Rat glucose transporter 4 / Slc2a4

cross_nutrient

false

experimental_model

Isolated rat adipocytes and GLUT4-expressing Xenopus oocytes

exposure

Isolated adipocyte uptake assays

limitations

Intact adipocyte evidence complements heterologous GLUT4 experiments; not a clinical diabetes result.

nutrient_topic

Vitamin C research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin C

organism

Rattus norvegicus

plain_language

Rat fat cells can take up oxidized vitamin C through their insulin-sensitive glucose transport pathway.

primary_references

[rumsey2000] Dehydroascorbic acid transport by GLUT4 in Xenopus oocytes and isolated rat adipocytes. (2000). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10862609/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m000988200

tissue_or_cell_type

Adipocytes

Vitamin C: mechanisms, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 286–297

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Isolated rat adipocytes and GLUT4-expressing Xenopus oocytes · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### vc-transport-rat-adipocyte-glut4 Isolated rat adipocytes transported DHA and reduced the internalized vitamin completely to ascorbate; the study identified GLUT4-mediated DHA transport. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Vitamin C research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Rat fat cells can take up oxidized vitamin C through their insulin-sensitive glucose transport pathway. organism: Rattus norvegicus tissue_or_cell_type: Adipocytes experimental_model: Isolated rat adipocytes and GLUT4-expressing Xenopus oocytes limitations: Intact adipocyte evidence complements heterologous GLUT4 experiments; not a clinical diabetes result. exposure: Isolated adipocyte uptake assays cross_nutrient: false [rumsey2000] Dehydroascorbic acid transport by GLUT4 in Xenopus oocytes and isolated rat adipocytes. (2000). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10862609/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m000988200

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/21150113.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3a58afe3cd3cd503ea2fba0faeb90aee891bceab69a523e3a8c1de27ed9c04d9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1075, "text_sha256": "3a58afe3cd3cd503ea2fba0faeb90aee891bceab69a523e3a8c1de27ed9c04d9"}

experimental_model

STZ-diabetic rat treatment and mouse adipocyte experiments

exposure

Aqueous extract for 22 days in rats; effects reported above 30 mg/kg/day

limitations

Extract effects cannot be assigned to pure cinnamaldehyde or substituted for insulin in humans.

nutrient_topic

Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Ceylon cinnamon / Cinnamomum verum bark preparations

organism

Rat

plain_language

The rats produced more of a transporter involved in glucose uptake.

primary_references

[ceylon-p21150113] Verification of the antidiabetic effects of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) using insulin-uncontrolled type 1 diabetic rats and cultured adipocytes. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21150113/ DOI: 10.1271/bbb.100453

tissue_or_cell_type

Brown adipose tissue and muscle

Ceylon cinnamon: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 480–491

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · STZ-diabetic rat treatment and mouse adipocyte experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ceylon-rat-glut4 The aqueous extract increased GLUT4 expression in the treated diabetic rats. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Ceylon cinnamon research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The rats produced more of a transporter involved in glucose uptake. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Brown adipose tissue and muscle experimental_model: STZ-diabetic rat treatment and mouse adipocyte experiments limitations: Extract effects cannot be assigned to pure cinnamaldehyde or substituted for insulin in humans. exposure: Aqueous extract for 22 days in rats; effects reported above 30 mg/kg/day evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ceylon-research/21150113.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3a58afe3cd3cd503ea2fba0faeb90aee891bceab69a523e3a8c1de27ed9c04d9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1075, "text_sha256": "3a58afe3cd3cd503ea2fba0faeb90aee891bceab69a523e3a8c1de27ed9c04d9"} [ceylon-p21150113] Verification of the antidiabetic effects of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) using insulin-uncontrolled type 1 diabetic rats and cultured adipocytes. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21150113/ DOI: 10.1271/bbb.100453

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Rats; 1 mg/kg per injection, three injections daily, 14 days.

limitations

Different tissue and exposure from isolated adipocytes; not a scientific contradiction or evidence of oral human efficacy.

nutrient_topic

Myricetin collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Myricetin

plain_language

The muscle response involved transporter relocation.

primary_references

Myricetin Ameliorates Defective Post-Receptor Insulin Signaling via β-Endorphin Signaling in the Skeletal Muscles of Fructose-Fed Rats. · 2011 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21785619/ · DOI 10.1093/ecam/neq017

Myricetin: metabolism, immune signaling, redox chemistry and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-19) · lines 500–506

AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rats; 1 mg/kg per injection, three injections daily, 14 days. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## myricetin-muscle-glut4 The muscle response involved transporter relocation. Fourteen days of injected myricetin improved insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation and downstream signaling in fructose-fed rat soleus muscle. Model: Rats; 1 mg/kg per injection, three injections daily, 14 days. Limitations: Different tissue and exposure from isolated adipocytes; not a scientific contradiction or evidence of oral human efficacy. Evidence access: Primary abstract Myricetin Ameliorates Defective Post-Receptor Insulin Signaling via β-Endorphin Signaling in the Skeletal Muscles of Fructose-Fed Rats. · 2011 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21785619/ · DOI 10.1093/ecam/neq017

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/22412912.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1896, "text_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff"}

experimental_model

L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments

exposure

L6 experiments included 2 mmol/L CGA; mouse acute intervention 250 mg/kg intraperitoneally

limitations

Millimolar culture exposure and injected mouse doses are not dietary human exposures. Phosphorylation and abundance readouts do not by themselves prove every upstream causal step.

nutrient_topic

Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid

organism

Rattus norvegicus

plain_language

A downstream biochemical readout supports pathway engagement.

primary_references

[chlorogenic_acid-p22412912] Chlorogenic acid stimulates glucose transport in skeletal muscle via AMPK activation: a contributor to the beneficial effects of coffee on diabetes. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22412912/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032718

tissue_or_cell_type

L6 skeletal-muscle myotubes

Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 425–436

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### chlorogenic_acid-acc-phosphorylation ACC phosphorylation increased alongside the AMPK response. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A downstream biochemical readout supports pathway engagement. organism: Rattus norvegicus tissue_or_cell_type: L6 skeletal-muscle myotubes experimental_model: L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments limitations: Millimolar culture exposure and injected mouse doses are not dietary human exposures. Phosphorylation and abundance readouts do not by themselves prove every upstream causal step. exposure: L6 experiments included 2 mmol/L CGA; mouse acute intervention 250 mg/kg intraperitoneally evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/22412912.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1896, "text_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff"} [chlorogenic_acid-p22412912] Chlorogenic acid stimulates glucose transport in skeletal muscle via AMPK activation: a contributor to the beneficial effects of coffee on diabetes. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22412912/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032718

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/22412912.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1896, "text_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff"}

experimental_model

L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments

exposure

L6 experiments included 2 mmol/L CGA; mouse acute intervention 250 mg/kg intraperitoneally

limitations

Millimolar culture exposure and injected mouse doses are not dietary human exposures. Phosphorylation and abundance readouts do not by themselves prove every upstream causal step.

nutrient_topic

Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid

organism

Rattus norvegicus

plain_language

A second signaling branch responded.

primary_references

[chlorogenic_acid-p22412912] Chlorogenic acid stimulates glucose transport in skeletal muscle via AMPK activation: a contributor to the beneficial effects of coffee on diabetes. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22412912/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032718

tissue_or_cell_type

L6 skeletal-muscle myotubes

Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 464–475

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### chlorogenic_acid-akt-response Akt activation was observed during the L6 response. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A second signaling branch responded. organism: Rattus norvegicus tissue_or_cell_type: L6 skeletal-muscle myotubes experimental_model: L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments limitations: Millimolar culture exposure and injected mouse doses are not dietary human exposures. Phosphorylation and abundance readouts do not by themselves prove every upstream causal step. exposure: L6 experiments included 2 mmol/L CGA; mouse acute intervention 250 mg/kg intraperitoneally evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/22412912.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1896, "text_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff"} [chlorogenic_acid-p22412912] Chlorogenic acid stimulates glucose transport in skeletal muscle via AMPK activation: a contributor to the beneficial effects of coffee on diabetes. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22412912/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032718

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/22412912.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1896, "text_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff"}

experimental_model

L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments

exposure

L6 experiments included 2 mmol/L CGA; mouse acute intervention 250 mg/kg intraperitoneally

limitations

Millimolar culture exposure and injected mouse doses are not dietary human exposures. Phosphorylation and abundance readouts do not by themselves prove every upstream causal step.

nutrient_topic

Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid

organism

Rattus norvegicus

plain_language

A cellular energy-sensing pathway responded in cultured rat muscle.

primary_references

[chlorogenic_acid-p22412912] Chlorogenic acid stimulates glucose transport in skeletal muscle via AMPK activation: a contributor to the beneficial effects of coffee on diabetes. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22412912/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032718

tissue_or_cell_type

L6 skeletal-muscle myotubes

Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 412–423

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### chlorogenic_acid-ampk-activation CGA increased AMPK phosphorylation and measured AMPK activity in L6 myotubes. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A cellular energy-sensing pathway responded in cultured rat muscle. organism: Rattus norvegicus tissue_or_cell_type: L6 skeletal-muscle myotubes experimental_model: L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments limitations: Millimolar culture exposure and injected mouse doses are not dietary human exposures. Phosphorylation and abundance readouts do not by themselves prove every upstream causal step. exposure: L6 experiments included 2 mmol/L CGA; mouse acute intervention 250 mg/kg intraperitoneally evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/22412912.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1896, "text_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff"} [chlorogenic_acid-p22412912] Chlorogenic acid stimulates glucose transport in skeletal muscle via AMPK activation: a contributor to the beneficial effects of coffee on diabetes. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22412912/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032718

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/22412912.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1896, "text_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff"}

experimental_model

L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments

exposure

L6 experiments included 2 mmol/L CGA; mouse acute intervention 250 mg/kg intraperitoneally

limitations

Millimolar culture exposure and injected mouse doses are not dietary human exposures. Phosphorylation and abundance readouts do not by themselves prove every upstream causal step.

nutrient_topic

Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid

organism

Rattus norvegicus

plain_language

This measures cell glucose handling, not diabetes remission.

primary_references

[chlorogenic_acid-p22412912] Chlorogenic acid stimulates glucose transport in skeletal muscle via AMPK activation: a contributor to the beneficial effects of coffee on diabetes. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22412912/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032718

tissue_or_cell_type

L6 skeletal-muscle myotubes

Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 451–462

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### chlorogenic_acid-glucose-uptake L6 2-deoxyglucose uptake increased with CGA concentration and exposure time. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This measures cell glucose handling, not diabetes remission. organism: Rattus norvegicus tissue_or_cell_type: L6 skeletal-muscle myotubes experimental_model: L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments limitations: Millimolar culture exposure and injected mouse doses are not dietary human exposures. Phosphorylation and abundance readouts do not by themselves prove every upstream causal step. exposure: L6 experiments included 2 mmol/L CGA; mouse acute intervention 250 mg/kg intraperitoneally evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/22412912.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1896, "text_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff"} [chlorogenic_acid-p22412912] Chlorogenic acid stimulates glucose transport in skeletal muscle via AMPK activation: a contributor to the beneficial effects of coffee on diabetes. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22412912/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032718

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/22412912.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1896, "text_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff"}

experimental_model

L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments

exposure

L6 experiments included 2 mmol/L CGA; mouse acute intervention 250 mg/kg intraperitoneally

limitations

Millimolar culture exposure and injected mouse doses are not dietary human exposures. Phosphorylation and abundance readouts do not by themselves prove every upstream causal step.

nutrient_topic

Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid

organism

Rattus norvegicus

plain_language

More transporter at the surface can change glucose entry.

primary_references

[chlorogenic_acid-p22412912] Chlorogenic acid stimulates glucose transport in skeletal muscle via AMPK activation: a contributor to the beneficial effects of coffee on diabetes. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22412912/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032718

tissue_or_cell_type

L6 skeletal-muscle myotubes

Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 438–449

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### chlorogenic_acid-glut4-translocation CGA increased GLUT4 delivery to the L6 plasma membrane. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: More transporter at the surface can change glucose entry. organism: Rattus norvegicus tissue_or_cell_type: L6 skeletal-muscle myotubes experimental_model: L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments limitations: Millimolar culture exposure and injected mouse doses are not dietary human exposures. Phosphorylation and abundance readouts do not by themselves prove every upstream causal step. exposure: L6 experiments included 2 mmol/L CGA; mouse acute intervention 250 mg/kg intraperitoneally evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/22412912.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1896, "text_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff"} [chlorogenic_acid-p22412912] Chlorogenic acid stimulates glucose transport in skeletal muscle via AMPK activation: a contributor to the beneficial effects of coffee on diabetes. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22412912/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032718

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/22412912.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1896, "text_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff"}

experimental_model

L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments

exposure

L6 experiments included 2 mmol/L CGA; mouse acute intervention 250 mg/kg intraperitoneally

limitations

Millimolar culture exposure and injected mouse doses are not dietary human exposures. Phosphorylation and abundance readouts do not by themselves prove every upstream causal step.

nutrient_topic

Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid

organism

Rattus norvegicus

plain_language

The measured response was not simply activation of every insulin-signaling step.

primary_references

[chlorogenic_acid-p22412912] Chlorogenic acid stimulates glucose transport in skeletal muscle via AMPK activation: a contributor to the beneficial effects of coffee on diabetes. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22412912/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032718

tissue_or_cell_type

L6 skeletal-muscle myotubes

Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 477–488

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### chlorogenic_acid-irs1-null CGA did not enhance IRS1-p85 association in the reported assay. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The measured response was not simply activation of every insulin-signaling step. organism: Rattus norvegicus tissue_or_cell_type: L6 skeletal-muscle myotubes experimental_model: L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments limitations: Millimolar culture exposure and injected mouse doses are not dietary human exposures. Phosphorylation and abundance readouts do not by themselves prove every upstream causal step. exposure: L6 experiments included 2 mmol/L CGA; mouse acute intervention 250 mg/kg intraperitoneally evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/22412912.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1896, "text_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff"} [chlorogenic_acid-p22412912] Chlorogenic acid stimulates glucose transport in skeletal muscle via AMPK activation: a contributor to the beneficial effects of coffee on diabetes. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22412912/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032718

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Rat L6 myotubes; related rat H9c2 experiments used tagged GLUT4.

limitations

GLUT isoforms in the L6 result are not all resolved in the accessed abstract.

nutrient_topic

Vanadium collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Vanadium

plain_language

More transporters at the surface can increase glucose entry.

primary_references

Tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors, vanadate and pervanadate, stimulate glucose transport and GLUT translocation in muscle cells by a mechanism independent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and protein kinase C. · 1998 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9792535/ · DOI 10.2337/diabetes.47.11.1676

Vanadium: speciation, phosphate-sensitive enzymes and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-19) · lines 54–60

AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rat L6 myotubes; related rat H9c2 experiments used tagged GLUT4. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## vanadium-l6-transport More transporters at the surface can increase glucose entry. Vanadate and pervanadate stimulated glucose transport and GLUT movement to the plasma membrane in rat L6 myotubes. Model: Rat L6 myotubes; related rat H9c2 experiments used tagged GLUT4. Limitations: GLUT isoforms in the L6 result are not all resolved in the accessed abstract. Evidence access: Primary abstract Tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors, vanadate and pervanadate, stimulate glucose transport and GLUT translocation in muscle cells by a mechanism independent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and protein kinase C. · 1998 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9792535/ · DOI 10.2337/diabetes.47.11.1676

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/24725432.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f172a147ded27e509e27d5bcc53ad6dc3e8b22b424ab021515b205ae29bccbc4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1788, "text_sha256": "f172a147ded27e509e27d5bcc53ad6dc3e8b22b424ab021515b205ae29bccbc4"}

experimental_model

Hyperinsulinemia model with AMPK silencing

exposure

Chromium picolinate during chronic low-dose insulin exposure, followed by acute insulin response; AMPK siRNA

limitations

Cell-culture mechanism. The indexed abstract identifies AMPK depletion without resolving the targeted catalytic isoform; family-level identity is retained. This is not a dietary repletion or human treatment experiment.

nutrient_topic

Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chromium

organism

Rat L6 skeletal muscle myotubes

plain_language

When AMPK was depleted, this transporter response to chromium picolinate was lost.

primary_references

[chromium-p24725432] Chromium enhances insulin responsiveness via AMPK. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24725432/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.01.007

tissue_or_cell_type

Cultured muscle plasma membrane and cortical actin

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Chromium: transport, insulin signaling, nutrient interactions and essentiality debate (2026-09-17) · lines 393–404

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Hyperinsulinemia model with AMPK silencing · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### chromium-ampk-required-glut4 AMPK silencing abolished chromium picolinate’s protection against impaired GLUT4 regulation in hyperinsulinemic L6 myotubes. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: When AMPK was depleted, this transporter response to chromium picolinate was lost. organism: Rat L6 skeletal muscle myotubes tissue_or_cell_type: Cultured muscle plasma membrane and cortical actin experimental_model: Hyperinsulinemia model with AMPK silencing limitations: Cell-culture mechanism. The indexed abstract identifies AMPK depletion without resolving the targeted catalytic isoform; family-level identity is retained. This is not a dietary repletion or human treatment experiment. exposure: Chromium picolinate during chronic low-dose insulin exposure, followed by acute insulin response; AMPK siRNA evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/24725432.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f172a147ded27e509e27d5bcc53ad6dc3e8b22b424ab021515b205ae29bccbc4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1788, "text_sha256": "f172a147ded27e509e27d5bcc53ad6dc3e8b22b424ab021515b205ae29bccbc4"} [chromium-p24725432] Chromium enhances insulin responsiveness via AMPK. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24725432/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.01.007

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/ala-research/11375349.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "971e4224c0ff09f05d25fe64359a3c65d50f2187fd781840c55821c47d2ed111", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1734, "text_sha256": "971e4224c0ff09f05d25fe64359a3c65d50f2187fd781840c55821c47d2ed111"}

experimental_model

Signaling, transporter localization and glucose-uptake assays

exposure

2.5 mmol/L lipoic acid; PI3K and p38 inhibitors

limitations

High cell-culture exposure; pharmacological inhibitors can have off-target effects; not a plasma target or patient dose.

nutrient_topic

Alpha-lipoic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lipoic acid

organism

Rat

plain_language

More glucose transporters reached the cell surface.

primary_references

[ala-p11375349] The antihyperglycemic drug alpha-lipoic acid stimulates glucose uptake via both GLUT4 translocation and GLUT4 activation: potential role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in GLUT4 activation. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11375349/ DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.50.6.1464

tissue_or_cell_type

L6 myotubes

Alpha-lipoic acid: cofactor assembly, redox signaling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 910–921

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Signaling, transporter localization and glucose-uptake assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ala-myotube-glut4 Lipoic acid increased surface GLUT4 in L6 myotubes. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Alpha-lipoic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: More glucose transporters reached the cell surface. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: L6 myotubes experimental_model: Signaling, transporter localization and glucose-uptake assays limitations: High cell-culture exposure; pharmacological inhibitors can have off-target effects; not a plasma target or patient dose. exposure: 2.5 mmol/L lipoic acid; PI3K and p38 inhibitors evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/ala-research/11375349.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "971e4224c0ff09f05d25fe64359a3c65d50f2187fd781840c55821c47d2ed111", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1734, "text_sha256": "971e4224c0ff09f05d25fe64359a3c65d50f2187fd781840c55821c47d2ed111"} [ala-p11375349] The antihyperglycemic drug alpha-lipoic acid stimulates glucose uptake via both GLUT4 translocation and GLUT4 activation: potential role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in GLUT4 activation. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11375349/ DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.50.6.1464

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Isolated rat adipocytes; lipogenesis EC50 about 65 micromolar.

limitations

Not a universal insulin mimic; membrane transporter activity and tissue context matter.

nutrient_topic

Myricetin collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Myricetin

plain_language

Increased uptake need not mean more GLUT4 moved to the membrane.

primary_references

Insulinomimetic effects of myricetin on lipogenesis and glucose transport in rat adipocytes but not glucose transport translocation. · 1996 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8619886/ · DOI 10.1016/0006-2952(95)02195-7

Myricetin: metabolism, immune signaling, redox chemistry and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-19) · lines 492–498

AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Isolated rat adipocytes; lipogenesis EC50 about 65 micromolar. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## myricetin-adipocyte-uptake Increased uptake need not mean more GLUT4 moved to the membrane. Myricetin increased glucose uptake and lipogenesis in isolated rat adipocytes without detected insulin-receptor autophosphorylation or GLUT4 translocation. Model: Isolated rat adipocytes; lipogenesis EC50 about 65 micromolar. Limitations: Not a universal insulin mimic; membrane transporter activity and tissue context matter. Evidence access: Primary abstract Insulinomimetic effects of myricetin on lipogenesis and glucose transport in rat adipocytes but not glucose transport translocation. · 1996 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8619886/ · DOI 10.1016/0006-2952(95)02195-7

cross_nutrient

true

experimental_model

Isolated rat adipocytes and GLUT4-expressing Xenopus oocytes

exposure

0.67 µM insulin preincubation

limitations

Pharmacological cell exposure; no claim about human vitamin C requirements in diabetes.

nutrient_topic

Vitamin C research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin C

organism

Rattus norvegicus

plain_language

Insulin increased oxidized vitamin C entry into rat fat cells, rather than simply speeding its internal reduction.

primary_references

[rumsey2000] Dehydroascorbic acid transport by GLUT4 in Xenopus oocytes and isolated rat adipocytes. (2000). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10862609/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m000988200

tissue_or_cell_type

Adipocytes

Vitamin C: mechanisms, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 299–310

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Isolated rat adipocytes and GLUT4-expressing Xenopus oocytes · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### vc-transport-insulin-dha-uptake Preincubation of isolated rat adipocytes with 0.67 µM insulin increased DHA transport 6–8-fold; intracellular DHA reduction was complete both before and after insulin. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Vitamin C research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Insulin increased oxidized vitamin C entry into rat fat cells, rather than simply speeding its internal reduction. organism: Rattus norvegicus tissue_or_cell_type: Adipocytes experimental_model: Isolated rat adipocytes and GLUT4-expressing Xenopus oocytes limitations: Pharmacological cell exposure; no claim about human vitamin C requirements in diabetes. exposure: 0.67 µM insulin preincubation cross_nutrient: true [rumsey2000] Dehydroascorbic acid transport by GLUT4 in Xenopus oocytes and isolated rat adipocytes. (2000). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10862609/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m000988200