Rat AMP-activated protein kinase complexes

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/24725432.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f172a147ded27e509e27d5bcc53ad6dc3e8b22b424ab021515b205ae29bccbc4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1788, "text_sha256": "f172a147ded27e509e27d5bcc53ad6dc3e8b22b424ab021515b205ae29bccbc4"}

experimental_model

Hyperinsulinemia model with AMPK silencing

exposure

Chromium picolinate during chronic low-dose insulin exposure, followed by acute insulin response; AMPK siRNA

limitations

Cell-culture mechanism. The indexed abstract identifies AMPK depletion without resolving the targeted catalytic isoform; family-level identity is retained. This is not a dietary repletion or human treatment experiment.

nutrient_topic

Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chromium

organism

Rat L6 skeletal muscle myotubes

plain_language

When AMPK was depleted, this transporter response to chromium picolinate was lost.

primary_references

[chromium-p24725432] Chromium enhances insulin responsiveness via AMPK. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24725432/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.01.007

tissue_or_cell_type

Cultured muscle plasma membrane and cortical actin

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Chromium: transport, insulin signaling, nutrient interactions and essentiality debate (2026-09-17) · lines 393–404

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Hyperinsulinemia model with AMPK silencing · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### chromium-ampk-required-glut4 AMPK silencing abolished chromium picolinate’s protection against impaired GLUT4 regulation in hyperinsulinemic L6 myotubes. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: When AMPK was depleted, this transporter response to chromium picolinate was lost. organism: Rat L6 skeletal muscle myotubes tissue_or_cell_type: Cultured muscle plasma membrane and cortical actin experimental_model: Hyperinsulinemia model with AMPK silencing limitations: Cell-culture mechanism. The indexed abstract identifies AMPK depletion without resolving the targeted catalytic isoform; family-level identity is retained. This is not a dietary repletion or human treatment experiment. exposure: Chromium picolinate during chronic low-dose insulin exposure, followed by acute insulin response; AMPK siRNA evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/24725432.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f172a147ded27e509e27d5bcc53ad6dc3e8b22b424ab021515b205ae29bccbc4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1788, "text_sha256": "f172a147ded27e509e27d5bcc53ad6dc3e8b22b424ab021515b205ae29bccbc4"} [chromium-p24725432] Chromium enhances insulin responsiveness via AMPK. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24725432/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.01.007

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/24725432.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f172a147ded27e509e27d5bcc53ad6dc3e8b22b424ab021515b205ae29bccbc4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1788, "text_sha256": "f172a147ded27e509e27d5bcc53ad6dc3e8b22b424ab021515b205ae29bccbc4"}

experimental_model

Hyperinsulinemia model with AMPK silencing

exposure

Chromium picolinate during chronic low-dose insulin exposure, followed by acute insulin response; AMPK siRNA

limitations

Cell-culture mechanism. The indexed abstract identifies AMPK depletion without resolving the targeted catalytic isoform; family-level identity is retained. This is not a dietary repletion or human treatment experiment.

nutrient_topic

Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chromium

organism

Rat L6 skeletal muscle myotubes

plain_language

The glucose-uptake benefit also depended on AMPK in this experiment.

primary_references

[chromium-p24725432] Chromium enhances insulin responsiveness via AMPK. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24725432/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.01.007

tissue_or_cell_type

Cultured muscle plasma membrane and cortical actin

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Chromium: transport, insulin signaling, nutrient interactions and essentiality debate (2026-09-17) · lines 406–417

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Hyperinsulinemia model with AMPK silencing · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### chromium-ampk-required-uptake AMPK silencing abolished chromium picolinate’s protection against impaired glucose transport in the same L6 model. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The glucose-uptake benefit also depended on AMPK in this experiment. organism: Rat L6 skeletal muscle myotubes tissue_or_cell_type: Cultured muscle plasma membrane and cortical actin experimental_model: Hyperinsulinemia model with AMPK silencing limitations: Cell-culture mechanism. The indexed abstract identifies AMPK depletion without resolving the targeted catalytic isoform; family-level identity is retained. This is not a dietary repletion or human treatment experiment. exposure: Chromium picolinate during chronic low-dose insulin exposure, followed by acute insulin response; AMPK siRNA evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/24725432.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f172a147ded27e509e27d5bcc53ad6dc3e8b22b424ab021515b205ae29bccbc4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1788, "text_sha256": "f172a147ded27e509e27d5bcc53ad6dc3e8b22b424ab021515b205ae29bccbc4"} [chromium-p24725432] Chromium enhances insulin responsiveness via AMPK. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24725432/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.01.007

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/22412912.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1896, "text_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff"}

experimental_model

L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments

exposure

L6 experiments included 2 mmol/L CGA; mouse acute intervention 250 mg/kg intraperitoneally

limitations

Millimolar culture exposure and injected mouse doses are not dietary human exposures. Phosphorylation and abundance readouts do not by themselves prove every upstream causal step.

nutrient_topic

Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid

organism

Rattus norvegicus

plain_language

A cellular energy-sensing pathway responded in cultured rat muscle.

primary_references

[chlorogenic_acid-p22412912] Chlorogenic acid stimulates glucose transport in skeletal muscle via AMPK activation: a contributor to the beneficial effects of coffee on diabetes. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22412912/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032718

tissue_or_cell_type

L6 skeletal-muscle myotubes

Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 412–423

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### chlorogenic_acid-ampk-activation CGA increased AMPK phosphorylation and measured AMPK activity in L6 myotubes. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A cellular energy-sensing pathway responded in cultured rat muscle. organism: Rattus norvegicus tissue_or_cell_type: L6 skeletal-muscle myotubes experimental_model: L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments limitations: Millimolar culture exposure and injected mouse doses are not dietary human exposures. Phosphorylation and abundance readouts do not by themselves prove every upstream causal step. exposure: L6 experiments included 2 mmol/L CGA; mouse acute intervention 250 mg/kg intraperitoneally evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/22412912.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1896, "text_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff"} [chlorogenic_acid-p22412912] Chlorogenic acid stimulates glucose transport in skeletal muscle via AMPK activation: a contributor to the beneficial effects of coffee on diabetes. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22412912/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032718

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/mangiferin-research/24033319.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9e8f13eba529ca6e56c33c3cee21d8fef473025e4bea72d81b375c96031ee84a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1791, "text_sha256": "9e8f13eba529ca6e56c33c3cee21d8fef473025e4bea72d81b375c96031ee84a"}

experimental_model

Normal and insulin-resistant L6 myotube comparison

exposure

Micromolar mangiferin or norathyriol, with or without 0.05 nM insulin

limitations

Cell glucose consumption and phosphorylation assays; AMPK association alone does not prove direct binding or human glucose lowering.

nutrient_topic

Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Mangiferin

organism

Rattus norvegicus

plain_language

The energy-sensing pathway responded in this cell model.

primary_references

[mangiferin-p24033319] Mangiferin and its aglycone, norathyriol, improve glucose metabolism by activation of AMP-activated protein kinase. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24033319/ DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.814691

tissue_or_cell_type

L6 myotubes

Mangiferin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 379–390

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Normal and insulin-resistant L6 myotube comparison · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mangiferin-mangiferin-ampk Mangiferin increased AMPK phosphorylation in L6 myotubes. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The energy-sensing pathway responded in this cell model. organism: Rattus norvegicus tissue_or_cell_type: L6 myotubes experimental_model: Normal and insulin-resistant L6 myotube comparison limitations: Cell glucose consumption and phosphorylation assays; AMPK association alone does not prove direct binding or human glucose lowering. exposure: Micromolar mangiferin or norathyriol, with or without 0.05 nM insulin evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/mangiferin-research/24033319.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9e8f13eba529ca6e56c33c3cee21d8fef473025e4bea72d81b375c96031ee84a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1791, "text_sha256": "9e8f13eba529ca6e56c33c3cee21d8fef473025e4bea72d81b375c96031ee84a"} [mangiferin-p24033319] Mangiferin and its aglycone, norathyriol, improve glucose metabolism by activation of AMP-activated protein kinase. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24033319/ DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.814691

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/mangiferin-research/24033319.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9e8f13eba529ca6e56c33c3cee21d8fef473025e4bea72d81b375c96031ee84a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1791, "text_sha256": "9e8f13eba529ca6e56c33c3cee21d8fef473025e4bea72d81b375c96031ee84a"}

experimental_model

Normal and insulin-resistant L6 myotube comparison

exposure

Micromolar mangiferin or norathyriol, with or without 0.05 nM insulin

limitations

Cell glucose consumption and phosphorylation assays; AMPK association alone does not prove direct binding or human glucose lowering.

nutrient_topic

Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Mangiferin

organism

Rattus norvegicus

plain_language

The energy-sensing pathway responded in this cell model.

primary_references

[mangiferin-p24033319] Mangiferin and its aglycone, norathyriol, improve glucose metabolism by activation of AMP-activated protein kinase. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24033319/ DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.814691

tissue_or_cell_type

L6 myotubes

Mangiferin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 392–403

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Normal and insulin-resistant L6 myotube comparison · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mangiferin-norathyriol-ampk Norathyriol increased AMPK phosphorylation in L6 myotubes. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The energy-sensing pathway responded in this cell model. organism: Rattus norvegicus tissue_or_cell_type: L6 myotubes experimental_model: Normal and insulin-resistant L6 myotube comparison limitations: Cell glucose consumption and phosphorylation assays; AMPK association alone does not prove direct binding or human glucose lowering. exposure: Micromolar mangiferin or norathyriol, with or without 0.05 nM insulin evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/mangiferin-research/24033319.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9e8f13eba529ca6e56c33c3cee21d8fef473025e4bea72d81b375c96031ee84a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1791, "text_sha256": "9e8f13eba529ca6e56c33c3cee21d8fef473025e4bea72d81b375c96031ee84a"} [mangiferin-p24033319] Mangiferin and its aglycone, norathyriol, improve glucose metabolism by activation of AMP-activated protein kinase. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24033319/ DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.814691

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/24725432.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f172a147ded27e509e27d5bcc53ad6dc3e8b22b424ab021515b205ae29bccbc4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1788, "text_sha256": "f172a147ded27e509e27d5bcc53ad6dc3e8b22b424ab021515b205ae29bccbc4"}

experimental_model

Hyperinsulinemia model with AMPK silencing

exposure

Chromium picolinate during chronic low-dose insulin exposure, followed by acute insulin response; AMPK siRNA

limitations

Cell-culture mechanism. The indexed abstract identifies AMPK depletion without resolving the targeted catalytic isoform; family-level identity is retained. This is not a dietary repletion or human treatment experiment.

nutrient_topic

Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chromium

organism

Rat L6 skeletal muscle myotubes

plain_language

The response involved the cell’s energy-sensing pathway rather than a measured increase in proximal insulin signaling.

primary_references

[chromium-p24725432] Chromium enhances insulin responsiveness via AMPK. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24725432/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.01.007

tissue_or_cell_type

Cultured muscle plasma membrane and cortical actin

Chromium: transport, insulin signaling, nutrient interactions and essentiality debate (2026-09-17) · lines 354–365

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Hyperinsulinemia model with AMPK silencing · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### chromium-ampk-response Chromium picolinate increased AMPK signaling in L6 myotubes without enhancing the proximal insulin-signaling responses measured in that experiment. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chromium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The response involved the cell’s energy-sensing pathway rather than a measured increase in proximal insulin signaling. organism: Rat L6 skeletal muscle myotubes tissue_or_cell_type: Cultured muscle plasma membrane and cortical actin experimental_model: Hyperinsulinemia model with AMPK silencing limitations: Cell-culture mechanism. The indexed abstract identifies AMPK depletion without resolving the targeted catalytic isoform; family-level identity is retained. This is not a dietary repletion or human treatment experiment. exposure: Chromium picolinate during chronic low-dose insulin exposure, followed by acute insulin response; AMPK siRNA evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chromium-research/24725432.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f172a147ded27e509e27d5bcc53ad6dc3e8b22b424ab021515b205ae29bccbc4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1788, "text_sha256": "f172a147ded27e509e27d5bcc53ad6dc3e8b22b424ab021515b205ae29bccbc4"} [chromium-p24725432] Chromium enhances insulin responsiveness via AMPK. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24725432/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.01.007

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/berberine-research/18285556.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "cd721d78117d554be4fdb0403ac792f6723cf59cfd3679106607e8f17eafc257", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1735, "text_sha256": "cd721d78117d554be4fdb0403ac792f6723cf59cfd3679106607e8f17eafc257"}

experimental_model

Cell respiration, isolated mitochondria and kinase perturbation

exposure

Berberine concentration-response; kinase deletion/inhibition

limitations

Functional respiratory inhibition does not by itself establish direct binding to complex I or improved mitochondrial health. Preclinical exposure, not human efficacy.

nutrient_topic

Berberine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Berberine

organism

Rat L6 myotubes, muscle mitochondria and LKB1-deficient cells

plain_language

AMPK responds to the altered cellular energy state in this model.

primary_references

[berberine-p18285556] Berberine and its more biologically available derivative, dihydroberberine, inhibit mitochondrial respiratory complex I: a mechanism for the action of berberine to activate AMP-activated protein kinase and improve insulin action. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18285556/ DOI: 10.2337/db07-1552

tissue_or_cell_type

Respiratory complex I and AMPK

Berberine: metabolism, nutrient connections and drug interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 337–348

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cell respiration, isolated mitochondria and kinase perturbation · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### berberine-ampk Berberine increased AMPK phosphorylation in L6 myotubes. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Berberine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: AMPK responds to the altered cellular energy state in this model. organism: Rat L6 myotubes, muscle mitochondria and LKB1-deficient cells tissue_or_cell_type: Respiratory complex I and AMPK experimental_model: Cell respiration, isolated mitochondria and kinase perturbation limitations: Functional respiratory inhibition does not by itself establish direct binding to complex I or improved mitochondrial health. Preclinical exposure, not human efficacy. exposure: Berberine concentration-response; kinase deletion/inhibition evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/berberine-research/18285556.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "cd721d78117d554be4fdb0403ac792f6723cf59cfd3679106607e8f17eafc257", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1735, "text_sha256": "cd721d78117d554be4fdb0403ac792f6723cf59cfd3679106607e8f17eafc257"} [berberine-p18285556] Berberine and its more biologically available derivative, dihydroberberine, inhibit mitochondrial respiratory complex I: a mechanism for the action of berberine to activate AMP-activated protein kinase and improve insulin action. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18285556/ DOI: 10.2337/db07-1552

dose

(S)-6-Gingerol; dose-response, exact range not in accessed abstract

duration

Time-dependent response; exact times not in accessed abstract

evidence_access

Primary PubMed abstract.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects

experimental_model

Rat L6 skeletal muscle myotubes

limitations

Calcium/CaMKK-associated signaling does not demonstrate dietary calcium depletion or calcium-supplement synergy; no human glycemic outcome was tested. The accessed abstract does not identify a CaMKK isoform or establish genetic necessity.

nutrient_topic

Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols

organism

Rat L6 skeletal muscle myotubes

plain_language

Adding (S)-6-gingerol increased AMPK alpha Thr172 phosphorylation in rat L6 cells, with CaMKK-associated signaling.

primary_references

(S)-[6]-Gingerol enhances glucose uptake in L6 myotubes by activation of AMPK in response to [Ca2+]i. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23958199/ DOI: 10.18433/j34g7p

route

In vitro addition

tissue

Skeletal muscle cell model

Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 162–171

Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rat L6 skeletal muscle myotubes · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gingerols-6-l6-ampk Adding (S)-6-gingerol increased AMPK alpha Thr172 phosphorylation in rat L6 cells, with CaMKK-associated signaling. Model/species: Rat L6 skeletal muscle myotubes Tissue: Skeletal muscle cell model Exposure: (S)-6-Gingerol; dose-response, exact range not in accessed abstract Route: In vitro addition Duration: Time-dependent response; exact times not in accessed abstract Limits: Calcium/CaMKK-associated signaling does not demonstrate dietary calcium depletion or calcium-supplement synergy; no human glycemic outcome was tested. The accessed abstract does not identify a CaMKK isoform or establish genetic necessity. Primary reference: (S)-[6]-Gingerol enhances glucose uptake in L6 myotubes by activation of AMPK in response to [Ca2+]i. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23958199/ DOI: 10.18433/j34g7p Access: Primary PubMed abstract.

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/22412912.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1896, "text_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff"}

experimental_model

L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments

exposure

L6 experiments included 2 mmol/L CGA; mouse acute intervention 250 mg/kg intraperitoneally

limitations

Millimolar culture exposure and injected mouse doses are not dietary human exposures. Phosphorylation and abundance readouts do not by themselves prove every upstream causal step.

nutrient_topic

Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid

organism

Rattus norvegicus

plain_language

The response depends on functioning machinery in this model.

primary_references

[chlorogenic_acid-p22412912] Chlorogenic acid stimulates glucose transport in skeletal muscle via AMPK activation: a contributor to the beneficial effects of coffee on diabetes. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22412912/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032718

tissue_or_cell_type

L6 myotubes

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 490–501

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### chlorogenic_acid-ampk-loss AMPK alpha1/alpha2 knockdown abrogated CGA-stimulated glucose transport. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The response depends on functioning machinery in this model. organism: Rattus norvegicus tissue_or_cell_type: L6 myotubes experimental_model: L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments limitations: Millimolar culture exposure and injected mouse doses are not dietary human exposures. Phosphorylation and abundance readouts do not by themselves prove every upstream causal step. exposure: L6 experiments included 2 mmol/L CGA; mouse acute intervention 250 mg/kg intraperitoneally evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/22412912.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1896, "text_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff"} [chlorogenic_acid-p22412912] Chlorogenic acid stimulates glucose transport in skeletal muscle via AMPK activation: a contributor to the beneficial effects of coffee on diabetes. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22412912/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032718

dose

(S)-6-Gingerol; dose-response, exact range not in accessed abstract

duration

Time-dependent response; exact times not in accessed abstract

evidence_access

Primary PubMed abstract.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects

experimental_model

Rat L6 skeletal muscle myotubes

limitations

Calcium/CaMKK-associated signaling does not demonstrate dietary calcium depletion or calcium-supplement synergy; no human glycemic outcome was tested.

nutrient_topic

Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols

organism

Rat L6 skeletal muscle myotubes

plain_language

Adding (S)-6-gingerol increased glucose uptake in rat L6 myotubes.

primary_references

(S)-[6]-Gingerol enhances glucose uptake in L6 myotubes by activation of AMPK in response to [Ca2+]i. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23958199/ DOI: 10.18433/j34g7p

route

In vitro addition

tissue

Skeletal muscle cell model

Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 173–182

Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rat L6 skeletal muscle myotubes · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gingerols-6-l6-glucose Adding (S)-6-gingerol increased glucose uptake in rat L6 myotubes. Model/species: Rat L6 skeletal muscle myotubes Tissue: Skeletal muscle cell model Exposure: (S)-6-Gingerol; dose-response, exact range not in accessed abstract Route: In vitro addition Duration: Time-dependent response; exact times not in accessed abstract Limits: Calcium/CaMKK-associated signaling does not demonstrate dietary calcium depletion or calcium-supplement synergy; no human glycemic outcome was tested. Primary reference: (S)-[6]-Gingerol enhances glucose uptake in L6 myotubes by activation of AMPK in response to [Ca2+]i. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23958199/ DOI: 10.18433/j34g7p Access: Primary PubMed abstract.