomal/S9 metabolism · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-bioaccessibility Cinnamaldehyde showed reported 100% bioaccessibility in the simulated fasted and fed gastric/intestinal fluids. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: It remained accessible in simulated digestion; this does not mean all of it reaches human blood unchanged. organism: Human-derived preparations and acellular digestive fluids tissue_or_cell_type: Gastric/intestinal simulations; liver fractions experimental_model: Simulated digestion and human liver microsomal/S9 metabolism limitations: Bioaccessibility is not systemic bioavailability; the oxidation data do not assign a unique aldehyde-dehydrogenase isoform. exposure: Cinnamaldehyde alone or in the characterized C. verum oil evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/39845339.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1463, "text_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118"} [ceylon-p39845339] Evaluation of bioaccessibility, metabolic clearance and interaction with xenobiotic receptors (PXR and AhR) of cinnamaldehyde. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39845339/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100237
Complete structured claim and evidence
The bark extracts inhibited bacterial alpha-amylase with reported IC50 values about 214–215 micrograms/mL.
Authenticated Ceylon bark ethanol or DCM:methanol extracts in 2017 → Bacillus amyloliquefaciens alpha-amylase preparation source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/28951761.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1620e214c93099dbadb647929446e018afe60ad1f234704a0eab6fcb154ea5d7", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1878, "text_sha256": "1620e214c93099dbadb647929446e018afe60ad1f234704a0eab6fcb154ea5d7"}
experimental_model
Authenticated bark/leaf extract enzyme and BSA glycation assays
exposure
Ethanol or 1:1 DCM:methanol extracts; microgram/mL assays
limitations
Enzyme species were resolved from methods; albumin fluorescence is a model endpoint, not proof of reversing human tissue AGE damage.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
B. amyloliquefaciens amylase; horse BChE; bovine albumin
plain_language
The tested enzyme was bacterial, so this is not direct evidence for human pancreatic amylase inhibition.
primary_references
[ceylon-p28951761] Antiamylase, Anticholinesterases, Antiglycation, and Glycation Reversing Potential of Bark and Leaf of Ceylon Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume) In Vitro. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28951761/ DOI: 10.1155/2017/5076029
tissue_or_cell_type
Cell-free preparations
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 285–296
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Authenticated bark/leaf extract enzyme and BSA glycation assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-bark-amylase The bark extracts inhibited bacterial alpha-amylase with reported IC50 values about 214–215 micrograms/mL. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The tested enzyme was bacterial, so this is not direct evidence for human pancreatic amylase inhibition. organism: B. amyloliquefaciens amylase; horse BChE; bovine albumin tissue_or_cell_type: Cell-free preparations experimental_model: Authenticated bark/leaf extract enzyme and BSA glycation assays limitations: Enzyme species were resolved from methods; albumin fluorescence is a model endpoint, not proof of reversing human tissue AGE damage. exposure: Ethanol or 1:1 DCM:methanol extracts; microgram/mL assays evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/28951761.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1620e214c93099dbadb647929446e018afe60ad1f234704a0eab6fcb154ea5d7", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1878, "text_sha256": "1620e214c93099dbadb647929446e018afe60ad1f234704a0eab6fcb154ea5d7"} [ceylon-p28951761] Antiamylase, Anticholinesterases, Antiglycation, and Glycation Reversing Potential of Bark and Leaf of Ceylon Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume) In Vitro. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28951761/ DOI: 10.1155/2017/5076029
Complete structured claim and evidence
The bark extracts inhibited horse-serum butyrylcholinesterase, with reported IC50 values 26.62–36.09 micrograms/mL.
Authenticated Ceylon bark ethanol or DCM:methanol extracts in 2017 → Horse serum butyrylcholinesterase preparation source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/28951761.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1620e214c93099dbadb647929446e018afe60ad1f234704a0eab6fcb154ea5d7", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1878, "text_sha256": "1620e214c93099dbadb647929446e018afe60ad1f234704a0eab6fcb154ea5d7"}
experimental_model
Authenticated bark/leaf extract enzyme and BSA glycation assays
exposure
Ethanol or 1:1 DCM:methanol extracts; microgram/mL assays
limitations
Enzyme species were resolved from methods; albumin fluorescence is a model endpoint, not proof of reversing human tissue AGE damage.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
B. amyloliquefaciens amylase; horse BChE; bovine albumin
plain_language
The cholinesterase result belongs to the tested horse enzyme preparation.
primary_references
[ceylon-p28951761] Antiamylase, Anticholinesterases, Antiglycation, and Glycation Reversing Potential of Bark and Leaf of Ceylon Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume) In Vitro. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28951761/ DOI: 10.1155/2017/5076029
tissue_or_cell_type
Cell-free preparations
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 298–309
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Authenticated bark/leaf extract enzyme and BSA glycation assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-bark-bche The bark extracts inhibited horse-serum butyrylcholinesterase, with reported IC50 values 26.62–36.09 micrograms/mL. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The cholinesterase result belongs to the tested horse enzyme preparation. organism: B. amyloliquefaciens amylase; horse BChE; bovine albumin tissue_or_cell_type: Cell-free preparations experimental_model: Authenticated bark/leaf extract enzyme and BSA glycation assays limitations: Enzyme species were resolved from methods; albumin fluorescence is a model endpoint, not proof of reversing human tissue AGE damage. exposure: Ethanol or 1:1 DCM:methanol extracts; microgram/mL assays evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/28951761.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1620e214c93099dbadb647929446e018afe60ad1f234704a0eab6fcb154ea5d7", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1878, "text_sha256": "1620e214c93099dbadb647929446e018afe60ad1f234704a0eab6fcb154ea5d7"} [ceylon-p28951761] Antiamylase, Anticholinesterases, Antiglycation, and Glycation Reversing Potential of Bark and Leaf of Ceylon Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume) In Vitro. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28951761/ DOI: 10.1155/2017/5076029
Complete structured claim and evidence
The ethanol leaf extract reduced BSA-glucose glycation assay signal, with reported IC50 15.22 ± 0.47 micrograms/mL.
Authenticated Ceylon leaf ethanol extract in 2017 → BSA-glucose glycation fluorescence assay signal source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/28951761.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1620e214c93099dbadb647929446e018afe60ad1f234704a0eab6fcb154ea5d7", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1878, "text_sha256": "1620e214c93099dbadb647929446e018afe60ad1f234704a0eab6fcb154ea5d7"}
experimental_model
Authenticated bark/leaf extract enzyme and BSA glycation assays
exposure
Ethanol or 1:1 DCM:methanol extracts; microgram/mL assays
limitations
Enzyme species were resolved from methods; albumin fluorescence is a model endpoint, not proof of reversing human tissue AGE damage.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
B. amyloliquefaciens amylase; horse BChE; bovine albumin
plain_language
An albumin-and-glucose assay changed; whether this prevents human diabetic complications remains unanswered.
primary_references
[ceylon-p28951761] Antiamylase, Anticholinesterases, Antiglycation, and Glycation Reversing Potential of Bark and Leaf of Ceylon Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume) In Vitro. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28951761/ DOI: 10.1155/2017/5076029
tissue_or_cell_type
Cell-free preparations
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 311–322
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Authenticated bark/leaf extract enzyme and BSA glycation assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-glycation-assay The ethanol leaf extract reduced BSA-glucose glycation assay signal, with reported IC50 15.22 ± 0.47 micrograms/mL. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: An albumin-and-glucose assay changed; whether this prevents human diabetic complications remains unanswered. organism: B. amyloliquefaciens amylase; horse BChE; bovine albumin tissue_or_cell_type: Cell-free preparations experimental_model: Authenticated bark/leaf extract enzyme and BSA glycation assays limitations: Enzyme species were resolved from methods; albumin fluorescence is a model endpoint, not proof of reversing human tissue AGE damage. exposure: Ethanol or 1:1 DCM:methanol extracts; microgram/mL assays evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/28951761.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1620e214c93099dbadb647929446e018afe60ad1f234704a0eab6fcb154ea5d7", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1878, "text_sha256": "1620e214c93099dbadb647929446e018afe60ad1f234704a0eab6fcb154ea5d7"} [ceylon-p28951761] Antiamylase, Anticholinesterases, Antiglycation, and Glycation Reversing Potential of Bark and Leaf of Ceylon Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume) In Vitro. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28951761/ DOI: 10.1155/2017/5076029
Complete structured claim and evidence
Clickable cinnamaldehyde derivatives covalently labeled mouse TRPA1 in the channel-activation study.
Clickable cinnamaldehyde derivatives in the 2007 TRPA1 study → Mouse Trpa1 ion channel source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/17237762.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3f3cf7448cf3b27c466e1587bbd8a12dea9edb0910d27deab5129c356511943f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1420, "text_sha256": "3f3cf7448cf3b27c466e1587bbd8a12dea9edb0910d27deab5129c356511943f"}
experimental_model
Click-chemistry protein labeling and electrophysiology
exposure
Clickable cinnamaldehyde derivatives; reactive-cysteine probes
limitations
Derivative labeling is kept separate from unmodified cinnamaldehyde; cysteine mapping by iodoacetamide does not identify a cinnamaldehyde adduct at every mapped site.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Mouse TRPA1 expression systems
plain_language
A modified cinnamaldehyde probe attached to the channel protein, supporting a reactive-chemical sensing mechanism.
primary_references
[ceylon-p17237762] Noxious compounds activate TRPA1 ion channels through covalent modification of cysteines. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17237762/ DOI: 10.1038/nature05544
tissue_or_cell_type
Ion-channel preparations
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 324–335
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Click-chemistry protein labeling and electrophysiology · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-mouse-channel-adduct Clickable cinnamaldehyde derivatives covalently labeled mouse TRPA1 in the channel-activation study. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A modified cinnamaldehyde probe attached to the channel protein, supporting a reactive-chemical sensing mechanism. organism: Mouse TRPA1 expression systems tissue_or_cell_type: Ion-channel preparations experimental_model: Click-chemistry protein labeling and electrophysiology limitations: Derivative labeling is kept separate from unmodified cinnamaldehyde; cysteine mapping by iodoacetamide does not identify a cinnamaldehyde adduct at every mapped site. exposure: Clickable cinnamaldehyde derivatives; reactive-cysteine probes evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/17237762.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3f3cf7448cf3b27c466e1587bbd8a12dea9edb0910d27deab5129c356511943f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1420, "text_sha256": "3f3cf7448cf3b27c466e1587bbd8a12dea9edb0910d27deab5129c356511943f"} [ceylon-p17237762] Noxious compounds activate TRPA1 ion channels through covalent modification of cysteines. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17237762/ DOI: 10.1038/nature05544
Complete structured claim and evidence
The human TRPA1 C621S/C641S/C665S construct did not respond to 300 micromolar cinnamaldehyde.
Human TRPA1 C621S/C641S/C665S construct → trans-Cinnamaldehyde / cinnamal source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
availability_state
machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/24516781.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5605569464035286614b12021fc60adbaf6c8a003a6b634d03fc5b544ce59d27", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1685, "text_sha256": "5605569464035286614b12021fc60adbaf6c8a003a6b634d03fc5b544ce59d27"}
experimental_model
Human TRPA1 expression, calcium fluorescence and patch clamp
exposure
Cinnamaldehyde concentration response; 300 micromolar challenge; triple cysteine-to-serine construct
limitations
Channel expression and high cell-assay concentrations do not establish dietary exposure or a human calcium-deficiency effect.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human TRPA1 in HEK293 cells
plain_language
Changing three reactive amino acids removed this chemical response.
primary_references
[ceylon-p24516781] Ligand determinants of fatty acid activation of the pronociceptive ion channel TRPA1. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24516781/ DOI: 10.7717/peerj.248
tissue_or_cell_type
Engineered cultured cells
trigger_kind
machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 350–361
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human TRPA1 expression, calcium fluorescence and patch clamp · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-trpa1-mutant The human TRPA1 C621S/C641S/C665S construct did not respond to 300 micromolar cinnamaldehyde. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Changing three reactive amino acids removed this chemical response. organism: Human TRPA1 in HEK293 cells tissue_or_cell_type: Engineered cultured cells experimental_model: Human TRPA1 expression, calcium fluorescence and patch clamp limitations: Channel expression and high cell-assay concentrations do not establish dietary exposure or a human calcium-deficiency effect. exposure: Cinnamaldehyde concentration response; 300 micromolar challenge; triple cysteine-to-serine construct evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/24516781.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5605569464035286614b12021fc60adbaf6c8a003a6b634d03fc5b544ce59d27", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1685, "text_sha256": "5605569464035286614b12021fc60adbaf6c8a003a6b634d03fc5b544ce59d27"} [ceylon-p24516781] Ligand determinants of fatty acid activation of the pronociceptive ion channel TRPA1. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24516781/ DOI: 10.7717/peerj.248
Complete structured claim and evidence
Arachidonic acid at 100 micromolar retained about 40% of the wild-type response in the triple-cysteine TRPA1 mutant.
AA → Human TRPA1 C621S/C641S/C665S construct source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
availability_state
machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/24516781.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5605569464035286614b12021fc60adbaf6c8a003a6b634d03fc5b544ce59d27", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1685, "text_sha256": "5605569464035286614b12021fc60adbaf6c8a003a6b634d03fc5b544ce59d27"}
experimental_model
Human TRPA1 expression, calcium fluorescence and patch clamp
exposure
Cinnamaldehyde concentration response; 300 micromolar challenge; triple cysteine-to-serine construct
limitations
Channel expression and high cell-assay concentrations do not establish dietary exposure or a human calcium-deficiency effect.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human TRPA1 in HEK293 cells
plain_language
This fatty acid could still partly activate the altered channel, showing that channel triggers need not use the same mechanism.
primary_references
[ceylon-p24516781] Ligand determinants of fatty acid activation of the pronociceptive ion channel TRPA1. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24516781/ DOI: 10.7717/peerj.248
tissue_or_cell_type
Engineered cultured cells
trigger_kind
machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 363–374
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human TRPA1 expression, calcium fluorescence and patch clamp · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-trpa1-aa-mutant Arachidonic acid at 100 micromolar retained about 40% of the wild-type response in the triple-cysteine TRPA1 mutant. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This fatty acid could still partly activate the altered channel, showing that channel triggers need not use the same mechanism. organism: Human TRPA1 in HEK293 cells tissue_or_cell_type: Engineered cultured cells experimental_model: Human TRPA1 expression, calcium fluorescence and patch clamp limitations: Channel expression and high cell-assay concentrations do not establish dietary exposure or a human calcium-deficiency effect. exposure: Cinnamaldehyde concentration response; 300 micromolar challenge; triple cysteine-to-serine construct evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/24516781.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5605569464035286614b12021fc60adbaf6c8a003a6b634d03fc5b544ce59d27", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1685, "text_sha256": "5605569464035286614b12021fc60adbaf6c8a003a6b634d03fc5b544ce59d27"} [ceylon-p24516781] Ligand determinants of fatty acid activation of the pronociceptive ion channel TRPA1. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24516781/ DOI: 10.7717/peerj.248
Complete structured claim and evidence
Cinnamaldehyde increased insulin secretion in the rat in vivo and isolated-islet experiments.
trans-Cinnamaldehyde / cinnamal → Rat pancreatic insulin secretion source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/37631083.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6e5158a53c14ee90391ae2756078dd5511e2caeaa1c078940b3e2f8c34775226", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1437, "text_sha256": "6e5158a53c14ee90391ae2756078dd5511e2caeaa1c078940b3e2f8c34775226"}
experimental_model
Rat glucose challenges and isolated intestinal/islet experiments
exposure
Cinnamaldehyde 5–20 mg/kg intraperitoneal in vivo; islet calcium experiment 100 micromolar for 10 minutes
limitations
Injection is not spice ingestion. Antagonists and calcium chelation probe machinery, not dietary mineral inadequacy.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Rat
plain_language
The rat pancreas released more insulin under the tested conditions.
primary_references
[ceylon-p37631083] Electrophilic Agonists Modulate the Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin-1 Channels Mediated by Insulin and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Secretion for Glucose Homeostasis. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37631083/ DOI: 10.3390/ph16081167
tissue_or_cell_type
Intestine and pancreatic islets
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 376–387
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rat glucose challenges and isolated intestinal/islet experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-rat-insulin Cinnamaldehyde increased insulin secretion in the rat in vivo and isolated-islet experiments. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The rat pancreas released more insulin under the tested conditions. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Intestine and pancreatic islets experimental_model: Rat glucose challenges and isolated intestinal/islet experiments limitations: Injection is not spice ingestion. Antagonists and calcium chelation probe machinery, not dietary mineral inadequacy. exposure: Cinnamaldehyde 5–20 mg/kg intraperitoneal in vivo; islet calcium experiment 100 micromolar for 10 minutes evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/37631083.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6e5158a53c14ee90391ae2756078dd5511e2caeaa1c078940b3e2f8c34775226", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1437, "text_sha256": "6e5158a53c14ee90391ae2756078dd5511e2caeaa1c078940b3e2f8c34775226"} [ceylon-p37631083] Electrophilic Agonists Modulate the Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin-1 Channels Mediated by Insulin and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Secretion for Glucose Homeostasis. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37631083/ DOI: 10.3390/ph16081167
Complete structured claim and evidence
Cinnamaldehyde induced intestinal GLP-1 release in the reported rat experiments.
trans-Cinnamaldehyde / cinnamal → Rat intestinal GLP-1 release source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/37631083.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6e5158a53c14ee90391ae2756078dd5511e2caeaa1c078940b3e2f8c34775226", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1437, "text_sha256": "6e5158a53c14ee90391ae2756078dd5511e2caeaa1c078940b3e2f8c34775226"}
experimental_model
Rat glucose challenges and isolated intestinal/islet experiments
exposure
Cinnamaldehyde 5–20 mg/kg intraperitoneal in vivo; islet calcium experiment 100 micromolar for 10 minutes
limitations
Injection is not spice ingestion. Antagonists and calcium chelation probe machinery, not dietary mineral inadequacy.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Rat
plain_language
The intestine released more of a hormone that helps coordinate meal responses.
primary_references
[ceylon-p37631083] Electrophilic Agonists Modulate the Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin-1 Channels Mediated by Insulin and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Secretion for Glucose Homeostasis. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37631083/ DOI: 10.3390/ph16081167
tissue_or_cell_type
Intestine and pancreatic islets
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 389–400
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rat glucose challenges and isolated intestinal/islet experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-rat-glp1 Cinnamaldehyde induced intestinal GLP-1 release in the reported rat experiments. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The intestine released more of a hormone that helps coordinate meal responses. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Intestine and pancreatic islets experimental_model: Rat glucose challenges and isolated intestinal/islet experiments limitations: Injection is not spice ingestion. Antagonists and calcium chelation probe machinery, not dietary mineral inadequacy. exposure: Cinnamaldehyde 5–20 mg/kg intraperitoneal in vivo; islet calcium experiment 100 micromolar for 10 minutes evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/37631083.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6e5158a53c14ee90391ae2756078dd5511e2caeaa1c078940b3e2f8c34775226", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1437, "text_sha256": "6e5158a53c14ee90391ae2756078dd5511e2caeaa1c078940b3e2f8c34775226"} [ceylon-p37631083] Electrophilic Agonists Modulate the Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin-1 Channels Mediated by Insulin and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Secretion for Glucose Homeostasis. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37631083/ DOI: 10.3390/ph16081167
Complete structured claim and evidence
Cinnamaldehyde inhibited intestinal disaccharidase activity in the experimental preparations.
trans-Cinnamaldehyde / cinnamal → Rat intestinal disaccharidase activity source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/37631083.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6e5158a53c14ee90391ae2756078dd5511e2caeaa1c078940b3e2f8c34775226", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1437, "text_sha256": "6e5158a53c14ee90391ae2756078dd5511e2caeaa1c078940b3e2f8c34775226"}
experimental_model
Rat glucose challenges and isolated intestinal/islet experiments
exposure
Cinnamaldehyde 5–20 mg/kg intraperitoneal in vivo; islet calcium experiment 100 micromolar for 10 minutes
limitations
Injection is not spice ingestion. Antagonists and calcium chelation probe machinery, not dietary mineral inadequacy.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Rat
plain_language
The preparation slowed an intestinal sugar-splitting activity.
primary_references
[ceylon-p37631083] Electrophilic Agonists Modulate the Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin-1 Channels Mediated by Insulin and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Secretion for Glucose Homeostasis. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37631083/ DOI: 10.3390/ph16081167
tissue_or_cell_type
Intestine and pancreatic islets
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 402–413
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rat glucose challenges and isolated intestinal/islet experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-rat-disaccharidase Cinnamaldehyde inhibited intestinal disaccharidase activity in the experimental preparations. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The preparation slowed an intestinal sugar-splitting activity. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Intestine and pancreatic islets experimental_model: Rat glucose challenges and isolated intestinal/islet experiments limitations: Injection is not spice ingestion. Antagonists and calcium chelation probe machinery, not dietary mineral inadequacy. exposure: Cinnamaldehyde 5–20 mg/kg intraperitoneal in vivo; islet calcium experiment 100 micromolar for 10 minutes evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/37631083.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6e5158a53c14ee90391ae2756078dd5511e2caeaa1c078940b3e2f8c34775226", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1437, "text_sha256": "6e5158a53c14ee90391ae2756078dd5511e2caeaa1c078940b3e2f8c34775226"} [ceylon-p37631083] Electrophilic Agonists Modulate the Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin-1 Channels Mediated by Insulin and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Secretion for Glucose Homeostasis. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37631083/ DOI: 10.3390/ph16081167
Complete structured claim and evidence
HC-030031 at 100 micromolar abolished the cinnamaldehyde-induced calcium influx in isolated rat islets.
HC-030031 TRPA1 antagonist → Rat pancreatic-islet calcium influx source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
availability_state
machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/37631083.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "81c61f935e3b9e0e16acb5e76bd56be59ca99bea4e3da001710e6d994abb92e7", "start_char": 14083, "end_char": 20148, "text_sha256": "c4c3a9bf3331afd13074d335e0130614002673a177990f17495f0c9d893af7c4"}
experimental_model
Rat glucose challenges and isolated intestinal/islet experiments
exposure
Cinnamaldehyde 5–20 mg/kg intraperitoneal in vivo; islet calcium experiment 100 micromolar for 10 minutes
limitations
Injection is not spice ingestion. Antagonists and calcium chelation probe machinery, not dietary mineral inadequacy.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Rat
plain_language
Blocking TRPA1 removed the measured calcium response.
primary_references
[ceylon-p37631083] Electrophilic Agonists Modulate the Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin-1 Channels Mediated by Insulin and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Secretion for Glucose Homeostasis. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37631083/ DOI: 10.3390/ph16081167
tissue_or_cell_type
Intestine and pancreatic islets
trigger_kind
machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 428–439
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rat glucose challenges and isolated intestinal/islet experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-trpa1-block HC-030031 at 100 micromolar abolished the cinnamaldehyde-induced calcium influx in isolated rat islets. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Blocking TRPA1 removed the measured calcium response. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Intestine and pancreatic islets experimental_model: Rat glucose challenges and isolated intestinal/islet experiments limitations: Injection is not spice ingestion. Antagonists and calcium chelation probe machinery, not dietary mineral inadequacy. exposure: Cinnamaldehyde 5–20 mg/kg intraperitoneal in vivo; islet calcium experiment 100 micromolar for 10 minutes evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/37631083.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "81c61f935e3b9e0e16acb5e76bd56be59ca99bea4e3da001710e6d994abb92e7", "start_char": 14083, "end_char": 20148, "text_sha256": "c4c3a9bf3331afd13074d335e0130614002673a177990f17495f0c9d893af7c4"} [ceylon-p37631083] Electrophilic Agonists Modulate the Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin-1 Channels Mediated by Insulin and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Secretion for Glucose Homeostasis. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37631083/ DOI: 10.3390/ph16081167
Complete structured claim and evidence
BAPTA-AM at 50 micromolar reduced cinnamaldehyde-induced islet calcium influx by approximately 27%.
BAPTA-AM intracellular calcium chelator → Rat pancreatic-islet calcium influx source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
availability_state
machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/37631083.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "81c61f935e3b9e0e16acb5e76bd56be59ca99bea4e3da001710e6d994abb92e7", "start_char": 15149, "end_char": 21214, "text_sha256": "472b3baeedfb72dc1405349207bce32da9e04cb33d20a481f90ef39269fe0c75"}
experimental_model
Rat glucose challenges and isolated intestinal/islet experiments
exposure
Cinnamaldehyde 5–20 mg/kg intraperitoneal in vivo; islet calcium experiment 100 micromolar for 10 minutes
limitations
Injection is not spice ingestion. Antagonists and calcium chelation probe machinery, not dietary mineral inadequacy.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Rat
plain_language
Buffering intracellular calcium weakened the response; this is not the same as low calcium intake.
primary_references
[ceylon-p37631083] Electrophilic Agonists Modulate the Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin-1 Channels Mediated by Insulin and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Secretion for Glucose Homeostasis. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37631083/ DOI: 10.3390/ph16081167
tissue_or_cell_type
Intestine and pancreatic islets
trigger_kind
machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 441–452
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rat glucose challenges and isolated intestinal/islet experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-calcium-chelation BAPTA-AM at 50 micromolar reduced cinnamaldehyde-induced islet calcium influx by approximately 27%. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Buffering intracellular calcium weakened the response; this is not the same as low calcium intake. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Intestine and pancreatic islets experimental_model: Rat glucose challenges and isolated intestinal/islet experiments limitations: Injection is not spice ingestion. Antagonists and calcium chelation probe machinery, not dietary mineral inadequacy. exposure: Cinnamaldehyde 5–20 mg/kg intraperitoneal in vivo; islet calcium experiment 100 micromolar for 10 minutes evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/37631083.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "81c61f935e3b9e0e16acb5e76bd56be59ca99bea4e3da001710e6d994abb92e7", "start_char": 15149, "end_char": 21214, "text_sha256": "472b3baeedfb72dc1405349207bce32da9e04cb33d20a481f90ef39269fe0c75"} [ceylon-p37631083] Electrophilic Agonists Modulate the Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin-1 Channels Mediated by Insulin and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Secretion for Glucose Homeostasis. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37631083/ DOI: 10.3390/ph16081167
Complete structured claim and evidence
Nifedipine at 1 micromolar reduced cinnamaldehyde-induced islet calcium influx by approximately 26%.
Nifedipine → Rat pancreatic-islet calcium influx source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
availability_state
machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/37631083.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "81c61f935e3b9e0e16acb5e76bd56be59ca99bea4e3da001710e6d994abb92e7", "start_char": 15149, "end_char": 21214, "text_sha256": "472b3baeedfb72dc1405349207bce32da9e04cb33d20a481f90ef39269fe0c75"}
experimental_model
Rat glucose challenges and isolated intestinal/islet experiments
exposure
Cinnamaldehyde 5–20 mg/kg intraperitoneal in vivo; islet calcium experiment 100 micromolar for 10 minutes
limitations
Injection is not spice ingestion. Antagonists and calcium chelation probe machinery, not dietary mineral inadequacy.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Rat
plain_language
Blocking voltage-dependent calcium channels removed part of the response.
primary_references
[ceylon-p37631083] Electrophilic Agonists Modulate the Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin-1 Channels Mediated by Insulin and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Secretion for Glucose Homeostasis. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37631083/ DOI: 10.3390/ph16081167
tissue_or_cell_type
Intestine and pancreatic islets
trigger_kind
machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 454–465
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rat glucose challenges and isolated intestinal/islet experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-vdcc-block Nifedipine at 1 micromolar reduced cinnamaldehyde-induced islet calcium influx by approximately 26%. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Blocking voltage-dependent calcium channels removed part of the response. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Intestine and pancreatic islets experimental_model: Rat glucose challenges and isolated intestinal/islet experiments limitations: Injection is not spice ingestion. Antagonists and calcium chelation probe machinery, not dietary mineral inadequacy. exposure: Cinnamaldehyde 5–20 mg/kg intraperitoneal in vivo; islet calcium experiment 100 micromolar for 10 minutes evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/37631083.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "81c61f935e3b9e0e16acb5e76bd56be59ca99bea4e3da001710e6d994abb92e7", "start_char": 15149, "end_char": 21214, "text_sha256": "472b3baeedfb72dc1405349207bce32da9e04cb33d20a481f90ef39269fe0c75"} [ceylon-p37631083] Electrophilic Agonists Modulate the Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin-1 Channels Mediated by Insulin and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Secretion for Glucose Homeostasis. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37631083/ DOI: 10.3390/ph16081167
Complete structured claim and evidence
The aqueous extract increased UCP1 expression in the treated diabetic-rat tissue study.
C. zeylanicum aqueous extract in the 2010 rat/cell study → Rat mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 / Ucp1 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/21150113.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3a58afe3cd3cd503ea2fba0faeb90aee891bceab69a523e3a8c1de27ed9c04d9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1075, "text_sha256": "3a58afe3cd3cd503ea2fba0faeb90aee891bceab69a523e3a8c1de27ed9c04d9"}
experimental_model
STZ-diabetic rat treatment and mouse adipocyte experiments
exposure
Aqueous extract for 22 days in rats; effects reported above 30 mg/kg/day
limitations
Extract effects cannot be assigned to pure cinnamaldehyde or substituted for insulin in humans.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Rat
plain_language
The rat energy-handling machinery changed.
primary_references
[ceylon-p21150113] Verification of the antidiabetic effects of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) using insulin-uncontrolled type 1 diabetic rats and cultured adipocytes. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21150113/ DOI: 10.1271/bbb.100453
tissue_or_cell_type
Brown adipose tissue and muscle
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 467–478
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · STZ-diabetic rat treatment and mouse adipocyte experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-rat-ucp1 The aqueous extract increased UCP1 expression in the treated diabetic-rat tissue study. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The rat energy-handling machinery changed. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Brown adipose tissue and muscle experimental_model: STZ-diabetic rat treatment and mouse adipocyte experiments limitations: Extract effects cannot be assigned to pure cinnamaldehyde or substituted for insulin in humans. exposure: Aqueous extract for 22 days in rats; effects reported above 30 mg/kg/day evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/21150113.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3a58afe3cd3cd503ea2fba0faeb90aee891bceab69a523e3a8c1de27ed9c04d9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1075, "text_sha256": "3a58afe3cd3cd503ea2fba0faeb90aee891bceab69a523e3a8c1de27ed9c04d9"} [ceylon-p21150113] Verification of the antidiabetic effects of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) using insulin-uncontrolled type 1 diabetic rats and cultured adipocytes. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21150113/ DOI: 10.1271/bbb.100453
Complete structured claim and evidence
The aqueous extract increased GLUT4 expression in the treated diabetic rats.
C. zeylanicum aqueous extract in the 2010 rat/cell study → Rat glucose transporter 4 / Slc2a4 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/21150113.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3a58afe3cd3cd503ea2fba0faeb90aee891bceab69a523e3a8c1de27ed9c04d9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1075, "text_sha256": "3a58afe3cd3cd503ea2fba0faeb90aee891bceab69a523e3a8c1de27ed9c04d9"}
experimental_model
STZ-diabetic rat treatment and mouse adipocyte experiments
exposure
Aqueous extract for 22 days in rats; effects reported above 30 mg/kg/day
limitations
Extract effects cannot be assigned to pure cinnamaldehyde or substituted for insulin in humans.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Rat
plain_language
The rats produced more of a transporter involved in glucose uptake.
primary_references
[ceylon-p21150113] Verification of the antidiabetic effects of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) using insulin-uncontrolled type 1 diabetic rats and cultured adipocytes. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21150113/ DOI: 10.1271/bbb.100453
tissue_or_cell_type
Brown adipose tissue and muscle
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 480–491
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · STZ-diabetic rat treatment and mouse adipocyte experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-rat-glut4 The aqueous extract increased GLUT4 expression in the treated diabetic rats. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The rats produced more of a transporter involved in glucose uptake. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Brown adipose tissue and muscle experimental_model: STZ-diabetic rat treatment and mouse adipocyte experiments limitations: Extract effects cannot be assigned to pure cinnamaldehyde or substituted for insulin in humans. exposure: Aqueous extract for 22 days in rats; effects reported above 30 mg/kg/day evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/21150113.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3a58afe3cd3cd503ea2fba0faeb90aee891bceab69a523e3a8c1de27ed9c04d9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1075, "text_sha256": "3a58afe3cd3cd503ea2fba0faeb90aee891bceab69a523e3a8c1de27ed9c04d9"} [ceylon-p21150113] Verification of the antidiabetic effects of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) using insulin-uncontrolled type 1 diabetic rats and cultured adipocytes. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21150113/ DOI: 10.1271/bbb.100453
Complete structured claim and evidence
The aqueous extract increased GLUT4 translocation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
C. zeylanicum aqueous extract in the 2010 rat/cell study → Mouse GLUT4 movement toward or into the cell surface source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/21150113.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3a58afe3cd3cd503ea2fba0faeb90aee891bceab69a523e3a8c1de27ed9c04d9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1075, "text_sha256": "3a58afe3cd3cd503ea2fba0faeb90aee891bceab69a523e3a8c1de27ed9c04d9"}
experimental_model
STZ-diabetic rat treatment and mouse adipocyte experiments
exposure
Aqueous extract for 22 days in rats; effects reported above 30 mg/kg/day
limitations
Extract effects cannot be assigned to pure cinnamaldehyde or substituted for insulin in humans.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Mouse
plain_language
Mouse fat cells moved more glucose transporters toward the cell surface.
primary_references
[ceylon-p21150113] Verification of the antidiabetic effects of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) using insulin-uncontrolled type 1 diabetic rats and cultured adipocytes. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21150113/ DOI: 10.1271/bbb.100453
tissue_or_cell_type
3T3-L1 adipocytes
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 493–504
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · STZ-diabetic rat treatment and mouse adipocyte experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-mouse-glut4 The aqueous extract increased GLUT4 translocation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Mouse fat cells moved more glucose transporters toward the cell surface. organism: Mouse tissue_or_cell_type: 3T3-L1 adipocytes experimental_model: STZ-diabetic rat treatment and mouse adipocyte experiments limitations: Extract effects cannot be assigned to pure cinnamaldehyde or substituted for insulin in humans. exposure: Aqueous extract for 22 days in rats; effects reported above 30 mg/kg/day evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/21150113.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3a58afe3cd3cd503ea2fba0faeb90aee891bceab69a523e3a8c1de27ed9c04d9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1075, "text_sha256": "3a58afe3cd3cd503ea2fba0faeb90aee891bceab69a523e3a8c1de27ed9c04d9"} [ceylon-p21150113] Verification of the antidiabetic effects of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) using insulin-uncontrolled type 1 diabetic rats and cultured adipocytes. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21150113/ DOI: 10.1271/bbb.100453
Complete structured claim and evidence
The aqueous extract increased glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
C. zeylanicum aqueous extract in the 2010 rat/cell study → Mouse adipocyte glucose uptake source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/21150113.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3a58afe3cd3cd503ea2fba0faeb90aee891bceab69a523e3a8c1de27ed9c04d9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1075, "text_sha256": "3a58afe3cd3cd503ea2fba0faeb90aee891bceab69a523e3a8c1de27ed9c04d9"}
experimental_model
STZ-diabetic rat treatment and mouse adipocyte experiments
exposure
Aqueous extract for 22 days in rats; effects reported above 30 mg/kg/day
limitations
Extract effects cannot be assigned to pure cinnamaldehyde or substituted for insulin in humans.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Mouse
plain_language
The cultured mouse fat cells took up more glucose.
primary_references
[ceylon-p21150113] Verification of the antidiabetic effects of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) using insulin-uncontrolled type 1 diabetic rats and cultured adipocytes. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21150113/ DOI: 10.1271/bbb.100453
tissue_or_cell_type
3T3-L1 adipocytes
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 506–517
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · STZ-diabetic rat treatment and mouse adipocyte experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-mouse-glucose-uptake The aqueous extract increased glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The cultured mouse fat cells took up more glucose. organism: Mouse tissue_or_cell_type: 3T3-L1 adipocytes experimental_model: STZ-diabetic rat treatment and mouse adipocyte experiments limitations: Extract effects cannot be assigned to pure cinnamaldehyde or substituted for insulin in humans. exposure: Aqueous extract for 22 days in rats; effects reported above 30 mg/kg/day evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/21150113.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3a58afe3cd3cd503ea2fba0faeb90aee891bceab69a523e3a8c1de27ed9c04d9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1075, "text_sha256": "3a58afe3cd3cd503ea2fba0faeb90aee891bceab69a523e3a8c1de27ed9c04d9"} [ceylon-p21150113] Verification of the antidiabetic effects of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) using insulin-uncontrolled type 1 diabetic rats and cultured adipocytes. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21150113/ DOI: 10.1271/bbb.100453
Complete structured claim and evidence
Cinnamaldehyde activated PKA signaling in primary mouse adipocytes.
trans-Cinnamaldehyde / cinnamal → Mouse cAMP-dependent protein kinase family source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/29046261.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1763, "text_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac"}
experimental_model
Primary adipocyte signaling with inhibitor and knockout experiments
exposure
Acute and chronic purified cinnamaldehyde exposure
limitations
Cell thermogenesis is not a measured increase in whole-person energy expenditure or proven weight loss.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Mouse
plain_language
A signaling enzyme family responded inside mouse fat cells.
primary_references
[ceylon-p29046261] Cinnamaldehyde induces fat cell-autonomous thermogenesis and metabolic reprogramming. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29046261/ DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.08.006
tissue_or_cell_type
Subcutaneous adipocytes in culture
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 519–530
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Primary adipocyte signaling with inhibitor and knockout experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-pka Cinnamaldehyde activated PKA signaling in primary mouse adipocytes. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A signaling enzyme family responded inside mouse fat cells. organism: Mouse tissue_or_cell_type: Subcutaneous adipocytes in culture experimental_model: Primary adipocyte signaling with inhibitor and knockout experiments limitations: Cell thermogenesis is not a measured increase in whole-person energy expenditure or proven weight loss. exposure: Acute and chronic purified cinnamaldehyde exposure evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/29046261.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1763, "text_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac"} [ceylon-p29046261] Cinnamaldehyde induces fat cell-autonomous thermogenesis and metabolic reprogramming. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29046261/ DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.08.006
Complete structured claim and evidence
Cinnamaldehyde increased HSL phosphorylation in primary mouse adipocytes.
trans-Cinnamaldehyde / cinnamal → Mouse hormone-sensitive lipase / Lipe source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/29046261.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1763, "text_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac"}
experimental_model
Primary adipocyte signaling with inhibitor and knockout experiments
exposure
Acute and chronic purified cinnamaldehyde exposure
limitations
Cell thermogenesis is not a measured increase in whole-person energy expenditure or proven weight loss.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Mouse
plain_language
A fat-handling enzyme changed its phosphorylation state.
primary_references
[ceylon-p29046261] Cinnamaldehyde induces fat cell-autonomous thermogenesis and metabolic reprogramming. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29046261/ DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.08.006
tissue_or_cell_type
Subcutaneous adipocytes in culture
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 532–543
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Primary adipocyte signaling with inhibitor and knockout experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-hsl Cinnamaldehyde increased HSL phosphorylation in primary mouse adipocytes. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A fat-handling enzyme changed its phosphorylation state. organism: Mouse tissue_or_cell_type: Subcutaneous adipocytes in culture experimental_model: Primary adipocyte signaling with inhibitor and knockout experiments limitations: Cell thermogenesis is not a measured increase in whole-person energy expenditure or proven weight loss. exposure: Acute and chronic purified cinnamaldehyde exposure evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/29046261.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1763, "text_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac"} [ceylon-p29046261] Cinnamaldehyde induces fat cell-autonomous thermogenesis and metabolic reprogramming. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29046261/ DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.08.006
Complete structured claim and evidence
Cinnamaldehyde increased PLIN1 phosphorylation in primary mouse adipocytes.
trans-Cinnamaldehyde / cinnamal → Mouse perilipin 1 / Plin1 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/29046261.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1763, "text_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac"}
experimental_model
Primary adipocyte signaling with inhibitor and knockout experiments
exposure
Acute and chronic purified cinnamaldehyde exposure
limitations
Cell thermogenesis is not a measured increase in whole-person energy expenditure or proven weight loss.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Mouse
plain_language
The protein coating stored fat droplets received a regulatory signal.
primary_references
[ceylon-p29046261] Cinnamaldehyde induces fat cell-autonomous thermogenesis and metabolic reprogramming. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29046261/ DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.08.006
tissue_or_cell_type
Subcutaneous adipocytes in culture
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 545–556
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Primary adipocyte signaling with inhibitor and knockout experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-plin1 Cinnamaldehyde increased PLIN1 phosphorylation in primary mouse adipocytes. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The protein coating stored fat droplets received a regulatory signal. organism: Mouse tissue_or_cell_type: Subcutaneous adipocytes in culture experimental_model: Primary adipocyte signaling with inhibitor and knockout experiments limitations: Cell thermogenesis is not a measured increase in whole-person energy expenditure or proven weight loss. exposure: Acute and chronic purified cinnamaldehyde exposure evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/29046261.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1763, "text_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac"} [ceylon-p29046261] Cinnamaldehyde induces fat cell-autonomous thermogenesis and metabolic reprogramming. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29046261/ DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.08.006
Complete structured claim and evidence
Cinnamaldehyde induced acute and chronic thermogenic/metabolic responses in adipocytes differentiated from multiple human donors.
trans-Cinnamaldehyde / cinnamal → Cultured human adipocyte thermogenic and metabolic response source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/29046261.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1763, "text_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac"}
experimental_model
Primary adipocyte signaling with inhibitor and knockout experiments
exposure
Acute and chronic purified cinnamaldehyde exposure
limitations
Cell thermogenesis is not a measured increase in whole-person energy expenditure or proven weight loss.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human
plain_language
Cultured human fat cells responded too, but nobody’s weight loss was tested in this experiment.
primary_references
[ceylon-p29046261] Cinnamaldehyde induces fat cell-autonomous thermogenesis and metabolic reprogramming. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29046261/ DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.08.006
tissue_or_cell_type
Subcutaneous adipocytes in culture
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 558–569
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Primary adipocyte signaling with inhibitor and knockout experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-human-adipocytes Cinnamaldehyde induced acute and chronic thermogenic/metabolic responses in adipocytes differentiated from multiple human donors. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Cultured human fat cells responded too, but nobody’s weight loss was tested in this experiment. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Subcutaneous adipocytes in culture experimental_model: Primary adipocyte signaling with inhibitor and knockout experiments limitations: Cell thermogenesis is not a measured increase in whole-person energy expenditure or proven weight loss. exposure: Acute and chronic purified cinnamaldehyde exposure evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/29046261.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1763, "text_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac"} [ceylon-p29046261] Cinnamaldehyde induces fat cell-autonomous thermogenesis and metabolic reprogramming. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29046261/ DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.08.006
Complete structured claim and evidence
Inhibition of PKA activity markedly attenuated cinnamaldehyde-induced thermogenic responses in mouse adipocytes.
Mouse cAMP-dependent protein kinase family → Mouse adipocyte thermogenic gene program source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
availability_state
machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/29046261.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1763, "text_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac"}
experimental_model
Primary adipocyte signaling with inhibitor and knockout experiments
exposure
Acute and chronic purified cinnamaldehyde exposure
limitations
Cell thermogenesis is not a measured increase in whole-person energy expenditure or proven weight loss.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Mouse; human donor-derived adipocytes
plain_language
Interfering with this signaling step weakened the cellular response.
primary_references
[ceylon-p29046261] Cinnamaldehyde induces fat cell-autonomous thermogenesis and metabolic reprogramming. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29046261/ DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.08.006
tissue_or_cell_type
Subcutaneous adipocytes in culture
trigger_kind
machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 571–582
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Primary adipocyte signaling with inhibitor and knockout experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-pka-block Inhibition of PKA activity markedly attenuated cinnamaldehyde-induced thermogenic responses in mouse adipocytes. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Interfering with this signaling step weakened the cellular response. organism: Mouse; human donor-derived adipocytes tissue_or_cell_type: Subcutaneous adipocytes in culture experimental_model: Primary adipocyte signaling with inhibitor and knockout experiments limitations: Cell thermogenesis is not a measured increase in whole-person energy expenditure or proven weight loss. exposure: Acute and chronic purified cinnamaldehyde exposure evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/29046261.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1763, "text_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac"} [ceylon-p29046261] Cinnamaldehyde induces fat cell-autonomous thermogenesis and metabolic reprogramming. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29046261/ DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.08.006
Complete structured claim and evidence
Inhibition of p38 MAPK activity markedly attenuated cinnamaldehyde-induced thermogenic responses in mouse adipocytes.
Mouse p38 MAP kinase family, isoform unresolved → Mouse adipocyte thermogenic gene program source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
availability_state
machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/29046261.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1763, "text_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac"}
experimental_model
Primary adipocyte signaling with inhibitor and knockout experiments
exposure
Acute and chronic purified cinnamaldehyde exposure
limitations
Cell thermogenesis is not a measured increase in whole-person energy expenditure or proven weight loss.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Mouse; human donor-derived adipocytes
plain_language
Interfering with this signaling step weakened the cellular response.
primary_references
[ceylon-p29046261] Cinnamaldehyde induces fat cell-autonomous thermogenesis and metabolic reprogramming. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29046261/ DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.08.006
tissue_or_cell_type
Subcutaneous adipocytes in culture
trigger_kind
machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 584–595
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Primary adipocyte signaling with inhibitor and knockout experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-p38-block Inhibition of p38 MAPK activity markedly attenuated cinnamaldehyde-induced thermogenic responses in mouse adipocytes. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Interfering with this signaling step weakened the cellular response. organism: Mouse; human donor-derived adipocytes tissue_or_cell_type: Subcutaneous adipocytes in culture experimental_model: Primary adipocyte signaling with inhibitor and knockout experiments limitations: Cell thermogenesis is not a measured increase in whole-person energy expenditure or proven weight loss. exposure: Acute and chronic purified cinnamaldehyde exposure evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/29046261.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1763, "text_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac"} [ceylon-p29046261] Cinnamaldehyde induces fat cell-autonomous thermogenesis and metabolic reprogramming. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29046261/ DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.08.006
Complete structured claim and evidence
Cinnamaldehyde blocked NRF2 ubiquitination in HCT116 cells through a KEAP1-C151-dependent mechanism.
trans-Cinnamaldehyde / cinnamal → KEAP1-dependent Nrf2 ubiquitination source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/25712056.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8ad37b0dca440e7fa609a46cf02377c2979d2be8e09291a370efb963ff3c9cfd", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1920, "text_sha256": "8ad37b0dca440e7fa609a46cf02377c2979d2be8e09291a370efb963ff3c9cfd"}
experimental_model
HCT116 mechanism and AOM/DSS knockout-mouse experiment
exposure
Purified cinnamaldehyde cell exposure and dietary supplementation in mice
limitations
No human cancer-prevention outcome; the abstract identifies C151 dependence but does not resolve the transfected KEAP1 construct species.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human HCT116 cells; KEAP1 construct species unresolved
plain_language
The cell marked less NRF2 for disposal.
primary_references
[ceylon-p25712056] Nrf2-dependent suppression of azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium-induced colon carcinogenesis by the cinnamon-derived dietary factor cinnamaldehyde. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25712056/ DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0359
tissue_or_cell_type
Colon epithelial cancer cells and experimental inflammatory colon tumors
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 597–608
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · HCT116 mechanism and AOM/DSS knockout-mouse experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-nrf2-ubiquitin Cinnamaldehyde blocked NRF2 ubiquitination in HCT116 cells through a KEAP1-C151-dependent mechanism. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The cell marked less NRF2 for disposal. organism: Human HCT116 cells; KEAP1 construct species unresolved tissue_or_cell_type: Colon epithelial cancer cells and experimental inflammatory colon tumors experimental_model: HCT116 mechanism and AOM/DSS knockout-mouse experiment limitations: No human cancer-prevention outcome; the abstract identifies C151 dependence but does not resolve the transfected KEAP1 construct species. exposure: Purified cinnamaldehyde cell exposure and dietary supplementation in mice evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/25712056.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8ad37b0dca440e7fa609a46cf02377c2979d2be8e09291a370efb963ff3c9cfd", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1920, "text_sha256": "8ad37b0dca440e7fa609a46cf02377c2979d2be8e09291a370efb963ff3c9cfd"} [ceylon-p25712056] Nrf2-dependent suppression of azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium-induced colon carcinogenesis by the cinnamon-derived dietary factor cinnamaldehyde. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25712056/ DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0359
Complete structured claim and evidence
Cinnamaldehyde increased NRF2 protein half-life in HCT116 cells.
trans-Cinnamaldehyde / cinnamal → Nrf2 protein stability source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/25712056.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8ad37b0dca440e7fa609a46cf02377c2979d2be8e09291a370efb963ff3c9cfd", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1920, "text_sha256": "8ad37b0dca440e7fa609a46cf02377c2979d2be8e09291a370efb963ff3c9cfd"}
experimental_model
HCT116 mechanism and AOM/DSS knockout-mouse experiment
exposure
Purified cinnamaldehyde cell exposure and dietary supplementation in mice
limitations
No human cancer-prevention outcome; the abstract identifies C151 dependence but does not resolve the transfected KEAP1 construct species.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human HCT116 cells; KEAP1 construct species unresolved
plain_language
NRF2 lasted longer, allowing a stronger defense-gene response.
primary_references
[ceylon-p25712056] Nrf2-dependent suppression of azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium-induced colon carcinogenesis by the cinnamon-derived dietary factor cinnamaldehyde. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25712056/ DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0359
tissue_or_cell_type
Colon epithelial cancer cells and experimental inflammatory colon tumors
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 610–621
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · HCT116 mechanism and AOM/DSS knockout-mouse experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-nrf2-stability Cinnamaldehyde increased NRF2 protein half-life in HCT116 cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: NRF2 lasted longer, allowing a stronger defense-gene response. organism: Human HCT116 cells; KEAP1 construct species unresolved tissue_or_cell_type: Colon epithelial cancer cells and experimental inflammatory colon tumors experimental_model: HCT116 mechanism and AOM/DSS knockout-mouse experiment limitations: No human cancer-prevention outcome; the abstract identifies C151 dependence but does not resolve the transfected KEAP1 construct species. exposure: Purified cinnamaldehyde cell exposure and dietary supplementation in mice evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/25712056.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8ad37b0dca440e7fa609a46cf02377c2979d2be8e09291a370efb963ff3c9cfd", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1920, "text_sha256": "8ad37b0dca440e7fa609a46cf02377c2979d2be8e09291a370efb963ff3c9cfd"} [ceylon-p25712056] Nrf2-dependent suppression of azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium-induced colon carcinogenesis by the cinnamon-derived dietary factor cinnamaldehyde. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25712056/ DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0359
Complete structured claim and evidence
Dietary cinnamaldehyde suppressed AOM/DSS-associated colon carcinogenesis in Nrf2-intact mice.
trans-Cinnamaldehyde / cinnamal → Mouse AOM/DSS inflammatory colon tumor burden source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/25712056.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8ad37b0dca440e7fa609a46cf02377c2979d2be8e09291a370efb963ff3c9cfd", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1920, "text_sha256": "8ad37b0dca440e7fa609a46cf02377c2979d2be8e09291a370efb963ff3c9cfd"}
experimental_model
HCT116 mechanism and AOM/DSS knockout-mouse experiment
exposure
Purified cinnamaldehyde cell exposure and dietary supplementation in mice
limitations
No human cancer-prevention outcome; the abstract identifies C151 dependence but does not resolve the transfected KEAP1 construct species.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Mouse
plain_language
The treated wild-type mice developed less experimental colon cancer.
primary_references
[ceylon-p25712056] Nrf2-dependent suppression of azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium-induced colon carcinogenesis by the cinnamon-derived dietary factor cinnamaldehyde. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25712056/ DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0359
tissue_or_cell_type
Colon epithelial cancer cells and experimental inflammatory colon tumors
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 636–647
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · HCT116 mechanism and AOM/DSS knockout-mouse experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-mouse-colon Dietary cinnamaldehyde suppressed AOM/DSS-associated colon carcinogenesis in Nrf2-intact mice. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The treated wild-type mice developed less experimental colon cancer. organism: Mouse tissue_or_cell_type: Colon epithelial cancer cells and experimental inflammatory colon tumors experimental_model: HCT116 mechanism and AOM/DSS knockout-mouse experiment limitations: No human cancer-prevention outcome; the abstract identifies C151 dependence but does not resolve the transfected KEAP1 construct species. exposure: Purified cinnamaldehyde cell exposure and dietary supplementation in mice evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/25712056.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8ad37b0dca440e7fa609a46cf02377c2979d2be8e09291a370efb963ff3c9cfd", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1920, "text_sha256": "8ad37b0dca440e7fa609a46cf02377c2979d2be8e09291a370efb963ff3c9cfd"} [ceylon-p25712056] Nrf2-dependent suppression of azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium-induced colon carcinogenesis by the cinnamon-derived dietary factor cinnamaldehyde. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25712056/ DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0359
Complete structured claim and evidence
The dietary cinnamaldehyde tumor-suppressive effect was not achieved in Nrf2-null mice.
Experimental mouse Nfe2l2 knockout → Mouse AOM/DSS inflammatory colon tumor burden source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
availability_state
machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/25712056.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8ad37b0dca440e7fa609a46cf02377c2979d2be8e09291a370efb963ff3c9cfd", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1920, "text_sha256": "8ad37b0dca440e7fa609a46cf02377c2979d2be8e09291a370efb963ff3c9cfd"}
experimental_model
HCT116 mechanism and AOM/DSS knockout-mouse experiment
exposure
Purified cinnamaldehyde cell exposure and dietary supplementation in mice
limitations
No human cancer-prevention outcome; the abstract identifies C151 dependence but does not resolve the transfected KEAP1 construct species.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Mouse
plain_language
Without the regulator, this mouse protection did not appear.
primary_references
[ceylon-p25712056] Nrf2-dependent suppression of azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium-induced colon carcinogenesis by the cinnamon-derived dietary factor cinnamaldehyde. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25712056/ DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0359
tissue_or_cell_type
Colon epithelial cancer cells and experimental inflammatory colon tumors
trigger_kind
machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 649–660
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · HCT116 mechanism and AOM/DSS knockout-mouse experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-nrf2-null The dietary cinnamaldehyde tumor-suppressive effect was not achieved in Nrf2-null mice. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Without the regulator, this mouse protection did not appear. organism: Mouse tissue_or_cell_type: Colon epithelial cancer cells and experimental inflammatory colon tumors experimental_model: HCT116 mechanism and AOM/DSS knockout-mouse experiment limitations: No human cancer-prevention outcome; the abstract identifies C151 dependence but does not resolve the transfected KEAP1 construct species. exposure: Purified cinnamaldehyde cell exposure and dietary supplementation in mice evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/25712056.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8ad37b0dca440e7fa609a46cf02377c2979d2be8e09291a370efb963ff3c9cfd", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1920, "text_sha256": "8ad37b0dca440e7fa609a46cf02377c2979d2be8e09291a370efb963ff3c9cfd"} [ceylon-p25712056] Nrf2-dependent suppression of azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium-induced colon carcinogenesis by the cinnamon-derived dietary factor cinnamaldehyde. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25712056/ DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0359
Complete structured claim and evidence
Cinnamaldehyde activated the PPAR delta reporter in the TSA201 transfection experiment.
trans-Cinnamaldehyde / cinnamal → PPAR delta reporter construct in the 2015 cinnamaldehyde study; construct species unresolved source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/26227398.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6aa67e691d29bd1e0a13dd5e433b9b7aa2265ed650a21acfd66b79c715b7c9ea", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1580, "text_sha256": "6aa67e691d29bd1e0a13dd5e433b9b7aa2265ed650a21acfd66b79c715b7c9ea"}
experimental_model
Transient receptor reporters and 3T3-L1 expression assays
exposure
Purified cinnamaldehyde; reporter construct species/isoforms not resolved from abstract
limitations
Reporter activation is not proof of direct receptor binding, a particular RXR isoform, vitamin A sparing, or human insulin sensitization.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human-derived TSA201 host cells; mouse adipocytes
plain_language
A receptor-controlled gene reporter increased; the exact binding mechanism remains unresolved.
primary_references
[ceylon-p26227398] Cinnamaldehyde Contributes to Insulin Sensitivity by Activating PPARδ, PPARγ, and RXR. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26227398/ DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x15500512
tissue_or_cell_type
Transfected receptor reporter systems
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 662–673
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Transient receptor reporters and 3T3-L1 expression assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-ppard Cinnamaldehyde activated the PPAR delta reporter in the TSA201 transfection experiment. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A receptor-controlled gene reporter increased; the exact binding mechanism remains unresolved. organism: Human-derived TSA201 host cells; mouse adipocytes tissue_or_cell_type: Transfected receptor reporter systems experimental_model: Transient receptor reporters and 3T3-L1 expression assays limitations: Reporter activation is not proof of direct receptor binding, a particular RXR isoform, vitamin A sparing, or human insulin sensitization. exposure: Purified cinnamaldehyde; reporter construct species/isoforms not resolved from abstract evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/26227398.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6aa67e691d29bd1e0a13dd5e433b9b7aa2265ed650a21acfd66b79c715b7c9ea", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1580, "text_sha256": "6aa67e691d29bd1e0a13dd5e433b9b7aa2265ed650a21acfd66b79c715b7c9ea"} [ceylon-p26227398] Cinnamaldehyde Contributes to Insulin Sensitivity by Activating PPARδ, PPARγ, and RXR. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26227398/ DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x15500512
Complete structured claim and evidence
Cinnamaldehyde activated the PPAR gamma reporter in the TSA201 transfection experiment.
trans-Cinnamaldehyde / cinnamal → PPAR gamma reporter construct in the 2015 cinnamaldehyde study; construct species unresolved source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/26227398.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6aa67e691d29bd1e0a13dd5e433b9b7aa2265ed650a21acfd66b79c715b7c9ea", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1580, "text_sha256": "6aa67e691d29bd1e0a13dd5e433b9b7aa2265ed650a21acfd66b79c715b7c9ea"}
experimental_model
Transient receptor reporters and 3T3-L1 expression assays
exposure
Purified cinnamaldehyde; reporter construct species/isoforms not resolved from abstract
limitations
Reporter activation is not proof of direct receptor binding, a particular RXR isoform, vitamin A sparing, or human insulin sensitization.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human-derived TSA201 host cells; mouse adipocytes
plain_language
A receptor-controlled gene reporter increased; the exact binding mechanism remains unresolved.
primary_references
[ceylon-p26227398] Cinnamaldehyde Contributes to Insulin Sensitivity by Activating PPARδ, PPARγ, and RXR. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26227398/ DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x15500512
tissue_or_cell_type
Transfected receptor reporter systems
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 675–686
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Transient receptor reporters and 3T3-L1 expression assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-pparg Cinnamaldehyde activated the PPAR gamma reporter in the TSA201 transfection experiment. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A receptor-controlled gene reporter increased; the exact binding mechanism remains unresolved. organism: Human-derived TSA201 host cells; mouse adipocytes tissue_or_cell_type: Transfected receptor reporter systems experimental_model: Transient receptor reporters and 3T3-L1 expression assays limitations: Reporter activation is not proof of direct receptor binding, a particular RXR isoform, vitamin A sparing, or human insulin sensitization. exposure: Purified cinnamaldehyde; reporter construct species/isoforms not resolved from abstract evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/26227398.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6aa67e691d29bd1e0a13dd5e433b9b7aa2265ed650a21acfd66b79c715b7c9ea", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1580, "text_sha256": "6aa67e691d29bd1e0a13dd5e433b9b7aa2265ed650a21acfd66b79c715b7c9ea"} [ceylon-p26227398] Cinnamaldehyde Contributes to Insulin Sensitivity by Activating PPARδ, PPARγ, and RXR. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26227398/ DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x15500512
Complete structured claim and evidence
Cinnamaldehyde activated the RXR reporter in the TSA201 transfection experiment.
trans-Cinnamaldehyde / cinnamal → RXR reporter construct in the 2015 cinnamaldehyde study; isoform/species unresolved source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/26227398.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6aa67e691d29bd1e0a13dd5e433b9b7aa2265ed650a21acfd66b79c715b7c9ea", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1580, "text_sha256": "6aa67e691d29bd1e0a13dd5e433b9b7aa2265ed650a21acfd66b79c715b7c9ea"}
experimental_model
Transient receptor reporters and 3T3-L1 expression assays
exposure
Purified cinnamaldehyde; reporter construct species/isoforms not resolved from abstract
limitations
Reporter activation is not proof of direct receptor binding, a particular RXR isoform, vitamin A sparing, or human insulin sensitization.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human-derived TSA201 host cells; mouse adipocytes
plain_language
A receptor-controlled gene reporter increased; the exact binding mechanism remains unresolved.
primary_references
[ceylon-p26227398] Cinnamaldehyde Contributes to Insulin Sensitivity by Activating PPARδ, PPARγ, and RXR. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26227398/ DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x15500512
tissue_or_cell_type
Transfected receptor reporter systems
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 688–699
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Transient receptor reporters and 3T3-L1 expression assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-rxr Cinnamaldehyde activated the RXR reporter in the TSA201 transfection experiment. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A receptor-controlled gene reporter increased; the exact binding mechanism remains unresolved. organism: Human-derived TSA201 host cells; mouse adipocytes tissue_or_cell_type: Transfected receptor reporter systems experimental_model: Transient receptor reporters and 3T3-L1 expression assays limitations: Reporter activation is not proof of direct receptor binding, a particular RXR isoform, vitamin A sparing, or human insulin sensitization. exposure: Purified cinnamaldehyde; reporter construct species/isoforms not resolved from abstract evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/26227398.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6aa67e691d29bd1e0a13dd5e433b9b7aa2265ed650a21acfd66b79c715b7c9ea", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1580, "text_sha256": "6aa67e691d29bd1e0a13dd5e433b9b7aa2265ed650a21acfd66b79c715b7c9ea"} [ceylon-p26227398] Cinnamaldehyde Contributes to Insulin Sensitivity by Activating PPARδ, PPARγ, and RXR. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26227398/ DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x15500512
Complete structured claim and evidence
Parent cinnamaldehyde was a weak TrxR inhibitor compared with the more potent hydroxy- and benzoyloxy-substituted analogues.
trans-Cinnamaldehyde / cinnamal → Thioredoxin reductase preparations in the 2009 analogue study; isoform/species unresolved from abstract source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/19837157.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "49ea5e5f0f771d7ac09c9072aae28a1bf3ad872bb9e9ec4ac22bc7070ac348cb", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1607, "text_sha256": "49ea5e5f0f771d7ac09c9072aae28a1bf3ad872bb9e9ec4ac22bc7070ac348cb"}
experimental_model
Synthetic analogue screen, recombinant enzyme and cancer-cell assays
exposure
Parent cinnamaldehyde versus substituted analogues; recombinant enzyme incubation 1 hour
limitations
Selenocysteine was a possible target, not a demonstrated dietary selenium depletion pathway. Strong analogue potency must not be assigned to the parent or spice.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Recombinant TrxR species/isoform unresolved here; human HCT116 cells
plain_language
The stronger laboratory results belonged to modified chemicals, not ordinary cinnamon.
primary_references
[ceylon-p19837157] Cinnamaldehydes inhibit thioredoxin reductase and induce Nrf2: potential candidates for cancer therapy and chemoprevention. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19837157/ DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.10.028
tissue_or_cell_type
Thioredoxin reductase assays and cultured cells
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 701–712
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Synthetic analogue screen, recombinant enzyme and cancer-cell assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-trx-parent Parent cinnamaldehyde was a weak TrxR inhibitor compared with the more potent hydroxy- and benzoyloxy-substituted analogues. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The stronger laboratory results belonged to modified chemicals, not ordinary cinnamon. organism: Recombinant TrxR species/isoform unresolved here; human HCT116 cells tissue_or_cell_type: Thioredoxin reductase assays and cultured cells experimental_model: Synthetic analogue screen, recombinant enzyme and cancer-cell assays limitations: Selenocysteine was a possible target, not a demonstrated dietary selenium depletion pathway. Strong analogue potency must not be assigned to the parent or spice. exposure: Parent cinnamaldehyde versus substituted analogues; recombinant enzyme incubation 1 hour evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/19837157.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "49ea5e5f0f771d7ac09c9072aae28a1bf3ad872bb9e9ec4ac22bc7070ac348cb", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1607, "text_sha256": "49ea5e5f0f771d7ac09c9072aae28a1bf3ad872bb9e9ec4ac22bc7070ac348cb"} [ceylon-p19837157] Cinnamaldehydes inhibit thioredoxin reductase and induce Nrf2: potential candidates for cancer therapy and chemoprevention. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19837157/ DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.10.028
Complete structured claim and evidence
The synthetic 5-fluoro-2-hydroxy analogue inhibited recombinant TrxR with IC50 7 micromolar after one hour.
5-Fluoro-2-hydroxycinnamaldehyde, synthetic analogue → Thioredoxin reductase preparations in the 2009 analogue study; isoform/species unresolved from abstract source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/19837157.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "49ea5e5f0f771d7ac09c9072aae28a1bf3ad872bb9e9ec4ac22bc7070ac348cb", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1607, "text_sha256": "49ea5e5f0f771d7ac09c9072aae28a1bf3ad872bb9e9ec4ac22bc7070ac348cb"}
experimental_model
Synthetic analogue screen, recombinant enzyme and cancer-cell assays
exposure
Parent cinnamaldehyde versus substituted analogues; recombinant enzyme incubation 1 hour
limitations
Selenocysteine was a possible target, not a demonstrated dietary selenium depletion pathway. Strong analogue potency must not be assigned to the parent or spice.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Recombinant TrxR species/isoform unresolved here; human HCT116 cells
plain_language
A separately named synthetic analogue strongly inhibited the enzyme in this assay.
primary_references
[ceylon-p19837157] Cinnamaldehydes inhibit thioredoxin reductase and induce Nrf2: potential candidates for cancer therapy and chemoprevention. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19837157/ DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.10.028
tissue_or_cell_type
Thioredoxin reductase assays and cultured cells
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 714–725
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Synthetic analogue screen, recombinant enzyme and cancer-cell assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-trx-analogue The synthetic 5-fluoro-2-hydroxy analogue inhibited recombinant TrxR with IC50 7 micromolar after one hour. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A separately named synthetic analogue strongly inhibited the enzyme in this assay. organism: Recombinant TrxR species/isoform unresolved here; human HCT116 cells tissue_or_cell_type: Thioredoxin reductase assays and cultured cells experimental_model: Synthetic analogue screen, recombinant enzyme and cancer-cell assays limitations: Selenocysteine was a possible target, not a demonstrated dietary selenium depletion pathway. Strong analogue potency must not be assigned to the parent or spice. exposure: Parent cinnamaldehyde versus substituted analogues; recombinant enzyme incubation 1 hour evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/19837157.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "49ea5e5f0f771d7ac09c9072aae28a1bf3ad872bb9e9ec4ac22bc7070ac348cb", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1607, "text_sha256": "49ea5e5f0f771d7ac09c9072aae28a1bf3ad872bb9e9ec4ac22bc7070ac348cb"} [ceylon-p19837157] Cinnamaldehydes inhibit thioredoxin reductase and induce Nrf2: potential candidates for cancer therapy and chemoprevention. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19837157/ DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.10.028
Complete structured claim and evidence
Added glutathione modestly but significantly reduced the extent of cinnamaldehyde-dependent CYP2A6 inhibition.
GSH → Human cytochrome P450 2A6 / CYP2A6 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/26851241.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c2fb6b18a3ba708f060d53011ea0e198f98fe980930297e714c488a41413b5a2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1591, "text_sha256": "c2fb6b18a3ba708f060d53011ea0e198f98fe980930297e714c488a41413b5a2"}
experimental_model
Recombinant human CYP assays and mechanistic static modeling
exposure
Cinnamaldehyde, NADPH and glutathione; modeled inhibitor concentrations 0.1 and 1 micromolar
limitations
Enzyme inhibition and model predictions are not measured clinical drug interactions. NADPH omission is not dietary niacin deficiency.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human enzyme preparations; computational model
plain_language
Glutathione partially buffered this enzyme effect in the assay; supplement protection was not tested.
primary_references
[ceylon-p26851241] Inactivation of CYP2A6 by the Dietary Phenylpropanoid trans-Cinnamic Aldehyde (Cinnamaldehyde) and Estimation of Interactions with Nicotine and Letrozole. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26851241/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.067942
tissue_or_cell_type
CYP2A6 reaction system
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 740–751
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Recombinant human CYP assays and mechanistic static modeling · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-gsh-cyp Added glutathione modestly but significantly reduced the extent of cinnamaldehyde-dependent CYP2A6 inhibition. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Glutathione partially buffered this enzyme effect in the assay; supplement protection was not tested. organism: Human enzyme preparations; computational model tissue_or_cell_type: CYP2A6 reaction system experimental_model: Recombinant human CYP assays and mechanistic static modeling limitations: Enzyme inhibition and model predictions are not measured clinical drug interactions. NADPH omission is not dietary niacin deficiency. exposure: Cinnamaldehyde, NADPH and glutathione; modeled inhibitor concentrations 0.1 and 1 micromolar evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/26851241.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c2fb6b18a3ba708f060d53011ea0e198f98fe980930297e714c488a41413b5a2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1591, "text_sha256": "c2fb6b18a3ba708f060d53011ea0e198f98fe980930297e714c488a41413b5a2"} [ceylon-p26851241] Inactivation of CYP2A6 by the Dietary Phenylpropanoid trans-Cinnamic Aldehyde (Cinnamaldehyde) and Estimation of Interactions with Nicotine and Letrozole. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26851241/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.067942
Complete structured claim and evidence
Cinnamaldehyde-dependent time-dependent inhibition of CYP2A6 required NADPH in the reconstituted assay.
NADPH → Human cytochrome P450 2A6 / CYP2A6 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
availability_state
machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/26851241.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c2fb6b18a3ba708f060d53011ea0e198f98fe980930297e714c488a41413b5a2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1591, "text_sha256": "c2fb6b18a3ba708f060d53011ea0e198f98fe980930297e714c488a41413b5a2"}
experimental_model
Recombinant human CYP assays and mechanistic static modeling
exposure
Cinnamaldehyde, NADPH and glutathione; modeled inhibitor concentrations 0.1 and 1 micromolar
limitations
Enzyme inhibition and model predictions are not measured clinical drug interactions. NADPH omission is not dietary niacin deficiency.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human enzyme preparations; computational model
plain_language
The enzyme had to receive reducing power for this inactivation process to develop.
primary_references
[ceylon-p26851241] Inactivation of CYP2A6 by the Dietary Phenylpropanoid trans-Cinnamic Aldehyde (Cinnamaldehyde) and Estimation of Interactions with Nicotine and Letrozole. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26851241/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.067942
tissue_or_cell_type
CYP2A6 reaction system
trigger_kind
machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 753–764
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Recombinant human CYP assays and mechanistic static modeling · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-nadph-dependence Cinnamaldehyde-dependent time-dependent inhibition of CYP2A6 required NADPH in the reconstituted assay. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The enzyme had to receive reducing power for this inactivation process to develop. organism: Human enzyme preparations; computational model tissue_or_cell_type: CYP2A6 reaction system experimental_model: Recombinant human CYP assays and mechanistic static modeling limitations: Enzyme inhibition and model predictions are not measured clinical drug interactions. NADPH omission is not dietary niacin deficiency. exposure: Cinnamaldehyde, NADPH and glutathione; modeled inhibitor concentrations 0.1 and 1 micromolar evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/26851241.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c2fb6b18a3ba708f060d53011ea0e198f98fe980930297e714c488a41413b5a2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1591, "text_sha256": "c2fb6b18a3ba708f060d53011ea0e198f98fe980930297e714c488a41413b5a2"} [ceylon-p26851241] Inactivation of CYP2A6 by the Dietary Phenylpropanoid trans-Cinnamic Aldehyde (Cinnamaldehyde) and Estimation of Interactions with Nicotine and Letrozole. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26851241/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.067942
Complete structured claim and evidence
Mass spectra indicated cinnamaldehyde-associated CYP2A6 apoprotein adduction, with reported mass addition about 132.67 Da; added glutathione did not prevent this measured adduction.
trans-Cinnamaldehyde / cinnamal → Cinnamaldehyde-associated CYP2A6 apoprotein mass adduction source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/32788161.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "431169f83241cb83b84dd81d84eb1db225735677cabf33f09af8b1e22dfe64f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2507, "text_sha256": "431169f83241cb83b84dd81d84eb1db225735677cabf33f09af8b1e22dfe64f4"}
experimental_model
CYP2A6 mass spectrometry, time-dependent inhibition and numerical modeling
exposure
Cinnamaldehyde and separately 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde; model exposure approximately 275 mg cinnamaldehyde
limitations
Rat-scaled predicted human AUC is not observed AUC. Heme loss was specifically reported for the methoxy analogue; apoprotein adduction is a different endpoint from inhibition.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human CYP2A6; rat-scaled modeling parameters
plain_language
The protein acquired extra mass even with glutathione present. This differs from measuring how much enzyme activity survives.
primary_references
[ceylon-p32788161] Mechanisms of Herb-Drug Interactions Involving Cinnamon and CYP2A6: Focus on Time-Dependent Inhibition by Cinnamaldehyde and 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32788161/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000087
tissue_or_cell_type
Enzyme apoprotein/heme; simulated drug exposure
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 766–777
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · CYP2A6 mass spectrometry, time-dependent inhibition and numerical modeling · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-cyp-adduct Mass spectra indicated cinnamaldehyde-associated CYP2A6 apoprotein adduction, with reported mass addition about 132.67 Da; added glutathione did not prevent this measured adduction. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The protein acquired extra mass even with glutathione present. This differs from measuring how much enzyme activity survives. organism: Human CYP2A6; rat-scaled modeling parameters tissue_or_cell_type: Enzyme apoprotein/heme; simulated drug exposure experimental_model: CYP2A6 mass spectrometry, time-dependent inhibition and numerical modeling limitations: Rat-scaled predicted human AUC is not observed AUC. Heme loss was specifically reported for the methoxy analogue; apoprotein adduction is a different endpoint from inhibition. exposure: Cinnamaldehyde and separately 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde; model exposure approximately 275 mg cinnamaldehyde evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/32788161.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "431169f83241cb83b84dd81d84eb1db225735677cabf33f09af8b1e22dfe64f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2507, "text_sha256": "431169f83241cb83b84dd81d84eb1db225735677cabf33f09af8b1e22dfe64f4"} [ceylon-p32788161] Mechanisms of Herb-Drug Interactions Involving Cinnamon and CYP2A6: Focus on Time-Dependent Inhibition by Cinnamaldehyde and 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32788161/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000087
Complete structured claim and evidence
The methoxy analogue caused reported CYP2A6 heme loss of 48.5 ± 13.4% in the LC-MS/MS experiment.
2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde → CYP2A6 heme loss measured after methoxycinnamaldehyde exposure source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/32788161.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "431169f83241cb83b84dd81d84eb1db225735677cabf33f09af8b1e22dfe64f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2507, "text_sha256": "431169f83241cb83b84dd81d84eb1db225735677cabf33f09af8b1e22dfe64f4"}
experimental_model
CYP2A6 mass spectrometry, time-dependent inhibition and numerical modeling
exposure
Cinnamaldehyde and separately 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde; model exposure approximately 275 mg cinnamaldehyde
limitations
Rat-scaled predicted human AUC is not observed AUC. Heme loss was specifically reported for the methoxy analogue; apoprotein adduction is a different endpoint from inhibition.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human CYP2A6; rat-scaled modeling parameters
plain_language
Heme damage was measured for the methoxy analogue; this number should not be attributed to cinnamaldehyde.
primary_references
[ceylon-p32788161] Mechanisms of Herb-Drug Interactions Involving Cinnamon and CYP2A6: Focus on Time-Dependent Inhibition by Cinnamaldehyde and 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32788161/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000087
tissue_or_cell_type
Enzyme apoprotein/heme; simulated drug exposure
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 779–790
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · CYP2A6 mass spectrometry, time-dependent inhibition and numerical modeling · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-methoxy-heme The methoxy analogue caused reported CYP2A6 heme loss of 48.5 ± 13.4% in the LC-MS/MS experiment. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Heme damage was measured for the methoxy analogue; this number should not be attributed to cinnamaldehyde. organism: Human CYP2A6; rat-scaled modeling parameters tissue_or_cell_type: Enzyme apoprotein/heme; simulated drug exposure experimental_model: CYP2A6 mass spectrometry, time-dependent inhibition and numerical modeling limitations: Rat-scaled predicted human AUC is not observed AUC. Heme loss was specifically reported for the methoxy analogue; apoprotein adduction is a different endpoint from inhibition. exposure: Cinnamaldehyde and separately 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde; model exposure approximately 275 mg cinnamaldehyde evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/32788161.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "431169f83241cb83b84dd81d84eb1db225735677cabf33f09af8b1e22dfe64f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2507, "text_sha256": "431169f83241cb83b84dd81d84eb1db225735677cabf33f09af8b1e22dfe64f4"} [ceylon-p32788161] Mechanisms of Herb-Drug Interactions Involving Cinnamon and CYP2A6: Focus on Time-Dependent Inhibition by Cinnamaldehyde and 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32788161/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000087
Complete structured claim and evidence
The rat-scaled static model predicted a 4.29-fold nicotine AUC with the modeled cinnamaldehyde exposure.
trans-Cinnamaldehyde / cinnamal → Model-predicted nicotine plasma exposure AUC source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/32788161.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "431169f83241cb83b84dd81d84eb1db225735677cabf33f09af8b1e22dfe64f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2507, "text_sha256": "431169f83241cb83b84dd81d84eb1db225735677cabf33f09af8b1e22dfe64f4"}
experimental_model
CYP2A6 mass spectrometry, time-dependent inhibition and numerical modeling
exposure
Cinnamaldehyde and separately 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde; model exposure approximately 275 mg cinnamaldehyde
limitations
Rat-scaled predicted human AUC is not observed AUC. Heme loss was specifically reported for the methoxy analogue; apoprotein adduction is a different endpoint from inhibition.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human CYP2A6; rat-scaled modeling parameters
plain_language
This was a forecast from enzyme data and assumptions, not a result in people.
primary_references
[ceylon-p32788161] Mechanisms of Herb-Drug Interactions Involving Cinnamon and CYP2A6: Focus on Time-Dependent Inhibition by Cinnamaldehyde and 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32788161/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000087
tissue_or_cell_type
Enzyme apoprotein/heme; simulated drug exposure
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 792–803
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · CYP2A6 mass spectrometry, time-dependent inhibition and numerical modeling · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-predicted-nicotine The rat-scaled static model predicted a 4.29-fold nicotine AUC with the modeled cinnamaldehyde exposure. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This was a forecast from enzyme data and assumptions, not a result in people. organism: Human CYP2A6; rat-scaled modeling parameters tissue_or_cell_type: Enzyme apoprotein/heme; simulated drug exposure experimental_model: CYP2A6 mass spectrometry, time-dependent inhibition and numerical modeling limitations: Rat-scaled predicted human AUC is not observed AUC. Heme loss was specifically reported for the methoxy analogue; apoprotein adduction is a different endpoint from inhibition. exposure: Cinnamaldehyde and separately 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde; model exposure approximately 275 mg cinnamaldehyde evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/32788161.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "431169f83241cb83b84dd81d84eb1db225735677cabf33f09af8b1e22dfe64f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2507, "text_sha256": "431169f83241cb83b84dd81d84eb1db225735677cabf33f09af8b1e22dfe64f4"} [ceylon-p32788161] Mechanisms of Herb-Drug Interactions Involving Cinnamon and CYP2A6: Focus on Time-Dependent Inhibition by Cinnamaldehyde and 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32788161/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000087
Complete structured claim and evidence
The rat-scaled static model predicted a 4.92-fold letrozole AUC with the modeled cinnamaldehyde exposure.
trans-Cinnamaldehyde / cinnamal → Model-predicted letrozole plasma exposure AUC source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/32788161.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "431169f83241cb83b84dd81d84eb1db225735677cabf33f09af8b1e22dfe64f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2507, "text_sha256": "431169f83241cb83b84dd81d84eb1db225735677cabf33f09af8b1e22dfe64f4"}
experimental_model
CYP2A6 mass spectrometry, time-dependent inhibition and numerical modeling
exposure
Cinnamaldehyde and separately 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde; model exposure approximately 275 mg cinnamaldehyde
limitations
Rat-scaled predicted human AUC is not observed AUC. Heme loss was specifically reported for the methoxy analogue; apoprotein adduction is a different endpoint from inhibition.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human CYP2A6; rat-scaled modeling parameters
plain_language
This was a forecast from enzyme data and assumptions, not a result in people.
primary_references
[ceylon-p32788161] Mechanisms of Herb-Drug Interactions Involving Cinnamon and CYP2A6: Focus on Time-Dependent Inhibition by Cinnamaldehyde and 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32788161/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000087
tissue_or_cell_type
Enzyme apoprotein/heme; simulated drug exposure
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 805–816
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · CYP2A6 mass spectrometry, time-dependent inhibition and numerical modeling · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-predicted-letrozole The rat-scaled static model predicted a 4.92-fold letrozole AUC with the modeled cinnamaldehyde exposure. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This was a forecast from enzyme data and assumptions, not a result in people. organism: Human CYP2A6; rat-scaled modeling parameters tissue_or_cell_type: Enzyme apoprotein/heme; simulated drug exposure experimental_model: CYP2A6 mass spectrometry, time-dependent inhibition and numerical modeling limitations: Rat-scaled predicted human AUC is not observed AUC. Heme loss was specifically reported for the methoxy analogue; apoprotein adduction is a different endpoint from inhibition. exposure: Cinnamaldehyde and separately 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde; model exposure approximately 275 mg cinnamaldehyde evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/32788161.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "431169f83241cb83b84dd81d84eb1db225735677cabf33f09af8b1e22dfe64f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2507, "text_sha256": "431169f83241cb83b84dd81d84eb1db225735677cabf33f09af8b1e22dfe64f4"} [ceylon-p32788161] Mechanisms of Herb-Drug Interactions Involving Cinnamon and CYP2A6: Focus on Time-Dependent Inhibition by Cinnamaldehyde and 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32788161/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000087
Complete structured claim and evidence
C. verum oil activated the human AhR reporter in a concentration-dependent manner.
C. verum oil preparation in the 2025 metabolic clearance study → Human aryl hydrocarbon receptor / AHR source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/39845339.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1463, "text_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118"}
experimental_model
Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays
exposure
Oil/parent/metabolite comparisons; PXR 0.62–20 micrograms/mL for 24 hours
limitations
Reporter activation is not demonstrated induction of clinical drug clearance. HepG2 is liver-derived; full results distinguish it from intestinal LS174T.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human-derived reporter cells and human CYP assay systems
plain_language
The mixture switched on this xenobiotic-sensing reporter.
primary_references
[ceylon-p39845339] Evaluation of bioaccessibility, metabolic clearance and interaction with xenobiotic receptors (PXR and AhR) of cinnamaldehyde. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39845339/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100237
tissue_or_cell_type
HepG2, LS174T and AhR reporter cells
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 818–829
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-oil-ahr C. verum oil activated the human AhR reporter in a concentration-dependent manner. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The mixture switched on this xenobiotic-sensing reporter. organism: Human-derived reporter cells and human CYP assay systems tissue_or_cell_type: HepG2, LS174T and AhR reporter cells experimental_model: Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays limitations: Reporter activation is not demonstrated induction of clinical drug clearance. HepG2 is liver-derived; full results distinguish it from intestinal LS174T. exposure: Oil/parent/metabolite comparisons; PXR 0.62–20 micrograms/mL for 24 hours evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/39845339.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1463, "text_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118"} [ceylon-p39845339] Evaluation of bioaccessibility, metabolic clearance and interaction with xenobiotic receptors (PXR and AhR) of cinnamaldehyde. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39845339/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100237
Complete structured claim and evidence
Pure cinnamaldehyde did not activate the AhR reporter under the tested conditions.
trans-Cinnamaldehyde / cinnamal → Human aryl hydrocarbon receptor / AHR source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/39845339.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1463, "text_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118"}
experimental_model
Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays
exposure
Oil/parent/metabolite comparisons; PXR 0.62–20 micrograms/mL for 24 hours
limitations
Reporter activation is not demonstrated induction of clinical drug clearance. HepG2 is liver-derived; full results distinguish it from intestinal LS174T.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human-derived reporter cells and human CYP assay systems
plain_language
The oil’s AhR effect cannot simply be assigned to cinnamaldehyde.
primary_references
[ceylon-p39845339] Evaluation of bioaccessibility, metabolic clearance and interaction with xenobiotic receptors (PXR and AhR) of cinnamaldehyde. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39845339/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100237
tissue_or_cell_type
HepG2, LS174T and AhR reporter cells
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 831–842
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-ca-ahr-null Pure cinnamaldehyde did not activate the AhR reporter under the tested conditions. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The oil’s AhR effect cannot simply be assigned to cinnamaldehyde. organism: Human-derived reporter cells and human CYP assay systems tissue_or_cell_type: HepG2, LS174T and AhR reporter cells experimental_model: Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays limitations: Reporter activation is not demonstrated induction of clinical drug clearance. HepG2 is liver-derived; full results distinguish it from intestinal LS174T. exposure: Oil/parent/metabolite comparisons; PXR 0.62–20 micrograms/mL for 24 hours evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/39845339.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1463, "text_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118"} [ceylon-p39845339] Evaluation of bioaccessibility, metabolic clearance and interaction with xenobiotic receptors (PXR and AhR) of cinnamaldehyde. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39845339/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100237
Complete structured claim and evidence
Cinnamic acid did not activate the AhR reporter under the tested conditions.
trans-Cinnamic acid → Human aryl hydrocarbon receptor / AHR source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/39845339.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1463, "text_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118"}
experimental_model
Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays
exposure
Oil/parent/metabolite comparisons; PXR 0.62–20 micrograms/mL for 24 hours
limitations
Reporter activation is not demonstrated induction of clinical drug clearance. HepG2 is liver-derived; full results distinguish it from intestinal LS174T.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human-derived reporter cells and human CYP assay systems
plain_language
This metabolite also did not reproduce the oil’s AhR response.
primary_references
[ceylon-p39845339] Evaluation of bioaccessibility, metabolic clearance and interaction with xenobiotic receptors (PXR and AhR) of cinnamaldehyde. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39845339/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100237
tissue_or_cell_type
HepG2, LS174T and AhR reporter cells
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 844–855
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-acid-ahr-null Cinnamic acid did not activate the AhR reporter under the tested conditions. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This metabolite also did not reproduce the oil’s AhR response. organism: Human-derived reporter cells and human CYP assay systems tissue_or_cell_type: HepG2, LS174T and AhR reporter cells experimental_model: Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays limitations: Reporter activation is not demonstrated induction of clinical drug clearance. HepG2 is liver-derived; full results distinguish it from intestinal LS174T. exposure: Oil/parent/metabolite comparisons; PXR 0.62–20 micrograms/mL for 24 hours evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/39845339.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1463, "text_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118"} [ceylon-p39845339] Evaluation of bioaccessibility, metabolic clearance and interaction with xenobiotic receptors (PXR and AhR) of cinnamaldehyde. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39845339/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100237
Complete structured claim and evidence
Cinnamaldehyde inhibited CYP1A2 catalytic activity in the study enzyme assay.
trans-Cinnamaldehyde / cinnamal → Human cytochrome P450 1A2 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/39845339.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1463, "text_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118"}
experimental_model
Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays
exposure
Oil/parent/metabolite comparisons; PXR 0.62–20 micrograms/mL for 24 hours
limitations
Reporter activation is not demonstrated induction of clinical drug clearance. HepG2 is liver-derived; full results distinguish it from intestinal LS174T.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human-derived reporter cells and human CYP assay systems
plain_language
A test-tube inhibition signal does not establish a clinical caffeine or medicine interaction.
primary_references
[ceylon-p39845339] Evaluation of bioaccessibility, metabolic clearance and interaction with xenobiotic receptors (PXR and AhR) of cinnamaldehyde. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39845339/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100237
tissue_or_cell_type
HepG2, LS174T and AhR reporter cells
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 857–868
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-ca-cyp1a2 Cinnamaldehyde inhibited CYP1A2 catalytic activity in the study enzyme assay. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A test-tube inhibition signal does not establish a clinical caffeine or medicine interaction. organism: Human-derived reporter cells and human CYP assay systems tissue_or_cell_type: HepG2, LS174T and AhR reporter cells experimental_model: Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays limitations: Reporter activation is not demonstrated induction of clinical drug clearance. HepG2 is liver-derived; full results distinguish it from intestinal LS174T. exposure: Oil/parent/metabolite comparisons; PXR 0.62–20 micrograms/mL for 24 hours evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/39845339.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1463, "text_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118"} [ceylon-p39845339] Evaluation of bioaccessibility, metabolic clearance and interaction with xenobiotic receptors (PXR and AhR) of cinnamaldehyde. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39845339/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100237
Complete structured claim and evidence
Cinnamaldehyde inhibited CYP2C9 catalytic activity in the study enzyme assay.
trans-Cinnamaldehyde / cinnamal → Human cytochrome P450 2C9 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/39845339.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1463, "text_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118"}
experimental_model
Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays
exposure
Oil/parent/metabolite comparisons; PXR 0.62–20 micrograms/mL for 24 hours
limitations
Reporter activation is not demonstrated induction of clinical drug clearance. HepG2 is liver-derived; full results distinguish it from intestinal LS174T.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human-derived reporter cells and human CYP assay systems
plain_language
The enzyme assay identifies an interaction to investigate, not a proven change in drug exposure.
primary_references
[ceylon-p39845339] Evaluation of bioaccessibility, metabolic clearance and interaction with xenobiotic receptors (PXR and AhR) of cinnamaldehyde. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39845339/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100237
tissue_or_cell_type
HepG2, LS174T and AhR reporter cells
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 870–881
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-ca-cyp2c9 Cinnamaldehyde inhibited CYP2C9 catalytic activity in the study enzyme assay. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The enzyme assay identifies an interaction to investigate, not a proven change in drug exposure. organism: Human-derived reporter cells and human CYP assay systems tissue_or_cell_type: HepG2, LS174T and AhR reporter cells experimental_model: Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays limitations: Reporter activation is not demonstrated induction of clinical drug clearance. HepG2 is liver-derived; full results distinguish it from intestinal LS174T. exposure: Oil/parent/metabolite comparisons; PXR 0.62–20 micrograms/mL for 24 hours evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/39845339.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1463, "text_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118"} [ceylon-p39845339] Evaluation of bioaccessibility, metabolic clearance and interaction with xenobiotic receptors (PXR and AhR) of cinnamaldehyde. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39845339/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100237
Complete structured claim and evidence
The C. verum oil inhibited CYP1A2 catalytic activity in the study assay.
C. verum oil preparation in the 2025 metabolic clearance study → Human cytochrome P450 1A2 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/39845339.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1463, "text_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118"}
experimental_model
Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays
exposure
Oil/parent/metabolite comparisons; PXR 0.62–20 micrograms/mL for 24 hours
limitations
Reporter activation is not demonstrated induction of clinical drug clearance. HepG2 is liver-derived; full results distinguish it from intestinal LS174T.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human-derived reporter cells and human CYP assay systems
plain_language
The oil preparation also inhibited this enzyme under the assay conditions.
primary_references
[ceylon-p39845339] Evaluation of bioaccessibility, metabolic clearance and interaction with xenobiotic receptors (PXR and AhR) of cinnamaldehyde. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39845339/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100237
tissue_or_cell_type
HepG2, LS174T and AhR reporter cells
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 883–894
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-oil-cyp1a2 The C. verum oil inhibited CYP1A2 catalytic activity in the study assay. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The oil preparation also inhibited this enzyme under the assay conditions. organism: Human-derived reporter cells and human CYP assay systems tissue_or_cell_type: HepG2, LS174T and AhR reporter cells experimental_model: Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays limitations: Reporter activation is not demonstrated induction of clinical drug clearance. HepG2 is liver-derived; full results distinguish it from intestinal LS174T. exposure: Oil/parent/metabolite comparisons; PXR 0.62–20 micrograms/mL for 24 hours evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/39845339.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1463, "text_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118"} [ceylon-p39845339] Evaluation of bioaccessibility, metabolic clearance and interaction with xenobiotic receptors (PXR and AhR) of cinnamaldehyde. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39845339/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100237
Complete structured claim and evidence
The C. verum oil inhibited CYP2C9 catalytic activity in the study assay.
C. verum oil preparation in the 2025 metabolic clearance study → Human cytochrome P450 2C9 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/39845339.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1463, "text_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118"}
experimental_model
Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays
exposure
Oil/parent/metabolite comparisons; PXR 0.62–20 micrograms/mL for 24 hours
limitations
Reporter activation is not demonstrated induction of clinical drug clearance. HepG2 is liver-derived; full results distinguish it from intestinal LS174T.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human-derived reporter cells and human CYP assay systems
plain_language
This separate mixture result remains distinct from the pure chemical result.
primary_references
[ceylon-p39845339] Evaluation of bioaccessibility, metabolic clearance and interaction with xenobiotic receptors (PXR and AhR) of cinnamaldehyde. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39845339/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100237
tissue_or_cell_type
HepG2, LS174T and AhR reporter cells
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 896–907
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-oil-cyp2c9 The C. verum oil inhibited CYP2C9 catalytic activity in the study assay. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This separate mixture result remains distinct from the pure chemical result. organism: Human-derived reporter cells and human CYP assay systems tissue_or_cell_type: HepG2, LS174T and AhR reporter cells experimental_model: Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays limitations: Reporter activation is not demonstrated induction of clinical drug clearance. HepG2 is liver-derived; full results distinguish it from intestinal LS174T. exposure: Oil/parent/metabolite comparisons; PXR 0.62–20 micrograms/mL for 24 hours evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/39845339.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1463, "text_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118"} [ceylon-p39845339] Evaluation of bioaccessibility, metabolic clearance and interaction with xenobiotic receptors (PXR and AhR) of cinnamaldehyde. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39845339/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100237
Complete structured claim and evidence
Cinnamic acid activated the human PXR reporter in HepG2 cells, exceeding threefold at 20 micrograms/mL.
trans-Cinnamic acid → Human pregnane X receptor / SXR / PXR / NR1I2 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/39845339.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0bbeb0c733ff258e7efaf517438f4368e29bf3afda37cfbac3be149bde094758", "start_char": 27731, "end_char": 28275, "text_sha256": "a6199e4f39be87d9019845ab113a787a4f41c373e18c9ba8ed0aeaef771aa7c1"}
experimental_model
Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays
exposure
Oil/parent/metabolite comparisons; PXR 0.62–20 micrograms/mL for 24 hours
limitations
Reporter activation is not demonstrated induction of clinical drug clearance. HepG2 is liver-derived; full results distinguish it from intestinal LS174T.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human-derived reporter cells and human CYP assay systems
plain_language
The metabolite activated a liver-cell reporter at the highest tested concentration.
primary_references
[ceylon-p39845339] Evaluation of bioaccessibility, metabolic clearance and interaction with xenobiotic receptors (PXR and AhR) of cinnamaldehyde. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39845339/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100237
tissue_or_cell_type
HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 909–920
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-acid-pxr-hep Cinnamic acid activated the human PXR reporter in HepG2 cells, exceeding threefold at 20 micrograms/mL. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The metabolite activated a liver-cell reporter at the highest tested concentration. organism: Human-derived reporter cells and human CYP assay systems tissue_or_cell_type: HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells experimental_model: Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays limitations: Reporter activation is not demonstrated induction of clinical drug clearance. HepG2 is liver-derived; full results distinguish it from intestinal LS174T. exposure: Oil/parent/metabolite comparisons; PXR 0.62–20 micrograms/mL for 24 hours evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/39845339.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0bbeb0c733ff258e7efaf517438f4368e29bf3afda37cfbac3be149bde094758", "start_char": 27731, "end_char": 28275, "text_sha256": "a6199e4f39be87d9019845ab113a787a4f41c373e18c9ba8ed0aeaef771aa7c1"} [ceylon-p39845339] Evaluation of bioaccessibility, metabolic clearance and interaction with xenobiotic receptors (PXR and AhR) of cinnamaldehyde. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39845339/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100237
Complete structured claim and evidence
The oil did not activate the PXR reporter in HepG2 cells over the tested range.
C. verum oil preparation in the 2025 metabolic clearance study → Human pregnane X receptor / SXR / PXR / NR1I2 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/39845339.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0bbeb0c733ff258e7efaf517438f4368e29bf3afda37cfbac3be149bde094758", "start_char": 27731, "end_char": 28275, "text_sha256": "a6199e4f39be87d9019845ab113a787a4f41c373e18c9ba8ed0aeaef771aa7c1"}
experimental_model
Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays
exposure
Oil/parent/metabolite comparisons; PXR 0.62–20 micrograms/mL for 24 hours
limitations
Reporter activation is not demonstrated induction of clinical drug clearance. HepG2 is liver-derived; full results distinguish it from intestinal LS174T.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human-derived reporter cells and human CYP assay systems
plain_language
This liver-cell result differed from the intestinal-cell result.
primary_references
[ceylon-p39845339] Evaluation of bioaccessibility, metabolic clearance and interaction with xenobiotic receptors (PXR and AhR) of cinnamaldehyde. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39845339/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100237
tissue_or_cell_type
HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 922–933
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-oil-pxr-hep-null The oil did not activate the PXR reporter in HepG2 cells over the tested range. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This liver-cell result differed from the intestinal-cell result. organism: Human-derived reporter cells and human CYP assay systems tissue_or_cell_type: HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells experimental_model: Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays limitations: Reporter activation is not demonstrated induction of clinical drug clearance. HepG2 is liver-derived; full results distinguish it from intestinal LS174T. exposure: Oil/parent/metabolite comparisons; PXR 0.62–20 micrograms/mL for 24 hours evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/39845339.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0bbeb0c733ff258e7efaf517438f4368e29bf3afda37cfbac3be149bde094758", "start_char": 27731, "end_char": 28275, "text_sha256": "a6199e4f39be87d9019845ab113a787a4f41c373e18c9ba8ed0aeaef771aa7c1"} [ceylon-p39845339] Evaluation of bioaccessibility, metabolic clearance and interaction with xenobiotic receptors (PXR and AhR) of cinnamaldehyde. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39845339/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100237
Complete structured claim and evidence
Oil activated the human PXR reporter more than threefold in LS174T cells at 20 micrograms/mL; lower concentrations were not significant.
C. verum oil preparation in the 2025 metabolic clearance study → Human pregnane X receptor / SXR / PXR / NR1I2 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/39845339.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0bbeb0c733ff258e7efaf517438f4368e29bf3afda37cfbac3be149bde094758", "start_char": 28692, "end_char": 28993, "text_sha256": "069505cad7f859be7641d117d22fde217c5391879239077e55d4919b047a2bfc"}
experimental_model
Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays
exposure
Oil/parent/metabolite comparisons; PXR 0.62–20 micrograms/mL for 24 hours
limitations
Reporter activation is not demonstrated induction of clinical drug clearance. HepG2 is liver-derived; full results distinguish it from intestinal LS174T.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human-derived reporter cells and human CYP assay systems
plain_language
A high-concentration intestinal-cell reporter response does not establish a drug interaction in people.
primary_references
[ceylon-p39845339] Evaluation of bioaccessibility, metabolic clearance and interaction with xenobiotic receptors (PXR and AhR) of cinnamaldehyde. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39845339/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100237
tissue_or_cell_type
LS174T intestinal carcinoma cells
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 935–946
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-oil-pxr-intestine Oil activated the human PXR reporter more than threefold in LS174T cells at 20 micrograms/mL; lower concentrations were not significant. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A high-concentration intestinal-cell reporter response does not establish a drug interaction in people. organism: Human-derived reporter cells and human CYP assay systems tissue_or_cell_type: LS174T intestinal carcinoma cells experimental_model: Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays limitations: Reporter activation is not demonstrated induction of clinical drug clearance. HepG2 is liver-derived; full results distinguish it from intestinal LS174T. exposure: Oil/parent/metabolite comparisons; PXR 0.62–20 micrograms/mL for 24 hours evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/39845339.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0bbeb0c733ff258e7efaf517438f4368e29bf3afda37cfbac3be149bde094758", "start_char": 28692, "end_char": 28993, "text_sha256": "069505cad7f859be7641d117d22fde217c5391879239077e55d4919b047a2bfc"} [ceylon-p39845339] Evaluation of bioaccessibility, metabolic clearance and interaction with xenobiotic receptors (PXR and AhR) of cinnamaldehyde. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39845339/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100237
Complete structured claim and evidence
Cinnamic acid activated the human PXR reporter more than threefold in LS174T cells at 20 micrograms/mL; lower concentrations were not significant.
trans-Cinnamic acid → Human pregnane X receptor / SXR / PXR / NR1I2 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/39845339.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0bbeb0c733ff258e7efaf517438f4368e29bf3afda37cfbac3be149bde094758", "start_char": 28692, "end_char": 28993, "text_sha256": "069505cad7f859be7641d117d22fde217c5391879239077e55d4919b047a2bfc"}
experimental_model
Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays
exposure
Oil/parent/metabolite comparisons; PXR 0.62–20 micrograms/mL for 24 hours
limitations
Reporter activation is not demonstrated induction of clinical drug clearance. HepG2 is liver-derived; full results distinguish it from intestinal LS174T.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human-derived reporter cells and human CYP assay systems
plain_language
The metabolite activated the intestinal reporter at the highest tested concentration.
primary_references
[ceylon-p39845339] Evaluation of bioaccessibility, metabolic clearance and interaction with xenobiotic receptors (PXR and AhR) of cinnamaldehyde. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39845339/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100237
tissue_or_cell_type
LS174T intestinal carcinoma cells
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 948–959
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-acid-pxr-intestine Cinnamic acid activated the human PXR reporter more than threefold in LS174T cells at 20 micrograms/mL; lower concentrations were not significant. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The metabolite activated the intestinal reporter at the highest tested concentration. organism: Human-derived reporter cells and human CYP assay systems tissue_or_cell_type: LS174T intestinal carcinoma cells experimental_model: Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays limitations: Reporter activation is not demonstrated induction of clinical drug clearance. HepG2 is liver-derived; full results distinguish it from intestinal LS174T. exposure: Oil/parent/metabolite comparisons; PXR 0.62–20 micrograms/mL for 24 hours evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/39845339.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0bbeb0c733ff258e7efaf517438f4368e29bf3afda37cfbac3be149bde094758", "start_char": 28692, "end_char": 28993, "text_sha256": "069505cad7f859be7641d117d22fde217c5391879239077e55d4919b047a2bfc"} [ceylon-p39845339] Evaluation of bioaccessibility, metabolic clearance and interaction with xenobiotic receptors (PXR and AhR) of cinnamaldehyde. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39845339/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100237
Complete structured claim and evidence
The bark oil reduced Candida cell-wall integrity and altered cell-surface ultrastructure.
C. zeylanicum bark oil in the 2018 Candida study → Candida albicans cell-wall integrity source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/29456868.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a42223fd2d170b3cba7a0d3ab2670bb33bde4e05c1be831f6ebac45c66ecbce2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1751, "text_sha256": "a42223fd2d170b3cba7a0d3ab2670bb33bde4e05c1be831f6ebac45c66ecbce2"}
experimental_model
Cultured yeast imaging, viability and cell-wall mutant assays
exposure
Oil including subinhibitory 62.5 micrograms/mL; cinnamaldehyde MIC 112 micrograms/mL
limitations
In-vitro antifungal activity is not clinical eradication; fungal spindle effects do not establish equivalent mammalian tubulin inhibition.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Candida albicans RSY150 and clinical isolates
plain_language
The fungal surface was damaged in culture.
primary_references
[ceylon-p29456868] Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark essential oil induces cell wall remodelling and spindle defects in Candida albicans. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29456868/ DOI: 10.1186/s40694-018-0046-5
tissue_or_cell_type
Fungal cell wall, membrane and mitotic spindle
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 961–972
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cultured yeast imaging, viability and cell-wall mutant assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-candida-wall The bark oil reduced Candida cell-wall integrity and altered cell-surface ultrastructure. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The fungal surface was damaged in culture. organism: Candida albicans RSY150 and clinical isolates tissue_or_cell_type: Fungal cell wall, membrane and mitotic spindle experimental_model: Cultured yeast imaging, viability and cell-wall mutant assays limitations: In-vitro antifungal activity is not clinical eradication; fungal spindle effects do not establish equivalent mammalian tubulin inhibition. exposure: Oil including subinhibitory 62.5 micrograms/mL; cinnamaldehyde MIC 112 micrograms/mL evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/29456868.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a42223fd2d170b3cba7a0d3ab2670bb33bde4e05c1be831f6ebac45c66ecbce2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1751, "text_sha256": "a42223fd2d170b3cba7a0d3ab2670bb33bde4e05c1be831f6ebac45c66ecbce2"} [ceylon-p29456868] Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark essential oil induces cell wall remodelling and spindle defects in Candida albicans. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29456868/ DOI: 10.1186/s40694-018-0046-5
Complete structured claim and evidence
The bark oil compromised Candida membrane integrity and allowed cellular-component leakage.
C. zeylanicum bark oil in the 2018 Candida study → Candida albicans membrane leakage source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/29456868.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a42223fd2d170b3cba7a0d3ab2670bb33bde4e05c1be831f6ebac45c66ecbce2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1751, "text_sha256": "a42223fd2d170b3cba7a0d3ab2670bb33bde4e05c1be831f6ebac45c66ecbce2"}
experimental_model
Cultured yeast imaging, viability and cell-wall mutant assays
exposure
Oil including subinhibitory 62.5 micrograms/mL; cinnamaldehyde MIC 112 micrograms/mL
limitations
In-vitro antifungal activity is not clinical eradication; fungal spindle effects do not establish equivalent mammalian tubulin inhibition.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Candida albicans RSY150 and clinical isolates
plain_language
The cultured fungal cells lost membrane containment.
primary_references
[ceylon-p29456868] Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark essential oil induces cell wall remodelling and spindle defects in Candida albicans. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29456868/ DOI: 10.1186/s40694-018-0046-5
tissue_or_cell_type
Fungal cell wall, membrane and mitotic spindle
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 974–985
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cultured yeast imaging, viability and cell-wall mutant assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-candida-leak The bark oil compromised Candida membrane integrity and allowed cellular-component leakage. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The cultured fungal cells lost membrane containment. organism: Candida albicans RSY150 and clinical isolates tissue_or_cell_type: Fungal cell wall, membrane and mitotic spindle experimental_model: Cultured yeast imaging, viability and cell-wall mutant assays limitations: In-vitro antifungal activity is not clinical eradication; fungal spindle effects do not establish equivalent mammalian tubulin inhibition. exposure: Oil including subinhibitory 62.5 micrograms/mL; cinnamaldehyde MIC 112 micrograms/mL evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/29456868.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a42223fd2d170b3cba7a0d3ab2670bb33bde4e05c1be831f6ebac45c66ecbce2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1751, "text_sha256": "a42223fd2d170b3cba7a0d3ab2670bb33bde4e05c1be831f6ebac45c66ecbce2"} [ceylon-p29456868] Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark essential oil induces cell wall remodelling and spindle defects in Candida albicans. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29456868/ DOI: 10.1186/s40694-018-0046-5
Complete structured claim and evidence
Cinnamaldehyde at the reported MIC of 112 micrograms/mL completely inhibited Candida mitotic spindle assembly.
trans-Cinnamaldehyde / cinnamal → Candida albicans mitotic spindle assembly source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/29456868.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a42223fd2d170b3cba7a0d3ab2670bb33bde4e05c1be831f6ebac45c66ecbce2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1751, "text_sha256": "a42223fd2d170b3cba7a0d3ab2670bb33bde4e05c1be831f6ebac45c66ecbce2"}
experimental_model
Cultured yeast imaging, viability and cell-wall mutant assays
exposure
Oil including subinhibitory 62.5 micrograms/mL; cinnamaldehyde MIC 112 micrograms/mL
limitations
In-vitro antifungal activity is not clinical eradication; fungal spindle effects do not establish equivalent mammalian tubulin inhibition.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Candida albicans RSY150 and clinical isolates
plain_language
At this assay concentration the fungus could not assemble its normal division machinery.
primary_references
[ceylon-p29456868] Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark essential oil induces cell wall remodelling and spindle defects in Candida albicans. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29456868/ DOI: 10.1186/s40694-018-0046-5
tissue_or_cell_type
Fungal cell wall, membrane and mitotic spindle
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 987–998
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cultured yeast imaging, viability and cell-wall mutant assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-candida-spindle Cinnamaldehyde at the reported MIC of 112 micrograms/mL completely inhibited Candida mitotic spindle assembly. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: At this assay concentration the fungus could not assemble its normal division machinery. organism: Candida albicans RSY150 and clinical isolates tissue_or_cell_type: Fungal cell wall, membrane and mitotic spindle experimental_model: Cultured yeast imaging, viability and cell-wall mutant assays limitations: In-vitro antifungal activity is not clinical eradication; fungal spindle effects do not establish equivalent mammalian tubulin inhibition. exposure: Oil including subinhibitory 62.5 micrograms/mL; cinnamaldehyde MIC 112 micrograms/mL evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/29456868.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a42223fd2d170b3cba7a0d3ab2670bb33bde4e05c1be831f6ebac45c66ecbce2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1751, "text_sha256": "a42223fd2d170b3cba7a0d3ab2670bb33bde4e05c1be831f6ebac45c66ecbce2"} [ceylon-p29456868] Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark essential oil induces cell wall remodelling and spindle defects in Candida albicans. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29456868/ DOI: 10.1186/s40694-018-0046-5
Complete structured claim and evidence
The bark oil reduced cell proliferation in the stimulated human dermal-fibroblast system.
Commercial C. zeylanicum bark oil in the 2017 fibroblast study → Human dermal fibroblast proliferation source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/28444928.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8abd44e4f6be7090f7789d8a303e7e7ad9b0070bc22ad6c22354fdfd1fbbfb53", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1601, "text_sha256": "8abd44e4f6be7090f7789d8a303e7e7ad9b0070bc22ad6c22354fdfd1fbbfb53"}
experimental_model
Stimulated primary human dermal-fibroblast biomarker screen
exposure
Commercial C. zeylanicum bark oil in cell culture
limitations
Antiproliferative activity accompanies biomarker changes; reduced signal is not demonstrated safe wound healing or benefit from ingestion/topical use.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human
plain_language
This was a change in a cultured-cell inflammation model, not a demonstrated clinical skin benefit.
primary_references
[ceylon-p28444928] Antiinflammatory Activity of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Bark Essential Oil in a Human Skin Disease Model. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28444928/ DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5822
tissue_or_cell_type
Dermal fibroblast inflammatory/fibrotic model
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1000–1011
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Stimulated primary human dermal-fibroblast biomarker screen · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-fibroblast-growth The bark oil reduced cell proliferation in the stimulated human dermal-fibroblast system. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This was a change in a cultured-cell inflammation model, not a demonstrated clinical skin benefit. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Dermal fibroblast inflammatory/fibrotic model experimental_model: Stimulated primary human dermal-fibroblast biomarker screen limitations: Antiproliferative activity accompanies biomarker changes; reduced signal is not demonstrated safe wound healing or benefit from ingestion/topical use. exposure: Commercial C. zeylanicum bark oil in cell culture evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/28444928.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8abd44e4f6be7090f7789d8a303e7e7ad9b0070bc22ad6c22354fdfd1fbbfb53", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1601, "text_sha256": "8abd44e4f6be7090f7789d8a303e7e7ad9b0070bc22ad6c22354fdfd1fbbfb53"} [ceylon-p28444928] Antiinflammatory Activity of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Bark Essential Oil in a Human Skin Disease Model. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28444928/ DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5822
Complete structured claim and evidence
The bark oil reduced VCAM1 production in the stimulated human dermal-fibroblast system.
Commercial C. zeylanicum bark oil in the 2017 fibroblast study → Human vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 / VCAM1 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/28444928.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8abd44e4f6be7090f7789d8a303e7e7ad9b0070bc22ad6c22354fdfd1fbbfb53", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1601, "text_sha256": "8abd44e4f6be7090f7789d8a303e7e7ad9b0070bc22ad6c22354fdfd1fbbfb53"}
experimental_model
Stimulated primary human dermal-fibroblast biomarker screen
exposure
Commercial C. zeylanicum bark oil in cell culture
limitations
Antiproliferative activity accompanies biomarker changes; reduced signal is not demonstrated safe wound healing or benefit from ingestion/topical use.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human
plain_language
This was a change in a cultured-cell inflammation model, not a demonstrated clinical skin benefit.
primary_references
[ceylon-p28444928] Antiinflammatory Activity of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Bark Essential Oil in a Human Skin Disease Model. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28444928/ DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5822
tissue_or_cell_type
Dermal fibroblast inflammatory/fibrotic model
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1013–1024
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Stimulated primary human dermal-fibroblast biomarker screen · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-vcam1 The bark oil reduced VCAM1 production in the stimulated human dermal-fibroblast system. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This was a change in a cultured-cell inflammation model, not a demonstrated clinical skin benefit. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Dermal fibroblast inflammatory/fibrotic model experimental_model: Stimulated primary human dermal-fibroblast biomarker screen limitations: Antiproliferative activity accompanies biomarker changes; reduced signal is not demonstrated safe wound healing or benefit from ingestion/topical use. exposure: Commercial C. zeylanicum bark oil in cell culture evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/28444928.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8abd44e4f6be7090f7789d8a303e7e7ad9b0070bc22ad6c22354fdfd1fbbfb53", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1601, "text_sha256": "8abd44e4f6be7090f7789d8a303e7e7ad9b0070bc22ad6c22354fdfd1fbbfb53"} [ceylon-p28444928] Antiinflammatory Activity of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Bark Essential Oil in a Human Skin Disease Model. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28444928/ DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5822
Complete structured claim and evidence
The bark oil reduced ICAM1 production in the stimulated human dermal-fibroblast system.
Commercial C. zeylanicum bark oil in the 2017 fibroblast study → Human intercellular adhesion molecule 1 / ICAM1 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/28444928.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8abd44e4f6be7090f7789d8a303e7e7ad9b0070bc22ad6c22354fdfd1fbbfb53", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1601, "text_sha256": "8abd44e4f6be7090f7789d8a303e7e7ad9b0070bc22ad6c22354fdfd1fbbfb53"}
experimental_model
Stimulated primary human dermal-fibroblast biomarker screen
exposure
Commercial C. zeylanicum bark oil in cell culture
limitations
Antiproliferative activity accompanies biomarker changes; reduced signal is not demonstrated safe wound healing or benefit from ingestion/topical use.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human
plain_language
This was a change in a cultured-cell inflammation model, not a demonstrated clinical skin benefit.
primary_references
[ceylon-p28444928] Antiinflammatory Activity of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Bark Essential Oil in a Human Skin Disease Model. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28444928/ DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5822
tissue_or_cell_type
Dermal fibroblast inflammatory/fibrotic model
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1026–1037
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Stimulated primary human dermal-fibroblast biomarker screen · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-icam1 The bark oil reduced ICAM1 production in the stimulated human dermal-fibroblast system. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This was a change in a cultured-cell inflammation model, not a demonstrated clinical skin benefit. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Dermal fibroblast inflammatory/fibrotic model experimental_model: Stimulated primary human dermal-fibroblast biomarker screen limitations: Antiproliferative activity accompanies biomarker changes; reduced signal is not demonstrated safe wound healing or benefit from ingestion/topical use. exposure: Commercial C. zeylanicum bark oil in cell culture evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/28444928.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8abd44e4f6be7090f7789d8a303e7e7ad9b0070bc22ad6c22354fdfd1fbbfb53", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1601, "text_sha256": "8abd44e4f6be7090f7789d8a303e7e7ad9b0070bc22ad6c22354fdfd1fbbfb53"} [ceylon-p28444928] Antiinflammatory Activity of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Bark Essential Oil in a Human Skin Disease Model. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28444928/ DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5822
Complete structured claim and evidence
The bark oil reduced CCL2 production in the stimulated human dermal-fibroblast system.
Commercial C. zeylanicum bark oil in the 2017 fibroblast study → Human CCL2 / monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/28444928.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8abd44e4f6be7090f7789d8a303e7e7ad9b0070bc22ad6c22354fdfd1fbbfb53", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1601, "text_sha256": "8abd44e4f6be7090f7789d8a303e7e7ad9b0070bc22ad6c22354fdfd1fbbfb53"}
experimental_model
Stimulated primary human dermal-fibroblast biomarker screen
exposure
Commercial C. zeylanicum bark oil in cell culture
limitations
Antiproliferative activity accompanies biomarker changes; reduced signal is not demonstrated safe wound healing or benefit from ingestion/topical use.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human
plain_language
This was a change in a cultured-cell inflammation model, not a demonstrated clinical skin benefit.
primary_references
[ceylon-p28444928] Antiinflammatory Activity of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Bark Essential Oil in a Human Skin Disease Model. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28444928/ DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5822
tissue_or_cell_type
Dermal fibroblast inflammatory/fibrotic model
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1039–1050
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Stimulated primary human dermal-fibroblast biomarker screen · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-ccl2 The bark oil reduced CCL2 production in the stimulated human dermal-fibroblast system. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This was a change in a cultured-cell inflammation model, not a demonstrated clinical skin benefit. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Dermal fibroblast inflammatory/fibrotic model experimental_model: Stimulated primary human dermal-fibroblast biomarker screen limitations: Antiproliferative activity accompanies biomarker changes; reduced signal is not demonstrated safe wound healing or benefit from ingestion/topical use. exposure: Commercial C. zeylanicum bark oil in cell culture evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/28444928.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8abd44e4f6be7090f7789d8a303e7e7ad9b0070bc22ad6c22354fdfd1fbbfb53", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1601, "text_sha256": "8abd44e4f6be7090f7789d8a303e7e7ad9b0070bc22ad6c22354fdfd1fbbfb53"} [ceylon-p28444928] Antiinflammatory Activity of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Bark Essential Oil in a Human Skin Disease Model. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28444928/ DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5822
Complete structured claim and evidence
The bark oil reduced MMP1 production in the stimulated human dermal-fibroblast system.
Commercial C. zeylanicum bark oil in the 2017 fibroblast study → Human matrix metalloproteinase 1 / MMP1 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/28444928.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8abd44e4f6be7090f7789d8a303e7e7ad9b0070bc22ad6c22354fdfd1fbbfb53", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1601, "text_sha256": "8abd44e4f6be7090f7789d8a303e7e7ad9b0070bc22ad6c22354fdfd1fbbfb53"}
experimental_model
Stimulated primary human dermal-fibroblast biomarker screen
exposure
Commercial C. zeylanicum bark oil in cell culture
limitations
Antiproliferative activity accompanies biomarker changes; reduced signal is not demonstrated safe wound healing or benefit from ingestion/topical use.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human
plain_language
This was a change in a cultured-cell inflammation model, not a demonstrated clinical skin benefit.
primary_references
[ceylon-p28444928] Antiinflammatory Activity of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Bark Essential Oil in a Human Skin Disease Model. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28444928/ DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5822
tissue_or_cell_type
Dermal fibroblast inflammatory/fibrotic model
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1052–1063
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Stimulated primary human dermal-fibroblast biomarker screen · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-mmp1 The bark oil reduced MMP1 production in the stimulated human dermal-fibroblast system. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This was a change in a cultured-cell inflammation model, not a demonstrated clinical skin benefit. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Dermal fibroblast inflammatory/fibrotic model experimental_model: Stimulated primary human dermal-fibroblast biomarker screen limitations: Antiproliferative activity accompanies biomarker changes; reduced signal is not demonstrated safe wound healing or benefit from ingestion/topical use. exposure: Commercial C. zeylanicum bark oil in cell culture evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/28444928.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8abd44e4f6be7090f7789d8a303e7e7ad9b0070bc22ad6c22354fdfd1fbbfb53", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1601, "text_sha256": "8abd44e4f6be7090f7789d8a303e7e7ad9b0070bc22ad6c22354fdfd1fbbfb53"} [ceylon-p28444928] Antiinflammatory Activity of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Bark Essential Oil in a Human Skin Disease Model. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28444928/ DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5822
Complete structured claim and evidence
The bark oil reduced PAI-1 production in the stimulated human dermal-fibroblast system.
Commercial C. zeylanicum bark oil in the 2017 fibroblast study → Human SERPINE1 / plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/28444928.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8abd44e4f6be7090f7789d8a303e7e7ad9b0070bc22ad6c22354fdfd1fbbfb53", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1601, "text_sha256": "8abd44e4f6be7090f7789d8a303e7e7ad9b0070bc22ad6c22354fdfd1fbbfb53"}
experimental_model
Stimulated primary human dermal-fibroblast biomarker screen
exposure
Commercial C. zeylanicum bark oil in cell culture
limitations
Antiproliferative activity accompanies biomarker changes; reduced signal is not demonstrated safe wound healing or benefit from ingestion/topical use.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human
plain_language
This was a change in a cultured-cell inflammation model, not a demonstrated clinical skin benefit.
primary_references
[ceylon-p28444928] Antiinflammatory Activity of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Bark Essential Oil in a Human Skin Disease Model. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28444928/ DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5822
tissue_or_cell_type
Dermal fibroblast inflammatory/fibrotic model
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1065–1076
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Stimulated primary human dermal-fibroblast biomarker screen · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-pai1 The bark oil reduced PAI-1 production in the stimulated human dermal-fibroblast system. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This was a change in a cultured-cell inflammation model, not a demonstrated clinical skin benefit. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Dermal fibroblast inflammatory/fibrotic model experimental_model: Stimulated primary human dermal-fibroblast biomarker screen limitations: Antiproliferative activity accompanies biomarker changes; reduced signal is not demonstrated safe wound healing or benefit from ingestion/topical use. exposure: Commercial C. zeylanicum bark oil in cell culture evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/28444928.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8abd44e4f6be7090f7789d8a303e7e7ad9b0070bc22ad6c22354fdfd1fbbfb53", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1601, "text_sha256": "8abd44e4f6be7090f7789d8a303e7e7ad9b0070bc22ad6c22354fdfd1fbbfb53"} [ceylon-p28444928] Antiinflammatory Activity of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Bark Essential Oil in a Human Skin Disease Model. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28444928/ DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5822
Complete structured claim and evidence
The 45% and 75% GAE extracts showed greater hypoglycemic effects than the 15% GAE aqueous comparator in STZ-diabetic rats.
C. zeylanicum extracts standardized to 15, 45 or 75% GAE in 2014 → Rat blood glucose concentration source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/25051315.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3a6dc6fe3a75793687a15c6ce73ab8ae07dbf8541c5b329d2f35c1a42922d5bb", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1406, "text_sha256": "3a6dc6fe3a75793687a15c6ce73ab8ae07dbf8541c5b329d2f35c1a42922d5bb"}
experimental_model
Extract comparison in diabetic rats plus uncontrolled human pilot
exposure
Rats 200 mg/kg for 30 days; 15 unmedicated adults, procynZ-45 125 mg twice daily for 30 days
limitations
GAE denotes assay standardization, not proof that 45% of extract mass is a single polyphenol. Human pilot lacked a randomized control.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Rat
plain_language
Changing the extract changed the result; all cinnamon products cannot be treated as equivalent.
primary_references
[ceylon-p25051315] Effects of the polyphenol content on the anti-diabetic activity of Cinnamomum zeylanicum extracts. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25051315/ DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00130c
tissue_or_cell_type
Metabolic measurements
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1078–1089
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Extract comparison in diabetic rats plus uncontrolled human pilot · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-polyphenol-rat The 45% and 75% GAE extracts showed greater hypoglycemic effects than the 15% GAE aqueous comparator in STZ-diabetic rats. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Changing the extract changed the result; all cinnamon products cannot be treated as equivalent. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Metabolic measurements experimental_model: Extract comparison in diabetic rats plus uncontrolled human pilot limitations: GAE denotes assay standardization, not proof that 45% of extract mass is a single polyphenol. Human pilot lacked a randomized control. exposure: Rats 200 mg/kg for 30 days; 15 unmedicated adults, procynZ-45 125 mg twice daily for 30 days evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/25051315.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3a6dc6fe3a75793687a15c6ce73ab8ae07dbf8541c5b329d2f35c1a42922d5bb", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1406, "text_sha256": "3a6dc6fe3a75793687a15c6ce73ab8ae07dbf8541c5b329d2f35c1a42922d5bb"} [ceylon-p25051315] Effects of the polyphenol content on the anti-diabetic activity of Cinnamomum zeylanicum extracts. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25051315/ DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00130c
Complete structured claim and evidence
The 15-person uncontrolled pilot reported lower fasting glucose after procynZ-45 exposure.
C. zeylanicum procynZ-45 polyphenol extract → Serum glucose concentration source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/25051315.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3a6dc6fe3a75793687a15c6ce73ab8ae07dbf8541c5b329d2f35c1a42922d5bb", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1406, "text_sha256": "3a6dc6fe3a75793687a15c6ce73ab8ae07dbf8541c5b329d2f35c1a42922d5bb"}
experimental_model
Extract comparison in diabetic rats plus uncontrolled human pilot
exposure
Rats 200 mg/kg for 30 days; 15 unmedicated adults, procynZ-45 125 mg twice daily for 30 days
limitations
GAE denotes assay standardization, not proof that 45% of extract mass is a single polyphenol. Human pilot lacked a randomized control.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human
plain_language
Glucose fell during a small pilot, but without a control group the extract’s causal effect is uncertain.
primary_references
[ceylon-p25051315] Effects of the polyphenol content on the anti-diabetic activity of Cinnamomum zeylanicum extracts. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25051315/ DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00130c
tissue_or_cell_type
Metabolic measurements
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1091–1102
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Extract comparison in diabetic rats plus uncontrolled human pilot · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-procynz-glucose The 15-person uncontrolled pilot reported lower fasting glucose after procynZ-45 exposure. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Glucose fell during a small pilot, but without a control group the extract’s causal effect is uncertain. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Metabolic measurements experimental_model: Extract comparison in diabetic rats plus uncontrolled human pilot limitations: GAE denotes assay standardization, not proof that 45% of extract mass is a single polyphenol. Human pilot lacked a randomized control. exposure: Rats 200 mg/kg for 30 days; 15 unmedicated adults, procynZ-45 125 mg twice daily for 30 days evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/25051315.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3a6dc6fe3a75793687a15c6ce73ab8ae07dbf8541c5b329d2f35c1a42922d5bb", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1406, "text_sha256": "3a6dc6fe3a75793687a15c6ce73ab8ae07dbf8541c5b329d2f35c1a42922d5bb"} [ceylon-p25051315] Effects of the polyphenol content on the anti-diabetic activity of Cinnamomum zeylanicum extracts. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25051315/ DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00130c
Complete structured claim and evidence
Liver tests remained within the normal range without significant alteration during the three-month phase I study.
C. zeylanicum escalating-dose water extract in the 2017 phase I study → Liver test results during the Ceylon phase I study source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/29282046.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9f042ba36cfd9e3e8a8e76e155c71d6b742c431c1ba4cf90c3a94115f3b06c61", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2508, "text_sha256": "9f042ba36cfd9e3e8a8e76e155c71d6b742c431c1ba4cf90c3a94115f3b06c61"}
experimental_model
Uncontrolled phase I escalating-dose study
exposure
30 enrolled, 28 completed; water extract 85, 250 and 500 mg at successive monthly intervals
limitations
No placebo group; three months and a small healthy sample cannot establish long-term safety or efficacy in disease.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human
plain_language
The small study found no laboratory liver signal during its observation period.
primary_references
[ceylon-p29282046] Evaluation of pharmacodynamic properties and safety of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Ceylon cinnamon) in healthy adults: a phase I clinical trial. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29282046/ DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-2067-7
tissue_or_cell_type
Healthy adults, clinical and laboratory measures
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1104–1115
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Uncontrolled phase I escalating-dose study · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-phase1-liver Liver tests remained within the normal range without significant alteration during the three-month phase I study. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The small study found no laboratory liver signal during its observation period. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Healthy adults, clinical and laboratory measures experimental_model: Uncontrolled phase I escalating-dose study limitations: No placebo group; three months and a small healthy sample cannot establish long-term safety or efficacy in disease. exposure: 30 enrolled, 28 completed; water extract 85, 250 and 500 mg at successive monthly intervals evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/29282046.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9f042ba36cfd9e3e8a8e76e155c71d6b742c431c1ba4cf90c3a94115f3b06c61", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2508, "text_sha256": "9f042ba36cfd9e3e8a8e76e155c71d6b742c431c1ba4cf90c3a94115f3b06c61"} [ceylon-p29282046] Evaluation of pharmacodynamic properties and safety of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Ceylon cinnamon) in healthy adults: a phase I clinical trial. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29282046/ DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-2067-7
Complete structured claim and evidence
Two of 30 enrolled participants discontinued the phase I study because of dyspepsia.
C. zeylanicum escalating-dose water extract in the 2017 phase I study → Dyspepsia-associated withdrawal in the Ceylon phase I study source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/29282046.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9f042ba36cfd9e3e8a8e76e155c71d6b742c431c1ba4cf90c3a94115f3b06c61", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2508, "text_sha256": "9f042ba36cfd9e3e8a8e76e155c71d6b742c431c1ba4cf90c3a94115f3b06c61"}
experimental_model
Uncontrolled phase I escalating-dose study
exposure
30 enrolled, 28 completed; water extract 85, 250 and 500 mg at successive monthly intervals
limitations
No placebo group; three months and a small healthy sample cannot establish long-term safety or efficacy in disease.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human
plain_language
Stomach discomfort was important enough for two people to stop.
primary_references
[ceylon-p29282046] Evaluation of pharmacodynamic properties and safety of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Ceylon cinnamon) in healthy adults: a phase I clinical trial. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29282046/ DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-2067-7
tissue_or_cell_type
Healthy adults, clinical and laboratory measures
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1117–1128
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Uncontrolled phase I escalating-dose study · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-phase1-dyspepsia Two of 30 enrolled participants discontinued the phase I study because of dyspepsia. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Stomach discomfort was important enough for two people to stop. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Healthy adults, clinical and laboratory measures experimental_model: Uncontrolled phase I escalating-dose study limitations: No placebo group; three months and a small healthy sample cannot establish long-term safety or efficacy in disease. exposure: 30 enrolled, 28 completed; water extract 85, 250 and 500 mg at successive monthly intervals evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/29282046.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9f042ba36cfd9e3e8a8e76e155c71d6b742c431c1ba4cf90c3a94115f3b06c61", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2508, "text_sha256": "9f042ba36cfd9e3e8a8e76e155c71d6b742c431c1ba4cf90c3a94115f3b06c61"} [ceylon-p29282046] Evaluation of pharmacodynamic properties and safety of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Ceylon cinnamon) in healthy adults: a phase I clinical trial. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29282046/ DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-2067-7
Complete structured claim and evidence
Blood pressure decreased during the uncontrolled phase I study, beginning in the first month.
C. zeylanicum escalating-dose water extract in the 2017 phase I study → Arterial blood pressure source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/29282046.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9f042ba36cfd9e3e8a8e76e155c71d6b742c431c1ba4cf90c3a94115f3b06c61", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2508, "text_sha256": "9f042ba36cfd9e3e8a8e76e155c71d6b742c431c1ba4cf90c3a94115f3b06c61"}
experimental_model
Uncontrolled phase I escalating-dose study
exposure
30 enrolled, 28 completed; water extract 85, 250 and 500 mg at successive monthly intervals
limitations
No placebo group; three months and a small healthy sample cannot establish long-term safety or efficacy in disease.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human
plain_language
Blood pressure fell, but the study cannot separate extract effects from other changes over time.
primary_references
[ceylon-p29282046] Evaluation of pharmacodynamic properties and safety of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Ceylon cinnamon) in healthy adults: a phase I clinical trial. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29282046/ DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-2067-7
tissue_or_cell_type
Healthy adults, clinical and laboratory measures
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1130–1141
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Uncontrolled phase I escalating-dose study · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-phase1-bp Blood pressure decreased during the uncontrolled phase I study, beginning in the first month. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Blood pressure fell, but the study cannot separate extract effects from other changes over time. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Healthy adults, clinical and laboratory measures experimental_model: Uncontrolled phase I escalating-dose study limitations: No placebo group; three months and a small healthy sample cannot establish long-term safety or efficacy in disease. exposure: 30 enrolled, 28 completed; water extract 85, 250 and 500 mg at successive monthly intervals evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/29282046.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9f042ba36cfd9e3e8a8e76e155c71d6b742c431c1ba4cf90c3a94115f3b06c61", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2508, "text_sha256": "9f042ba36cfd9e3e8a8e76e155c71d6b742c431c1ba4cf90c3a94115f3b06c61"} [ceylon-p29282046] Evaluation of pharmacodynamic properties and safety of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Ceylon cinnamon) in healthy adults: a phase I clinical trial. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29282046/ DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-2067-7
Complete structured claim and evidence
The extract groups showed reduced fasting plasma glucose from baseline; treatment assignment was a significant predictor of change in the reported regression.
C. zeylanicum extract in the 2025 diabetes trial → Plasma glucose concentration source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/41412108.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "41424e14da4786345bad52af19c8ccee1a37f445a402edaa855b87ee01d389b9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1887, "text_sha256": "41424e14da4786345bad52af19c8ccee1a37f445a402edaa855b87ee01d389b9"}
experimental_model
Three-arm randomized placebo-controlled diabetes trial
exposure
210 randomized; 186 completed four months; 250 or 500 mg extract groups
limitations
The accessible abstract reports within-baseline changes and regression significance, without a full numeric between-group effect estimate. Do not turn these into a precise placebo-adjusted magnitude.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human
plain_language
The study reported improved fasting plasma glucose, but the accessible abstract does not provide the full treatment-versus-placebo effect size.
primary_references
[ceylon-p41412108] Efficacy and Safety of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Ceylon cinnamon) for diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41412108/ DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2025.103357
tissue_or_cell_type
Type 2 diabetes cohort
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1169–1180
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Three-arm randomized placebo-controlled diabetes trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-diabetes-fpg The extract groups showed reduced fasting plasma glucose from baseline; treatment assignment was a significant predictor of change in the reported regression. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The study reported improved fasting plasma glucose, but the accessible abstract does not provide the full treatment-versus-placebo effect size. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Type 2 diabetes cohort experimental_model: Three-arm randomized placebo-controlled diabetes trial limitations: The accessible abstract reports within-baseline changes and regression significance, without a full numeric between-group effect estimate. Do not turn these into a precise placebo-adjusted magnitude. exposure: 210 randomized; 186 completed four months; 250 or 500 mg extract groups evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/41412108.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "41424e14da4786345bad52af19c8ccee1a37f445a402edaa855b87ee01d389b9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1887, "text_sha256": "41424e14da4786345bad52af19c8ccee1a37f445a402edaa855b87ee01d389b9"} [ceylon-p41412108] Efficacy and Safety of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Ceylon cinnamon) for diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41412108/ DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2025.103357
Complete structured claim and evidence
The extract groups showed reduced HbA1c from baseline; treatment assignment was a significant predictor of change in the reported regression.
C. zeylanicum extract in the 2025 diabetes trial → Glycated hemoglobin / HbA1c concentration source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/41412108.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "41424e14da4786345bad52af19c8ccee1a37f445a402edaa855b87ee01d389b9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1887, "text_sha256": "41424e14da4786345bad52af19c8ccee1a37f445a402edaa855b87ee01d389b9"}
experimental_model
Three-arm randomized placebo-controlled diabetes trial
exposure
210 randomized; 186 completed four months; 250 or 500 mg extract groups
limitations
The accessible abstract reports within-baseline changes and regression significance, without a full numeric between-group effect estimate. Do not turn these into a precise placebo-adjusted magnitude.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human
plain_language
The study reported improved HbA1c, but the accessible abstract does not provide the full treatment-versus-placebo effect size.
primary_references
[ceylon-p41412108] Efficacy and Safety of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Ceylon cinnamon) for diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41412108/ DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2025.103357
tissue_or_cell_type
Type 2 diabetes cohort
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1182–1193
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Three-arm randomized placebo-controlled diabetes trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-diabetes-hba1c The extract groups showed reduced HbA1c from baseline; treatment assignment was a significant predictor of change in the reported regression. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The study reported improved HbA1c, but the accessible abstract does not provide the full treatment-versus-placebo effect size. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Type 2 diabetes cohort experimental_model: Three-arm randomized placebo-controlled diabetes trial limitations: The accessible abstract reports within-baseline changes and regression significance, without a full numeric between-group effect estimate. Do not turn these into a precise placebo-adjusted magnitude. exposure: 210 randomized; 186 completed four months; 250 or 500 mg extract groups evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/41412108.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "41424e14da4786345bad52af19c8ccee1a37f445a402edaa855b87ee01d389b9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1887, "text_sha256": "41424e14da4786345bad52af19c8ccee1a37f445a402edaa855b87ee01d389b9"} [ceylon-p41412108] Efficacy and Safety of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Ceylon cinnamon) for diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41412108/ DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2025.103357
Complete structured claim and evidence
The 3-g Ceylon cinnamon high-fat-meal experiment found no effect on gastric emptying.
C. zeylanicum spice, 3 g with a high-fat meal in 2011 → Human gastric emptying time source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/21899741.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d49880de3ff914aa03404f38b7590f5905e069135a693cd0bc2aca626c0a9493", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1845, "text_sha256": "d49880de3ff914aa03404f38b7590f5905e069135a693cd0bc2aca626c0a9493"}
experimental_model
Single-blind randomized crossover meal experiment
exposure
3 g C. zeylanicum with a high-fat meal; 360-minute observation
limitations
Small acute meal experiment; a null result here is not inconsistent with every longer extract trial. Abstract has an inconsistent parenthetical p-value, so no numeric p-value is asserted here.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human
plain_language
Adding this amount of spice to the test meal did not produce the expected change in gastric emptying.
primary_references
[ceylon-p21899741] Effect of cinnamon on gastric emptying, arterial stiffness, postprandial lipemia, glycemia, and appetite responses to high-fat breakfast. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21899741/ DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-10-78
tissue_or_cell_type
Nine healthy young adults
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1221–1232
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Single-blind randomized crossover meal experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-meal-emptying The 3-g Ceylon cinnamon high-fat-meal experiment found no effect on gastric emptying. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Adding this amount of spice to the test meal did not produce the expected change in gastric emptying. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Nine healthy young adults experimental_model: Single-blind randomized crossover meal experiment limitations: Small acute meal experiment; a null result here is not inconsistent with every longer extract trial. Abstract has an inconsistent parenthetical p-value, so no numeric p-value is asserted here. exposure: 3 g C. zeylanicum with a high-fat meal; 360-minute observation evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/21899741.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d49880de3ff914aa03404f38b7590f5905e069135a693cd0bc2aca626c0a9493", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1845, "text_sha256": "d49880de3ff914aa03404f38b7590f5905e069135a693cd0bc2aca626c0a9493"} [ceylon-p21899741] Effect of cinnamon on gastric emptying, arterial stiffness, postprandial lipemia, glycemia, and appetite responses to high-fat breakfast. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21899741/ DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-10-78
Complete structured claim and evidence
The 3-g Ceylon cinnamon high-fat-meal experiment found no effect on postprandial triglycerides.
C. zeylanicum spice, 3 g with a high-fat meal in 2011 → Human postprandial triglyceride response source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/21899741.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d49880de3ff914aa03404f38b7590f5905e069135a693cd0bc2aca626c0a9493", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1845, "text_sha256": "d49880de3ff914aa03404f38b7590f5905e069135a693cd0bc2aca626c0a9493"}
experimental_model
Single-blind randomized crossover meal experiment
exposure
3 g C. zeylanicum with a high-fat meal; 360-minute observation
limitations
Small acute meal experiment; a null result here is not inconsistent with every longer extract trial. Abstract has an inconsistent parenthetical p-value, so no numeric p-value is asserted here.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human
plain_language
Adding this amount of spice to the test meal did not produce the expected change in postprandial triglycerides.
primary_references
[ceylon-p21899741] Effect of cinnamon on gastric emptying, arterial stiffness, postprandial lipemia, glycemia, and appetite responses to high-fat breakfast. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21899741/ DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-10-78
tissue_or_cell_type
Nine healthy young adults
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1247–1258
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Single-blind randomized crossover meal experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-meal-tg The 3-g Ceylon cinnamon high-fat-meal experiment found no effect on postprandial triglycerides. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Adding this amount of spice to the test meal did not produce the expected change in postprandial triglycerides. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Nine healthy young adults experimental_model: Single-blind randomized crossover meal experiment limitations: Small acute meal experiment; a null result here is not inconsistent with every longer extract trial. Abstract has an inconsistent parenthetical p-value, so no numeric p-value is asserted here. exposure: 3 g C. zeylanicum with a high-fat meal; 360-minute observation evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/21899741.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d49880de3ff914aa03404f38b7590f5905e069135a693cd0bc2aca626c0a9493", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1845, "text_sha256": "d49880de3ff914aa03404f38b7590f5905e069135a693cd0bc2aca626c0a9493"} [ceylon-p21899741] Effect of cinnamon on gastric emptying, arterial stiffness, postprandial lipemia, glycemia, and appetite responses to high-fat breakfast. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21899741/ DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-10-78
Complete structured claim and evidence
IND02 nasal spray improved the rhinoconjunctivitis quality-of-life score compared with placebo after seven days.
IND02 C. zeylanicum polyphenol-rich nasal spray → Rhinoconjunctivitis quality-of-life questionnaire score source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/31780001.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9dec4d6fda0520bf0d9fb8adf77c76254bfc44c05308367b8486a39d8d8611b2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1863, "text_sha256": "9dec4d6fda0520bf0d9fb8adf77c76254bfc44c05308367b8486a39d8d8611b2"}
experimental_model
Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled nasal-spray trial
exposure
IND02 100 micrograms/100 microliters in each nostril twice daily for seven days
limitations
Intranasal formulated extract, not eating cinnamon, inhaling powder or using essential oil. Short follow-up and formulation-specific outcomes.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human
plain_language
The tested nasal formulation improved this allergy outcome; the route and preparation are part of the result.
primary_references
[ceylon-p31780001] A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study of intranasal standardized cinnamon bark extract for seasonal allergic rhinitis. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31780001/ DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2019.102198
tissue_or_cell_type
Adults 18–75 with seasonal allergic rhinitis
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1260–1271
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled nasal-spray trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-nasal-rqlq IND02 nasal spray improved the rhinoconjunctivitis quality-of-life score compared with placebo after seven days. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The tested nasal formulation improved this allergy outcome; the route and preparation are part of the result. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Adults 18–75 with seasonal allergic rhinitis experimental_model: Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled nasal-spray trial limitations: Intranasal formulated extract, not eating cinnamon, inhaling powder or using essential oil. Short follow-up and formulation-specific outcomes. exposure: IND02 100 micrograms/100 microliters in each nostril twice daily for seven days evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/31780001.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9dec4d6fda0520bf0d9fb8adf77c76254bfc44c05308367b8486a39d8d8611b2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1863, "text_sha256": "9dec4d6fda0520bf0d9fb8adf77c76254bfc44c05308367b8486a39d8d8611b2"} [ceylon-p31780001] A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study of intranasal standardized cinnamon bark extract for seasonal allergic rhinitis. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31780001/ DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2019.102198
Complete structured claim and evidence
IND02 nasal spray improved the total daily rhinitis symptom score compared with placebo after seven days.
IND02 C. zeylanicum polyphenol-rich nasal spray → Seasonal allergic-rhinitis total daily symptom score source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/31780001.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9dec4d6fda0520bf0d9fb8adf77c76254bfc44c05308367b8486a39d8d8611b2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1863, "text_sha256": "9dec4d6fda0520bf0d9fb8adf77c76254bfc44c05308367b8486a39d8d8611b2"}
experimental_model
Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled nasal-spray trial
exposure
IND02 100 micrograms/100 microliters in each nostril twice daily for seven days
limitations
Intranasal formulated extract, not eating cinnamon, inhaling powder or using essential oil. Short follow-up and formulation-specific outcomes.
nutrient_topic
Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
organism
Human
plain_language
The tested nasal formulation improved this allergy outcome; the route and preparation are part of the result.
primary_references
[ceylon-p31780001] A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study of intranasal standardized cinnamon bark extract for seasonal allergic rhinitis. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31780001/ DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2019.102198
tissue_or_cell_type
Adults 18–75 with seasonal allergic rhinitis
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1273–1284
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled nasal-spray trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-nasal-symptoms IND02 nasal spray improved the total daily rhinitis symptom score compared with placebo after seven days. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The tested nasal formulation improved this allergy outcome; the route and preparation are part of the result. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Adults 18–75 with seasonal allergic rhinitis experimental_model: Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled nasal-spray trial limitations: Intranasal formulated extract, not eating cinnamon, inhaling powder or using essential oil. Short follow-up and formulation-specific outcomes. exposure: IND02 100 micrograms/100 microliters in each nostril twice daily for seven days evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/31780001.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9dec4d6fda0520bf0d9fb8adf77c76254bfc44c05308367b8486a39d8d8611b2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1863, "text_sha256": "9dec4d6fda0520bf0d9fb8adf77c76254bfc44c05308367b8486a39d8d8611b2"} [ceylon-p31780001] A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study of intranasal standardized cinnamon bark extract for seasonal allergic rhinitis. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31780001/ DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2019.102198
Complete structured claim and evidence
Human GSS joins gamma-glutamylcysteine and glycine in an ATP-dependent reaction to form glutathione.
Human glutathione synthetase / GSS → GSH source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/sulforaphane-research/30581542.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "77cf6674cf9b9bc140a228588a53c937966fd3a67397c1c4970221c5cc58a0b1", "start_char": 923, "end_char": 1092, "text_sha256": "bed9ef1323b513b1e31b65277f28b935ddf0c9b0c83cbe9ee9f827f97806846c"}
experimental_model
Human enzyme mutagenesis, kinetics and molecular dynamics
exposure
S-loop variants; established biosynthetic reactions described in the introduction
limitations
Reaction descriptions are background chemistry in a primary enzyme paper, not evidence that sulforaphane corrects inherited GSS deficiency.
nutrient_topic
Sulforaphane research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Sulforaphane / SFN, stereochemistry specified per study
organism
Human GSS
plain_language
A second enzyme, glycine and energy complete the molecule.
primary_references
[sulforaphane-p30581542] Genetic Mutations in the S-loop of Human Glutathione Synthetase: Links Between Substrate Binding, Active Site Structure and Allostery. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30581542/ DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2018.11.008
tissue_or_cell_type
Glutathione synthesis and substrate binding
Sulforaphane: formation, electrophile sensing and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 853–864
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human enzyme mutagenesis, kinetics and molecular dynamics · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### sulforaphane-gss-second-step Human GSS joins gamma-glutamylcysteine and glycine in an ATP-dependent reaction to form glutathione. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Sulforaphane research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A second enzyme, glycine and energy complete the molecule. organism: Human GSS tissue_or_cell_type: Glutathione synthesis and substrate binding experimental_model: Human enzyme mutagenesis, kinetics and molecular dynamics limitations: Reaction descriptions are background chemistry in a primary enzyme paper, not evidence that sulforaphane corrects inherited GSS deficiency. exposure: S-loop variants; established biosynthetic reactions described in the introduction evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/sulforaphane-research/30581542.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "77cf6674cf9b9bc140a228588a53c937966fd3a67397c1c4970221c5cc58a0b1", "start_char": 923, "end_char": 1092, "text_sha256": "bed9ef1323b513b1e31b65277f28b935ddf0c9b0c83cbe9ee9f827f97806846c"} [sulforaphane-p30581542] Genetic Mutations in the S-loop of Human Glutathione Synthetase: Links Between Substrate Binding, Active Site Structure and Allostery. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30581542/ DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2018.11.008
Complete structured claim and evidence
GSR reduces one glutathione-disulfide molecule to two reduced glutathione molecules using the NADPH/FAD catalytic relay.
Glutathione reductase / GSR → GSSG source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
cross_nutrient
B2-FAD supports GSH recycling; selenium-dependent GPX use of GSH is a separate reaction.
evidence_location
Results: NADPH binding; Fig 1 consensus cycle; GSH/GSSG complexes
experimental_model
Purified human glutathione reductase crystals with natural substrates, 0.95-1.1-A resolution, chemically reduced controls.
exposure
Purified-enzyme assay
limitations
GSR is not glutathione peroxidase; this record does not show that B2 improves selenium repletion.
nutrient_topic
Riboflavin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Riboflavin (vitamin B2)
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
This enzyme recycles glutathione after oxidation.
primary_references
[berkholz2008] Catalytic cycle of human glutathione reductase near 1 A resolution. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18638483/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.06.083
tissue_or_cell_type
Purified human GSR
Riboflavin: mechanisms, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1332–1344
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified human glutathione reductase crystals with natural substrates, 0.95-1.1-A resolution, chemically reduced controls. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### b2-gsr-gssg-to-gsh GSR reduces one glutathione-disulfide molecule to two reduced glutathione molecules using the NADPH/FAD catalytic relay. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Riboflavin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This enzyme recycles glutathione after oxidation. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Purified human GSR experimental_model: Purified human glutathione reductase crystals with natural substrates, 0.95-1.1-A resolution, chemically reduced controls. limitations: GSR is not glutathione peroxidase; this record does not show that B2 improves selenium repletion. exposure: Purified-enzyme assay cross_nutrient: B2-FAD supports GSH recycling; selenium-dependent GPX use of GSH is a separate reaction. evidence_location: Results: NADPH binding; Fig 1 consensus cycle; GSH/GSSG complexes [berkholz2008] Catalytic cycle of human glutathione reductase near 1 A resolution. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18638483/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.06.083
Complete structured claim and evidence
Human GSR substrate structures place NADPH for hydride transfer to bound FAD, the first redox step in glutathione recycling.
NADPH → FAD source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
cross_nutrient
Nicotinamide-containing NADPH and B2-derived FAD perform distinct functions.
evidence_location
Results: NADPH binding; Fig 1 consensus cycle; GSH/GSSG complexes
experimental_model
Purified human glutathione reductase crystals with natural substrates, 0.95-1.1-A resolution, chemically reduced controls.
exposure
Purified-enzyme assay
limitations
Structural support for the established catalytic cycle; radiation reduction must be distinguished from natural catalysis.
nutrient_topic
Riboflavin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Riboflavin (vitamin B2)
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
NADPH supplies electrons to the B2-derived cofactor.
primary_references
[berkholz2008] Catalytic cycle of human glutathione reductase near 1 A resolution. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18638483/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.06.083
tissue_or_cell_type
Purified human erythrocyte-type GSR crystals
Riboflavin: mechanisms, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1304–1316
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified human glutathione reductase crystals with natural substrates, 0.95-1.1-A resolution, chemically reduced controls. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### b2-gsr-nadph-to-fad Human GSR substrate structures place NADPH for hydride transfer to bound FAD, the first redox step in glutathione recycling. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Riboflavin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: NADPH supplies electrons to the B2-derived cofactor. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Purified human erythrocyte-type GSR crystals experimental_model: Purified human glutathione reductase crystals with natural substrates, 0.95-1.1-A resolution, chemically reduced controls. limitations: Structural support for the established catalytic cycle; radiation reduction must be distinguished from natural catalysis. exposure: Purified-enzyme assay cross_nutrient: Nicotinamide-containing NADPH and B2-derived FAD perform distinct functions. evidence_location: Results: NADPH binding; Fig 1 consensus cycle; GSH/GSSG complexes [berkholz2008] Catalytic cycle of human glutathione reductase near 1 A resolution. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18638483/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.06.083
Complete structured claim and evidence
Tracing in a cultured human hepatoma cell line estimated that transsulfuration supplied homocysteine-derived sulfur to approximately half of the intracellular glutathione pool.
Homocysteine → GSH source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
cross_nutrient
B6-dependent transsulfuration connects methionine/homocysteine to the cysteine supply for glutathione.
experimental_model
Cultured human hepatoma cell line; metabolic sulfur tracing
limitations
Fraction is culture-specific and traces sulfur, not all glutathione atoms; this experiment did not measure dietary B6 depletion.
nutrient_topic
Vitamin B6 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin B6
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
In this cell system, sulfur routed through B6-dependent enzymes helped supply glutathione.
primary_references
[b6-glutathione-2000] The quantitatively important relationship between homocysteine metabolism and glutathione synthesis by the transsulfuration pathway and its regulation by redox changes (2000). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11041866/ DOI: 10.1021/bi001088w
tissue_or_cell_type
Cultured human hepatoma cell line
Vitamin B6: mechanisms, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 590–600
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cultured human hepatoma cell line; metabolic sulfur tracing · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### b6-met-transsulfuration-glutathione Tracing in a cultured human hepatoma cell line estimated that transsulfuration supplied homocysteine-derived sulfur to approximately half of the intracellular glutathione pool. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Vitamin B6 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: In this cell system, sulfur routed through B6-dependent enzymes helped supply glutathione. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Cultured human hepatoma cell line experimental_model: Cultured human hepatoma cell line; metabolic sulfur tracing limitations: Fraction is culture-specific and traces sulfur, not all glutathione atoms; this experiment did not measure dietary B6 depletion. cross_nutrient: B6-dependent transsulfuration connects methionine/homocysteine to the cysteine supply for glutathione. [b6-glutathione-2000] The quantitatively important relationship between homocysteine metabolism and glutathione synthesis by the transsulfuration pathway and its regulation by redox changes (2000). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11041866/ DOI: 10.1021/bi001088w
Complete structured claim and evidence

Availability and dependencies

Each situation shows the normal role first, then what the sources report under a specific condition. A shortfall in the diet, a fault in the machinery, and a low blood reading are kept separate because they are not the same thing.

When the channel’s reactive cysteines are altered

Condition: machinery_impairment · Experimental C621S/C641S/C665S substitution.

Normal role: Wild-type human TRPA1 responds to cinnamaldehyde.

Recorded consequence: The cinnamaldehyde response is lost, although arachidonic acid can still partly activate the channel.

Scope: Engineered human TRPA1 cell assay

Blocking TRPA1 removed the measured calcium response.

Condition: machinery_impairment · HC-030031 at 100 micromolar abolished the cinnamaldehyde-induced calcium influx in isolated rat islets.

Normal role: Cinnamaldehyde increases calcium influx in rat islets.

Recorded consequence: The calcium-influx response is reduced or blocked.

Scope: Isolated rat pancreatic islets

Buffering intracellular calcium weakened the response; this is not the same as low calcium intake.

Condition: machinery_impairment · BAPTA-AM at 50 micromolar reduced cinnamaldehyde-induced islet calcium influx by approximately 27%.

Normal role: Cinnamaldehyde increases calcium influx in rat islets.

Recorded consequence: The calcium-influx response is reduced or blocked.

Scope: Isolated rat pancreatic islets

Blocking voltage-dependent calcium channels removed part of the response.

Condition: machinery_impairment · Nifedipine at 1 micromolar reduced cinnamaldehyde-induced islet calcium influx by approximately 26%.

Normal role: Cinnamaldehyde increases calcium influx in rat islets.

Recorded consequence: The calcium-influx response is reduced or blocked.

Scope: Isolated rat pancreatic islets

When PKA or p38 activity is inhibited

Condition: machinery_impairment · Experimental inhibition of PKA or p38 MAPK activity.

Normal role: Cinnamaldehyde activates the mouse adipocyte thermogenic program.

Recorded consequence: The thermogenic response is markedly attenuated.

Scope: Primary mouse adipocytes

When the Nrf2 response machinery is absent

Condition: machinery_impairment · Experimental Nfe2l2 knockout.

Normal role: Nrf2-intact mice showed tumor suppression in the AOM/DSS model.

Recorded consequence: Dietary cinnamaldehyde no longer achieved the reported tumor suppression.

Scope: Mouse inflammatory colon carcinogenesis

When the CYP reaction lacks NADPH

Condition: machinery_impairment · NADPH is omitted from the enzyme system.

Normal role: The experimental CYP2A6 inhibition develops during metabolism.

Recorded consequence: The metabolism-dependent inhibition does not develop as in the complete system.

Scope: Recombinant human CYP2A6

The sources

Every document behind this chapter is preserved word for word. Open one to read it in full with its recorded conflicts marked in place.

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17)AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · unverified_draftRead preserved source
Riboflavin: mechanisms, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17)AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · unverified_draftRead preserved source
Sulforaphane: formation, electrophile sensing and nutrient connections (2026-09-17)AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · unverified_draftRead preserved source
Vitamin B6: mechanisms, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17)AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · unverified_draftRead preserved source

Recorded disagreements

Where two sources say different things, both are kept and the difference is explained. You can discuss a disagreement or propose a mechanism that might account for it.

Open questions in this collection

Questions the curators could not answer from the sources in front of them, kept here with the reason each one is still open. These are gaps in this collection, not findings or proof that no one has studied them.

How much of an individual Ceylon product reaches each human tissue as cinnamaldehyde, metabolites or polyphenols?Simulated bioaccessibility, rodent disposition and product composition do not establish tissue exposure in humans.
Does repeated human Ceylon intake materially change glycine, glutathione, iron or copper status?Conjugation and redox assays do not measure human nutrient depletion or prove a supplementation requirement.
What is the durable placebo-adjusted benefit and safety profile of authenticated standardized Ceylon preparations?Small acute studies, uncontrolled pilots and different extract RCTs answer different questions; a full between-group estimate was not available from the diabetes-trial abstract.
Which mechanism explains the difference between CYP2A6 model predictions and the 2026 clinical AUC findings?The clinical result constrains translation of the model, but does not identify one definitive explanation; product, exposure, metabolism and model assumptions require investigation.
Are CYP1A2, CYP2C9, AhR or PXR assay findings clinically important for other medicines?The nicotine/letrozole study cannot rule out every other drug interaction, and reporter activation does not quantify in-vivo induction.
Does the TrxR selenocysteine mechanism occur with ordinary Ceylon exposure?The screened analogues differ from the parent and the abstract identifies only a possible selenocysteine target; no selenium depletion inference is justified.
Which human oral exposures reproduce the TRPA1, NRF2 and adipocyte effects?Cell concentrations and rodent injection regimens cannot be treated as equivalent to culinary intake.
Does altered micronutrient status change a human Ceylon response?Calcium chelation, kinase inhibition and gene knockout probe machinery; none establishes a cinnamon deficiency syndrome or nutrient-specific repletion gate.

Chapters are assembled from supplied drafts and curated literature summaries. Statements remain unverified against the primary studies, and the ledger is not medical advice.

Evidence, AI assistance and curation standards

Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

The mechanisms

Authenticated C. verum bark contained only trace coumarin, whereas the tested cassia-type species contained substantial amounts.

Human liver microsomes and S9 fractions rapidly oxidized cinnamaldehyde, alone or in cinnamon oil, to cinnamic acid.

Cinnamaldehyde activated human TRPA1, with calcium-fluorescence EC50 approximately 11 micromolar in the expression assay.

Cinnamaldehyde increased calcium influx into isolated rat pancreatic islets.

Cinnamaldehyde increased cellular glutathione in the HCT116 NRF2-response study.

Cinnamaldehyde inhibited recombinant human CYP2A6, with reported IC50 6.1 micromolar; inhibition increased with time and required NADPH.

The clinical trial found no significant nicotine AUC change with the characterized C. verum regimen; the geometric mean exposure ratio was 0.98.

The clinical trial found no significant letrozole AUC change with the characterized C. verum regimen; the geometric mean exposure ratio was 1.11.

The trial did not find significant LDL lowering: baseline-adjusted between-group difference reported as 6.05 mg/dL, 95% CI −2.43 to 14.52, p=0.161.

Fasting glucose reduction favored extract by an adjusted 8.59 mg/dL, 95% CI 0.59–16.59, p=0.036, on the secondary endpoint.

The 3-g Ceylon cinnamon high-fat-meal experiment found no effect on postprandial glucose.

Comparative fingerprinting distinguished C. verum cinnamate-rich profiles from the cassia profiles enriched in procyanidins, dihydrocoumaroyl glycosides and coumarin.

The studied Ceylon leaf oil contained 72.98% (E)-cinnamaldehyde by its reported volatile profile.

The leaf oil inhibited human carbonic anhydrase II in vitro, with reported IC50 243.24 micrograms/mL.

The leaf oil inhibited the assay acetylcholinesterase preparation, with reported IC50 16.03 micrograms/mL.

The leaf oil inhibited the assay alpha-amylase preparation, with reported IC50 7.54 micrograms/mL.

The leaf oil displayed ferric-ion reducing capacity in the study chemical assays.

The leaf oil displayed cupric-ion reducing capacity in the study chemical assays.

Hippuric acid was the major urinary metabolite after radiolabeled trans-cinnamaldehyde administration in rats and mice.

Benzoic acid was identified among the urinary metabolites of administered trans-cinnamaldehyde in rats and mice.

Benzoyl glucuronide was identified among urinary cinnamaldehyde-derived metabolites in the rodent study.

A cinnamic-acid glycine conjugate appeared in substantial amounts only in mice in the rat/mouse comparison.

In the rodent study, 75–81% of administered radiolabel was recovered in urine within 24 hours; overall excreta recovery reached 94% within 72 hours.

Cinnamaldehyde showed reported 100% bioaccessibility in the simulated fasted and fed gastric/intestinal fluids.

The bark extracts inhibited bacterial alpha-amylase with reported IC50 values about 214–215 micrograms/mL.

The bark extracts inhibited horse-serum butyrylcholinesterase, with reported IC50 values 26.62–36.09 micrograms/mL.

The ethanol leaf extract reduced BSA-glucose glycation assay signal, with reported IC50 15.22 ± 0.47 micrograms/mL.

Clickable cinnamaldehyde derivatives covalently labeled mouse TRPA1 in the channel-activation study.

The human TRPA1 C621S/C641S/C665S construct did not respond to 300 micromolar cinnamaldehyde.

Arachidonic acid at 100 micromolar retained about 40% of the wild-type response in the triple-cysteine TRPA1 mutant.

Cinnamaldehyde increased insulin secretion in the rat in vivo and isolated-islet experiments.

Cinnamaldehyde induced intestinal GLP-1 release in the reported rat experiments.

Cinnamaldehyde inhibited intestinal disaccharidase activity in the experimental preparations.

HC-030031 at 100 micromolar abolished the cinnamaldehyde-induced calcium influx in isolated rat islets.

BAPTA-AM at 50 micromolar reduced cinnamaldehyde-induced islet calcium influx by approximately 27%.

Nifedipine at 1 micromolar reduced cinnamaldehyde-induced islet calcium influx by approximately 26%.

The aqueous extract increased UCP1 expression in the treated diabetic-rat tissue study.

The aqueous extract increased GLUT4 expression in the treated diabetic rats.

The aqueous extract increased GLUT4 translocation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

The aqueous extract increased glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

Cinnamaldehyde activated PKA signaling in primary mouse adipocytes.

Cinnamaldehyde increased HSL phosphorylation in primary mouse adipocytes.

Cinnamaldehyde increased PLIN1 phosphorylation in primary mouse adipocytes.

Cinnamaldehyde induced acute and chronic thermogenic/metabolic responses in adipocytes differentiated from multiple human donors.

Inhibition of PKA activity markedly attenuated cinnamaldehyde-induced thermogenic responses in mouse adipocytes.

Inhibition of p38 MAPK activity markedly attenuated cinnamaldehyde-induced thermogenic responses in mouse adipocytes.

Cinnamaldehyde blocked NRF2 ubiquitination in HCT116 cells through a KEAP1-C151-dependent mechanism.

Cinnamaldehyde increased NRF2 protein half-life in HCT116 cells.

Dietary cinnamaldehyde suppressed AOM/DSS-associated colon carcinogenesis in Nrf2-intact mice.

The dietary cinnamaldehyde tumor-suppressive effect was not achieved in Nrf2-null mice.

Cinnamaldehyde activated the PPAR delta reporter in the TSA201 transfection experiment.

Cinnamaldehyde activated the PPAR gamma reporter in the TSA201 transfection experiment.

Cinnamaldehyde activated the RXR reporter in the TSA201 transfection experiment.

Parent cinnamaldehyde was a weak TrxR inhibitor compared with the more potent hydroxy- and benzoyloxy-substituted analogues.

The synthetic 5-fluoro-2-hydroxy analogue inhibited recombinant TrxR with IC50 7 micromolar after one hour.

Added glutathione modestly but significantly reduced the extent of cinnamaldehyde-dependent CYP2A6 inhibition.

Cinnamaldehyde-dependent time-dependent inhibition of CYP2A6 required NADPH in the reconstituted assay.

Mass spectra indicated cinnamaldehyde-associated CYP2A6 apoprotein adduction, with reported mass addition about 132.67 Da; added glutathione did not prevent this measured adduction.

The methoxy analogue caused reported CYP2A6 heme loss of 48.5 ± 13.4% in the LC-MS/MS experiment.

The rat-scaled static model predicted a 4.29-fold nicotine AUC with the modeled cinnamaldehyde exposure.

The rat-scaled static model predicted a 4.92-fold letrozole AUC with the modeled cinnamaldehyde exposure.

C. verum oil activated the human AhR reporter in a concentration-dependent manner.

Pure cinnamaldehyde did not activate the AhR reporter under the tested conditions.

Cinnamic acid did not activate the AhR reporter under the tested conditions.

Cinnamaldehyde inhibited CYP1A2 catalytic activity in the study enzyme assay.

Cinnamaldehyde inhibited CYP2C9 catalytic activity in the study enzyme assay.

The C. verum oil inhibited CYP1A2 catalytic activity in the study assay.

The C. verum oil inhibited CYP2C9 catalytic activity in the study assay.

Cinnamic acid activated the human PXR reporter in HepG2 cells, exceeding threefold at 20 micrograms/mL.

The oil did not activate the PXR reporter in HepG2 cells over the tested range.

Oil activated the human PXR reporter more than threefold in LS174T cells at 20 micrograms/mL; lower concentrations were not significant.

Cinnamic acid activated the human PXR reporter more than threefold in LS174T cells at 20 micrograms/mL; lower concentrations were not significant.

The bark oil reduced Candida cell-wall integrity and altered cell-surface ultrastructure.

The bark oil compromised Candida membrane integrity and allowed cellular-component leakage.

Cinnamaldehyde at the reported MIC of 112 micrograms/mL completely inhibited Candida mitotic spindle assembly.

The bark oil reduced cell proliferation in the stimulated human dermal-fibroblast system.

The bark oil reduced VCAM1 production in the stimulated human dermal-fibroblast system.

The bark oil reduced ICAM1 production in the stimulated human dermal-fibroblast system.