LDL cholesterol concentration

availability_state

biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/glucan-research/20660224.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "dbd9787f6688f544bb47e44be561d20ec653daf5627f9022ac1302249924daf0", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2139, "text_sha256": "dbd9787f6688f544bb47e44be561d20ec653daf5627f9022ac1302249924daf0"}

experimental_model

Double-blind parallel-design multicentre trial randomising 367 people across four molecular weights and two doses

exposure

Extruded cereal delivering 3 or 4 grams per day of oat beta-glucan at molecular weights of 2,210,000, 850,000, 530,000 or 210,000 grams per mole for four weeks

limitations

The comparator is a wheat-fibre cereal and 345 of 367 completed. A nonsignificant estimate in one arm is not a demonstration of no effect.

nutrient_topic

Beta-glucan research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and each preparation is recorded as its own entity with no family link joining any pair. · Beta-glucan

organism

Human

plain_language

Cutting the polymer into shorter pieces halved what it did, even at a higher dose.

primary_references

[bg-p20660224] Physicochemical properties of oat β-glucan influence its ability to reduce serum LDL cholesterol in humans: a randomized clinical trial. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20660224/ DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2010.29174

tissue_or_cell_type

Serum LDL cholesterol

trigger_kind

biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.

Beta-glucan: a structural family rather than an agent, what decides whether a bound glucan actually signals, the complement route that a cereal and a yeast preparation share, and the unequal human evidence behind each (2026-09-22) · lines 515–526

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind parallel-design multicentre trial randomising 367 people across four molecular weights and two doses · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### bg-depolymerising-halves-the-effect LDL cholesterol was significantly less with 3 g high molecular weight, 4 g medium molecular weight and 3 g medium molecular weight oat beta-glucan cereals than with the wheat-fiber cereal by 0.21 or 5.5%, 0.26 or 6.5% and 0.19 or 4.7% mmol/L respectively, however the effect of 4 g low molecular weight oat beta-glucan per day at 0.10 mmol/L was not significant, log of molecular weight times the amount solubilized was a significant determinant of LDL cholesterol, and efficacy was reduced by 50% when molecular weight was reduced to 210,000 g/mol. Condition category: biomarker_context nutrient_topic: Beta-glucan research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and each preparation is recorded as its own entity with no family link joining any pair. plain_language: Cutting the polymer into shorter pieces halved what it did, even at a higher dose. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Serum LDL cholesterol experimental_model: Double-blind parallel-design multicentre trial randomising 367 people across four molecular weights and two doses limitations: The comparator is a wheat-fibre cereal and 345 of 367 completed. A nonsignificant estimate in one arm is not a demonstration of no effect. exposure: Extruded cereal delivering 3 or 4 grams per day of oat beta-glucan at molecular weights of 2,210,000, 850,000, 530,000 or 210,000 grams per mole for four weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/glucan-research/20660224.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "dbd9787f6688f544bb47e44be561d20ec653daf5627f9022ac1302249924daf0", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2139, "text_sha256": "dbd9787f6688f544bb47e44be561d20ec653daf5627f9022ac1302249924daf0"} [bg-p20660224] Physicochemical properties of oat β-glucan influence its ability to reduce serum LDL cholesterol in humans: a randomized clinical trial. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20660224/ DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2010.29174

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/glucan-research/25411276.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "33075c61a20f22975ba8719b6ef8834ce254f1d4e3ede6ca5d89cd4d81a82b28", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2072, "text_sha256": "33075c61a20f22975ba8719b6ef8834ce254f1d4e3ede6ca5d89cd4d81a82b28"}

experimental_model

Random-effects meta-analysis and meta-regression of 28 randomised controlled trials at or above 3 grams per day

exposure

Oat beta-glucan at 3.0 to 12.4 grams per day against an appropriate control for 2 to 12 weeks

limitations

A meta-analysis with some indication of heterogeneity. The diabetes subgroup rests on few studies, and in-house study reports from a commercial source were among those searched.

nutrient_topic

Beta-glucan research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and each preparation is recorded as its own entity with no family link joining any pair. · Beta-glucan

organism

Human

plain_language

Three grams a day takes about a quarter of a millimole off the harmful cholesterol and leaves the other lipids alone.

primary_references

[bg-p25411276] Cholesterol-lowering effects of oat β-glucan: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25411276/ DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.086108

tissue_or_cell_type

Serum lipids

Beta-glucan: a structural family rather than an agent, what decides whether a bound glucan actually signals, the complement route that a cereal and a yeast preparation share, and the unequal human evidence behind each (2026-09-22) · lines 489–500

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Random-effects meta-analysis and meta-regression of 28 randomised controlled trials at or above 3 grams per day · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### bg-oat-glucan-lowers-ldl Oat beta-glucan in doses at or above 3 grams per day reduced low-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol relative to control by 0.25 mmol/L with 95% CI 0.20 to 0.30 and 0.30 mmol/L with 95% CI 0.24 to 0.35 respectively, there was no significant effect on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or triglycerides and no evidence that dose across a range of 3.0 to 12.4 grams per day or duration of treatment from 2 to 12 weeks influenced the results, and LDL cholesterol lowering was significantly greater with higher baseline LDL cholesterol. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Beta-glucan research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and each preparation is recorded as its own entity with no family link joining any pair. plain_language: Three grams a day takes about a quarter of a millimole off the harmful cholesterol and leaves the other lipids alone. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Serum lipids experimental_model: Random-effects meta-analysis and meta-regression of 28 randomised controlled trials at or above 3 grams per day limitations: A meta-analysis with some indication of heterogeneity. The diabetes subgroup rests on few studies, and in-house study reports from a commercial source were among those searched. exposure: Oat beta-glucan at 3.0 to 12.4 grams per day against an appropriate control for 2 to 12 weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/glucan-research/25411276.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "33075c61a20f22975ba8719b6ef8834ce254f1d4e3ede6ca5d89cd4d81a82b28", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2072, "text_sha256": "33075c61a20f22975ba8719b6ef8834ce254f1d4e3ede6ca5d89cd4d81a82b28"} [bg-p25411276] Cholesterol-lowering effects of oat β-glucan: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25411276/ DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.086108

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/glucan-research/42004118.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "dcfcf120be06e5235e076afd33caa325371eea0a3c56b74b023ea34589e19717", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1690, "text_sha256": "dcfcf120be06e5235e076afd33caa325371eea0a3c56b74b023ea34589e19717"}

experimental_model

European Food Safety Authority assessment of three meta-analyses and 19 randomised controlled trials

exposure

Oat beta-glucan at doses of at least 3 grams per day

limitations

A regulatory opinion on a disease-risk-reduction claim. It concerns lowering of LDL cholesterol; the cardiovascular part of the wording is an inference from the lipid change and not a measured event rate in these trials.

nutrient_topic

Beta-glucan research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and each preparation is recorded as its own entity with no family link joining any pair. · Beta-glucan

organism

Human

plain_language

The cholesterol claim cleared the same regulator, at three grams a day.

primary_references

[bg-p42004118] Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to oat beta glucan and lowering blood cholesterol and reduced risk of (coronary) heart disease pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42004118/ DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1885

tissue_or_cell_type

Serum LDL cholesterol

Beta-glucan: a structural family rather than an agent, what decides whether a bound glucan actually signals, the complement route that a cereal and a yeast preparation share, and the unequal human evidence behind each (2026-09-22) · lines 632–643

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · European Food Safety Authority assessment of three meta-analyses and 19 randomised controlled trials · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### bg-the-cholesterol-claim-was-accepted The applicant identified a total of 22 references which included three meta-analyses and 19 randomised controlled trials as being pertinent to the health claim, in weighing the evidence the Panel took into account that most of the trials investigating the effects of oat beta-glucan at doses of at least 3 grams per day have shown a statistically significant decrease in LDL-cholesterol concentrations and that there was strong evidence supporting the biological plausibility of the effect, and the Panel concludes that a cause and effect relationship has been established between the consumption of oat beta-glucan and lowering of blood LDL-cholesterol concentrations, considering that in order to bear the claim foods should provide at least 3 grams of oat beta-glucan per day. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Beta-glucan research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and each preparation is recorded as its own entity with no family link joining any pair. plain_language: The cholesterol claim cleared the same regulator, at three grams a day. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Serum LDL cholesterol experimental_model: European Food Safety Authority assessment of three meta-analyses and 19 randomised controlled trials limitations: A regulatory opinion on a disease-risk-reduction claim. It concerns lowering of LDL cholesterol; the cardiovascular part of the wording is an inference from the lipid change and not a measured event rate in these trials. exposure: Oat beta-glucan at doses of at least 3 grams per day evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/glucan-research/42004118.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "dcfcf120be06e5235e076afd33caa325371eea0a3c56b74b023ea34589e19717", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1690, "text_sha256": "dcfcf120be06e5235e076afd33caa325371eea0a3c56b74b023ea34589e19717"} [bg-p42004118] Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to oat beta glucan and lowering blood cholesterol and reduced risk of (coronary) heart disease pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42004118/ DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1885

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/glucan-research/22118569.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e1f7121d5a128b1e43ab60ba66394c7ca094617309c976e0b4c8c92ac46b4f23", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1812, "text_sha256": "e1f7121d5a128b1e43ab60ba66394c7ca094617309c976e0b4c8c92ac46b4f23"}

experimental_model

Post-hoc analysis of the same four-week multicentre trial by participant ethnicity

exposure

The same oat beta-glucan molecular weight and dose arms, analysed in Caucasian and non-Caucasian subgroups

limitations

A post-hoc subgroup analysis of a trial designed to answer a different question, and the authors state it was underpowered to detect a difference between the groups.

nutrient_topic

Beta-glucan research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and each preparation is recorded as its own entity with no family link joining any pair. · Beta-glucan

organism

Human

plain_language

The effect showed up in both groups, and the trial was too small to say whether it is bigger in one.

primary_references

[bg-p22118569] Bioactive oat β-glucan reduces LDL cholesterol in Caucasians and non-Caucasians. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22118569/ DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-10-130

tissue_or_cell_type

Serum LDL cholesterol

Beta-glucan: a structural family rather than an agent, what decides whether a bound glucan actually signals, the complement route that a cereal and a yeast preparation share, and the unequal human evidence behind each (2026-09-22) · lines 528–539

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Post-hoc analysis of the same four-week multicentre trial by participant ethnicity · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### bg-the-effect-is-not-ethnicity-specific LDL cholesterol after 4 weeks was influenced by baseline LDL cholesterol and treatment but not ethnicity with p = 0.74, in all subjects compared to control the three bioactive arms reduced LDL cholesterol significantly by 4.8 to 6.5% while the 4 gram low molecular weight arm had no effect, and the bioactive oat beta-glucan treatments reduced LDL cholesterol by a combined mean of 0.18 mmol/L or 4.8% in Caucasians, a value not significantly different from the 0.37 mmol/L or 10.3% reduction in non-Caucasians, with insufficient power to determine if the magnitude differed by ethnicity. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Beta-glucan research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and each preparation is recorded as its own entity with no family link joining any pair. plain_language: The effect showed up in both groups, and the trial was too small to say whether it is bigger in one. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Serum LDL cholesterol experimental_model: Post-hoc analysis of the same four-week multicentre trial by participant ethnicity limitations: A post-hoc subgroup analysis of a trial designed to answer a different question, and the authors state it was underpowered to detect a difference between the groups. exposure: The same oat beta-glucan molecular weight and dose arms, analysed in Caucasian and non-Caucasian subgroups evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/glucan-research/22118569.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e1f7121d5a128b1e43ab60ba66394c7ca094617309c976e0b4c8c92ac46b4f23", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1812, "text_sha256": "e1f7121d5a128b1e43ab60ba66394c7ca094617309c976e0b4c8c92ac46b4f23"} [bg-p22118569] Bioactive oat β-glucan reduces LDL cholesterol in Caucasians and non-Caucasians. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22118569/ DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-10-130

duration

16 weeks

evidence_access

Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.

experimental_model

84 Japanese type 2 diabetic patients with hypercholesterolaemia

exposure

Atorvastatin for 16 weeks, multicentre open-label

limitations

Open-label and without a placebo arm, and responders were defined by reaching an LDL target rather than randomised.

organism

84 Japanese type 2 diabetic patients with hypercholesterolaemia

plain_language

Sixteen weeks of atorvastatin reduced total cholesterol and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol in type 2 diabetic patients with hypercholesterolaemia.

primary_references

Atorvastatin lowers plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and C-reactive protein in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16324921/ DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2005.07.017

route

Oral

tissue

Plasma lipids

Atorvastatin: mechanism of action from target occupancy to isoprenoids, transport, muscle and metabolism (2026-09-22) · lines 34–43

Original AI-assisted curation of twelve primary studies resolved by PubMed title search and cross-checked against live PubMed metadata. Findings obtained with mevastatin, simvastatin or the statin class are recorded against those subjects. Study-specific citations, doses, negative findings and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## atorvastatin-ldl-cholesterol Sixteen weeks of atorvastatin reduced total cholesterol and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol in type 2 diabetic patients with hypercholesterolaemia. Model/species: 84 Japanese type 2 diabetic patients with hypercholesterolaemia Tissue/system: Plasma lipids Exposure: Atorvastatin for 16 weeks, multicentre open-label Route: Oral Duration: 16 weeks Limits: Open-label and without a placebo arm, and responders were defined by reaching an LDL target rather than randomised. Primary reference: Atorvastatin lowers plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and C-reactive protein in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16324921/ DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2005.07.017 Access: Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/39854533.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5a891f5ed9907674aa119b8c697d009c06017b11d7e21e7959013853e3fd3443", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2414, "text_sha256": "5a891f5ed9907674aa119b8c697d009c06017b11d7e21e7959013853e3fd3443"}

experimental_model

Double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial, complete-case analysis

exposure

150 randomized, 127 assessed at 12 weeks; standardized extract 1000 mg/day

limitations

LDL was primary and nonsignificant; fasting glucose was secondary. Missing follow-up, baseline metabolic status and preparation constrain generalization.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Human

plain_language

The main cholesterol endpoint did not show a reliable treatment benefit.

primary_references

[ceylon-p39854533] Effects of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Ceylon cinnamon) extract on lipid profile, glucose levels and its safety in adults: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39854533/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0317904

tissue_or_cell_type

Adults with LDL-C 100–190 mg/dL

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1143–1154

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial, complete-case analysis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-trial-ldl-null The trial did not find significant LDL lowering: baseline-adjusted between-group difference reported as 6.05 mg/dL, 95% CI −2.43 to 14.52, p=0.161. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The main cholesterol endpoint did not show a reliable treatment benefit. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Adults with LDL-C 100–190 mg/dL experimental_model: Double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial, complete-case analysis limitations: LDL was primary and nonsignificant; fasting glucose was secondary. Missing follow-up, baseline metabolic status and preparation constrain generalization. exposure: 150 randomized, 127 assessed at 12 weeks; standardized extract 1000 mg/day evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/39854533.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5a891f5ed9907674aa119b8c697d009c06017b11d7e21e7959013853e3fd3443", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2414, "text_sha256": "5a891f5ed9907674aa119b8c697d009c06017b11d7e21e7959013853e3fd3443"} [ceylon-p39854533] Effects of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Ceylon cinnamon) extract on lipid profile, glucose levels and its safety in adults: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39854533/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0317904

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/mangiferin-research/25989216.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "2f57445ffe1eb20de3c2bf1170d152c358be1d7763cef2a091c0b3052040e539", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1522, "text_sha256": "2f57445ffe1eb20de3c2bf1170d152c358be1d7763cef2a091c0b3052040e539"}

experimental_model

Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial

exposure

Mangiferin 150 mg/day for 12 weeks

limitations

One trial in a selected population; biomarkers do not demonstrate clinical outcomes or directly measure fatty-acid flux.

nutrient_topic

Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Mangiferin

organism

Overweight adults with hyperlipidemia; 97 completers

plain_language

The result does not support an across-the-board cholesterol claim.

primary_references

[mangiferin-p25989216] Mangiferin supplementation improves serum lipid profiles in overweight patients with hyperlipidemia: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25989216/ DOI: 10.1038/srep10344

tissue_or_cell_type

Serum metabolic measurements

Mangiferin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1277–1288

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mangiferin-trial-ldl-null LDL cholesterol did not differ significantly between groups. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The result does not support an across-the-board cholesterol claim. organism: Overweight adults with hyperlipidemia; 97 completers tissue_or_cell_type: Serum metabolic measurements experimental_model: Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial limitations: One trial in a selected population; biomarkers do not demonstrate clinical outcomes or directly measure fatty-acid flux. exposure: Mangiferin 150 mg/day for 12 weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/mangiferin-research/25989216.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "2f57445ffe1eb20de3c2bf1170d152c358be1d7763cef2a091c0b3052040e539", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1522, "text_sha256": "2f57445ffe1eb20de3c2bf1170d152c358be1d7763cef2a091c0b3052040e539"} [mangiferin-p25989216] Mangiferin supplementation improves serum lipid profiles in overweight patients with hyperlipidemia: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25989216/ DOI: 10.1038/srep10344

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

1,800 mg twice daily for 24 weeks; both groups also entered a lifestyle program.

limitations

Small selected population; formulation-specific lipid result, not proof of cardiovascular-event reduction.

nutrient_topic

Red yeast rice collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · Red yeast rice

plain_language

This particular preparation lowered LDL in a randomized trial.

primary_references

[19528562] Red yeast rice for dyslipidemia in statin-intolerant patients: a randomized trial. · 2009 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19528562/ · DOI 10.7326/0003-4819-150-12-200906160-00006

Red yeast rice: constituents, mevalonate, CoQ and product-specific interactions (2026-09-20) · lines 340–346

AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · 1,800 mg twice daily for 24 weeks; both groups also entered a lifestyle program. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## red-yeast-rice-becker-ldl This particular preparation lowered LDL in a randomized trial. In 62 statin-intolerant participants, the studied red yeast rice regimen reduced LDL by 43 mg/dL at 12 weeks and 35 mg/dL at 24 weeks, versus 11 and 15 mg/dL with placebo. Model: 1,800 mg twice daily for 24 weeks; both groups also entered a lifestyle program. Limitations: Small selected population; formulation-specific lipid result, not proof of cardiovascular-event reduction. Evidence access: Primary abstract [19528562] Red yeast rice for dyslipidemia in statin-intolerant patients: a randomized trial. · 2009 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19528562/ · DOI 10.7326/0003-4819-150-12-200906160-00006

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Single-center randomized trial; 190 participants completed all study arms combined.

limitations

Do not treat 190 as the red yeast rice sample size. Different product, duration and population from the Becker or Xuezhikang trials.

nutrient_topic

Red yeast rice collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · Red yeast rice

plain_language

Another preparation and protocol did not demonstrate the same lipid result.

primary_references

[36351465] Comparative Effects of Low-Dose Rosuvastatin, Placebo, and Dietary Supplements on Lipids and Inflammatory Biomarkers. · 2023 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36351465/ · DOI 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.10.013

Red yeast rice: constituents, mevalonate, CoQ and product-specific interactions (2026-09-20) · lines 356–362

AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Single-center randomized trial; 190 participants completed all study arms combined. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## red-yeast-rice-sport-null Another preparation and protocol did not demonstrate the same lipid result. The red yeast rice arm of SPORT did not significantly lower LDL versus placebo after 28 days; rosuvastatin 5 mg did. Model: Single-center randomized trial; 190 participants completed all study arms combined. Limitations: Do not treat 190 as the red yeast rice sample size. Different product, duration and population from the Becker or Xuezhikang trials. Evidence access: Primary abstract [36351465] Comparative Effects of Low-Dose Rosuvastatin, Placebo, and Dietary Supplements on Lipids and Inflammatory Biomarkers. · 2023 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36351465/ · DOI 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.10.013

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/berberine-research/18397984.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0711d6853427d4b78af4704fd7630e08ed0f83d599311156dbc8570efd88dce2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1715, "text_sha256": "0711d6853427d4b78af4704fd7630e08ed0f83d599311156dbc8570efd88dce2"}

experimental_model

Randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial

exposure

Berberine 1 g/day for three months

limitations

Short trial with surrogate endpoints. Within-arm clamp improvement was not statistically significant versus placebo; lower glucose does not identify one causal enzyme.

nutrient_topic

Berberine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Berberine

organism

116 people with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia

plain_language

The lipid endpoint was measured independently of glucose.

primary_references

[berberine-p18397984] Treatment of type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia with the natural plant alkaloid berberine. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18397984/ DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-2404

tissue_or_cell_type

Glycemic markers, lipids and insulin sensitivity

Berberine: metabolism, nutrient connections and drug interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1195–1206

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### berberine-diabetes-ldl LDL cholesterol fell from 3.23 to 2.55 mmol/L in the berberine arm and differed significantly from placebo. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Berberine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The lipid endpoint was measured independently of glucose. organism: 116 people with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia tissue_or_cell_type: Glycemic markers, lipids and insulin sensitivity experimental_model: Randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial limitations: Short trial with surrogate endpoints. Within-arm clamp improvement was not statistically significant versus placebo; lower glucose does not identify one causal enzyme. exposure: Berberine 1 g/day for three months evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/berberine-research/18397984.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0711d6853427d4b78af4704fd7630e08ed0f83d599311156dbc8570efd88dce2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1715, "text_sha256": "0711d6853427d4b78af4704fd7630e08ed0f83d599311156dbc8570efd88dce2"} [berberine-p18397984] Treatment of type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia with the natural plant alkaloid berberine. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18397984/ DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-2404

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/berberine-research/41543854.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1093df47a715746d0334d7d7f3c9c0c71e502b43b47b383b21900b982d6ad021", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2354, "text_sha256": "1093df47a715746d0334d7d7f3c9c0c71e502b43b47b383b21900b982d6ad021"}

experimental_model

Multicenter double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial

exposure

Berberine 1 g/day for six months

limitations

No significant primary fat-reduction effect. Lipid endpoints were secondary; this population differs from diabetes trials and does not resolve every liver-disease subgroup.

nutrient_topic

Berberine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Berberine

organism

337 diabetes-free adults with obesity and MASLD in China

plain_language

A modest lipid effect can coexist with negative fat-reduction endpoints.

primary_references

[berberine-p41543854] Berberine and Adiposity in Diabetes-Free Individuals With Obesity and MASLD: A Randomized Clinical Trial. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41543854/ DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.54152

tissue_or_cell_type

CT visceral adipose area and liver fat; lipid endpoints

Berberine: metabolism, nutrient connections and drug interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1273–1284

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Multicenter double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### berberine-masld-ldl LDL cholesterol fell by an additional 7.72 mg/dL with berberine versus placebo, a secondary endpoint. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Berberine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A modest lipid effect can coexist with negative fat-reduction endpoints. organism: 337 diabetes-free adults with obesity and MASLD in China tissue_or_cell_type: CT visceral adipose area and liver fat; lipid endpoints experimental_model: Multicenter double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial limitations: No significant primary fat-reduction effect. Lipid endpoints were secondary; this population differs from diabetes trials and does not resolve every liver-disease subgroup. exposure: Berberine 1 g/day for six months evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/berberine-research/41543854.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1093df47a715746d0334d7d7f3c9c0c71e502b43b47b383b21900b982d6ad021", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2354, "text_sha256": "1093df47a715746d0334d7d7f3c9c0c71e502b43b47b383b21900b982d6ad021"} [berberine-p41543854] Berberine and Adiposity in Diabetes-Free Individuals With Obesity and MASLD: A Randomized Clinical Trial. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41543854/ DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.54152

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/22190137.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "20212c2dcb0b2018c37d0eac06932c1ec9da0a9d514bb3bd905f476594b32611", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1601, "text_sha256": "20212c2dcb0b2018c37d0eac06932c1ec9da0a9d514bb3bd905f476594b32611"}

experimental_model

Randomized crossover comparisons of pectin preparations

exposure

15 g/day for four weeks; additional high-MW citrus preparation at 6 g/day for three weeks; cellulose comparator

limitations

Preparation-specific lipid surrogates; no cardiovascular event outcome. Methylesterification alone did not explain every preparation difference.

nutrient_topic

Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

The response was not unique to citrus pectin.

primary_references

[pectin-p22190137] Cholesterol-lowering properties of different pectin types in mildly hyper-cholesterolemic men and women. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22190137/ DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2011.208

tissue_or_cell_type

Circulating lipids

Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 776–787

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized crossover comparisons of pectin preparations · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### pectin-ldl-apple Apple DE70 pectin also reduced LDL in the 15-g/day study. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The response was not unique to citrus pectin. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Circulating lipids experimental_model: Randomized crossover comparisons of pectin preparations limitations: Preparation-specific lipid surrogates; no cardiovascular event outcome. Methylesterification alone did not explain every preparation difference. exposure: 15 g/day for four weeks; additional high-MW citrus preparation at 6 g/day for three weeks; cellulose comparator evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/22190137.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "20212c2dcb0b2018c37d0eac06932c1ec9da0a9d514bb3bd905f476594b32611", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1601, "text_sha256": "20212c2dcb0b2018c37d0eac06932c1ec9da0a9d514bb3bd905f476594b32611"} [pectin-p22190137] Cholesterol-lowering properties of different pectin types in mildly hyper-cholesterolemic men and women. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22190137/ DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2011.208

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/22190137.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "20212c2dcb0b2018c37d0eac06932c1ec9da0a9d514bb3bd905f476594b32611", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1601, "text_sha256": "20212c2dcb0b2018c37d0eac06932c1ec9da0a9d514bb3bd905f476594b32611"}

experimental_model

Randomized crossover comparisons of pectin preparations

exposure

15 g/day for four weeks; additional high-MW citrus preparation at 6 g/day for three weeks; cellulose comparator

limitations

Preparation-specific lipid surrogates; no cardiovascular event outcome. Methylesterification alone did not explain every preparation difference.

nutrient_topic

Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

The pectin preparation influenced the cholesterol result.

primary_references

[pectin-p22190137] Cholesterol-lowering properties of different pectin types in mildly hyper-cholesterolemic men and women. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22190137/ DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2011.208

tissue_or_cell_type

Circulating lipids

Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 763–774

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized crossover comparisons of pectin preparations · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### pectin-ldl-citrus Citrus DE70 pectin reduced LDL by approximately 7-10% in the 15-g/day comparison, outperforming several other preparations. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The pectin preparation influenced the cholesterol result. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Circulating lipids experimental_model: Randomized crossover comparisons of pectin preparations limitations: Preparation-specific lipid surrogates; no cardiovascular event outcome. Methylesterification alone did not explain every preparation difference. exposure: 15 g/day for four weeks; additional high-MW citrus preparation at 6 g/day for three weeks; cellulose comparator evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/22190137.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "20212c2dcb0b2018c37d0eac06932c1ec9da0a9d514bb3bd905f476594b32611", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1601, "text_sha256": "20212c2dcb0b2018c37d0eac06932c1ec9da0a9d514bb3bd905f476594b32611"} [pectin-p22190137] Cholesterol-lowering properties of different pectin types in mildly hyper-cholesterolemic men and women. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22190137/ DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2011.208

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/22190137.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "20212c2dcb0b2018c37d0eac06932c1ec9da0a9d514bb3bd905f476594b32611", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1601, "text_sha256": "20212c2dcb0b2018c37d0eac06932c1ec9da0a9d514bb3bd905f476594b32611"}

experimental_model

Randomized crossover comparisons of pectin preparations

exposure

15 g/day for four weeks; additional high-MW citrus preparation at 6 g/day for three weeks; cellulose comparator

limitations

Preparation-specific lipid surrogates; no cardiovascular event outcome. Methylesterification alone did not explain every preparation difference.

nutrient_topic

Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

The trial also found an LDL response at its lower tested regimen.

primary_references

[pectin-p22190137] Cholesterol-lowering properties of different pectin types in mildly hyper-cholesterolemic men and women. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22190137/ DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2011.208

tissue_or_cell_type

Circulating lipids

Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 789–800

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized crossover comparisons of pectin preparations · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### pectin-ldl-low-dose The tested high-molecular-weight DE70 citrus pectins at 6 g/day lowered LDL by approximately 6-7%. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The trial also found an LDL response at its lower tested regimen. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Circulating lipids experimental_model: Randomized crossover comparisons of pectin preparations limitations: Preparation-specific lipid surrogates; no cardiovascular event outcome. Methylesterification alone did not explain every preparation difference. exposure: 15 g/day for four weeks; additional high-MW citrus preparation at 6 g/day for three weeks; cellulose comparator evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/22190137.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "20212c2dcb0b2018c37d0eac06932c1ec9da0a9d514bb3bd905f476594b32611", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1601, "text_sha256": "20212c2dcb0b2018c37d0eac06932c1ec9da0a9d514bb3bd905f476594b32611"} [pectin-p22190137] Cholesterol-lowering properties of different pectin types in mildly hyper-cholesterolemic men and women. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22190137/ DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2011.208

cross_nutrient

false

evidence_location

Primary indexed abstract.

experimental_model

Randomized triple-blind placebo-controlled 16-week trial in 120 adults at low-to-moderate cardiovascular risk

exposure

TLC diet begun four weeks before randomization and continued; 60 per group; pantethine 600 mg/day for weeks 1–8 and 900 mg/day for weeks 9–16.

limitations

Lipid markers rather than cardiovascular events; pantethine is a derivative, not dietary B5 repletion. Absolute changes were small. Industry-associated authors; full methods were not retrieved. The 4 mg/dL figure is the reported change from baseline, not a separately verified adjusted between-group estimate.

nutrient_topic

Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pantothenate (vitamin B5)

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

Pantethine produced a modest LDL reduction in this trial.

primary_references

[b5-clin-rumberger2011] Pantethine, a derivative of vitamin B(5) used as a nutritional supplement, favorably alters low-density lipoprotein cholesterol metabolism in low- to moderate-cardiovascular risk North American subjects: a triple-blinded placebo and diet-controlled investigation. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21925346/ DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2011.08.001

tissue_or_cell_type

Circulating lipids and lipoproteins

Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5): coenzyme A, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1383–1395

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized triple-blind placebo-controlled 16-week trial in 120 adults at low-to-moderate cardiovascular risk · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### b5-clin-pantethine-ldl-2011 At 16 weeks, the pantethine trial reported a 4 mg/dL (4%) LDL-C reduction from baseline, with a significant comparison against placebo while both groups followed the TLC diet. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Pantethine produced a modest LDL reduction in this trial. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Circulating lipids and lipoproteins experimental_model: Randomized triple-blind placebo-controlled 16-week trial in 120 adults at low-to-moderate cardiovascular risk limitations: Lipid markers rather than cardiovascular events; pantethine is a derivative, not dietary B5 repletion. Absolute changes were small. Industry-associated authors; full methods were not retrieved. The 4 mg/dL figure is the reported change from baseline, not a separately verified adjusted between-group estimate. exposure: TLC diet begun four weeks before randomization and continued; 60 per group; pantethine 600 mg/day for weeks 1–8 and 900 mg/day for weeks 9–16. cross_nutrient: false evidence_location: Primary indexed abstract. [b5-clin-rumberger2011] Pantethine, a derivative of vitamin B(5) used as a nutritional supplement, favorably alters low-density lipoprotein cholesterol metabolism in low- to moderate-cardiovascular risk North American subjects: a triple-blinded placebo and diet-controlled investigation. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21925346/ DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2011.08.001

cross_nutrient

false

evidence_location

Primary indexed abstract; full article retrieval was unavailable.

experimental_model

Randomized triple-blind placebo- and diet-controlled trial in 32 adults eligible for statin therapy under the study criteria

exposure

Pantethine 600 mg/day for weeks 1–8 and 900 mg/day for weeks 9–16.

limitations

Small short trial with industry-associated authors and surrogate outcomes; not evidence that pantothenic acid has the same effects or that events or mortality improve. Different effect size from the 2011 trial is not automatically a mechanistic conflict.

nutrient_topic

Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pantothenate (vitamin B5)

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

The smaller trial also found lower LDL, under its own study conditions.

primary_references

[b5-clin-evans2014] Pantethine, a derivative of vitamin B5, favorably alters total, LDL and non-HDL cholesterol in low to moderate cardiovascular risk subjects eligible for statin therapy: a triple-blinded placebo and diet-controlled investigation. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24600231/ DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s57116

tissue_or_cell_type

Circulating lipids

Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5): coenzyme A, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1411–1423

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized triple-blind placebo- and diet-controlled trial in 32 adults eligible for statin therapy under the study criteria · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### b5-clin-pantethine-ldl-2014 The 32-person trial reported LDL-C about 11% below baseline with pantethine at week 16 versus a 3% increase with placebo; the week-16 comparison was significant (P=0.006). Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The smaller trial also found lower LDL, under its own study conditions. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Circulating lipids experimental_model: Randomized triple-blind placebo- and diet-controlled trial in 32 adults eligible for statin therapy under the study criteria limitations: Small short trial with industry-associated authors and surrogate outcomes; not evidence that pantothenic acid has the same effects or that events or mortality improve. Different effect size from the 2011 trial is not automatically a mechanistic conflict. exposure: Pantethine 600 mg/day for weeks 1–8 and 900 mg/day for weeks 9–16. cross_nutrient: false evidence_location: Primary indexed abstract; full article retrieval was unavailable. [b5-clin-evans2014] Pantethine, a derivative of vitamin B5, favorably alters total, LDL and non-HDL cholesterol in low to moderate cardiovascular risk subjects eligible for statin therapy: a triple-blinded placebo and diet-controlled investigation. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24600231/ DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s57116

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/glucan-research/27724985.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a764416442dac76f7e70e8b6a509b5913693d6a8f7b95cd03beb4567f5b5c9f3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1647, "text_sha256": "a764416442dac76f7e70e8b6a509b5913693d6a8f7b95cd03beb4567f5b5c9f3"}

experimental_model

Systematic review and random-effects meta-analysis of 58 randomised controlled trials in 3974 participants

exposure

Diets enriched with oat beta-glucan at a median 3.5 grams per day for at least three weeks

limitations

Considerable unexplained heterogeneity, with I-squared of 79 percent for LDL and 99 percent for non-HDL cholesterol. These are pooled estimates, not the expected effect of any particular product.

nutrient_topic

Beta-glucan research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and each preparation is recorded as its own entity with no family link joining any pair. · Beta-glucan

organism

Human

plain_language

The particle count falls too, not just the cholesterol carried in it.

primary_references

[bg-p27724985] The effect of oat β-glucan on LDL-cholesterol, non-HDL-cholesterol and apoB for CVD risk reduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised-controlled trials. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27724985/ DOI: 10.1017/s000711451600341x

tissue_or_cell_type

Serum lipoproteins

Beta-glucan: a structural family rather than an agent, what decides whether a bound glucan actually signals, the complement route that a cereal and a yeast preparation share, and the unequal human evidence behind each (2026-09-22) · lines 502–513

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Systematic review and random-effects meta-analysis of 58 randomised controlled trials in 3974 participants · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### bg-apob-and-non-hdl-move-too A median dose of 3.5 grams per day of oat beta-glucan significantly lowered LDL-cholesterol by -0.19 with 95% CI -0.23 to -0.14 mmol/l, non-HDL-cholesterol by -0.20 with 95% CI -0.26 to -0.15 mmol/l and apoB by -0.03 with 95% CI -0.05 to -0.02 g/l compared with control interventions, and there was evidence for considerable unexplained heterogeneity in the analysis of LDL-cholesterol with I-squared of 79% and non-HDL-cholesterol with I-squared of 99%. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Beta-glucan research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and each preparation is recorded as its own entity with no family link joining any pair. plain_language: The particle count falls too, not just the cholesterol carried in it. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Serum lipoproteins experimental_model: Systematic review and random-effects meta-analysis of 58 randomised controlled trials in 3974 participants limitations: Considerable unexplained heterogeneity, with I-squared of 79 percent for LDL and 99 percent for non-HDL cholesterol. These are pooled estimates, not the expected effect of any particular product. exposure: Diets enriched with oat beta-glucan at a median 3.5 grams per day for at least three weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/glucan-research/27724985.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a764416442dac76f7e70e8b6a509b5913693d6a8f7b95cd03beb4567f5b5c9f3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1647, "text_sha256": "a764416442dac76f7e70e8b6a509b5913693d6a8f7b95cd03beb4567f5b5c9f3"} [bg-p27724985] The effect of oat β-glucan on LDL-cholesterol, non-HDL-cholesterol and apoB for CVD risk reduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised-controlled trials. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27724985/ DOI: 10.1017/s000711451600341x

duration

16 weeks

evidence_access

Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.

experimental_model

84 Japanese type 2 diabetic patients with hypercholesterolaemia

exposure

Atorvastatin for 16 weeks

limitations

An inflammatory marker falling alongside cholesterol in an open-label study does not separate an effect on inflammation from an effect of lower lipids.

organism

84 Japanese type 2 diabetic patients with hypercholesterolaemia

plain_language

Atorvastatin significantly reduced high-sensitivity C-reactive protein alongside the reduction in cholesterol.

primary_references

Atorvastatin lowers plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and C-reactive protein in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16324921/ DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2005.07.017

route

Oral

tissue

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, with plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, monocyte chemotactic protein 1 and interleukin 6 also measured

Atorvastatin: mechanism of action from target occupancy to isoprenoids, transport, muscle and metabolism (2026-09-22) · lines 45–54

Original AI-assisted curation of twelve primary studies resolved by PubMed title search and cross-checked against live PubMed metadata. Findings obtained with mevastatin, simvastatin or the statin class are recorded against those subjects. Study-specific citations, doses, negative findings and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## atorvastatin-c-reactive-protein Atorvastatin significantly reduced high-sensitivity C-reactive protein alongside the reduction in cholesterol. Model/species: 84 Japanese type 2 diabetic patients with hypercholesterolaemia Tissue/system: High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, with plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, monocyte chemotactic protein 1 and interleukin 6 also measured Exposure: Atorvastatin for 16 weeks Route: Oral Duration: 16 weeks Limits: An inflammatory marker falling alongside cholesterol in an open-label study does not separate an effect on inflammation from an effect of lower lipids. Primary reference: Atorvastatin lowers plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and C-reactive protein in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16324921/ DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2005.07.017 Access: Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.