trans-Cinnamaldehyde / cinnamal

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Radiolabeled disposition experiment

exposure

2 or 250 mg/kg intraperitoneal, with an additional 250 mg/kg oral arm

limitations

High experimental exposures and rodent species; metabolite recovery does not quantify human nutrient demand or identify every enzyme.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Rats and mice

plain_language

The aldehyde entered a pathway that produced benzoate.

primary_references

[ceylon-p7959441] Studies on trans-cinnamaldehyde. 1. The influence of dose size and sex on its disposition in the rat and mouse. (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7959441/ DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(94)90084-1

tissue_or_cell_type

Urine and excreta

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 207–218

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Radiolabeled disposition experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-benzoate Benzoic acid was identified among the urinary metabolites of administered trans-cinnamaldehyde in rats and mice. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The aldehyde entered a pathway that produced benzoate. organism: Rats and mice tissue_or_cell_type: Urine and excreta experimental_model: Radiolabeled disposition experiment limitations: High experimental exposures and rodent species; metabolite recovery does not quantify human nutrient demand or identify every enzyme. exposure: 2 or 250 mg/kg intraperitoneal, with an additional 250 mg/kg oral arm evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/7959441.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5bab6bd0ad082e4064c601368d147bfcd87566a98ba749a37974fb1057e8c1be", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1564, "text_sha256": "5bab6bd0ad082e4064c601368d147bfcd87566a98ba749a37974fb1057e8c1be"} [ceylon-p7959441] Studies on trans-cinnamaldehyde. 1. The influence of dose size and sex on its disposition in the rat and mouse. (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7959441/ DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(94)90084-1

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Radiolabeled disposition experiment

exposure

2 or 250 mg/kg intraperitoneal, with an additional 250 mg/kg oral arm

limitations

High experimental exposures and rodent species; metabolite recovery does not quantify human nutrient demand or identify every enzyme.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Rats and mice

plain_language

A glucuronide conjugate was another exit route.

primary_references

[ceylon-p7959441] Studies on trans-cinnamaldehyde. 1. The influence of dose size and sex on its disposition in the rat and mouse. (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7959441/ DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(94)90084-1

tissue_or_cell_type

Urine and excreta

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 220–231

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Radiolabeled disposition experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-benzoyl-glucuronide Benzoyl glucuronide was identified among urinary cinnamaldehyde-derived metabolites in the rodent study. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A glucuronide conjugate was another exit route. organism: Rats and mice tissue_or_cell_type: Urine and excreta experimental_model: Radiolabeled disposition experiment limitations: High experimental exposures and rodent species; metabolite recovery does not quantify human nutrient demand or identify every enzyme. exposure: 2 or 250 mg/kg intraperitoneal, with an additional 250 mg/kg oral arm evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/7959441.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5bab6bd0ad082e4064c601368d147bfcd87566a98ba749a37974fb1057e8c1be", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1564, "text_sha256": "5bab6bd0ad082e4064c601368d147bfcd87566a98ba749a37974fb1057e8c1be"} [ceylon-p7959441] Studies on trans-cinnamaldehyde. 1. The influence of dose size and sex on its disposition in the rat and mouse. (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7959441/ DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(94)90084-1

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Simulated digestion and human liver microsomal/S9 metabolism

exposure

Cinnamaldehyde alone or in the characterized C. verum oil

limitations

Bioaccessibility is not systemic bioavailability; the oxidation data do not assign a unique aldehyde-dehydrogenase isoform.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Human-derived preparations and acellular digestive fluids

plain_language

It remained accessible in simulated digestion; this does not mean all of it reaches human blood unchanged.

primary_references

[ceylon-p39845339] Evaluation of bioaccessibility, metabolic clearance and interaction with xenobiotic receptors (PXR and AhR) of cinnamaldehyde. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39845339/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100237

tissue_or_cell_type

Gastric/intestinal simulations; liver fractions

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 259–270

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Simulated digestion and human liver microsomal/S9 metabolism · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-bioaccessibility Cinnamaldehyde showed reported 100% bioaccessibility in the simulated fasted and fed gastric/intestinal fluids. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: It remained accessible in simulated digestion; this does not mean all of it reaches human blood unchanged. organism: Human-derived preparations and acellular digestive fluids tissue_or_cell_type: Gastric/intestinal simulations; liver fractions experimental_model: Simulated digestion and human liver microsomal/S9 metabolism limitations: Bioaccessibility is not systemic bioavailability; the oxidation data do not assign a unique aldehyde-dehydrogenase isoform. exposure: Cinnamaldehyde alone or in the characterized C. verum oil evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/39845339.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1463, "text_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118"} [ceylon-p39845339] Evaluation of bioaccessibility, metabolic clearance and interaction with xenobiotic receptors (PXR and AhR) of cinnamaldehyde. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39845339/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100237

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays

exposure

Oil/parent/metabolite comparisons; PXR 0.62–20 micrograms/mL for 24 hours

limitations

Reporter activation is not demonstrated induction of clinical drug clearance. HepG2 is liver-derived; full results distinguish it from intestinal LS174T.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Human-derived reporter cells and human CYP assay systems

plain_language

The oil’s AhR effect cannot simply be assigned to cinnamaldehyde.

primary_references

[ceylon-p39845339] Evaluation of bioaccessibility, metabolic clearance and interaction with xenobiotic receptors (PXR and AhR) of cinnamaldehyde. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39845339/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100237

tissue_or_cell_type

HepG2, LS174T and AhR reporter cells

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 831–842

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-ca-ahr-null Pure cinnamaldehyde did not activate the AhR reporter under the tested conditions. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The oil’s AhR effect cannot simply be assigned to cinnamaldehyde. organism: Human-derived reporter cells and human CYP assay systems tissue_or_cell_type: HepG2, LS174T and AhR reporter cells experimental_model: Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays limitations: Reporter activation is not demonstrated induction of clinical drug clearance. HepG2 is liver-derived; full results distinguish it from intestinal LS174T. exposure: Oil/parent/metabolite comparisons; PXR 0.62–20 micrograms/mL for 24 hours evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/39845339.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1463, "text_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118"} [ceylon-p39845339] Evaluation of bioaccessibility, metabolic clearance and interaction with xenobiotic receptors (PXR and AhR) of cinnamaldehyde. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39845339/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100237

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays

exposure

Oil/parent/metabolite comparisons; PXR 0.62–20 micrograms/mL for 24 hours

limitations

Reporter activation is not demonstrated induction of clinical drug clearance. HepG2 is liver-derived; full results distinguish it from intestinal LS174T.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Human-derived reporter cells and human CYP assay systems

plain_language

A test-tube inhibition signal does not establish a clinical caffeine or medicine interaction.

primary_references

[ceylon-p39845339] Evaluation of bioaccessibility, metabolic clearance and interaction with xenobiotic receptors (PXR and AhR) of cinnamaldehyde. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39845339/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100237

tissue_or_cell_type

HepG2, LS174T and AhR reporter cells

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 857–868

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-ca-cyp1a2 Cinnamaldehyde inhibited CYP1A2 catalytic activity in the study enzyme assay. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A test-tube inhibition signal does not establish a clinical caffeine or medicine interaction. organism: Human-derived reporter cells and human CYP assay systems tissue_or_cell_type: HepG2, LS174T and AhR reporter cells experimental_model: Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays limitations: Reporter activation is not demonstrated induction of clinical drug clearance. HepG2 is liver-derived; full results distinguish it from intestinal LS174T. exposure: Oil/parent/metabolite comparisons; PXR 0.62–20 micrograms/mL for 24 hours evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/39845339.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1463, "text_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118"} [ceylon-p39845339] Evaluation of bioaccessibility, metabolic clearance and interaction with xenobiotic receptors (PXR and AhR) of cinnamaldehyde. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39845339/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100237

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays

exposure

Oil/parent/metabolite comparisons; PXR 0.62–20 micrograms/mL for 24 hours

limitations

Reporter activation is not demonstrated induction of clinical drug clearance. HepG2 is liver-derived; full results distinguish it from intestinal LS174T.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Human-derived reporter cells and human CYP assay systems

plain_language

The enzyme assay identifies an interaction to investigate, not a proven change in drug exposure.

primary_references

[ceylon-p39845339] Evaluation of bioaccessibility, metabolic clearance and interaction with xenobiotic receptors (PXR and AhR) of cinnamaldehyde. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39845339/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100237

tissue_or_cell_type

HepG2, LS174T and AhR reporter cells

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 870–881

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-ca-cyp2c9 Cinnamaldehyde inhibited CYP2C9 catalytic activity in the study enzyme assay. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The enzyme assay identifies an interaction to investigate, not a proven change in drug exposure. organism: Human-derived reporter cells and human CYP assay systems tissue_or_cell_type: HepG2, LS174T and AhR reporter cells experimental_model: Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays limitations: Reporter activation is not demonstrated induction of clinical drug clearance. HepG2 is liver-derived; full results distinguish it from intestinal LS174T. exposure: Oil/parent/metabolite comparisons; PXR 0.62–20 micrograms/mL for 24 hours evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/39845339.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1463, "text_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118"} [ceylon-p39845339] Evaluation of bioaccessibility, metabolic clearance and interaction with xenobiotic receptors (PXR and AhR) of cinnamaldehyde. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39845339/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100237

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Cultured yeast imaging, viability and cell-wall mutant assays

exposure

Oil including subinhibitory 62.5 micrograms/mL; cinnamaldehyde MIC 112 micrograms/mL

limitations

In-vitro antifungal activity is not clinical eradication; fungal spindle effects do not establish equivalent mammalian tubulin inhibition.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Candida albicans RSY150 and clinical isolates

plain_language

At this assay concentration the fungus could not assemble its normal division machinery.

primary_references

[ceylon-p29456868] Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark essential oil induces cell wall remodelling and spindle defects in Candida albicans. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29456868/ DOI: 10.1186/s40694-018-0046-5

tissue_or_cell_type

Fungal cell wall, membrane and mitotic spindle

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 987–998

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cultured yeast imaging, viability and cell-wall mutant assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-candida-spindle Cinnamaldehyde at the reported MIC of 112 micrograms/mL completely inhibited Candida mitotic spindle assembly. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: At this assay concentration the fungus could not assemble its normal division machinery. organism: Candida albicans RSY150 and clinical isolates tissue_or_cell_type: Fungal cell wall, membrane and mitotic spindle experimental_model: Cultured yeast imaging, viability and cell-wall mutant assays limitations: In-vitro antifungal activity is not clinical eradication; fungal spindle effects do not establish equivalent mammalian tubulin inhibition. exposure: Oil including subinhibitory 62.5 micrograms/mL; cinnamaldehyde MIC 112 micrograms/mL evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/29456868.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a42223fd2d170b3cba7a0d3ab2670bb33bde4e05c1be831f6ebac45c66ecbce2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1751, "text_sha256": "a42223fd2d170b3cba7a0d3ab2670bb33bde4e05c1be831f6ebac45c66ecbce2"} [ceylon-p29456868] Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark essential oil induces cell wall remodelling and spindle defects in Candida albicans. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29456868/ DOI: 10.1186/s40694-018-0046-5

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Radiolabeled disposition experiment

exposure

2 or 250 mg/kg intraperitoneal, with an additional 250 mg/kg oral arm

limitations

High experimental exposures and rodent species; metabolite recovery does not quantify human nutrient demand or identify every enzyme.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Rats and mice

plain_language

The two rodent species did not handle every conjugation pathway identically.

primary_references

[ceylon-p7959441] Studies on trans-cinnamaldehyde. 1. The influence of dose size and sex on its disposition in the rat and mouse. (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7959441/ DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(94)90084-1

tissue_or_cell_type

Urine and excreta

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 233–244

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Radiolabeled disposition experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-cinnamoylglycine A cinnamic-acid glycine conjugate appeared in substantial amounts only in mice in the rat/mouse comparison. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The two rodent species did not handle every conjugation pathway identically. organism: Rats and mice tissue_or_cell_type: Urine and excreta experimental_model: Radiolabeled disposition experiment limitations: High experimental exposures and rodent species; metabolite recovery does not quantify human nutrient demand or identify every enzyme. exposure: 2 or 250 mg/kg intraperitoneal, with an additional 250 mg/kg oral arm evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/7959441.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5bab6bd0ad082e4064c601368d147bfcd87566a98ba749a37974fb1057e8c1be", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1564, "text_sha256": "5bab6bd0ad082e4064c601368d147bfcd87566a98ba749a37974fb1057e8c1be"} [ceylon-p7959441] Studies on trans-cinnamaldehyde. 1. The influence of dose size and sex on its disposition in the rat and mouse. (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7959441/ DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(94)90084-1

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/32788161.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "431169f83241cb83b84dd81d84eb1db225735677cabf33f09af8b1e22dfe64f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2507, "text_sha256": "431169f83241cb83b84dd81d84eb1db225735677cabf33f09af8b1e22dfe64f4"}

experimental_model

CYP2A6 mass spectrometry, time-dependent inhibition and numerical modeling

exposure

Cinnamaldehyde and separately 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde; model exposure approximately 275 mg cinnamaldehyde

limitations

Rat-scaled predicted human AUC is not observed AUC. Heme loss was specifically reported for the methoxy analogue; apoprotein adduction is a different endpoint from inhibition.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Human CYP2A6; rat-scaled modeling parameters

plain_language

The protein acquired extra mass even with glutathione present. This differs from measuring how much enzyme activity survives.

primary_references

[ceylon-p32788161] Mechanisms of Herb-Drug Interactions Involving Cinnamon and CYP2A6: Focus on Time-Dependent Inhibition by Cinnamaldehyde and 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32788161/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000087

tissue_or_cell_type

Enzyme apoprotein/heme; simulated drug exposure

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 766–777

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · CYP2A6 mass spectrometry, time-dependent inhibition and numerical modeling · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-cyp-adduct Mass spectra indicated cinnamaldehyde-associated CYP2A6 apoprotein adduction, with reported mass addition about 132.67 Da; added glutathione did not prevent this measured adduction. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The protein acquired extra mass even with glutathione present. This differs from measuring how much enzyme activity survives. organism: Human CYP2A6; rat-scaled modeling parameters tissue_or_cell_type: Enzyme apoprotein/heme; simulated drug exposure experimental_model: CYP2A6 mass spectrometry, time-dependent inhibition and numerical modeling limitations: Rat-scaled predicted human AUC is not observed AUC. Heme loss was specifically reported for the methoxy analogue; apoprotein adduction is a different endpoint from inhibition. exposure: Cinnamaldehyde and separately 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde; model exposure approximately 275 mg cinnamaldehyde evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/32788161.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "431169f83241cb83b84dd81d84eb1db225735677cabf33f09af8b1e22dfe64f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2507, "text_sha256": "431169f83241cb83b84dd81d84eb1db225735677cabf33f09af8b1e22dfe64f4"} [ceylon-p32788161] Mechanisms of Herb-Drug Interactions Involving Cinnamon and CYP2A6: Focus on Time-Dependent Inhibition by Cinnamaldehyde and 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32788161/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000087

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Recombinant human CYP assays and mechanistic static modeling

exposure

Cinnamaldehyde, NADPH and glutathione; modeled inhibitor concentrations 0.1 and 1 micromolar

limitations

Enzyme inhibition and model predictions are not measured clinical drug interactions. NADPH omission is not dietary niacin deficiency.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Human enzyme preparations; computational model

plain_language

The chemical interfered with a drug-metabolizing enzyme when its catalytic system was operating.

primary_references

[ceylon-p26851241] Inactivation of CYP2A6 by the Dietary Phenylpropanoid trans-Cinnamic Aldehyde (Cinnamaldehyde) and Estimation of Interactions with Nicotine and Letrozole. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26851241/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.067942

tissue_or_cell_type

CYP2A6 reaction system

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 727–738

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Recombinant human CYP assays and mechanistic static modeling · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-cyp2a6 Cinnamaldehyde inhibited recombinant human CYP2A6, with reported IC50 6.1 micromolar; inhibition increased with time and required NADPH. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The chemical interfered with a drug-metabolizing enzyme when its catalytic system was operating. organism: Human enzyme preparations; computational model tissue_or_cell_type: CYP2A6 reaction system experimental_model: Recombinant human CYP assays and mechanistic static modeling limitations: Enzyme inhibition and model predictions are not measured clinical drug interactions. NADPH omission is not dietary niacin deficiency. exposure: Cinnamaldehyde, NADPH and glutathione; modeled inhibitor concentrations 0.1 and 1 micromolar evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/26851241.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c2fb6b18a3ba708f060d53011ea0e198f98fe980930297e714c488a41413b5a2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1591, "text_sha256": "c2fb6b18a3ba708f060d53011ea0e198f98fe980930297e714c488a41413b5a2"} [ceylon-p26851241] Inactivation of CYP2A6 by the Dietary Phenylpropanoid trans-Cinnamic Aldehyde (Cinnamaldehyde) and Estimation of Interactions with Nicotine and Letrozole. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26851241/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.067942

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Radiolabeled disposition experiment

exposure

2 or 250 mg/kg intraperitoneal, with an additional 250 mg/kg oral arm

limitations

High experimental exposures and rodent species; metabolite recovery does not quantify human nutrient demand or identify every enzyme.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Rats and mice

plain_language

The experiment followed the labeled carbon through elimination, not just unchanged cinnamaldehyde.

primary_references

[ceylon-p7959441] Studies on trans-cinnamaldehyde. 1. The influence of dose size and sex on its disposition in the rat and mouse. (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7959441/ DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(94)90084-1

tissue_or_cell_type

Urine and excreta

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 246–257

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Radiolabeled disposition experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-excretion In the rodent study, 75–81% of administered radiolabel was recovered in urine within 24 hours; overall excreta recovery reached 94% within 72 hours. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The experiment followed the labeled carbon through elimination, not just unchanged cinnamaldehyde. organism: Rats and mice tissue_or_cell_type: Urine and excreta experimental_model: Radiolabeled disposition experiment limitations: High experimental exposures and rodent species; metabolite recovery does not quantify human nutrient demand or identify every enzyme. exposure: 2 or 250 mg/kg intraperitoneal, with an additional 250 mg/kg oral arm evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/7959441.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5bab6bd0ad082e4064c601368d147bfcd87566a98ba749a37974fb1057e8c1be", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1564, "text_sha256": "5bab6bd0ad082e4064c601368d147bfcd87566a98ba749a37974fb1057e8c1be"} [ceylon-p7959441] Studies on trans-cinnamaldehyde. 1. The influence of dose size and sex on its disposition in the rat and mouse. (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7959441/ DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(94)90084-1

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/7959441.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5bab6bd0ad082e4064c601368d147bfcd87566a98ba749a37974fb1057e8c1be", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1564, "text_sha256": "5bab6bd0ad082e4064c601368d147bfcd87566a98ba749a37974fb1057e8c1be"}

experimental_model

Radiolabeled disposition experiment

exposure

2 or 250 mg/kg intraperitoneal, with an additional 250 mg/kg oral arm

limitations

High experimental exposures and rodent species; metabolite recovery does not quantify human nutrient demand or identify every enzyme.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Rats and mice

plain_language

Much of the measured rodent dose left as hippurate, a benzoate-glycine conjugate.

primary_references

[ceylon-p7959441] Studies on trans-cinnamaldehyde. 1. The influence of dose size and sex on its disposition in the rat and mouse. (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7959441/ DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(94)90084-1

tissue_or_cell_type

Urine and excreta

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 194–205

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Radiolabeled disposition experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-hippurate Hippuric acid was the major urinary metabolite after radiolabeled trans-cinnamaldehyde administration in rats and mice. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Much of the measured rodent dose left as hippurate, a benzoate-glycine conjugate. organism: Rats and mice tissue_or_cell_type: Urine and excreta experimental_model: Radiolabeled disposition experiment limitations: High experimental exposures and rodent species; metabolite recovery does not quantify human nutrient demand or identify every enzyme. exposure: 2 or 250 mg/kg intraperitoneal, with an additional 250 mg/kg oral arm evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/7959441.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5bab6bd0ad082e4064c601368d147bfcd87566a98ba749a37974fb1057e8c1be", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1564, "text_sha256": "5bab6bd0ad082e4064c601368d147bfcd87566a98ba749a37974fb1057e8c1be"} [ceylon-p7959441] Studies on trans-cinnamaldehyde. 1. The influence of dose size and sex on its disposition in the rat and mouse. (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7959441/ DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(94)90084-1

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/29046261.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1763, "text_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac"}

experimental_model

Primary adipocyte signaling with inhibitor and knockout experiments

exposure

Acute and chronic purified cinnamaldehyde exposure

limitations

Cell thermogenesis is not a measured increase in whole-person energy expenditure or proven weight loss.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Mouse

plain_language

A fat-handling enzyme changed its phosphorylation state.

primary_references

[ceylon-p29046261] Cinnamaldehyde induces fat cell-autonomous thermogenesis and metabolic reprogramming. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29046261/ DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.08.006

tissue_or_cell_type

Subcutaneous adipocytes in culture

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 532–543

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Primary adipocyte signaling with inhibitor and knockout experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-hsl Cinnamaldehyde increased HSL phosphorylation in primary mouse adipocytes. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A fat-handling enzyme changed its phosphorylation state. organism: Mouse tissue_or_cell_type: Subcutaneous adipocytes in culture experimental_model: Primary adipocyte signaling with inhibitor and knockout experiments limitations: Cell thermogenesis is not a measured increase in whole-person energy expenditure or proven weight loss. exposure: Acute and chronic purified cinnamaldehyde exposure evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/29046261.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1763, "text_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac"} [ceylon-p29046261] Cinnamaldehyde induces fat cell-autonomous thermogenesis and metabolic reprogramming. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29046261/ DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.08.006

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/29046261.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1763, "text_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac"}

experimental_model

Primary adipocyte signaling with inhibitor and knockout experiments

exposure

Acute and chronic purified cinnamaldehyde exposure

limitations

Cell thermogenesis is not a measured increase in whole-person energy expenditure or proven weight loss.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Human

plain_language

Cultured human fat cells responded too, but nobody’s weight loss was tested in this experiment.

primary_references

[ceylon-p29046261] Cinnamaldehyde induces fat cell-autonomous thermogenesis and metabolic reprogramming. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29046261/ DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.08.006

tissue_or_cell_type

Subcutaneous adipocytes in culture

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 558–569

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Primary adipocyte signaling with inhibitor and knockout experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-human-adipocytes Cinnamaldehyde induced acute and chronic thermogenic/metabolic responses in adipocytes differentiated from multiple human donors. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Cultured human fat cells responded too, but nobody’s weight loss was tested in this experiment. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Subcutaneous adipocytes in culture experimental_model: Primary adipocyte signaling with inhibitor and knockout experiments limitations: Cell thermogenesis is not a measured increase in whole-person energy expenditure or proven weight loss. exposure: Acute and chronic purified cinnamaldehyde exposure evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/29046261.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1763, "text_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac"} [ceylon-p29046261] Cinnamaldehyde induces fat cell-autonomous thermogenesis and metabolic reprogramming. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29046261/ DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.08.006

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/24516781.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5605569464035286614b12021fc60adbaf6c8a003a6b634d03fc5b544ce59d27", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1685, "text_sha256": "5605569464035286614b12021fc60adbaf6c8a003a6b634d03fc5b544ce59d27"}

experimental_model

Human TRPA1 expression, calcium fluorescence and patch clamp

exposure

Cinnamaldehyde concentration response; 300 micromolar challenge; triple cysteine-to-serine construct

limitations

Channel expression and high cell-assay concentrations do not establish dietary exposure or a human calcium-deficiency effect.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Human TRPA1 in HEK293 cells

plain_language

Cinnamaldehyde can open a cellular sensor channel that lets a calcium signal develop.

primary_references

[ceylon-p24516781] Ligand determinants of fatty acid activation of the pronociceptive ion channel TRPA1. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24516781/ DOI: 10.7717/peerj.248

tissue_or_cell_type

Engineered cultured cells

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 337–348

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human TRPA1 expression, calcium fluorescence and patch clamp · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-human-trpa1 Cinnamaldehyde activated human TRPA1, with calcium-fluorescence EC50 approximately 11 micromolar in the expression assay. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Cinnamaldehyde can open a cellular sensor channel that lets a calcium signal develop. organism: Human TRPA1 in HEK293 cells tissue_or_cell_type: Engineered cultured cells experimental_model: Human TRPA1 expression, calcium fluorescence and patch clamp limitations: Channel expression and high cell-assay concentrations do not establish dietary exposure or a human calcium-deficiency effect. exposure: Cinnamaldehyde concentration response; 300 micromolar challenge; triple cysteine-to-serine construct evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/24516781.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5605569464035286614b12021fc60adbaf6c8a003a6b634d03fc5b544ce59d27", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1685, "text_sha256": "5605569464035286614b12021fc60adbaf6c8a003a6b634d03fc5b544ce59d27"} [ceylon-p24516781] Ligand determinants of fatty acid activation of the pronociceptive ion channel TRPA1. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24516781/ DOI: 10.7717/peerj.248

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/37631083.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6e5158a53c14ee90391ae2756078dd5511e2caeaa1c078940b3e2f8c34775226", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1437, "text_sha256": "6e5158a53c14ee90391ae2756078dd5511e2caeaa1c078940b3e2f8c34775226"}

experimental_model

Rat glucose challenges and isolated intestinal/islet experiments

exposure

Cinnamaldehyde 5–20 mg/kg intraperitoneal in vivo; islet calcium experiment 100 micromolar for 10 minutes

limitations

Injection is not spice ingestion. Antagonists and calcium chelation probe machinery, not dietary mineral inadequacy.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Rat

plain_language

Calcium movement connected the chemical stimulus to the insulin-secreting machinery.

primary_references

[ceylon-p37631083] Electrophilic Agonists Modulate the Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin-1 Channels Mediated by Insulin and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Secretion for Glucose Homeostasis. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37631083/ DOI: 10.3390/ph16081167

tissue_or_cell_type

Intestine and pancreatic islets

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 415–426

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rat glucose challenges and isolated intestinal/islet experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-islet-calcium Cinnamaldehyde increased calcium influx into isolated rat pancreatic islets. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Calcium movement connected the chemical stimulus to the insulin-secreting machinery. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Intestine and pancreatic islets experimental_model: Rat glucose challenges and isolated intestinal/islet experiments limitations: Injection is not spice ingestion. Antagonists and calcium chelation probe machinery, not dietary mineral inadequacy. exposure: Cinnamaldehyde 5–20 mg/kg intraperitoneal in vivo; islet calcium experiment 100 micromolar for 10 minutes evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/37631083.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6e5158a53c14ee90391ae2756078dd5511e2caeaa1c078940b3e2f8c34775226", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1437, "text_sha256": "6e5158a53c14ee90391ae2756078dd5511e2caeaa1c078940b3e2f8c34775226"} [ceylon-p37631083] Electrophilic Agonists Modulate the Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin-1 Channels Mediated by Insulin and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Secretion for Glucose Homeostasis. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37631083/ DOI: 10.3390/ph16081167

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/25712056.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8ad37b0dca440e7fa609a46cf02377c2979d2be8e09291a370efb963ff3c9cfd", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1920, "text_sha256": "8ad37b0dca440e7fa609a46cf02377c2979d2be8e09291a370efb963ff3c9cfd"}

experimental_model

HCT116 mechanism and AOM/DSS knockout-mouse experiment

exposure

Purified cinnamaldehyde cell exposure and dietary supplementation in mice

limitations

No human cancer-prevention outcome; the abstract identifies C151 dependence but does not resolve the transfected KEAP1 construct species.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Mouse

plain_language

The treated wild-type mice developed less experimental colon cancer.

primary_references

[ceylon-p25712056] Nrf2-dependent suppression of azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium-induced colon carcinogenesis by the cinnamon-derived dietary factor cinnamaldehyde. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25712056/ DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0359

tissue_or_cell_type

Colon epithelial cancer cells and experimental inflammatory colon tumors

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 636–647

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · HCT116 mechanism and AOM/DSS knockout-mouse experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-mouse-colon Dietary cinnamaldehyde suppressed AOM/DSS-associated colon carcinogenesis in Nrf2-intact mice. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The treated wild-type mice developed less experimental colon cancer. organism: Mouse tissue_or_cell_type: Colon epithelial cancer cells and experimental inflammatory colon tumors experimental_model: HCT116 mechanism and AOM/DSS knockout-mouse experiment limitations: No human cancer-prevention outcome; the abstract identifies C151 dependence but does not resolve the transfected KEAP1 construct species. exposure: Purified cinnamaldehyde cell exposure and dietary supplementation in mice evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/25712056.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8ad37b0dca440e7fa609a46cf02377c2979d2be8e09291a370efb963ff3c9cfd", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1920, "text_sha256": "8ad37b0dca440e7fa609a46cf02377c2979d2be8e09291a370efb963ff3c9cfd"} [ceylon-p25712056] Nrf2-dependent suppression of azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium-induced colon carcinogenesis by the cinnamon-derived dietary factor cinnamaldehyde. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25712056/ DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0359

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/25712056.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8ad37b0dca440e7fa609a46cf02377c2979d2be8e09291a370efb963ff3c9cfd", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1920, "text_sha256": "8ad37b0dca440e7fa609a46cf02377c2979d2be8e09291a370efb963ff3c9cfd"}

experimental_model

HCT116 mechanism and AOM/DSS knockout-mouse experiment

exposure

Purified cinnamaldehyde cell exposure and dietary supplementation in mice

limitations

No human cancer-prevention outcome; the abstract identifies C151 dependence but does not resolve the transfected KEAP1 construct species.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Human HCT116 cells; KEAP1 construct species unresolved

plain_language

These cells accumulated more glutathione; that does not measure whole-body glutathione supply.

primary_references

[ceylon-p25712056] Nrf2-dependent suppression of azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium-induced colon carcinogenesis by the cinnamon-derived dietary factor cinnamaldehyde. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25712056/ DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0359

tissue_or_cell_type

Colon epithelial cancer cells and experimental inflammatory colon tumors

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 623–634

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · HCT116 mechanism and AOM/DSS knockout-mouse experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-nrf2-gsh Cinnamaldehyde increased cellular glutathione in the HCT116 NRF2-response study. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: These cells accumulated more glutathione; that does not measure whole-body glutathione supply. organism: Human HCT116 cells; KEAP1 construct species unresolved tissue_or_cell_type: Colon epithelial cancer cells and experimental inflammatory colon tumors experimental_model: HCT116 mechanism and AOM/DSS knockout-mouse experiment limitations: No human cancer-prevention outcome; the abstract identifies C151 dependence but does not resolve the transfected KEAP1 construct species. exposure: Purified cinnamaldehyde cell exposure and dietary supplementation in mice evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/25712056.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8ad37b0dca440e7fa609a46cf02377c2979d2be8e09291a370efb963ff3c9cfd", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1920, "text_sha256": "8ad37b0dca440e7fa609a46cf02377c2979d2be8e09291a370efb963ff3c9cfd"} [ceylon-p25712056] Nrf2-dependent suppression of azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium-induced colon carcinogenesis by the cinnamon-derived dietary factor cinnamaldehyde. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25712056/ DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0359

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/25712056.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8ad37b0dca440e7fa609a46cf02377c2979d2be8e09291a370efb963ff3c9cfd", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1920, "text_sha256": "8ad37b0dca440e7fa609a46cf02377c2979d2be8e09291a370efb963ff3c9cfd"}

experimental_model

HCT116 mechanism and AOM/DSS knockout-mouse experiment

exposure

Purified cinnamaldehyde cell exposure and dietary supplementation in mice

limitations

No human cancer-prevention outcome; the abstract identifies C151 dependence but does not resolve the transfected KEAP1 construct species.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Human HCT116 cells; KEAP1 construct species unresolved

plain_language

NRF2 lasted longer, allowing a stronger defense-gene response.

primary_references

[ceylon-p25712056] Nrf2-dependent suppression of azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium-induced colon carcinogenesis by the cinnamon-derived dietary factor cinnamaldehyde. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25712056/ DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0359

tissue_or_cell_type

Colon epithelial cancer cells and experimental inflammatory colon tumors

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 610–621

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · HCT116 mechanism and AOM/DSS knockout-mouse experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-nrf2-stability Cinnamaldehyde increased NRF2 protein half-life in HCT116 cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: NRF2 lasted longer, allowing a stronger defense-gene response. organism: Human HCT116 cells; KEAP1 construct species unresolved tissue_or_cell_type: Colon epithelial cancer cells and experimental inflammatory colon tumors experimental_model: HCT116 mechanism and AOM/DSS knockout-mouse experiment limitations: No human cancer-prevention outcome; the abstract identifies C151 dependence but does not resolve the transfected KEAP1 construct species. exposure: Purified cinnamaldehyde cell exposure and dietary supplementation in mice evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/25712056.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8ad37b0dca440e7fa609a46cf02377c2979d2be8e09291a370efb963ff3c9cfd", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1920, "text_sha256": "8ad37b0dca440e7fa609a46cf02377c2979d2be8e09291a370efb963ff3c9cfd"} [ceylon-p25712056] Nrf2-dependent suppression of azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium-induced colon carcinogenesis by the cinnamon-derived dietary factor cinnamaldehyde. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25712056/ DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0359

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/25712056.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8ad37b0dca440e7fa609a46cf02377c2979d2be8e09291a370efb963ff3c9cfd", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1920, "text_sha256": "8ad37b0dca440e7fa609a46cf02377c2979d2be8e09291a370efb963ff3c9cfd"}

experimental_model

HCT116 mechanism and AOM/DSS knockout-mouse experiment

exposure

Purified cinnamaldehyde cell exposure and dietary supplementation in mice

limitations

No human cancer-prevention outcome; the abstract identifies C151 dependence but does not resolve the transfected KEAP1 construct species.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Human HCT116 cells; KEAP1 construct species unresolved

plain_language

The cell marked less NRF2 for disposal.

primary_references

[ceylon-p25712056] Nrf2-dependent suppression of azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium-induced colon carcinogenesis by the cinnamon-derived dietary factor cinnamaldehyde. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25712056/ DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0359

tissue_or_cell_type

Colon epithelial cancer cells and experimental inflammatory colon tumors

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 597–608

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · HCT116 mechanism and AOM/DSS knockout-mouse experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-nrf2-ubiquitin Cinnamaldehyde blocked NRF2 ubiquitination in HCT116 cells through a KEAP1-C151-dependent mechanism. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The cell marked less NRF2 for disposal. organism: Human HCT116 cells; KEAP1 construct species unresolved tissue_or_cell_type: Colon epithelial cancer cells and experimental inflammatory colon tumors experimental_model: HCT116 mechanism and AOM/DSS knockout-mouse experiment limitations: No human cancer-prevention outcome; the abstract identifies C151 dependence but does not resolve the transfected KEAP1 construct species. exposure: Purified cinnamaldehyde cell exposure and dietary supplementation in mice evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/25712056.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8ad37b0dca440e7fa609a46cf02377c2979d2be8e09291a370efb963ff3c9cfd", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1920, "text_sha256": "8ad37b0dca440e7fa609a46cf02377c2979d2be8e09291a370efb963ff3c9cfd"} [ceylon-p25712056] Nrf2-dependent suppression of azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium-induced colon carcinogenesis by the cinnamon-derived dietary factor cinnamaldehyde. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25712056/ DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0359

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/39845339.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1463, "text_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118"}

experimental_model

Simulated digestion and human liver microsomal/S9 metabolism

exposure

Cinnamaldehyde alone or in the characterized C. verum oil

limitations

Bioaccessibility is not systemic bioavailability; the oxidation data do not assign a unique aldehyde-dehydrogenase isoform.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Human-derived preparations and acellular digestive fluids

plain_language

The liver preparations quickly converted the aldehyde into a different molecule.

primary_references

[ceylon-p39845339] Evaluation of bioaccessibility, metabolic clearance and interaction with xenobiotic receptors (PXR and AhR) of cinnamaldehyde. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39845339/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100237

tissue_or_cell_type

Gastric/intestinal simulations; liver fractions

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 272–283

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Simulated digestion and human liver microsomal/S9 metabolism · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-oxidation Human liver microsomes and S9 fractions rapidly oxidized cinnamaldehyde, alone or in cinnamon oil, to cinnamic acid. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The liver preparations quickly converted the aldehyde into a different molecule. organism: Human-derived preparations and acellular digestive fluids tissue_or_cell_type: Gastric/intestinal simulations; liver fractions experimental_model: Simulated digestion and human liver microsomal/S9 metabolism limitations: Bioaccessibility is not systemic bioavailability; the oxidation data do not assign a unique aldehyde-dehydrogenase isoform. exposure: Cinnamaldehyde alone or in the characterized C. verum oil evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/39845339.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1463, "text_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118"} [ceylon-p39845339] Evaluation of bioaccessibility, metabolic clearance and interaction with xenobiotic receptors (PXR and AhR) of cinnamaldehyde. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39845339/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100237

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/29046261.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1763, "text_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac"}

experimental_model

Primary adipocyte signaling with inhibitor and knockout experiments

exposure

Acute and chronic purified cinnamaldehyde exposure

limitations

Cell thermogenesis is not a measured increase in whole-person energy expenditure or proven weight loss.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Mouse

plain_language

A signaling enzyme family responded inside mouse fat cells.

primary_references

[ceylon-p29046261] Cinnamaldehyde induces fat cell-autonomous thermogenesis and metabolic reprogramming. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29046261/ DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.08.006

tissue_or_cell_type

Subcutaneous adipocytes in culture

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 519–530

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Primary adipocyte signaling with inhibitor and knockout experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-pka Cinnamaldehyde activated PKA signaling in primary mouse adipocytes. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A signaling enzyme family responded inside mouse fat cells. organism: Mouse tissue_or_cell_type: Subcutaneous adipocytes in culture experimental_model: Primary adipocyte signaling with inhibitor and knockout experiments limitations: Cell thermogenesis is not a measured increase in whole-person energy expenditure or proven weight loss. exposure: Acute and chronic purified cinnamaldehyde exposure evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/29046261.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1763, "text_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac"} [ceylon-p29046261] Cinnamaldehyde induces fat cell-autonomous thermogenesis and metabolic reprogramming. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29046261/ DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.08.006

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/29046261.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1763, "text_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac"}

experimental_model

Primary adipocyte signaling with inhibitor and knockout experiments

exposure

Acute and chronic purified cinnamaldehyde exposure

limitations

Cell thermogenesis is not a measured increase in whole-person energy expenditure or proven weight loss.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Mouse

plain_language

The protein coating stored fat droplets received a regulatory signal.

primary_references

[ceylon-p29046261] Cinnamaldehyde induces fat cell-autonomous thermogenesis and metabolic reprogramming. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29046261/ DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.08.006

tissue_or_cell_type

Subcutaneous adipocytes in culture

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 545–556

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Primary adipocyte signaling with inhibitor and knockout experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-plin1 Cinnamaldehyde increased PLIN1 phosphorylation in primary mouse adipocytes. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The protein coating stored fat droplets received a regulatory signal. organism: Mouse tissue_or_cell_type: Subcutaneous adipocytes in culture experimental_model: Primary adipocyte signaling with inhibitor and knockout experiments limitations: Cell thermogenesis is not a measured increase in whole-person energy expenditure or proven weight loss. exposure: Acute and chronic purified cinnamaldehyde exposure evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/29046261.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1763, "text_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac"} [ceylon-p29046261] Cinnamaldehyde induces fat cell-autonomous thermogenesis and metabolic reprogramming. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29046261/ DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.08.006

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/26227398.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6aa67e691d29bd1e0a13dd5e433b9b7aa2265ed650a21acfd66b79c715b7c9ea", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1580, "text_sha256": "6aa67e691d29bd1e0a13dd5e433b9b7aa2265ed650a21acfd66b79c715b7c9ea"}

experimental_model

Transient receptor reporters and 3T3-L1 expression assays

exposure

Purified cinnamaldehyde; reporter construct species/isoforms not resolved from abstract

limitations

Reporter activation is not proof of direct receptor binding, a particular RXR isoform, vitamin A sparing, or human insulin sensitization.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Human-derived TSA201 host cells; mouse adipocytes

plain_language

A receptor-controlled gene reporter increased; the exact binding mechanism remains unresolved.

primary_references

[ceylon-p26227398] Cinnamaldehyde Contributes to Insulin Sensitivity by Activating PPARδ, PPARγ, and RXR. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26227398/ DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x15500512

tissue_or_cell_type

Transfected receptor reporter systems

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 662–673

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Transient receptor reporters and 3T3-L1 expression assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-ppard Cinnamaldehyde activated the PPAR delta reporter in the TSA201 transfection experiment. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A receptor-controlled gene reporter increased; the exact binding mechanism remains unresolved. organism: Human-derived TSA201 host cells; mouse adipocytes tissue_or_cell_type: Transfected receptor reporter systems experimental_model: Transient receptor reporters and 3T3-L1 expression assays limitations: Reporter activation is not proof of direct receptor binding, a particular RXR isoform, vitamin A sparing, or human insulin sensitization. exposure: Purified cinnamaldehyde; reporter construct species/isoforms not resolved from abstract evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/26227398.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6aa67e691d29bd1e0a13dd5e433b9b7aa2265ed650a21acfd66b79c715b7c9ea", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1580, "text_sha256": "6aa67e691d29bd1e0a13dd5e433b9b7aa2265ed650a21acfd66b79c715b7c9ea"} [ceylon-p26227398] Cinnamaldehyde Contributes to Insulin Sensitivity by Activating PPARδ, PPARγ, and RXR. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26227398/ DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x15500512

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/26227398.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6aa67e691d29bd1e0a13dd5e433b9b7aa2265ed650a21acfd66b79c715b7c9ea", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1580, "text_sha256": "6aa67e691d29bd1e0a13dd5e433b9b7aa2265ed650a21acfd66b79c715b7c9ea"}

experimental_model

Transient receptor reporters and 3T3-L1 expression assays

exposure

Purified cinnamaldehyde; reporter construct species/isoforms not resolved from abstract

limitations

Reporter activation is not proof of direct receptor binding, a particular RXR isoform, vitamin A sparing, or human insulin sensitization.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Human-derived TSA201 host cells; mouse adipocytes

plain_language

A receptor-controlled gene reporter increased; the exact binding mechanism remains unresolved.

primary_references

[ceylon-p26227398] Cinnamaldehyde Contributes to Insulin Sensitivity by Activating PPARδ, PPARγ, and RXR. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26227398/ DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x15500512

tissue_or_cell_type

Transfected receptor reporter systems

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 675–686

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Transient receptor reporters and 3T3-L1 expression assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-pparg Cinnamaldehyde activated the PPAR gamma reporter in the TSA201 transfection experiment. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A receptor-controlled gene reporter increased; the exact binding mechanism remains unresolved. organism: Human-derived TSA201 host cells; mouse adipocytes tissue_or_cell_type: Transfected receptor reporter systems experimental_model: Transient receptor reporters and 3T3-L1 expression assays limitations: Reporter activation is not proof of direct receptor binding, a particular RXR isoform, vitamin A sparing, or human insulin sensitization. exposure: Purified cinnamaldehyde; reporter construct species/isoforms not resolved from abstract evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/26227398.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6aa67e691d29bd1e0a13dd5e433b9b7aa2265ed650a21acfd66b79c715b7c9ea", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1580, "text_sha256": "6aa67e691d29bd1e0a13dd5e433b9b7aa2265ed650a21acfd66b79c715b7c9ea"} [ceylon-p26227398] Cinnamaldehyde Contributes to Insulin Sensitivity by Activating PPARδ, PPARγ, and RXR. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26227398/ DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x15500512

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/32788161.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "431169f83241cb83b84dd81d84eb1db225735677cabf33f09af8b1e22dfe64f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2507, "text_sha256": "431169f83241cb83b84dd81d84eb1db225735677cabf33f09af8b1e22dfe64f4"}

experimental_model

CYP2A6 mass spectrometry, time-dependent inhibition and numerical modeling

exposure

Cinnamaldehyde and separately 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde; model exposure approximately 275 mg cinnamaldehyde

limitations

Rat-scaled predicted human AUC is not observed AUC. Heme loss was specifically reported for the methoxy analogue; apoprotein adduction is a different endpoint from inhibition.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Human CYP2A6; rat-scaled modeling parameters

plain_language

This was a forecast from enzyme data and assumptions, not a result in people.

primary_references

[ceylon-p32788161] Mechanisms of Herb-Drug Interactions Involving Cinnamon and CYP2A6: Focus on Time-Dependent Inhibition by Cinnamaldehyde and 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32788161/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000087

tissue_or_cell_type

Enzyme apoprotein/heme; simulated drug exposure

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 805–816

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · CYP2A6 mass spectrometry, time-dependent inhibition and numerical modeling · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-predicted-letrozole The rat-scaled static model predicted a 4.92-fold letrozole AUC with the modeled cinnamaldehyde exposure. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This was a forecast from enzyme data and assumptions, not a result in people. organism: Human CYP2A6; rat-scaled modeling parameters tissue_or_cell_type: Enzyme apoprotein/heme; simulated drug exposure experimental_model: CYP2A6 mass spectrometry, time-dependent inhibition and numerical modeling limitations: Rat-scaled predicted human AUC is not observed AUC. Heme loss was specifically reported for the methoxy analogue; apoprotein adduction is a different endpoint from inhibition. exposure: Cinnamaldehyde and separately 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde; model exposure approximately 275 mg cinnamaldehyde evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/32788161.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "431169f83241cb83b84dd81d84eb1db225735677cabf33f09af8b1e22dfe64f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2507, "text_sha256": "431169f83241cb83b84dd81d84eb1db225735677cabf33f09af8b1e22dfe64f4"} [ceylon-p32788161] Mechanisms of Herb-Drug Interactions Involving Cinnamon and CYP2A6: Focus on Time-Dependent Inhibition by Cinnamaldehyde and 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32788161/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000087

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/32788161.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "431169f83241cb83b84dd81d84eb1db225735677cabf33f09af8b1e22dfe64f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2507, "text_sha256": "431169f83241cb83b84dd81d84eb1db225735677cabf33f09af8b1e22dfe64f4"}

experimental_model

CYP2A6 mass spectrometry, time-dependent inhibition and numerical modeling

exposure

Cinnamaldehyde and separately 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde; model exposure approximately 275 mg cinnamaldehyde

limitations

Rat-scaled predicted human AUC is not observed AUC. Heme loss was specifically reported for the methoxy analogue; apoprotein adduction is a different endpoint from inhibition.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Human CYP2A6; rat-scaled modeling parameters

plain_language

This was a forecast from enzyme data and assumptions, not a result in people.

primary_references

[ceylon-p32788161] Mechanisms of Herb-Drug Interactions Involving Cinnamon and CYP2A6: Focus on Time-Dependent Inhibition by Cinnamaldehyde and 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32788161/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000087

tissue_or_cell_type

Enzyme apoprotein/heme; simulated drug exposure

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 792–803

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · CYP2A6 mass spectrometry, time-dependent inhibition and numerical modeling · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-predicted-nicotine The rat-scaled static model predicted a 4.29-fold nicotine AUC with the modeled cinnamaldehyde exposure. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This was a forecast from enzyme data and assumptions, not a result in people. organism: Human CYP2A6; rat-scaled modeling parameters tissue_or_cell_type: Enzyme apoprotein/heme; simulated drug exposure experimental_model: CYP2A6 mass spectrometry, time-dependent inhibition and numerical modeling limitations: Rat-scaled predicted human AUC is not observed AUC. Heme loss was specifically reported for the methoxy analogue; apoprotein adduction is a different endpoint from inhibition. exposure: Cinnamaldehyde and separately 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde; model exposure approximately 275 mg cinnamaldehyde evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/32788161.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "431169f83241cb83b84dd81d84eb1db225735677cabf33f09af8b1e22dfe64f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2507, "text_sha256": "431169f83241cb83b84dd81d84eb1db225735677cabf33f09af8b1e22dfe64f4"} [ceylon-p32788161] Mechanisms of Herb-Drug Interactions Involving Cinnamon and CYP2A6: Focus on Time-Dependent Inhibition by Cinnamaldehyde and 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32788161/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000087

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/37631083.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6e5158a53c14ee90391ae2756078dd5511e2caeaa1c078940b3e2f8c34775226", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1437, "text_sha256": "6e5158a53c14ee90391ae2756078dd5511e2caeaa1c078940b3e2f8c34775226"}

experimental_model

Rat glucose challenges and isolated intestinal/islet experiments

exposure

Cinnamaldehyde 5–20 mg/kg intraperitoneal in vivo; islet calcium experiment 100 micromolar for 10 minutes

limitations

Injection is not spice ingestion. Antagonists and calcium chelation probe machinery, not dietary mineral inadequacy.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Rat

plain_language

The preparation slowed an intestinal sugar-splitting activity.

primary_references

[ceylon-p37631083] Electrophilic Agonists Modulate the Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin-1 Channels Mediated by Insulin and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Secretion for Glucose Homeostasis. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37631083/ DOI: 10.3390/ph16081167

tissue_or_cell_type

Intestine and pancreatic islets

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 402–413

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rat glucose challenges and isolated intestinal/islet experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-rat-disaccharidase Cinnamaldehyde inhibited intestinal disaccharidase activity in the experimental preparations. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The preparation slowed an intestinal sugar-splitting activity. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Intestine and pancreatic islets experimental_model: Rat glucose challenges and isolated intestinal/islet experiments limitations: Injection is not spice ingestion. Antagonists and calcium chelation probe machinery, not dietary mineral inadequacy. exposure: Cinnamaldehyde 5–20 mg/kg intraperitoneal in vivo; islet calcium experiment 100 micromolar for 10 minutes evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/37631083.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6e5158a53c14ee90391ae2756078dd5511e2caeaa1c078940b3e2f8c34775226", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1437, "text_sha256": "6e5158a53c14ee90391ae2756078dd5511e2caeaa1c078940b3e2f8c34775226"} [ceylon-p37631083] Electrophilic Agonists Modulate the Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin-1 Channels Mediated by Insulin and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Secretion for Glucose Homeostasis. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37631083/ DOI: 10.3390/ph16081167

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Rat glucose challenges and isolated intestinal/islet experiments

exposure

Cinnamaldehyde 5–20 mg/kg intraperitoneal in vivo; islet calcium experiment 100 micromolar for 10 minutes

limitations

Injection is not spice ingestion. Antagonists and calcium chelation probe machinery, not dietary mineral inadequacy.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Rat

plain_language

The intestine released more of a hormone that helps coordinate meal responses.

primary_references

[ceylon-p37631083] Electrophilic Agonists Modulate the Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin-1 Channels Mediated by Insulin and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Secretion for Glucose Homeostasis. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37631083/ DOI: 10.3390/ph16081167

tissue_or_cell_type

Intestine and pancreatic islets

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 389–400

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rat glucose challenges and isolated intestinal/islet experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-rat-glp1 Cinnamaldehyde induced intestinal GLP-1 release in the reported rat experiments. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The intestine released more of a hormone that helps coordinate meal responses. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Intestine and pancreatic islets experimental_model: Rat glucose challenges and isolated intestinal/islet experiments limitations: Injection is not spice ingestion. Antagonists and calcium chelation probe machinery, not dietary mineral inadequacy. exposure: Cinnamaldehyde 5–20 mg/kg intraperitoneal in vivo; islet calcium experiment 100 micromolar for 10 minutes evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/37631083.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6e5158a53c14ee90391ae2756078dd5511e2caeaa1c078940b3e2f8c34775226", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1437, "text_sha256": "6e5158a53c14ee90391ae2756078dd5511e2caeaa1c078940b3e2f8c34775226"} [ceylon-p37631083] Electrophilic Agonists Modulate the Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin-1 Channels Mediated by Insulin and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Secretion for Glucose Homeostasis. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37631083/ DOI: 10.3390/ph16081167

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/37631083.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6e5158a53c14ee90391ae2756078dd5511e2caeaa1c078940b3e2f8c34775226", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1437, "text_sha256": "6e5158a53c14ee90391ae2756078dd5511e2caeaa1c078940b3e2f8c34775226"}

experimental_model

Rat glucose challenges and isolated intestinal/islet experiments

exposure

Cinnamaldehyde 5–20 mg/kg intraperitoneal in vivo; islet calcium experiment 100 micromolar for 10 minutes

limitations

Injection is not spice ingestion. Antagonists and calcium chelation probe machinery, not dietary mineral inadequacy.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Rat

plain_language

The rat pancreas released more insulin under the tested conditions.

primary_references

[ceylon-p37631083] Electrophilic Agonists Modulate the Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin-1 Channels Mediated by Insulin and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Secretion for Glucose Homeostasis. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37631083/ DOI: 10.3390/ph16081167

tissue_or_cell_type

Intestine and pancreatic islets

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 376–387

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rat glucose challenges and isolated intestinal/islet experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-rat-insulin Cinnamaldehyde increased insulin secretion in the rat in vivo and isolated-islet experiments. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The rat pancreas released more insulin under the tested conditions. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Intestine and pancreatic islets experimental_model: Rat glucose challenges and isolated intestinal/islet experiments limitations: Injection is not spice ingestion. Antagonists and calcium chelation probe machinery, not dietary mineral inadequacy. exposure: Cinnamaldehyde 5–20 mg/kg intraperitoneal in vivo; islet calcium experiment 100 micromolar for 10 minutes evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/37631083.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6e5158a53c14ee90391ae2756078dd5511e2caeaa1c078940b3e2f8c34775226", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1437, "text_sha256": "6e5158a53c14ee90391ae2756078dd5511e2caeaa1c078940b3e2f8c34775226"} [ceylon-p37631083] Electrophilic Agonists Modulate the Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin-1 Channels Mediated by Insulin and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Secretion for Glucose Homeostasis. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37631083/ DOI: 10.3390/ph16081167

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/26227398.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6aa67e691d29bd1e0a13dd5e433b9b7aa2265ed650a21acfd66b79c715b7c9ea", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1580, "text_sha256": "6aa67e691d29bd1e0a13dd5e433b9b7aa2265ed650a21acfd66b79c715b7c9ea"}

experimental_model

Transient receptor reporters and 3T3-L1 expression assays

exposure

Purified cinnamaldehyde; reporter construct species/isoforms not resolved from abstract

limitations

Reporter activation is not proof of direct receptor binding, a particular RXR isoform, vitamin A sparing, or human insulin sensitization.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Human-derived TSA201 host cells; mouse adipocytes

plain_language

A receptor-controlled gene reporter increased; the exact binding mechanism remains unresolved.

primary_references

[ceylon-p26227398] Cinnamaldehyde Contributes to Insulin Sensitivity by Activating PPARδ, PPARγ, and RXR. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26227398/ DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x15500512

tissue_or_cell_type

Transfected receptor reporter systems

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 688–699

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Transient receptor reporters and 3T3-L1 expression assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-rxr Cinnamaldehyde activated the RXR reporter in the TSA201 transfection experiment. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A receptor-controlled gene reporter increased; the exact binding mechanism remains unresolved. organism: Human-derived TSA201 host cells; mouse adipocytes tissue_or_cell_type: Transfected receptor reporter systems experimental_model: Transient receptor reporters and 3T3-L1 expression assays limitations: Reporter activation is not proof of direct receptor binding, a particular RXR isoform, vitamin A sparing, or human insulin sensitization. exposure: Purified cinnamaldehyde; reporter construct species/isoforms not resolved from abstract evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/26227398.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6aa67e691d29bd1e0a13dd5e433b9b7aa2265ed650a21acfd66b79c715b7c9ea", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1580, "text_sha256": "6aa67e691d29bd1e0a13dd5e433b9b7aa2265ed650a21acfd66b79c715b7c9ea"} [ceylon-p26227398] Cinnamaldehyde Contributes to Insulin Sensitivity by Activating PPARδ, PPARγ, and RXR. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26227398/ DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x15500512

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/19837157.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "49ea5e5f0f771d7ac09c9072aae28a1bf3ad872bb9e9ec4ac22bc7070ac348cb", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1607, "text_sha256": "49ea5e5f0f771d7ac09c9072aae28a1bf3ad872bb9e9ec4ac22bc7070ac348cb"}

experimental_model

Synthetic analogue screen, recombinant enzyme and cancer-cell assays

exposure

Parent cinnamaldehyde versus substituted analogues; recombinant enzyme incubation 1 hour

limitations

Selenocysteine was a possible target, not a demonstrated dietary selenium depletion pathway. Strong analogue potency must not be assigned to the parent or spice.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Recombinant TrxR species/isoform unresolved here; human HCT116 cells

plain_language

The stronger laboratory results belonged to modified chemicals, not ordinary cinnamon.

primary_references

[ceylon-p19837157] Cinnamaldehydes inhibit thioredoxin reductase and induce Nrf2: potential candidates for cancer therapy and chemoprevention. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19837157/ DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.10.028

tissue_or_cell_type

Thioredoxin reductase assays and cultured cells

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 701–712

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Synthetic analogue screen, recombinant enzyme and cancer-cell assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-trx-parent Parent cinnamaldehyde was a weak TrxR inhibitor compared with the more potent hydroxy- and benzoyloxy-substituted analogues. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The stronger laboratory results belonged to modified chemicals, not ordinary cinnamon. organism: Recombinant TrxR species/isoform unresolved here; human HCT116 cells tissue_or_cell_type: Thioredoxin reductase assays and cultured cells experimental_model: Synthetic analogue screen, recombinant enzyme and cancer-cell assays limitations: Selenocysteine was a possible target, not a demonstrated dietary selenium depletion pathway. Strong analogue potency must not be assigned to the parent or spice. exposure: Parent cinnamaldehyde versus substituted analogues; recombinant enzyme incubation 1 hour evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/19837157.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "49ea5e5f0f771d7ac09c9072aae28a1bf3ad872bb9e9ec4ac22bc7070ac348cb", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1607, "text_sha256": "49ea5e5f0f771d7ac09c9072aae28a1bf3ad872bb9e9ec4ac22bc7070ac348cb"} [ceylon-p19837157] Cinnamaldehydes inhibit thioredoxin reductase and induce Nrf2: potential candidates for cancer therapy and chemoprevention. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19837157/ DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.10.028

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/36676085.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c71e19c572310e80b103949f460ac437e9a564daae423e1de3f17964f2c92291", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1755, "text_sha256": "c71e19c572310e80b103949f460ac437e9a564daae423e1de3f17964f2c92291"}

experimental_model

Composition, chemical redox and cell-free enzyme assays

exposure

One leaf oil sample; concentration-response assays in micrograms/mL

limitations

This leaf sample is not representative of all leaf oils. Chemical reduction is not mineral absorption; enzyme inhibition is not disease treatment.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

C. zeylanicum leaf sample; human CA II and other assay preparations

plain_language

This particular leaf oil was cinnamaldehyde-rich; other oils can have different compositions.

primary_references

[ceylon-p36676085] Comprehensive Metabolite Profiling of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Leaf Oil Using LC-HR/MS, GC/MS, and GC-FID: Determination of Antiglaucoma, Antioxidant, Anticholinergic, and Antidiabetic Profiles. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36676085/ DOI: 10.3390/life13010136

tissue_or_cell_type

Leaf essential oil and purified-enzyme assays

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 116–127

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Composition, chemical redox and cell-free enzyme assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-leaf-ca-content The studied Ceylon leaf oil contained 72.98% (E)-cinnamaldehyde by its reported volatile profile. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This particular leaf oil was cinnamaldehyde-rich; other oils can have different compositions. organism: C. zeylanicum leaf sample; human CA II and other assay preparations tissue_or_cell_type: Leaf essential oil and purified-enzyme assays experimental_model: Composition, chemical redox and cell-free enzyme assays limitations: This leaf sample is not representative of all leaf oils. Chemical reduction is not mineral absorption; enzyme inhibition is not disease treatment. exposure: One leaf oil sample; concentration-response assays in micrograms/mL evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/36676085.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c71e19c572310e80b103949f460ac437e9a564daae423e1de3f17964f2c92291", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1755, "text_sha256": "c71e19c572310e80b103949f460ac437e9a564daae423e1de3f17964f2c92291"} [ceylon-p36676085] Comprehensive Metabolite Profiling of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Leaf Oil Using LC-HR/MS, GC/MS, and GC-FID: Determination of Antiglaucoma, Antioxidant, Anticholinergic, and Antidiabetic Profiles. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36676085/ DOI: 10.3390/life13010136

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/24516781.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5605569464035286614b12021fc60adbaf6c8a003a6b634d03fc5b544ce59d27", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1685, "text_sha256": "5605569464035286614b12021fc60adbaf6c8a003a6b634d03fc5b544ce59d27"}

experimental_model

Human TRPA1 expression, calcium fluorescence and patch clamp

exposure

Cinnamaldehyde concentration response; 300 micromolar challenge; triple cysteine-to-serine construct

limitations

Channel expression and high cell-assay concentrations do not establish dietary exposure or a human calcium-deficiency effect.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Human TRPA1 in HEK293 cells

plain_language

Changing three reactive amino acids removed this chemical response.

primary_references

[ceylon-p24516781] Ligand determinants of fatty acid activation of the pronociceptive ion channel TRPA1. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24516781/ DOI: 10.7717/peerj.248

tissue_or_cell_type

Engineered cultured cells

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 350–361

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human TRPA1 expression, calcium fluorescence and patch clamp · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-trpa1-mutant The human TRPA1 C621S/C641S/C665S construct did not respond to 300 micromolar cinnamaldehyde. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Changing three reactive amino acids removed this chemical response. organism: Human TRPA1 in HEK293 cells tissue_or_cell_type: Engineered cultured cells experimental_model: Human TRPA1 expression, calcium fluorescence and patch clamp limitations: Channel expression and high cell-assay concentrations do not establish dietary exposure or a human calcium-deficiency effect. exposure: Cinnamaldehyde concentration response; 300 micromolar challenge; triple cysteine-to-serine construct evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/24516781.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5605569464035286614b12021fc60adbaf6c8a003a6b634d03fc5b544ce59d27", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1685, "text_sha256": "5605569464035286614b12021fc60adbaf6c8a003a6b634d03fc5b544ce59d27"} [ceylon-p24516781] Ligand determinants of fatty acid activation of the pronociceptive ion channel TRPA1. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24516781/ DOI: 10.7717/peerj.248

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/37631083.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "81c61f935e3b9e0e16acb5e76bd56be59ca99bea4e3da001710e6d994abb92e7", "start_char": 15149, "end_char": 21214, "text_sha256": "472b3baeedfb72dc1405349207bce32da9e04cb33d20a481f90ef39269fe0c75"}

experimental_model

Rat glucose challenges and isolated intestinal/islet experiments

exposure

Cinnamaldehyde 5–20 mg/kg intraperitoneal in vivo; islet calcium experiment 100 micromolar for 10 minutes

limitations

Injection is not spice ingestion. Antagonists and calcium chelation probe machinery, not dietary mineral inadequacy.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Rat

plain_language

Buffering intracellular calcium weakened the response; this is not the same as low calcium intake.

primary_references

[ceylon-p37631083] Electrophilic Agonists Modulate the Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin-1 Channels Mediated by Insulin and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Secretion for Glucose Homeostasis. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37631083/ DOI: 10.3390/ph16081167

tissue_or_cell_type

Intestine and pancreatic islets

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 441–452

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rat glucose challenges and isolated intestinal/islet experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-calcium-chelation BAPTA-AM at 50 micromolar reduced cinnamaldehyde-induced islet calcium influx by approximately 27%. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Buffering intracellular calcium weakened the response; this is not the same as low calcium intake. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Intestine and pancreatic islets experimental_model: Rat glucose challenges and isolated intestinal/islet experiments limitations: Injection is not spice ingestion. Antagonists and calcium chelation probe machinery, not dietary mineral inadequacy. exposure: Cinnamaldehyde 5–20 mg/kg intraperitoneal in vivo; islet calcium experiment 100 micromolar for 10 minutes evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/37631083.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "81c61f935e3b9e0e16acb5e76bd56be59ca99bea4e3da001710e6d994abb92e7", "start_char": 15149, "end_char": 21214, "text_sha256": "472b3baeedfb72dc1405349207bce32da9e04cb33d20a481f90ef39269fe0c75"} [ceylon-p37631083] Electrophilic Agonists Modulate the Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin-1 Channels Mediated by Insulin and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Secretion for Glucose Homeostasis. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37631083/ DOI: 10.3390/ph16081167

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/26851241.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c2fb6b18a3ba708f060d53011ea0e198f98fe980930297e714c488a41413b5a2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1591, "text_sha256": "c2fb6b18a3ba708f060d53011ea0e198f98fe980930297e714c488a41413b5a2"}

experimental_model

Recombinant human CYP assays and mechanistic static modeling

exposure

Cinnamaldehyde, NADPH and glutathione; modeled inhibitor concentrations 0.1 and 1 micromolar

limitations

Enzyme inhibition and model predictions are not measured clinical drug interactions. NADPH omission is not dietary niacin deficiency.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Human enzyme preparations; computational model

plain_language

Glutathione partially buffered this enzyme effect in the assay; supplement protection was not tested.

primary_references

[ceylon-p26851241] Inactivation of CYP2A6 by the Dietary Phenylpropanoid trans-Cinnamic Aldehyde (Cinnamaldehyde) and Estimation of Interactions with Nicotine and Letrozole. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26851241/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.067942

tissue_or_cell_type

CYP2A6 reaction system

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 740–751

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Recombinant human CYP assays and mechanistic static modeling · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-gsh-cyp Added glutathione modestly but significantly reduced the extent of cinnamaldehyde-dependent CYP2A6 inhibition. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Glutathione partially buffered this enzyme effect in the assay; supplement protection was not tested. organism: Human enzyme preparations; computational model tissue_or_cell_type: CYP2A6 reaction system experimental_model: Recombinant human CYP assays and mechanistic static modeling limitations: Enzyme inhibition and model predictions are not measured clinical drug interactions. NADPH omission is not dietary niacin deficiency. exposure: Cinnamaldehyde, NADPH and glutathione; modeled inhibitor concentrations 0.1 and 1 micromolar evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/26851241.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c2fb6b18a3ba708f060d53011ea0e198f98fe980930297e714c488a41413b5a2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1591, "text_sha256": "c2fb6b18a3ba708f060d53011ea0e198f98fe980930297e714c488a41413b5a2"} [ceylon-p26851241] Inactivation of CYP2A6 by the Dietary Phenylpropanoid trans-Cinnamic Aldehyde (Cinnamaldehyde) and Estimation of Interactions with Nicotine and Letrozole. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26851241/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.067942

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/26851241.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c2fb6b18a3ba708f060d53011ea0e198f98fe980930297e714c488a41413b5a2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1591, "text_sha256": "c2fb6b18a3ba708f060d53011ea0e198f98fe980930297e714c488a41413b5a2"}

experimental_model

Recombinant human CYP assays and mechanistic static modeling

exposure

Cinnamaldehyde, NADPH and glutathione; modeled inhibitor concentrations 0.1 and 1 micromolar

limitations

Enzyme inhibition and model predictions are not measured clinical drug interactions. NADPH omission is not dietary niacin deficiency.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Human enzyme preparations; computational model

plain_language

The enzyme had to receive reducing power for this inactivation process to develop.

primary_references

[ceylon-p26851241] Inactivation of CYP2A6 by the Dietary Phenylpropanoid trans-Cinnamic Aldehyde (Cinnamaldehyde) and Estimation of Interactions with Nicotine and Letrozole. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26851241/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.067942

tissue_or_cell_type

CYP2A6 reaction system

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 753–764

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Recombinant human CYP assays and mechanistic static modeling · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-nadph-dependence Cinnamaldehyde-dependent time-dependent inhibition of CYP2A6 required NADPH in the reconstituted assay. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The enzyme had to receive reducing power for this inactivation process to develop. organism: Human enzyme preparations; computational model tissue_or_cell_type: CYP2A6 reaction system experimental_model: Recombinant human CYP assays and mechanistic static modeling limitations: Enzyme inhibition and model predictions are not measured clinical drug interactions. NADPH omission is not dietary niacin deficiency. exposure: Cinnamaldehyde, NADPH and glutathione; modeled inhibitor concentrations 0.1 and 1 micromolar evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/26851241.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c2fb6b18a3ba708f060d53011ea0e198f98fe980930297e714c488a41413b5a2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1591, "text_sha256": "c2fb6b18a3ba708f060d53011ea0e198f98fe980930297e714c488a41413b5a2"} [ceylon-p26851241] Inactivation of CYP2A6 by the Dietary Phenylpropanoid trans-Cinnamic Aldehyde (Cinnamaldehyde) and Estimation of Interactions with Nicotine and Letrozole. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26851241/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.067942

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/25712056.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8ad37b0dca440e7fa609a46cf02377c2979d2be8e09291a370efb963ff3c9cfd", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1920, "text_sha256": "8ad37b0dca440e7fa609a46cf02377c2979d2be8e09291a370efb963ff3c9cfd"}

experimental_model

HCT116 mechanism and AOM/DSS knockout-mouse experiment

exposure

Purified cinnamaldehyde cell exposure and dietary supplementation in mice

limitations

No human cancer-prevention outcome; the abstract identifies C151 dependence but does not resolve the transfected KEAP1 construct species.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Mouse

plain_language

Without the regulator, this mouse protection did not appear.

primary_references

[ceylon-p25712056] Nrf2-dependent suppression of azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium-induced colon carcinogenesis by the cinnamon-derived dietary factor cinnamaldehyde. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25712056/ DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0359

tissue_or_cell_type

Colon epithelial cancer cells and experimental inflammatory colon tumors

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 649–660

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · HCT116 mechanism and AOM/DSS knockout-mouse experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-nrf2-null The dietary cinnamaldehyde tumor-suppressive effect was not achieved in Nrf2-null mice. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Without the regulator, this mouse protection did not appear. organism: Mouse tissue_or_cell_type: Colon epithelial cancer cells and experimental inflammatory colon tumors experimental_model: HCT116 mechanism and AOM/DSS knockout-mouse experiment limitations: No human cancer-prevention outcome; the abstract identifies C151 dependence but does not resolve the transfected KEAP1 construct species. exposure: Purified cinnamaldehyde cell exposure and dietary supplementation in mice evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/25712056.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "8ad37b0dca440e7fa609a46cf02377c2979d2be8e09291a370efb963ff3c9cfd", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1920, "text_sha256": "8ad37b0dca440e7fa609a46cf02377c2979d2be8e09291a370efb963ff3c9cfd"} [ceylon-p25712056] Nrf2-dependent suppression of azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium-induced colon carcinogenesis by the cinnamon-derived dietary factor cinnamaldehyde. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25712056/ DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0359

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/29046261.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1763, "text_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac"}

experimental_model

Primary adipocyte signaling with inhibitor and knockout experiments

exposure

Acute and chronic purified cinnamaldehyde exposure

limitations

Cell thermogenesis is not a measured increase in whole-person energy expenditure or proven weight loss.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Mouse; human donor-derived adipocytes

plain_language

Interfering with this signaling step weakened the cellular response.

primary_references

[ceylon-p29046261] Cinnamaldehyde induces fat cell-autonomous thermogenesis and metabolic reprogramming. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29046261/ DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.08.006

tissue_or_cell_type

Subcutaneous adipocytes in culture

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 584–595

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Primary adipocyte signaling with inhibitor and knockout experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-p38-block Inhibition of p38 MAPK activity markedly attenuated cinnamaldehyde-induced thermogenic responses in mouse adipocytes. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Interfering with this signaling step weakened the cellular response. organism: Mouse; human donor-derived adipocytes tissue_or_cell_type: Subcutaneous adipocytes in culture experimental_model: Primary adipocyte signaling with inhibitor and knockout experiments limitations: Cell thermogenesis is not a measured increase in whole-person energy expenditure or proven weight loss. exposure: Acute and chronic purified cinnamaldehyde exposure evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/29046261.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1763, "text_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac"} [ceylon-p29046261] Cinnamaldehyde induces fat cell-autonomous thermogenesis and metabolic reprogramming. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29046261/ DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.08.006

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/29046261.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1763, "text_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac"}

experimental_model

Primary adipocyte signaling with inhibitor and knockout experiments

exposure

Acute and chronic purified cinnamaldehyde exposure

limitations

Cell thermogenesis is not a measured increase in whole-person energy expenditure or proven weight loss.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Mouse; human donor-derived adipocytes

plain_language

Interfering with this signaling step weakened the cellular response.

primary_references

[ceylon-p29046261] Cinnamaldehyde induces fat cell-autonomous thermogenesis and metabolic reprogramming. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29046261/ DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.08.006

tissue_or_cell_type

Subcutaneous adipocytes in culture

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 571–582

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Primary adipocyte signaling with inhibitor and knockout experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-pka-block Inhibition of PKA activity markedly attenuated cinnamaldehyde-induced thermogenic responses in mouse adipocytes. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Interfering with this signaling step weakened the cellular response. organism: Mouse; human donor-derived adipocytes tissue_or_cell_type: Subcutaneous adipocytes in culture experimental_model: Primary adipocyte signaling with inhibitor and knockout experiments limitations: Cell thermogenesis is not a measured increase in whole-person energy expenditure or proven weight loss. exposure: Acute and chronic purified cinnamaldehyde exposure evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/29046261.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1763, "text_sha256": "c0e0bba821363dc1d8ecdd40d3957b7d48778605b0d72bcf9016a26466cb2aac"} [ceylon-p29046261] Cinnamaldehyde induces fat cell-autonomous thermogenesis and metabolic reprogramming. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29046261/ DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.08.006

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/37631083.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "81c61f935e3b9e0e16acb5e76bd56be59ca99bea4e3da001710e6d994abb92e7", "start_char": 14083, "end_char": 20148, "text_sha256": "c4c3a9bf3331afd13074d335e0130614002673a177990f17495f0c9d893af7c4"}

experimental_model

Rat glucose challenges and isolated intestinal/islet experiments

exposure

Cinnamaldehyde 5–20 mg/kg intraperitoneal in vivo; islet calcium experiment 100 micromolar for 10 minutes

limitations

Injection is not spice ingestion. Antagonists and calcium chelation probe machinery, not dietary mineral inadequacy.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Rat

plain_language

Blocking TRPA1 removed the measured calcium response.

primary_references

[ceylon-p37631083] Electrophilic Agonists Modulate the Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin-1 Channels Mediated by Insulin and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Secretion for Glucose Homeostasis. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37631083/ DOI: 10.3390/ph16081167

tissue_or_cell_type

Intestine and pancreatic islets

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 428–439

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rat glucose challenges and isolated intestinal/islet experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-trpa1-block HC-030031 at 100 micromolar abolished the cinnamaldehyde-induced calcium influx in isolated rat islets. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Blocking TRPA1 removed the measured calcium response. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Intestine and pancreatic islets experimental_model: Rat glucose challenges and isolated intestinal/islet experiments limitations: Injection is not spice ingestion. Antagonists and calcium chelation probe machinery, not dietary mineral inadequacy. exposure: Cinnamaldehyde 5–20 mg/kg intraperitoneal in vivo; islet calcium experiment 100 micromolar for 10 minutes evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/37631083.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "81c61f935e3b9e0e16acb5e76bd56be59ca99bea4e3da001710e6d994abb92e7", "start_char": 14083, "end_char": 20148, "text_sha256": "c4c3a9bf3331afd13074d335e0130614002673a177990f17495f0c9d893af7c4"} [ceylon-p37631083] Electrophilic Agonists Modulate the Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin-1 Channels Mediated by Insulin and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Secretion for Glucose Homeostasis. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37631083/ DOI: 10.3390/ph16081167

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/37631083.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "81c61f935e3b9e0e16acb5e76bd56be59ca99bea4e3da001710e6d994abb92e7", "start_char": 15149, "end_char": 21214, "text_sha256": "472b3baeedfb72dc1405349207bce32da9e04cb33d20a481f90ef39269fe0c75"}

experimental_model

Rat glucose challenges and isolated intestinal/islet experiments

exposure

Cinnamaldehyde 5–20 mg/kg intraperitoneal in vivo; islet calcium experiment 100 micromolar for 10 minutes

limitations

Injection is not spice ingestion. Antagonists and calcium chelation probe machinery, not dietary mineral inadequacy.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Rat

plain_language

Blocking voltage-dependent calcium channels removed part of the response.

primary_references

[ceylon-p37631083] Electrophilic Agonists Modulate the Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin-1 Channels Mediated by Insulin and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Secretion for Glucose Homeostasis. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37631083/ DOI: 10.3390/ph16081167

tissue_or_cell_type

Intestine and pancreatic islets

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 454–465

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rat glucose challenges and isolated intestinal/islet experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-vdcc-block Nifedipine at 1 micromolar reduced cinnamaldehyde-induced islet calcium influx by approximately 26%. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Blocking voltage-dependent calcium channels removed part of the response. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Intestine and pancreatic islets experimental_model: Rat glucose challenges and isolated intestinal/islet experiments limitations: Injection is not spice ingestion. Antagonists and calcium chelation probe machinery, not dietary mineral inadequacy. exposure: Cinnamaldehyde 5–20 mg/kg intraperitoneal in vivo; islet calcium experiment 100 micromolar for 10 minutes evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/37631083.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "81c61f935e3b9e0e16acb5e76bd56be59ca99bea4e3da001710e6d994abb92e7", "start_char": 15149, "end_char": 21214, "text_sha256": "472b3baeedfb72dc1405349207bce32da9e04cb33d20a481f90ef39269fe0c75"} [ceylon-p37631083] Electrophilic Agonists Modulate the Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin-1 Channels Mediated by Insulin and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Secretion for Glucose Homeostasis. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37631083/ DOI: 10.3390/ph16081167