Component
Hippuric acid / benzoylglycine
Hippuric acid / benzoylglycine. Species, exposure and limitations are retained in each linked claim.
2 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.
How nutrients influence it
Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.
Other things that act on it
Enzymes, hormones, genes, and other components with a recorded effect. These are not nutrients, so they do not count toward the arrows above. Each finding names the chapter that recorded it.
How nutrients reach it in more than one step
Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.
Tracing routes…
What it does
Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.
What acts on it
Hippuric acid was the major urinary metabolite after radiolabeled trans-cinnamaldehyde administration in rats and mice.
Experimental context and source evidence
- evidence_span
- {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/7959441.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5bab6bd0ad082e4064c601368d147bfcd87566a98ba749a37974fb1057e8c1be", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1564, "text_sha256": "5bab6bd0ad082e4064c601368d147bfcd87566a98ba749a37974fb1057e8c1be"}
- experimental_model
- Radiolabeled disposition experiment
- exposure
- 2 or 250 mg/kg intraperitoneal, with an additional 250 mg/kg oral arm
- limitations
- High experimental exposures and rodent species; metabolite recovery does not quantify human nutrient demand or identify every enzyme.
- nutrient_topic
- Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations
- organism
- Rats and mice
- plain_language
- Much of the measured rodent dose left as hippurate, a benzoate-glycine conjugate.
- primary_references
- [ceylon-p7959441] Studies on trans-cinnamaldehyde. 1. The influence of dose size and sex on its disposition in the rat and mouse. (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7959441/ DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(94)90084-1
- tissue_or_cell_type
- Urine and excreta
Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 194–205
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Radiolabeled disposition experiment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ceylon-hippurate Hippuric acid was the major urinary metabolite after radiolabeled trans-cinnamaldehyde administration in rats and mice. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Much of the measured rodent dose left as hippurate, a benzoate-glycine conjugate. organism: Rats and mice tissue_or_cell_type: Urine and excreta experimental_model: Radiolabeled disposition experiment limitations: High experimental exposures and rodent species; metabolite recovery does not quantify human nutrient demand or identify every enzyme. exposure: 2 or 250 mg/kg intraperitoneal, with an additional 250 mg/kg oral arm evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/7959441.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5bab6bd0ad082e4064c601368d147bfcd87566a98ba749a37974fb1057e8c1be", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1564, "text_sha256": "5bab6bd0ad082e4064c601368d147bfcd87566a98ba749a37974fb1057e8c1be"} [ceylon-p7959441] Studies on trans-cinnamaldehyde. 1. The influence of dose size and sex on its disposition in the rat and mouse. (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7959441/ DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(94)90084-1
Complete structured claim and evidenceRecombinant human GLYAT variants conjugated glycine to benzoyl-CoA in kinetic assays, forming the glycine-conjugation product hippurate.
Experimental context and source evidence
- evidence_access
- Primary full text
- experimental_model
- Purified human GLYAT haplotypes, two-substrate kinetic analysis.
- limitations
- Reaction uses an activated acyl-CoA, not free benzoate; pathway activation and CoA release remain separate steps.
- nutrient_topic
- Glycine collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · Glycine
- plain_language
- Activated acyl groups can be transferred onto glycine for disposal.
- primary_references
- Functional Characterisation of Three Glycine N-Acyltransferase Variants and the Effect on Glycine Conjugation to Benzoyl-CoA. · 2021 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33803916/ · DOI 10.3390/ijms22063129
Glycine: supply, one-carbon allocation, receptors and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-19) · lines 274–280
AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified human GLYAT haplotypes, two-substrate kinetic analysis. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## glycine-glyat-benzoyl Activated acyl groups can be transferred onto glycine for disposal. Recombinant human GLYAT variants conjugated glycine to benzoyl-CoA in kinetic assays, forming the glycine-conjugation product hippurate. Model: Purified human GLYAT haplotypes, two-substrate kinetic analysis. Limitations: Reaction uses an activated acyl-CoA, not free benzoate; pathway activation and CoA release remain separate steps. Evidence access: Primary full text Functional Characterisation of Three Glycine N-Acyltransferase Variants and the Effect on Glycine Conjugation to Benzoyl-CoA. · 2021 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33803916/ · DOI 10.3390/ijms22063129
Complete structured claim and evidence
The events it takes part in
A mechanism often involves more than two components. These are the full events, with every participant and its role.
Situations it appears in
Low-supply and faulty-machinery situations recorded in the chapters where this component plays a part.
In the sources
Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.
Open hypotheses
Proposed ideas that involve this component. They are labeled as hypotheses and do not change any recorded statement.
This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.