Component

trans-Cinnamic acid

trans-Cinnamic acid. Species, exposure and limitations are retained in each linked claim.

4 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What it acts on

  1. Cinnamic acid did not activate the AhR reporter under the tested conditions.

    trans-Cinnamic acid → Human aryl hydrocarbon receptor / AHR source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/39845339.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1463, "text_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118"}
    experimental_model
    Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays
    exposure
    Oil/parent/metabolite comparisons; PXR 0.62–20 micrograms/mL for 24 hours
    limitations
    Reporter activation is not demonstrated induction of clinical drug clearance. HepG2 is liver-derived; full results distinguish it from intestinal LS174T.
    nutrient_topic
    Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
    organism
    Human-derived reporter cells and human CYP assay systems
    plain_language
    This metabolite also did not reproduce the oil’s AhR response.
    primary_references
    [ceylon-p39845339] Evaluation of bioaccessibility, metabolic clearance and interaction with xenobiotic receptors (PXR and AhR) of cinnamaldehyde. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39845339/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100237
    tissue_or_cell_type
    HepG2, LS174T and AhR reporter cells

    Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 844–855

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### ceylon-acid-ahr-null Cinnamic acid did not activate the AhR reporter under the tested conditions. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This metabolite also did not reproduce the oil’s AhR response. organism: Human-derived reporter cells and human CYP assay systems tissue_or_cell_type: HepG2, LS174T and AhR reporter cells experimental_model: Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays limitations: Reporter activation is not demonstrated induction of clinical drug clearance. HepG2 is liver-derived; full results distinguish it from intestinal LS174T. exposure: Oil/parent/metabolite comparisons; PXR 0.62–20 micrograms/mL for 24 hours evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/39845339.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1463, "text_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118"} [ceylon-p39845339] Evaluation of bioaccessibility, metabolic clearance and interaction with xenobiotic receptors (PXR and AhR) of cinnamaldehyde. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39845339/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100237
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. Cinnamic acid activated the human PXR reporter in HepG2 cells, exceeding threefold at 20 micrograms/mL.

    trans-Cinnamic acid → Human pregnane X receptor / SXR / PXR / NR1I2 source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/39845339.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0bbeb0c733ff258e7efaf517438f4368e29bf3afda37cfbac3be149bde094758", "start_char": 27731, "end_char": 28275, "text_sha256": "a6199e4f39be87d9019845ab113a787a4f41c373e18c9ba8ed0aeaef771aa7c1"}
    experimental_model
    Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays
    exposure
    Oil/parent/metabolite comparisons; PXR 0.62–20 micrograms/mL for 24 hours
    limitations
    Reporter activation is not demonstrated induction of clinical drug clearance. HepG2 is liver-derived; full results distinguish it from intestinal LS174T.
    nutrient_topic
    Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
    organism
    Human-derived reporter cells and human CYP assay systems
    plain_language
    The metabolite activated a liver-cell reporter at the highest tested concentration.
    primary_references
    [ceylon-p39845339] Evaluation of bioaccessibility, metabolic clearance and interaction with xenobiotic receptors (PXR and AhR) of cinnamaldehyde. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39845339/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100237
    tissue_or_cell_type
    HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells

    Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 909–920

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### ceylon-acid-pxr-hep Cinnamic acid activated the human PXR reporter in HepG2 cells, exceeding threefold at 20 micrograms/mL. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The metabolite activated a liver-cell reporter at the highest tested concentration. organism: Human-derived reporter cells and human CYP assay systems tissue_or_cell_type: HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells experimental_model: Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays limitations: Reporter activation is not demonstrated induction of clinical drug clearance. HepG2 is liver-derived; full results distinguish it from intestinal LS174T. exposure: Oil/parent/metabolite comparisons; PXR 0.62–20 micrograms/mL for 24 hours evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/39845339.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0bbeb0c733ff258e7efaf517438f4368e29bf3afda37cfbac3be149bde094758", "start_char": 27731, "end_char": 28275, "text_sha256": "a6199e4f39be87d9019845ab113a787a4f41c373e18c9ba8ed0aeaef771aa7c1"} [ceylon-p39845339] Evaluation of bioaccessibility, metabolic clearance and interaction with xenobiotic receptors (PXR and AhR) of cinnamaldehyde. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39845339/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100237
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. Cinnamic acid activated the human PXR reporter more than threefold in LS174T cells at 20 micrograms/mL; lower concentrations were not significant.

    trans-Cinnamic acid → Human pregnane X receptor / SXR / PXR / NR1I2 source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/39845339.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0bbeb0c733ff258e7efaf517438f4368e29bf3afda37cfbac3be149bde094758", "start_char": 28692, "end_char": 28993, "text_sha256": "069505cad7f859be7641d117d22fde217c5391879239077e55d4919b047a2bfc"}
    experimental_model
    Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays
    exposure
    Oil/parent/metabolite comparisons; PXR 0.62–20 micrograms/mL for 24 hours
    limitations
    Reporter activation is not demonstrated induction of clinical drug clearance. HepG2 is liver-derived; full results distinguish it from intestinal LS174T.
    nutrient_topic
    Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
    organism
    Human-derived reporter cells and human CYP assay systems
    plain_language
    The metabolite activated the intestinal reporter at the highest tested concentration.
    primary_references
    [ceylon-p39845339] Evaluation of bioaccessibility, metabolic clearance and interaction with xenobiotic receptors (PXR and AhR) of cinnamaldehyde. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39845339/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100237
    tissue_or_cell_type
    LS174T intestinal carcinoma cells

    Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 948–959

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### ceylon-acid-pxr-intestine Cinnamic acid activated the human PXR reporter more than threefold in LS174T cells at 20 micrograms/mL; lower concentrations were not significant. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The metabolite activated the intestinal reporter at the highest tested concentration. organism: Human-derived reporter cells and human CYP assay systems tissue_or_cell_type: LS174T intestinal carcinoma cells experimental_model: Human receptor reporters and CYP inhibition assays limitations: Reporter activation is not demonstrated induction of clinical drug clearance. HepG2 is liver-derived; full results distinguish it from intestinal LS174T. exposure: Oil/parent/metabolite comparisons; PXR 0.62–20 micrograms/mL for 24 hours evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/39845339.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0bbeb0c733ff258e7efaf517438f4368e29bf3afda37cfbac3be149bde094758", "start_char": 28692, "end_char": 28993, "text_sha256": "069505cad7f859be7641d117d22fde217c5391879239077e55d4919b047a2bfc"} [ceylon-p39845339] Evaluation of bioaccessibility, metabolic clearance and interaction with xenobiotic receptors (PXR and AhR) of cinnamaldehyde. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39845339/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100237
    Complete structured claim and evidence

What acts on it

  1. Human liver microsomes and S9 fractions rapidly oxidized cinnamaldehyde, alone or in cinnamon oil, to cinnamic acid.

    trans-Cinnamaldehyde / cinnamal → trans-Cinnamic acid source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/39845339.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1463, "text_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118"}
    experimental_model
    Simulated digestion and human liver microsomal/S9 metabolism
    exposure
    Cinnamaldehyde alone or in the characterized C. verum oil
    limitations
    Bioaccessibility is not systemic bioavailability; the oxidation data do not assign a unique aldehyde-dehydrogenase isoform.
    nutrient_topic
    Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
    organism
    Human-derived preparations and acellular digestive fluids
    plain_language
    The liver preparations quickly converted the aldehyde into a different molecule.
    primary_references
    [ceylon-p39845339] Evaluation of bioaccessibility, metabolic clearance and interaction with xenobiotic receptors (PXR and AhR) of cinnamaldehyde. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39845339/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100237
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Gastric/intestinal simulations; liver fractions

    Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 272–283

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Simulated digestion and human liver microsomal/S9 metabolism · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### ceylon-oxidation Human liver microsomes and S9 fractions rapidly oxidized cinnamaldehyde, alone or in cinnamon oil, to cinnamic acid. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The liver preparations quickly converted the aldehyde into a different molecule. organism: Human-derived preparations and acellular digestive fluids tissue_or_cell_type: Gastric/intestinal simulations; liver fractions experimental_model: Simulated digestion and human liver microsomal/S9 metabolism limitations: Bioaccessibility is not systemic bioavailability; the oxidation data do not assign a unique aldehyde-dehydrogenase isoform. exposure: Cinnamaldehyde alone or in the characterized C. verum oil evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/39845339.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1463, "text_sha256": "243c3bd561d9ff4d7dfe10fa748b1aacc0941a4ec9f712615f7dd7df4e98f118"} [ceylon-p39845339] Evaluation of bioaccessibility, metabolic clearance and interaction with xenobiotic receptors (PXR and AhR) of cinnamaldehyde. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39845339/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100237
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

    This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

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