Human cytochrome P450 2A6 / CYP2A6

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/coumarin-research/15665333.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "79f42118f337ffe818b92138941685126173355131f8e12ca7cae9a437800a5b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1689, "text_sha256": "79f42118f337ffe818b92138941685126173355131f8e12ca7cae9a437800a5b"}

experimental_model

Purified human CYP2A6 kinetic experiments

exposure

Coumarin oxidation; stopped-flow and steady-state kinetics, selected measures at 23 C

limitations

Biochemical rates do not measure whole-body clearance; accessory b5 species is not specified in the abstract.

nutrient_topic

Coumarin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Coumarin

organism

Human CYP2A6 with reconstituted accessory proteins

plain_language

CYP2A6 adds an oxygen-containing group to coumarin.

primary_references

[coumarin-p15665333] Kinetic analysis of oxidation of coumarins by human cytochrome P450 2A6. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15665333/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m411019200

tissue_or_cell_type

Reconstituted enzyme system

Coumarin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 137–148

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified human CYP2A6 kinetic experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### coumarin-2a6-7oh Human CYP2A6 catalyzed conversion of coumarin to 7-hydroxycoumarin. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Coumarin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: CYP2A6 adds an oxygen-containing group to coumarin. organism: Human CYP2A6 with reconstituted accessory proteins tissue_or_cell_type: Reconstituted enzyme system experimental_model: Purified human CYP2A6 kinetic experiments limitations: Biochemical rates do not measure whole-body clearance; accessory b5 species is not specified in the abstract. exposure: Coumarin oxidation; stopped-flow and steady-state kinetics, selected measures at 23 C evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/coumarin-research/15665333.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "79f42118f337ffe818b92138941685126173355131f8e12ca7cae9a437800a5b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1689, "text_sha256": "79f42118f337ffe818b92138941685126173355131f8e12ca7cae9a437800a5b"} [coumarin-p15665333] Kinetic analysis of oxidation of coumarins by human cytochrome P450 2A6. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15665333/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m411019200

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/coumarin-research/16086027.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "df98434feed879e206e54c520d496e9711581107f6aec58bd9dcc1c74ed5d49d", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 532, "text_sha256": "df98434feed879e206e54c520d496e9711581107f6aec58bd9dcc1c74ed5d49d"}

experimental_model

X-ray structures of ligand-bound human CYP2A6

exposure

Coumarin and methoxsalen-bound structures

limitations

Structure demonstrates binding geometry, not clinical effects or dietary iron responsiveness.

nutrient_topic

Coumarin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Coumarin

organism

Human protein

plain_language

The enzyme holds coumarin in a specific orientation.

primary_references

[coumarin-p16086027] Structures of human microsomal cytochrome P450 2A6 complexed with coumarin and methoxsalen. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16086027/ DOI: 10.1038/nsmb971

tissue_or_cell_type

CYP2A6 active site

Coumarin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 163–174

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · X-ray structures of ligand-bound human CYP2A6 · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### coumarin-binding-orientation CYP2A6 Asn297 hydrogen bonding oriented coumarin within a compact hydrophobic active site for position-selective oxidation. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Coumarin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The enzyme holds coumarin in a specific orientation. organism: Human protein tissue_or_cell_type: CYP2A6 active site experimental_model: X-ray structures of ligand-bound human CYP2A6 limitations: Structure demonstrates binding geometry, not clinical effects or dietary iron responsiveness. exposure: Coumarin and methoxsalen-bound structures evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/coumarin-research/16086027.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "df98434feed879e206e54c520d496e9711581107f6aec58bd9dcc1c74ed5d49d", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 532, "text_sha256": "df98434feed879e206e54c520d496e9711581107f6aec58bd9dcc1c74ed5d49d"} [coumarin-p16086027] Structures of human microsomal cytochrome P450 2A6 complexed with coumarin and methoxsalen. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16086027/ DOI: 10.1038/nsmb971

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/26851241.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c2fb6b18a3ba708f060d53011ea0e198f98fe980930297e714c488a41413b5a2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1591, "text_sha256": "c2fb6b18a3ba708f060d53011ea0e198f98fe980930297e714c488a41413b5a2"}

experimental_model

Recombinant human CYP assays and mechanistic static modeling

exposure

Cinnamaldehyde, NADPH and glutathione; modeled inhibitor concentrations 0.1 and 1 micromolar

limitations

Enzyme inhibition and model predictions are not measured clinical drug interactions. NADPH omission is not dietary niacin deficiency.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Human enzyme preparations; computational model

plain_language

The chemical interfered with a drug-metabolizing enzyme when its catalytic system was operating.

primary_references

[ceylon-p26851241] Inactivation of CYP2A6 by the Dietary Phenylpropanoid trans-Cinnamic Aldehyde (Cinnamaldehyde) and Estimation of Interactions with Nicotine and Letrozole. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26851241/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.067942

tissue_or_cell_type

CYP2A6 reaction system

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 727–738

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Recombinant human CYP assays and mechanistic static modeling · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-cyp2a6 Cinnamaldehyde inhibited recombinant human CYP2A6, with reported IC50 6.1 micromolar; inhibition increased with time and required NADPH. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The chemical interfered with a drug-metabolizing enzyme when its catalytic system was operating. organism: Human enzyme preparations; computational model tissue_or_cell_type: CYP2A6 reaction system experimental_model: Recombinant human CYP assays and mechanistic static modeling limitations: Enzyme inhibition and model predictions are not measured clinical drug interactions. NADPH omission is not dietary niacin deficiency. exposure: Cinnamaldehyde, NADPH and glutathione; modeled inhibitor concentrations 0.1 and 1 micromolar evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/26851241.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c2fb6b18a3ba708f060d53011ea0e198f98fe980930297e714c488a41413b5a2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1591, "text_sha256": "c2fb6b18a3ba708f060d53011ea0e198f98fe980930297e714c488a41413b5a2"} [ceylon-p26851241] Inactivation of CYP2A6 by the Dietary Phenylpropanoid trans-Cinnamic Aldehyde (Cinnamaldehyde) and Estimation of Interactions with Nicotine and Letrozole. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26851241/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.067942

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/26851241.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c2fb6b18a3ba708f060d53011ea0e198f98fe980930297e714c488a41413b5a2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1591, "text_sha256": "c2fb6b18a3ba708f060d53011ea0e198f98fe980930297e714c488a41413b5a2"}

experimental_model

Recombinant human CYP assays and mechanistic static modeling

exposure

Cinnamaldehyde, NADPH and glutathione; modeled inhibitor concentrations 0.1 and 1 micromolar

limitations

Enzyme inhibition and model predictions are not measured clinical drug interactions. NADPH omission is not dietary niacin deficiency.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Human enzyme preparations; computational model

plain_language

Glutathione partially buffered this enzyme effect in the assay; supplement protection was not tested.

primary_references

[ceylon-p26851241] Inactivation of CYP2A6 by the Dietary Phenylpropanoid trans-Cinnamic Aldehyde (Cinnamaldehyde) and Estimation of Interactions with Nicotine and Letrozole. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26851241/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.067942

tissue_or_cell_type

CYP2A6 reaction system

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 740–751

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Recombinant human CYP assays and mechanistic static modeling · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-gsh-cyp Added glutathione modestly but significantly reduced the extent of cinnamaldehyde-dependent CYP2A6 inhibition. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Glutathione partially buffered this enzyme effect in the assay; supplement protection was not tested. organism: Human enzyme preparations; computational model tissue_or_cell_type: CYP2A6 reaction system experimental_model: Recombinant human CYP assays and mechanistic static modeling limitations: Enzyme inhibition and model predictions are not measured clinical drug interactions. NADPH omission is not dietary niacin deficiency. exposure: Cinnamaldehyde, NADPH and glutathione; modeled inhibitor concentrations 0.1 and 1 micromolar evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/26851241.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c2fb6b18a3ba708f060d53011ea0e198f98fe980930297e714c488a41413b5a2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1591, "text_sha256": "c2fb6b18a3ba708f060d53011ea0e198f98fe980930297e714c488a41413b5a2"} [ceylon-p26851241] Inactivation of CYP2A6 by the Dietary Phenylpropanoid trans-Cinnamic Aldehyde (Cinnamaldehyde) and Estimation of Interactions with Nicotine and Letrozole. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26851241/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.067942

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/26851241.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c2fb6b18a3ba708f060d53011ea0e198f98fe980930297e714c488a41413b5a2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1591, "text_sha256": "c2fb6b18a3ba708f060d53011ea0e198f98fe980930297e714c488a41413b5a2"}

experimental_model

Recombinant human CYP assays and mechanistic static modeling

exposure

Cinnamaldehyde, NADPH and glutathione; modeled inhibitor concentrations 0.1 and 1 micromolar

limitations

Enzyme inhibition and model predictions are not measured clinical drug interactions. NADPH omission is not dietary niacin deficiency.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Human enzyme preparations; computational model

plain_language

The enzyme had to receive reducing power for this inactivation process to develop.

primary_references

[ceylon-p26851241] Inactivation of CYP2A6 by the Dietary Phenylpropanoid trans-Cinnamic Aldehyde (Cinnamaldehyde) and Estimation of Interactions with Nicotine and Letrozole. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26851241/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.067942

tissue_or_cell_type

CYP2A6 reaction system

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 753–764

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Recombinant human CYP assays and mechanistic static modeling · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-nadph-dependence Cinnamaldehyde-dependent time-dependent inhibition of CYP2A6 required NADPH in the reconstituted assay. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The enzyme had to receive reducing power for this inactivation process to develop. organism: Human enzyme preparations; computational model tissue_or_cell_type: CYP2A6 reaction system experimental_model: Recombinant human CYP assays and mechanistic static modeling limitations: Enzyme inhibition and model predictions are not measured clinical drug interactions. NADPH omission is not dietary niacin deficiency. exposure: Cinnamaldehyde, NADPH and glutathione; modeled inhibitor concentrations 0.1 and 1 micromolar evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/26851241.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c2fb6b18a3ba708f060d53011ea0e198f98fe980930297e714c488a41413b5a2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1591, "text_sha256": "c2fb6b18a3ba708f060d53011ea0e198f98fe980930297e714c488a41413b5a2"} [ceylon-p26851241] Inactivation of CYP2A6 by the Dietary Phenylpropanoid trans-Cinnamic Aldehyde (Cinnamaldehyde) and Estimation of Interactions with Nicotine and Letrozole. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26851241/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.067942

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/mangiferin-research/22815239.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e85ebd0af89f030dbeda45ed922e93a8a616c51f5ce1b64badc44d90791716c0", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1728, "text_sha256": "e85ebd0af89f030dbeda45ed922e93a8a616c51f5ce1b64badc44d90791716c0"}

experimental_model

Primary human hepatocyte exposure

exposure

Mangiferin 50-250 micrograms/mL for 48 hours

limitations

High in vitro concentrations; decreased enzyme activity is not proof of human drug-level changes. Extract and isolated mangiferin are distinct.

nutrient_topic

Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Mangiferin

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

A drug-metabolizing enzyme was inhibited under the tested exposure.

primary_references

[mangiferin-p22815239] Mangifera indica L. extract and mangiferin modulate cytochrome P450 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes in primary cultures of human hepatocytes. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22815239/ DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4782

tissue_or_cell_type

Cultured hepatocytes

Mangiferin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 783–794

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Primary human hepatocyte exposure · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mangiferin-cyp2a6-activity Mangiferin reduced measured CYP2A6 activity in the hepatocyte experiment. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A drug-metabolizing enzyme was inhibited under the tested exposure. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Cultured hepatocytes experimental_model: Primary human hepatocyte exposure limitations: High in vitro concentrations; decreased enzyme activity is not proof of human drug-level changes. Extract and isolated mangiferin are distinct. exposure: Mangiferin 50-250 micrograms/mL for 48 hours evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/mangiferin-research/22815239.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e85ebd0af89f030dbeda45ed922e93a8a616c51f5ce1b64badc44d90791716c0", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1728, "text_sha256": "e85ebd0af89f030dbeda45ed922e93a8a616c51f5ce1b64badc44d90791716c0"} [mangiferin-p22815239] Mangifera indica L. extract and mangiferin modulate cytochrome P450 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes in primary cultures of human hepatocytes. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22815239/ DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4782

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/coumarin-research/16086027.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "df98434feed879e206e54c520d496e9711581107f6aec58bd9dcc1c74ed5d49d", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 532, "text_sha256": "df98434feed879e206e54c520d496e9711581107f6aec58bd9dcc1c74ed5d49d"}

experimental_model

X-ray structures of ligand-bound human CYP2A6

exposure

Coumarin and methoxsalen-bound structures

limitations

Structure demonstrates binding geometry, not clinical effects or dietary iron responsiveness.

nutrient_topic

Coumarin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Coumarin

organism

Human protein

plain_language

This distinct compound fits into the same enzyme pocket.

primary_references

[coumarin-p16086027] Structures of human microsomal cytochrome P450 2A6 complexed with coumarin and methoxsalen. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16086027/ DOI: 10.1038/nsmb971

tissue_or_cell_type

CYP2A6 active site

Coumarin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 176–187

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · X-ray structures of ligand-bound human CYP2A6 · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### coumarin-methoxsalen-binding Methoxsalen filled the CYP2A6 active-site cavity without substantially changing the protein structure. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Coumarin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This distinct compound fits into the same enzyme pocket. organism: Human protein tissue_or_cell_type: CYP2A6 active site experimental_model: X-ray structures of ligand-bound human CYP2A6 limitations: Structure demonstrates binding geometry, not clinical effects or dietary iron responsiveness. exposure: Coumarin and methoxsalen-bound structures evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/coumarin-research/16086027.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "df98434feed879e206e54c520d496e9711581107f6aec58bd9dcc1c74ed5d49d", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 532, "text_sha256": "df98434feed879e206e54c520d496e9711581107f6aec58bd9dcc1c74ed5d49d"} [coumarin-p16086027] Structures of human microsomal cytochrome P450 2A6 complexed with coumarin and methoxsalen. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16086027/ DOI: 10.1038/nsmb971

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/coumarin-research/9143352.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "dca3f4253c2977d47070bb95696634ee2e06fa9a28a3d76ac9790ce695ed6f09", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2723, "text_sha256": "dca3f4253c2977d47070bb95696634ee2e06fa9a28a3d76ac9790ce695ed6f09"}

experimental_model

Human microsomal and recombinant CYP2A6 inhibitor screen

exposure

Coumarin 0.5–50 micromolar; 47 inhibitor/substrate probes

limitations

In vitro inhibition thresholds are not demonstrated clinical interactions at food exposure.

nutrient_topic

Coumarin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Coumarin

organism

Human

plain_language

Methoxsalen can disable this enzyme during metabolism.

primary_references

[coumarin-p9143352] Inhibition of coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity in human liver microsomes. (1997). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9143352/ DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1997.9964

tissue_or_cell_type

Liver enzyme preparations

Coumarin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 553–564

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human microsomal and recombinant CYP2A6 inhibitor screen · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### coumarin-methoxsalen-inactivation Methoxsalen produced mechanism-based CYP2A6 inhibition, with reported inactivation rate 0.5/min. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Coumarin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Methoxsalen can disable this enzyme during metabolism. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Liver enzyme preparations experimental_model: Human microsomal and recombinant CYP2A6 inhibitor screen limitations: In vitro inhibition thresholds are not demonstrated clinical interactions at food exposure. exposure: Coumarin 0.5–50 micromolar; 47 inhibitor/substrate probes evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/coumarin-research/9143352.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "dca3f4253c2977d47070bb95696634ee2e06fa9a28a3d76ac9790ce695ed6f09", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2723, "text_sha256": "dca3f4253c2977d47070bb95696634ee2e06fa9a28a3d76ac9790ce695ed6f09"} [coumarin-p9143352] Inhibition of coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity in human liver microsomes. (1997). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9143352/ DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1997.9964

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/32788161.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "431169f83241cb83b84dd81d84eb1db225735677cabf33f09af8b1e22dfe64f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2507, "text_sha256": "431169f83241cb83b84dd81d84eb1db225735677cabf33f09af8b1e22dfe64f4"}

experimental_model

CYP2A6 mass spectrometry, time-dependent inhibition and numerical modeling

exposure

Cinnamaldehyde and separately 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde; model exposure approximately 275 mg cinnamaldehyde

limitations

Rat-scaled predicted human AUC is not observed AUC. Heme loss was specifically reported for the methoxy analogue; apoprotein adduction is a different endpoint from inhibition.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Human CYP2A6; rat-scaled modeling parameters

plain_language

The protein acquired extra mass even with glutathione present. This differs from measuring how much enzyme activity survives.

primary_references

[ceylon-p32788161] Mechanisms of Herb-Drug Interactions Involving Cinnamon and CYP2A6: Focus on Time-Dependent Inhibition by Cinnamaldehyde and 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32788161/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000087

tissue_or_cell_type

Enzyme apoprotein/heme; simulated drug exposure

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 766–777

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · CYP2A6 mass spectrometry, time-dependent inhibition and numerical modeling · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-cyp-adduct Mass spectra indicated cinnamaldehyde-associated CYP2A6 apoprotein adduction, with reported mass addition about 132.67 Da; added glutathione did not prevent this measured adduction. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The protein acquired extra mass even with glutathione present. This differs from measuring how much enzyme activity survives. organism: Human CYP2A6; rat-scaled modeling parameters tissue_or_cell_type: Enzyme apoprotein/heme; simulated drug exposure experimental_model: CYP2A6 mass spectrometry, time-dependent inhibition and numerical modeling limitations: Rat-scaled predicted human AUC is not observed AUC. Heme loss was specifically reported for the methoxy analogue; apoprotein adduction is a different endpoint from inhibition. exposure: Cinnamaldehyde and separately 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde; model exposure approximately 275 mg cinnamaldehyde evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/32788161.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "431169f83241cb83b84dd81d84eb1db225735677cabf33f09af8b1e22dfe64f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2507, "text_sha256": "431169f83241cb83b84dd81d84eb1db225735677cabf33f09af8b1e22dfe64f4"} [ceylon-p32788161] Mechanisms of Herb-Drug Interactions Involving Cinnamon and CYP2A6: Focus on Time-Dependent Inhibition by Cinnamaldehyde and 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32788161/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000087

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/41622703.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0d12141499aba319f8c7513f708889a4dc40fae628e26600f780be2323fe0db3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1643, "text_sha256": "0d12141499aba319f8c7513f708889a4dc40fae628e26600f780be2323fe0db3"}

experimental_model

Within-person clinical pharmacokinetic comparison

exposure

Characterized C. verum 2 g three times daily for five days, with day-six drug coadministration and two further cinnamon doses; nicotine gum 2 mg or letrozole 2.5 mg

limitations

Product- and regimen-specific short-term result, not proof of no interaction with all drugs, oils or extracts. CYP2A6 model predictions did not translate into large AUC changes here.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Human

plain_language

The large interaction predicted from enzyme models was not seen for letrozole in this human study.

primary_references

[ceylon-p41622703] Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of a Cinnamon Product on CYP2A6 Substrate Drugs: Application of a Novel Tool Involving the Nicotine Metabolite Ratio. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41622703/ DOI: 10.1002/cpt.70218

tissue_or_cell_type

16 healthy non-nicotine-using adults; plasma drug profiles

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1208–1219

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Within-person clinical pharmacokinetic comparison · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-letrozole-clinical The clinical trial found no significant letrozole AUC change with the characterized C. verum regimen; the geometric mean exposure ratio was 1.11. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The large interaction predicted from enzyme models was not seen for letrozole in this human study. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: 16 healthy non-nicotine-using adults; plasma drug profiles experimental_model: Within-person clinical pharmacokinetic comparison limitations: Product- and regimen-specific short-term result, not proof of no interaction with all drugs, oils or extracts. CYP2A6 model predictions did not translate into large AUC changes here. exposure: Characterized C. verum 2 g three times daily for five days, with day-six drug coadministration and two further cinnamon doses; nicotine gum 2 mg or letrozole 2.5 mg evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/41622703.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0d12141499aba319f8c7513f708889a4dc40fae628e26600f780be2323fe0db3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1643, "text_sha256": "0d12141499aba319f8c7513f708889a4dc40fae628e26600f780be2323fe0db3"} [ceylon-p41622703] Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of a Cinnamon Product on CYP2A6 Substrate Drugs: Application of a Novel Tool Involving the Nicotine Metabolite Ratio. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41622703/ DOI: 10.1002/cpt.70218

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/32788161.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "431169f83241cb83b84dd81d84eb1db225735677cabf33f09af8b1e22dfe64f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2507, "text_sha256": "431169f83241cb83b84dd81d84eb1db225735677cabf33f09af8b1e22dfe64f4"}

experimental_model

CYP2A6 mass spectrometry, time-dependent inhibition and numerical modeling

exposure

Cinnamaldehyde and separately 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde; model exposure approximately 275 mg cinnamaldehyde

limitations

Rat-scaled predicted human AUC is not observed AUC. Heme loss was specifically reported for the methoxy analogue; apoprotein adduction is a different endpoint from inhibition.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Human CYP2A6; rat-scaled modeling parameters

plain_language

Heme damage was measured for the methoxy analogue; this number should not be attributed to cinnamaldehyde.

primary_references

[ceylon-p32788161] Mechanisms of Herb-Drug Interactions Involving Cinnamon and CYP2A6: Focus on Time-Dependent Inhibition by Cinnamaldehyde and 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32788161/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000087

tissue_or_cell_type

Enzyme apoprotein/heme; simulated drug exposure

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 779–790

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · CYP2A6 mass spectrometry, time-dependent inhibition and numerical modeling · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-methoxy-heme The methoxy analogue caused reported CYP2A6 heme loss of 48.5 ± 13.4% in the LC-MS/MS experiment. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Heme damage was measured for the methoxy analogue; this number should not be attributed to cinnamaldehyde. organism: Human CYP2A6; rat-scaled modeling parameters tissue_or_cell_type: Enzyme apoprotein/heme; simulated drug exposure experimental_model: CYP2A6 mass spectrometry, time-dependent inhibition and numerical modeling limitations: Rat-scaled predicted human AUC is not observed AUC. Heme loss was specifically reported for the methoxy analogue; apoprotein adduction is a different endpoint from inhibition. exposure: Cinnamaldehyde and separately 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde; model exposure approximately 275 mg cinnamaldehyde evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/32788161.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "431169f83241cb83b84dd81d84eb1db225735677cabf33f09af8b1e22dfe64f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2507, "text_sha256": "431169f83241cb83b84dd81d84eb1db225735677cabf33f09af8b1e22dfe64f4"} [ceylon-p32788161] Mechanisms of Herb-Drug Interactions Involving Cinnamon and CYP2A6: Focus on Time-Dependent Inhibition by Cinnamaldehyde and 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32788161/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000087

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/41622703.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0d12141499aba319f8c7513f708889a4dc40fae628e26600f780be2323fe0db3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1643, "text_sha256": "0d12141499aba319f8c7513f708889a4dc40fae628e26600f780be2323fe0db3"}

experimental_model

Within-person clinical pharmacokinetic comparison

exposure

Characterized C. verum 2 g three times daily for five days, with day-six drug coadministration and two further cinnamon doses; nicotine gum 2 mg or letrozole 2.5 mg

limitations

Product- and regimen-specific short-term result, not proof of no interaction with all drugs, oils or extracts. CYP2A6 model predictions did not translate into large AUC changes here.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Human

plain_language

The large interaction predicted from enzyme models was not seen for nicotine in this human study.

primary_references

[ceylon-p41622703] Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of a Cinnamon Product on CYP2A6 Substrate Drugs: Application of a Novel Tool Involving the Nicotine Metabolite Ratio. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41622703/ DOI: 10.1002/cpt.70218

tissue_or_cell_type

16 healthy non-nicotine-using adults; plasma drug profiles

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1195–1206

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Within-person clinical pharmacokinetic comparison · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-nicotine-clinical The clinical trial found no significant nicotine AUC change with the characterized C. verum regimen; the geometric mean exposure ratio was 0.98. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The large interaction predicted from enzyme models was not seen for nicotine in this human study. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: 16 healthy non-nicotine-using adults; plasma drug profiles experimental_model: Within-person clinical pharmacokinetic comparison limitations: Product- and regimen-specific short-term result, not proof of no interaction with all drugs, oils or extracts. CYP2A6 model predictions did not translate into large AUC changes here. exposure: Characterized C. verum 2 g three times daily for five days, with day-six drug coadministration and two further cinnamon doses; nicotine gum 2 mg or letrozole 2.5 mg evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/41622703.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0d12141499aba319f8c7513f708889a4dc40fae628e26600f780be2323fe0db3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1643, "text_sha256": "0d12141499aba319f8c7513f708889a4dc40fae628e26600f780be2323fe0db3"} [ceylon-p41622703] Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of a Cinnamon Product on CYP2A6 Substrate Drugs: Application of a Novel Tool Involving the Nicotine Metabolite Ratio. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41622703/ DOI: 10.1002/cpt.70218

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/32788161.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "431169f83241cb83b84dd81d84eb1db225735677cabf33f09af8b1e22dfe64f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2507, "text_sha256": "431169f83241cb83b84dd81d84eb1db225735677cabf33f09af8b1e22dfe64f4"}

experimental_model

CYP2A6 mass spectrometry, time-dependent inhibition and numerical modeling

exposure

Cinnamaldehyde and separately 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde; model exposure approximately 275 mg cinnamaldehyde

limitations

Rat-scaled predicted human AUC is not observed AUC. Heme loss was specifically reported for the methoxy analogue; apoprotein adduction is a different endpoint from inhibition.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Human CYP2A6; rat-scaled modeling parameters

plain_language

This was a forecast from enzyme data and assumptions, not a result in people.

primary_references

[ceylon-p32788161] Mechanisms of Herb-Drug Interactions Involving Cinnamon and CYP2A6: Focus on Time-Dependent Inhibition by Cinnamaldehyde and 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32788161/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000087

tissue_or_cell_type

Enzyme apoprotein/heme; simulated drug exposure

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 805–816

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · CYP2A6 mass spectrometry, time-dependent inhibition and numerical modeling · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-predicted-letrozole The rat-scaled static model predicted a 4.92-fold letrozole AUC with the modeled cinnamaldehyde exposure. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This was a forecast from enzyme data and assumptions, not a result in people. organism: Human CYP2A6; rat-scaled modeling parameters tissue_or_cell_type: Enzyme apoprotein/heme; simulated drug exposure experimental_model: CYP2A6 mass spectrometry, time-dependent inhibition and numerical modeling limitations: Rat-scaled predicted human AUC is not observed AUC. Heme loss was specifically reported for the methoxy analogue; apoprotein adduction is a different endpoint from inhibition. exposure: Cinnamaldehyde and separately 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde; model exposure approximately 275 mg cinnamaldehyde evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/32788161.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "431169f83241cb83b84dd81d84eb1db225735677cabf33f09af8b1e22dfe64f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2507, "text_sha256": "431169f83241cb83b84dd81d84eb1db225735677cabf33f09af8b1e22dfe64f4"} [ceylon-p32788161] Mechanisms of Herb-Drug Interactions Involving Cinnamon and CYP2A6: Focus on Time-Dependent Inhibition by Cinnamaldehyde and 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32788161/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000087

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/32788161.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "431169f83241cb83b84dd81d84eb1db225735677cabf33f09af8b1e22dfe64f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2507, "text_sha256": "431169f83241cb83b84dd81d84eb1db225735677cabf33f09af8b1e22dfe64f4"}

experimental_model

CYP2A6 mass spectrometry, time-dependent inhibition and numerical modeling

exposure

Cinnamaldehyde and separately 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde; model exposure approximately 275 mg cinnamaldehyde

limitations

Rat-scaled predicted human AUC is not observed AUC. Heme loss was specifically reported for the methoxy analogue; apoprotein adduction is a different endpoint from inhibition.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Human CYP2A6; rat-scaled modeling parameters

plain_language

This was a forecast from enzyme data and assumptions, not a result in people.

primary_references

[ceylon-p32788161] Mechanisms of Herb-Drug Interactions Involving Cinnamon and CYP2A6: Focus on Time-Dependent Inhibition by Cinnamaldehyde and 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32788161/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000087

tissue_or_cell_type

Enzyme apoprotein/heme; simulated drug exposure

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 792–803

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · CYP2A6 mass spectrometry, time-dependent inhibition and numerical modeling · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-predicted-nicotine The rat-scaled static model predicted a 4.29-fold nicotine AUC with the modeled cinnamaldehyde exposure. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This was a forecast from enzyme data and assumptions, not a result in people. organism: Human CYP2A6; rat-scaled modeling parameters tissue_or_cell_type: Enzyme apoprotein/heme; simulated drug exposure experimental_model: CYP2A6 mass spectrometry, time-dependent inhibition and numerical modeling limitations: Rat-scaled predicted human AUC is not observed AUC. Heme loss was specifically reported for the methoxy analogue; apoprotein adduction is a different endpoint from inhibition. exposure: Cinnamaldehyde and separately 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde; model exposure approximately 275 mg cinnamaldehyde evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/32788161.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "431169f83241cb83b84dd81d84eb1db225735677cabf33f09af8b1e22dfe64f4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2507, "text_sha256": "431169f83241cb83b84dd81d84eb1db225735677cabf33f09af8b1e22dfe64f4"} [ceylon-p32788161] Mechanisms of Herb-Drug Interactions Involving Cinnamon and CYP2A6: Focus on Time-Dependent Inhibition by Cinnamaldehyde and 2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32788161/ DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000087

dose

Red wine, IPA, blonde beer or non-alcoholic beer

duration

Single-dose crossover

evidence_access

Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation

experimental_model

Twenty healthy adults in a randomized crossover trial

limitations

Alcohol and beverage constituents are co-exposures; the study does not justify alcohol consumption for hydroxytyrosol production.

nutrient_topic

Hydroxytyrosol chapter; interacting nutrients, drugs, peptides and proteins retain their experimental settings. · Hydroxytyrosol

organism

Twenty healthy adults in a randomized crossover trial

plain_language

After beer or red wine in 20 adults, urinary recovery supported tyrosol-to-hydroxytyrosol conversion, and the conversion ratio tracked CYP2A6/CYP2D6 activity score, sex and beverage matrix.

primary_references

Generation of the Antioxidant Hydroxytyrosol from Tyrosol Present in Beer and Red Wine in a Randomized Clinical Trial. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31540384/ DOI: 10.3390/nu11092241

route

Oral beverage

tissue

Tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol recovery with genotype score

Hydroxytyrosol: mechanism of action and interactions (2026-09-20) · lines 55–64

Original AI-assisted source-specific curation with primary-study citations, model, exposure, route, duration, negative findings and limitations preserved. Not publisher full text. · supports · Twenty healthy adults in a randomized crossover trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## hydroxytyrosol-human-tyrosol-conversion After beer or red wine in 20 adults, urinary recovery supported tyrosol-to-hydroxytyrosol conversion, and the conversion ratio tracked CYP2A6/CYP2D6 activity score, sex and beverage matrix. Model/species: Twenty healthy adults in a randomized crossover trial Tissue/system: Tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol recovery with genotype score Exposure: Red wine, IPA, blonde beer or non-alcoholic beer Route: Oral beverage Duration: Single-dose crossover Limits: Alcohol and beverage constituents are co-exposures; the study does not justify alcohol consumption for hydroxytyrosol production. Primary reference: Generation of the Antioxidant Hydroxytyrosol from Tyrosol Present in Beer and Red Wine in a Randomized Clinical Trial. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31540384/ DOI: 10.3390/nu11092241 Access: Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.

dose

Tyrosol with selective CYP inhibitors or recombinant enzymes

duration

Enzyme incubation

evidence_access

Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation

experimental_model

Human liver microsomes, recombinant CYPs, genotyped livers and rat control experiments

limitations

Relative contribution varies by genotype and setting; this does not make every tyrosol food equivalent to hydroxytyrosol dosing.

nutrient_topic

Hydroxytyrosol chapter; interacting nutrients, drugs, peptides and proteins retain their experimental settings. · Hydroxytyrosol

organism

Human liver microsomes, recombinant CYPs, genotyped livers and rat control experiments

plain_language

Human liver microsomes and recombinant enzymes converted tyrosol to hydroxytyrosol, with CYP2A6 and CYP2D6 supported as major contributors and CYP3A4 also active in baculosomes.

primary_references

CYP2D6 and CYP2A6 biotransform dietary tyrosol into hydroxytyrosol. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27664690/ DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.026

route

In vitro and in vivo experimental metabolism

tissue

Tyrosol hydroxylation

Hydroxytyrosol: mechanism of action and interactions (2026-09-20) · lines 44–53

Original AI-assisted source-specific curation with primary-study citations, model, exposure, route, duration, negative findings and limitations preserved. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human liver microsomes, recombinant CYPs, genotyped livers and rat control experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## hydroxytyrosol-tyrosol-cyp-conversion Human liver microsomes and recombinant enzymes converted tyrosol to hydroxytyrosol, with CYP2A6 and CYP2D6 supported as major contributors and CYP3A4 also active in baculosomes. Model/species: Human liver microsomes, recombinant CYPs, genotyped livers and rat control experiments Tissue/system: Tyrosol hydroxylation Exposure: Tyrosol with selective CYP inhibitors or recombinant enzymes Route: In vitro and in vivo experimental metabolism Duration: Enzyme incubation Limits: Relative contribution varies by genotype and setting; this does not make every tyrosol food equivalent to hydroxytyrosol dosing. Primary reference: CYP2D6 and CYP2A6 biotransform dietary tyrosol into hydroxytyrosol. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27664690/ DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.026 Access: Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.