6-Gingerol

dose

Gingerols with tritiated GR65630; exact concentration range not in accessed abstract

duration

Equilibrium assay; duration not specified in accessed abstract

evidence_access

Primary PubMed abstract.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects

experimental_model

Human 5-HT3 receptors in HEK293 membrane preparations

limitations

Failure to displace this radioligand supports a distinct mechanism but does not locate an allosteric site.

nutrient_topic

Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols

organism

Human 5-HT3 receptors in HEK293 membrane preparations

plain_language

6-Gingerol did not displace GR65630 from the human 5-HT3 receptor preparation.

primary_references

Mode of action of gingerols and shogaols on 5-HT3 receptors: binding studies, cation uptake by the receptor channel and contraction of isolated guinea-pig ileum. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16364290/ DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.10.049

route

In vitro competition binding

tissue

Receptor preparation

Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 63–72

Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human 5-HT3 receptors in HEK293 membrane preparations · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gingerols-6-5ht3-binding-null 6-Gingerol did not displace GR65630 from the human 5-HT3 receptor preparation. Model/species: Human 5-HT3 receptors in HEK293 membrane preparations Tissue: Receptor preparation Exposure: Gingerols with tritiated GR65630; exact concentration range not in accessed abstract Route: In vitro competition binding Duration: Equilibrium assay; duration not specified in accessed abstract Limits: Failure to displace this radioligand supports a distinct mechanism but does not locate an allosteric site. Primary reference: Mode of action of gingerols and shogaols on 5-HT3 receptors: binding studies, cation uptake by the receptor channel and contraction of isolated guinea-pig ileum. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16364290/ DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.10.049 Access: Primary PubMed abstract.

dose

Concentration-dependent gingerol application; exact range not in accessed abstract

duration

Not specified in accessed abstract

evidence_access

Primary PubMed abstract.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects

experimental_model

Mouse N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells

limitations

Cation flux is a functional assay, not a demonstrated orthosteric binding site or clinical antiemetic response.

nutrient_topic

Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols

organism

Mouse N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells

plain_language

6-Gingerol inhibited 5-HT3-mediated cation influx in N1E-115 cells.

primary_references

Mode of action of gingerols and shogaols on 5-HT3 receptors: binding studies, cation uptake by the receptor channel and contraction of isolated guinea-pig ileum. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16364290/ DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.10.049

route

In vitro addition

tissue

Native 5-HT3 receptor-channel complex

Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 52–61

Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mouse N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gingerols-6-5ht3-flux 6-Gingerol inhibited 5-HT3-mediated cation influx in N1E-115 cells. Model/species: Mouse N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells Tissue: Native 5-HT3 receptor-channel complex Exposure: Concentration-dependent gingerol application; exact range not in accessed abstract Route: In vitro addition Duration: Not specified in accessed abstract Limits: Cation flux is a functional assay, not a demonstrated orthosteric binding site or clinical antiemetic response. Primary reference: Mode of action of gingerols and shogaols on 5-HT3 receptors: binding studies, cation uptake by the receptor channel and contraction of isolated guinea-pig ileum. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16364290/ DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.10.049 Access: Primary PubMed abstract.

dose

6-Gingerol 50 or 100 mg/kg twice; cisplatin 6 mg/kg once, 1 h after first gingerol dose

duration

Gingerol at 07:00 and 19:00; assessment 24 h after cisplatin

evidence_access

Primary PubMed abstract.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects

experimental_model

Rats in a cisplatin-induced pica model

limitations

Rats do not vomit; pica is a surrogate. This experiment does not establish human antiemetic efficacy or preserved anticancer efficacy.

nutrient_topic

Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols

organism

Rats in a cisplatin-induced pica model

plain_language

Gavage with 6-gingerol reduced kaolin ingestion after cisplatin administration in rats.

primary_references

[6]-Gingerol Ameliorates Cisplatin-Induced Pica by Regulating the TPH/MAO-A/SERT/5-HT/5-HT3 Receptor System in Rats. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33061309/ DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S270185

route

Gingerol gavage; cisplatin intraperitoneal injection

tissue

Kaolin intake, ileum, medulla oblongata and serum

Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 536–545

Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rats in a cisplatin-induced pica model · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gingerols-6-cisplatin-pica Gavage with 6-gingerol reduced kaolin ingestion after cisplatin administration in rats. Model/species: Rats in a cisplatin-induced pica model Tissue: Kaolin intake, ileum, medulla oblongata and serum Exposure: 6-Gingerol 50 or 100 mg/kg twice; cisplatin 6 mg/kg once, 1 h after first gingerol dose Route: Gingerol gavage; cisplatin intraperitoneal injection Duration: Gingerol at 07:00 and 19:00; assessment 24 h after cisplatin Limits: Rats do not vomit; pica is a surrogate. This experiment does not establish human antiemetic efficacy or preserved anticancer efficacy. Primary reference: [6]-Gingerol Ameliorates Cisplatin-Induced Pica by Regulating the TPH/MAO-A/SERT/5-HT/5-HT3 Receptor System in Rats. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33061309/ DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S270185 Access: Primary PubMed abstract.

dose

6-Gingerol 50 or 100 mg/kg twice; cisplatin 6 mg/kg once, 1 h after first gingerol dose

duration

Gingerol at 07:00 and 19:00; assessment 24 h after cisplatin

evidence_access

Primary PubMed abstract.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects

experimental_model

Rats in a cisplatin-induced pica model

limitations

Rats do not vomit; pica is a surrogate. This experiment does not establish human antiemetic efficacy or preserved anticancer efficacy.

nutrient_topic

Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols

organism

Rats in a cisplatin-induced pica model

plain_language

6-Gingerol treatment attenuated the cisplatin-associated rise in measured serotonin in rats.

primary_references

[6]-Gingerol Ameliorates Cisplatin-Induced Pica by Regulating the TPH/MAO-A/SERT/5-HT/5-HT3 Receptor System in Rats. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33061309/ DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S270185

route

Gingerol gavage; cisplatin intraperitoneal injection

tissue

Kaolin intake, ileum, medulla oblongata and serum

Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 547–556

Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rats in a cisplatin-induced pica model · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gingerols-6-cisplatin-serotonin 6-Gingerol treatment attenuated the cisplatin-associated rise in measured serotonin in rats. Model/species: Rats in a cisplatin-induced pica model Tissue: Kaolin intake, ileum, medulla oblongata and serum Exposure: 6-Gingerol 50 or 100 mg/kg twice; cisplatin 6 mg/kg once, 1 h after first gingerol dose Route: Gingerol gavage; cisplatin intraperitoneal injection Duration: Gingerol at 07:00 and 19:00; assessment 24 h after cisplatin Limits: Rats do not vomit; pica is a surrogate. This experiment does not establish human antiemetic efficacy or preserved anticancer efficacy. Primary reference: [6]-Gingerol Ameliorates Cisplatin-Induced Pica by Regulating the TPH/MAO-A/SERT/5-HT/5-HT3 Receptor System in Rats. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33061309/ DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S270185 Access: Primary PubMed abstract.

dose

6-Gingerol; 37-100 degrees C, pH 1, 4 or 7

duration

Kinetic measurements; equilibrium within 2 h at 100 degrees C and pH 1

evidence_access

Primary PubMed abstract.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects

experimental_model

Cell-free aqueous solution

limitations

Processing chemistry is not proof of conversion after human ingestion.

nutrient_topic

Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols

organism

Cell-free aqueous solution

plain_language

Heating 6-gingerol in aqueous solutions produced 6-shogaol by a pH-dependent dehydration reaction.

primary_references

The stability of gingerol and shogaol in aqueous solutions. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11745724/ DOI: 10.1002/jps.1116

route

In vitro chemical incubation

tissue

Aqueous chemical preparation

Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 19–28

Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cell-free aqueous solution · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gingerols-6-dehydration Heating 6-gingerol in aqueous solutions produced 6-shogaol by a pH-dependent dehydration reaction. Model/species: Cell-free aqueous solution Tissue: Aqueous chemical preparation Exposure: 6-Gingerol; 37-100 degrees C, pH 1, 4 or 7 Route: In vitro chemical incubation Duration: Kinetic measurements; equilibrium within 2 h at 100 degrees C and pH 1 Limits: Processing chemistry is not proof of conversion after human ingestion. Primary reference: The stability of gingerol and shogaol in aqueous solutions. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11745724/ DOI: 10.1002/jps.1116 Access: Primary PubMed abstract.

dose

Gingerols with selective 5-HT3 agonist SR57227A; exact range not in accessed abstract

duration

Not specified in accessed abstract

evidence_access

Primary PubMed abstract.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects

experimental_model

Isolated guinea-pig ileum

limitations

Muscarinic and substance-P-dependent downstream effects may contribute; no human antiemetic efficacy is measured.

nutrient_topic

Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols

organism

Isolated guinea-pig ileum

plain_language

6-Gingerol reduced contractions elicited by the selective 5-HT3 agonist in isolated guinea-pig ileum.

primary_references

Mode of action of gingerols and shogaols on 5-HT3 receptors: binding studies, cation uptake by the receptor channel and contraction of isolated guinea-pig ileum. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16364290/ DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.10.049

route

Ex vivo addition

tissue

Intestinal smooth muscle preparation

Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 74–83

Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Isolated guinea-pig ileum · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gingerols-6-ileum 6-Gingerol reduced contractions elicited by the selective 5-HT3 agonist in isolated guinea-pig ileum. Model/species: Isolated guinea-pig ileum Tissue: Intestinal smooth muscle preparation Exposure: Gingerols with selective 5-HT3 agonist SR57227A; exact range not in accessed abstract Route: Ex vivo addition Duration: Not specified in accessed abstract Limits: Muscarinic and substance-P-dependent downstream effects may contribute; no human antiemetic efficacy is measured. Primary reference: Mode of action of gingerols and shogaols on 5-HT3 receptors: binding studies, cation uptake by the receptor channel and contraction of isolated guinea-pig ileum. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16364290/ DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.10.049 Access: Primary PubMed abstract.

dose

6-Gingerol with UDP-glucuronic acid; exact concentrations not in accessed abstract

duration

Not specified in accessed abstract

evidence_access

Primary PubMed abstract.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects

experimental_model

Human intestinal microsomes

limitations

Phenolic product formation in this preparation is not absolute oral bioavailability or a proven clinical interaction.

nutrient_topic

Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols

organism

Human intestinal microsomes

plain_language

UDP-glucuronic-acid-fortified human intestinal microsomes formed the phenolic 6-gingerol glucuronide.

primary_references

Microsomal hydroxylation and glucuronidation of [6]-gingerol. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17090120/ DOI: 10.1021/jf062235l

route

In vitro microsomal incubation

tissue

Intestinal microsomal preparation

Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 272–281

Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human intestinal microsomes · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gingerols-6-intestinal-glucuronide UDP-glucuronic-acid-fortified human intestinal microsomes formed the phenolic 6-gingerol glucuronide. Model/species: Human intestinal microsomes Tissue: Intestinal microsomal preparation Exposure: 6-Gingerol with UDP-glucuronic acid; exact concentrations not in accessed abstract Route: In vitro microsomal incubation Duration: Not specified in accessed abstract Limits: Phenolic product formation in this preparation is not absolute oral bioavailability or a proven clinical interaction. Primary reference: Microsomal hydroxylation and glucuronidation of [6]-gingerol. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17090120/ DOI: 10.1021/jf062235l Access: Primary PubMed abstract.

dose

6- or 8-gingerol 100 micromolar with isoproterenol concentration-response

duration

Acute relaxation assay; exact duration not in accessed abstract

evidence_access

Primary PubMed abstract.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects

experimental_model

Human airway smooth muscle tissue in organ baths

limitations

High experimental parent-compound exposure; not clinical inhaler potentiation or a recommended co-treatment.

nutrient_topic

Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols

organism

Human airway smooth muscle tissue in organ baths

plain_language

Co-applying 6-gingerol enhanced isoproterenol-induced relaxation of isolated human airway smooth muscle.

primary_references

Active components of ginger potentiate β-agonist-induced relaxation of airway smooth muscle by modulating cytoskeletal regulatory proteins. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23962082/ DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0133OC

route

Ex vivo tissue bath

tissue

Airway smooth muscle

Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 184–193

Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human airway smooth muscle tissue in organ baths · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gingerols-6-isoproterenol Co-applying 6-gingerol enhanced isoproterenol-induced relaxation of isolated human airway smooth muscle. Model/species: Human airway smooth muscle tissue in organ baths Tissue: Airway smooth muscle Exposure: 6- or 8-gingerol 100 micromolar with isoproterenol concentration-response Route: Ex vivo tissue bath Duration: Acute relaxation assay; exact duration not in accessed abstract Limits: High experimental parent-compound exposure; not clinical inhaler potentiation or a recommended co-treatment. Primary reference: Active components of ginger potentiate β-agonist-induced relaxation of airway smooth muscle by modulating cytoskeletal regulatory proteins. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23962082/ DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0133OC Access: Primary PubMed abstract.

dose

(S)-6-Gingerol; dose-response, exact range not in accessed abstract

duration

Time-dependent response; exact times not in accessed abstract

evidence_access

Primary PubMed abstract.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects

experimental_model

Rat L6 skeletal muscle myotubes

limitations

Calcium/CaMKK-associated signaling does not demonstrate dietary calcium depletion or calcium-supplement synergy; no human glycemic outcome was tested. The accessed abstract does not identify a CaMKK isoform or establish genetic necessity.

nutrient_topic

Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols

organism

Rat L6 skeletal muscle myotubes

plain_language

Adding (S)-6-gingerol increased AMPK alpha Thr172 phosphorylation in rat L6 cells, with CaMKK-associated signaling.

primary_references

(S)-[6]-Gingerol enhances glucose uptake in L6 myotubes by activation of AMPK in response to [Ca2+]i. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23958199/ DOI: 10.18433/j34g7p

route

In vitro addition

tissue

Skeletal muscle cell model

Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 162–171

Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rat L6 skeletal muscle myotubes · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gingerols-6-l6-ampk Adding (S)-6-gingerol increased AMPK alpha Thr172 phosphorylation in rat L6 cells, with CaMKK-associated signaling. Model/species: Rat L6 skeletal muscle myotubes Tissue: Skeletal muscle cell model Exposure: (S)-6-Gingerol; dose-response, exact range not in accessed abstract Route: In vitro addition Duration: Time-dependent response; exact times not in accessed abstract Limits: Calcium/CaMKK-associated signaling does not demonstrate dietary calcium depletion or calcium-supplement synergy; no human glycemic outcome was tested. The accessed abstract does not identify a CaMKK isoform or establish genetic necessity. Primary reference: (S)-[6]-Gingerol enhances glucose uptake in L6 myotubes by activation of AMPK in response to [Ca2+]i. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23958199/ DOI: 10.18433/j34g7p Access: Primary PubMed abstract.

dose

(S)-6-Gingerol; dose-response, exact range not in accessed abstract

duration

Time-dependent response; exact times not in accessed abstract

evidence_access

Primary PubMed abstract.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects

experimental_model

Rat L6 skeletal muscle myotubes

limitations

Calcium/CaMKK-associated signaling does not demonstrate dietary calcium depletion or calcium-supplement synergy; no human glycemic outcome was tested.

nutrient_topic

Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols

organism

Rat L6 skeletal muscle myotubes

plain_language

Adding (S)-6-gingerol increased intracellular calcium in rat L6 myotubes.

primary_references

(S)-[6]-Gingerol enhances glucose uptake in L6 myotubes by activation of AMPK in response to [Ca2+]i. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23958199/ DOI: 10.18433/j34g7p

route

In vitro addition

tissue

Skeletal muscle cell model

Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 151–160

Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rat L6 skeletal muscle myotubes · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gingerols-6-l6-calcium Adding (S)-6-gingerol increased intracellular calcium in rat L6 myotubes. Model/species: Rat L6 skeletal muscle myotubes Tissue: Skeletal muscle cell model Exposure: (S)-6-Gingerol; dose-response, exact range not in accessed abstract Route: In vitro addition Duration: Time-dependent response; exact times not in accessed abstract Limits: Calcium/CaMKK-associated signaling does not demonstrate dietary calcium depletion or calcium-supplement synergy; no human glycemic outcome was tested. Primary reference: (S)-[6]-Gingerol enhances glucose uptake in L6 myotubes by activation of AMPK in response to [Ca2+]i. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23958199/ DOI: 10.18433/j34g7p Access: Primary PubMed abstract.

dose

(S)-6-Gingerol; dose-response, exact range not in accessed abstract

duration

Time-dependent response; exact times not in accessed abstract

evidence_access

Primary PubMed abstract.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects

experimental_model

Rat L6 skeletal muscle myotubes

limitations

Calcium/CaMKK-associated signaling does not demonstrate dietary calcium depletion or calcium-supplement synergy; no human glycemic outcome was tested.

nutrient_topic

Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols

organism

Rat L6 skeletal muscle myotubes

plain_language

Adding (S)-6-gingerol increased glucose uptake in rat L6 myotubes.

primary_references

(S)-[6]-Gingerol enhances glucose uptake in L6 myotubes by activation of AMPK in response to [Ca2+]i. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23958199/ DOI: 10.18433/j34g7p

route

In vitro addition

tissue

Skeletal muscle cell model

Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 173–182

Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rat L6 skeletal muscle myotubes · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gingerols-6-l6-glucose Adding (S)-6-gingerol increased glucose uptake in rat L6 myotubes. Model/species: Rat L6 skeletal muscle myotubes Tissue: Skeletal muscle cell model Exposure: (S)-6-Gingerol; dose-response, exact range not in accessed abstract Route: In vitro addition Duration: Time-dependent response; exact times not in accessed abstract Limits: Calcium/CaMKK-associated signaling does not demonstrate dietary calcium depletion or calcium-supplement synergy; no human glycemic outcome was tested. Primary reference: (S)-[6]-Gingerol enhances glucose uptake in L6 myotubes by activation of AMPK in response to [Ca2+]i. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23958199/ DOI: 10.18433/j34g7p Access: Primary PubMed abstract.

dose

Individual gingerols 10 micromolar with RNP/anti-RNP immune complexes 10 micrograms/mL

duration

3 h

evidence_access

Primary open full text, results, figure legends and methods, plus PubMed metadata.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects

experimental_model

Neutrophils isolated from healthy human donors

limitations

Selected disease-relevant stimulus in isolated cells; not established treatment of lupus or antiphospholipid syndrome.

nutrient_topic

Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols

organism

Neutrophils isolated from healthy human donors

plain_language

Adding 6-gingerol suppressed RNP-immune-complex-induced NET formation by human neutrophils.

primary_references

Antineutrophil properties of natural gingerols in models of lupus. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33373329/ DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138385

route

Ex vivo co-incubation

tissue

Human neutrophils

Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 415–424

Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Neutrophils isolated from healthy human donors · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gingerols-6-netosis Adding 6-gingerol suppressed RNP-immune-complex-induced NET formation by human neutrophils. Model/species: Neutrophils isolated from healthy human donors Tissue: Human neutrophils Exposure: Individual gingerols 10 micromolar with RNP/anti-RNP immune complexes 10 micrograms/mL Route: Ex vivo co-incubation Duration: 3 h Limits: Selected disease-relevant stimulus in isolated cells; not established treatment of lupus or antiphospholipid syndrome. Primary reference: Antineutrophil properties of natural gingerols in models of lupus. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33373329/ DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138385 Access: Primary open full text, results, figure legends and methods, plus PubMed metadata.

dose

6-Gingerol 10 micromolar followed by forskolin 100 micromolar

duration

30 min gingerol followed by 10 min forskolin

evidence_access

Primary open full text, results, figure legends and methods, plus PubMed metadata.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects

experimental_model

Neutrophils isolated from healthy human donors

limitations

Potentiation of a forskolin-stimulated signal is not proof of the same magnitude under basal conditions.

nutrient_topic

Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols

organism

Neutrophils isolated from healthy human donors

plain_language

6-Gingerol pretreatment increased the forskolin-stimulated intracellular cAMP response in human neutrophils.

primary_references

Antineutrophil properties of natural gingerols in models of lupus. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33373329/ DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138385

route

Ex vivo exposure

tissue

Human neutrophil cytosol

Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 459–468

Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Neutrophils isolated from healthy human donors · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gingerols-6-neutrophil-camp 6-Gingerol pretreatment increased the forskolin-stimulated intracellular cAMP response in human neutrophils. Model/species: Neutrophils isolated from healthy human donors Tissue: Human neutrophil cytosol Exposure: 6-Gingerol 10 micromolar followed by forskolin 100 micromolar Route: Ex vivo exposure Duration: 30 min gingerol followed by 10 min forskolin Limits: Potentiation of a forskolin-stimulated signal is not proof of the same magnitude under basal conditions. Primary reference: Antineutrophil properties of natural gingerols in models of lupus. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33373329/ DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138385 Access: Primary open full text, results, figure legends and methods, plus PubMed metadata.

dose

6-Gingerol 10 micromolar; rolipram 0.1 micromolar comparator

duration

1 h at 37 degrees C

evidence_access

Primary open full text, results, figure legends and methods, plus PubMed metadata.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects

experimental_model

Lysates of human donor neutrophils

limitations

Mixed cAMP-PDE activity was measured; similarity to rolipram does not establish isoform selectivity.

nutrient_topic

Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols

organism

Lysates of human donor neutrophils

plain_language

Adding 6-gingerol reduced human neutrophil lysate cAMP-PDE activity by about 40 percent.

primary_references

Antineutrophil properties of natural gingerols in models of lupus. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33373329/ DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138385

route

Ex vivo lysate assay

tissue

Neutrophil enzyme preparation

Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 448–457

Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Lysates of human donor neutrophils · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gingerols-6-neutrophil-pde Adding 6-gingerol reduced human neutrophil lysate cAMP-PDE activity by about 40 percent. Model/species: Lysates of human donor neutrophils Tissue: Neutrophil enzyme preparation Exposure: 6-Gingerol 10 micromolar; rolipram 0.1 micromolar comparator Route: Ex vivo lysate assay Duration: 1 h at 37 degrees C Limits: Mixed cAMP-PDE activity was measured; similarity to rolipram does not establish isoform selectivity. Primary reference: Antineutrophil properties of natural gingerols in models of lupus. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33373329/ DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138385 Access: Primary open full text, results, figure legends and methods, plus PubMed metadata.

dose

6-Gingerol 10 micromolar with forskolin or cAMP stimulation

duration

Kinase assay incubation 90 min; cellular pretreatment interval not resolved here

evidence_access

Primary open full text, results, figure legends and methods, plus PubMed metadata.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects

experimental_model

Neutrophils isolated from healthy human donors

limitations

Activity response, not demonstrated direct binding of gingerol to PKA.

nutrient_topic

Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols

organism

Neutrophils isolated from healthy human donors

plain_language

6-Gingerol enhanced measured PKA activity in the stimulated human-neutrophil experiments.

primary_references

Antineutrophil properties of natural gingerols in models of lupus. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33373329/ DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138385

route

Ex vivo exposure and lysate kinase assay

tissue

Human neutrophil PKA activity assay

Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 470–479

Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Neutrophils isolated from healthy human donors · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gingerols-6-neutrophil-pka 6-Gingerol enhanced measured PKA activity in the stimulated human-neutrophil experiments. Model/species: Neutrophils isolated from healthy human donors Tissue: Human neutrophil PKA activity assay Exposure: 6-Gingerol 10 micromolar with forskolin or cAMP stimulation Route: Ex vivo exposure and lysate kinase assay Duration: Kinase assay incubation 90 min; cellular pretreatment interval not resolved here Limits: Activity response, not demonstrated direct binding of gingerol to PKA. Primary reference: Antineutrophil properties of natural gingerols in models of lupus. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33373329/ DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138385 Access: Primary open full text, results, figure legends and methods, plus PubMed metadata.

dose

Ginger constituent enzyme assay; study used 100 micromolar in tissue experiments, enzyme-assay exposure details not resolved here

duration

Not specified in accessed abstract

evidence_access

Primary PubMed abstract.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects

experimental_model

Purified PDE4D and PLC beta enzyme preparations

limitations

Preparation species and PLC beta isoform are unresolved; do not label these as a proven specific human tissue target.

nutrient_topic

Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols

organism

Purified PDE4D and PLC beta enzyme preparations

plain_language

6-Gingerol inhibited the purified PDE4D preparation in the airway-mechanism study.

primary_references

Active components of ginger potentiate β-agonist-induced relaxation of airway smooth muscle by modulating cytoskeletal regulatory proteins. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23962082/ DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0133OC

route

In vitro addition

tissue

Cell-free enzyme assays

Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 195–204

Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified PDE4D and PLC beta enzyme preparations · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gingerols-6-pde4d 6-Gingerol inhibited the purified PDE4D preparation in the airway-mechanism study. Model/species: Purified PDE4D and PLC beta enzyme preparations Tissue: Cell-free enzyme assays Exposure: Ginger constituent enzyme assay; study used 100 micromolar in tissue experiments, enzyme-assay exposure details not resolved here Route: In vitro addition Duration: Not specified in accessed abstract Limits: Preparation species and PLC beta isoform are unresolved; do not label these as a proven specific human tissue target. Primary reference: Active components of ginger potentiate β-agonist-induced relaxation of airway smooth muscle by modulating cytoskeletal regulatory proteins. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23962082/ DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0133OC Access: Primary PubMed abstract.

dose

Ginger constituent enzyme assay; study used 100 micromolar in tissue experiments, enzyme-assay exposure details not resolved here

duration

Not specified in accessed abstract

evidence_access

Primary PubMed abstract.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects

experimental_model

Purified PDE4D and PLC beta enzyme preparations

limitations

Preparation species and PLC beta isoform are unresolved; do not label these as a proven specific human tissue target. Comparative enzyme response; not a universal absence of PLC-related cellular effects.

nutrient_topic

Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols

organism

Purified PDE4D and PLC beta enzyme preparations

plain_language

6-Gingerol did not share the PLC beta inhibition reported for 8-gingerol and 6-shogaol in this comparison.

primary_references

Active components of ginger potentiate β-agonist-induced relaxation of airway smooth muscle by modulating cytoskeletal regulatory proteins. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23962082/ DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0133OC

route

In vitro addition

tissue

Cell-free enzyme assays

Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 239–248

Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified PDE4D and PLC beta enzyme preparations · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gingerols-6-plcb-null 6-Gingerol did not share the PLC beta inhibition reported for 8-gingerol and 6-shogaol in this comparison. Model/species: Purified PDE4D and PLC beta enzyme preparations Tissue: Cell-free enzyme assays Exposure: Ginger constituent enzyme assay; study used 100 micromolar in tissue experiments, enzyme-assay exposure details not resolved here Route: In vitro addition Duration: Not specified in accessed abstract Limits: Preparation species and PLC beta isoform are unresolved; do not label these as a proven specific human tissue target. Comparative enzyme response; not a universal absence of PLC-related cellular effects. Primary reference: Active components of ginger potentiate β-agonist-induced relaxation of airway smooth muscle by modulating cytoskeletal regulatory proteins. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23962082/ DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0133OC Access: Primary PubMed abstract.

dose

6-Gingerol with NADPH; exact concentrations not in accessed abstract

duration

Not specified in accessed abstract

evidence_access

Primary PubMed abstract.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects

experimental_model

Rat hepatic microsomes

limitations

Metabolite assignments were tentative; neither a specific human CYP nor dietary NADPH depletion is established.

nutrient_topic

Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols

organism

Rat hepatic microsomes

plain_language

NADPH-fortified rat hepatic microsomes converted 6-gingerol into a mixture of tentatively identified metabolites.

primary_references

Microsomal hydroxylation and glucuronidation of [6]-gingerol. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17090120/ DOI: 10.1021/jf062235l

route

In vitro microsomal incubation

tissue

Liver microsomal preparation

Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 261–270

Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rat hepatic microsomes · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gingerols-6-rat-metabolism NADPH-fortified rat hepatic microsomes converted 6-gingerol into a mixture of tentatively identified metabolites. Model/species: Rat hepatic microsomes Tissue: Liver microsomal preparation Exposure: 6-Gingerol with NADPH; exact concentrations not in accessed abstract Route: In vitro microsomal incubation Duration: Not specified in accessed abstract Limits: Metabolite assignments were tentative; neither a specific human CYP nor dietary NADPH depletion is established. Primary reference: Microsomal hydroxylation and glucuronidation of [6]-gingerol. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17090120/ DOI: 10.1021/jf062235l Access: Primary PubMed abstract.

dose

6-Gingerol concentration-response; reported EC50 2.9 +/- 0.3 micromolar

duration

Acute electrophysiological recordings

evidence_access

Primary PubMed abstract. Publisher/PMC results inspected for channel species and concentration-response.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects

experimental_model

Mouse TRPV1 expressed in a heterologous-cell system

limitations

Mouse channel data; docking and mutagenesis do not constitute a solved gingerol-bound structure or clinical analgesic efficacy.

nutrient_topic

Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols

organism

Mouse TRPV1 expressed in a heterologous-cell system

plain_language

Adding 6-gingerol activated mouse TRPV1 channels in electrophysiological experiments.

primary_references

Structural mechanisms underlying activation of TRPV1 channels by pungent compounds in gingers. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31207668/ DOI: 10.1111/bph.14766

route

In vitro application

tissue

Membrane ion channels

Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 41–50

Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mouse TRPV1 expressed in a heterologous-cell system · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gingerols-6-trpv1 Adding 6-gingerol activated mouse TRPV1 channels in electrophysiological experiments. Model/species: Mouse TRPV1 expressed in a heterologous-cell system Tissue: Membrane ion channels Exposure: 6-Gingerol concentration-response; reported EC50 2.9 +/- 0.3 micromolar Route: In vitro application Duration: Acute electrophysiological recordings Limits: Mouse channel data; docking and mutagenesis do not constitute a solved gingerol-bound structure or clinical analgesic efficacy. Primary reference: Structural mechanisms underlying activation of TRPV1 channels by pungent compounds in gingers. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31207668/ DOI: 10.1111/bph.14766 Access: Primary PubMed abstract. Publisher/PMC results inspected for channel species and concentration-response.

dose

Individual 6-, 8- or 10-gingerol with UDP-glucuronic acid; exact concentration series not in accessed abstract

duration

Not specified in accessed abstract

evidence_access

Primary PubMed abstract.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects

experimental_model

Human liver microsomes and expressed human UGT enzymes

limitations

UGT2B7 favors but is not exclusive to 4-prime conjugation; UGT1A9 mainly forms 5-O conjugates. Shared UGT substrates do not prove competition in people.

nutrient_topic

Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols

organism

Human liver microsomes and expressed human UGT enzymes

plain_language

Human UGT1A9 was a principal contributor to 6-gingerol 5-O-glucuronide formation in the enzyme comparison.

primary_references

Regioselective glucuronidation of gingerols by human liver microsomes and expressed UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes: reaction kinetics and activity correlation analyses for UGT1A9 and UGT2B7. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25496264/ DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12351

route

In vitro incubation

tissue

Hepatic and recombinant enzyme preparations

Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 294–303

Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human liver microsomes and expressed human UGT enzymes · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gingerols-6-ugt1a9 Human UGT1A9 was a principal contributor to 6-gingerol 5-O-glucuronide formation in the enzyme comparison. Model/species: Human liver microsomes and expressed human UGT enzymes Tissue: Hepatic and recombinant enzyme preparations Exposure: Individual 6-, 8- or 10-gingerol with UDP-glucuronic acid; exact concentration series not in accessed abstract Route: In vitro incubation Duration: Not specified in accessed abstract Limits: UGT2B7 favors but is not exclusive to 4-prime conjugation; UGT1A9 mainly forms 5-O conjugates. Shared UGT substrates do not prove competition in people. Primary reference: Regioselective glucuronidation of gingerols by human liver microsomes and expressed UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes: reaction kinetics and activity correlation analyses for UGT1A9 and UGT2B7. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25496264/ DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12351 Access: Primary PubMed abstract.

dose

Individual 6-, 8- or 10-gingerol with UDP-glucuronic acid; exact concentration series not in accessed abstract

duration

Not specified in accessed abstract

evidence_access

Primary PubMed abstract.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects

experimental_model

Human liver microsomes and expressed human UGT enzymes

limitations

UGT2B7 favors but is not exclusive to 4-prime conjugation; UGT1A9 mainly forms 5-O conjugates. Shared UGT substrates do not prove competition in people.

nutrient_topic

Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols

organism

Human liver microsomes and expressed human UGT enzymes

plain_language

Human UGT2B7 was a principal contributor to 6-gingerol 4-prime-O-glucuronide formation in the enzyme comparison.

primary_references

Regioselective glucuronidation of gingerols by human liver microsomes and expressed UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes: reaction kinetics and activity correlation analyses for UGT1A9 and UGT2B7. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25496264/ DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12351

route

In vitro incubation

tissue

Hepatic and recombinant enzyme preparations

Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 283–292

Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human liver microsomes and expressed human UGT enzymes · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gingerols-6-ugt2b7 Human UGT2B7 was a principal contributor to 6-gingerol 4-prime-O-glucuronide formation in the enzyme comparison. Model/species: Human liver microsomes and expressed human UGT enzymes Tissue: Hepatic and recombinant enzyme preparations Exposure: Individual 6-, 8- or 10-gingerol with UDP-glucuronic acid; exact concentration series not in accessed abstract Route: In vitro incubation Duration: Not specified in accessed abstract Limits: UGT2B7 favors but is not exclusive to 4-prime conjugation; UGT1A9 mainly forms 5-O conjugates. Shared UGT substrates do not prove competition in people. Primary reference: Regioselective glucuronidation of gingerols by human liver microsomes and expressed UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes: reaction kinetics and activity correlation analyses for UGT1A9 and UGT2B7. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25496264/ DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12351 Access: Primary PubMed abstract.

dose

6-Gingerol; 37-100 degrees C, pH 1, 4 or 7

duration

Kinetic measurements; equilibrium within 2 h at 100 degrees C and pH 1

evidence_access

Primary PubMed abstract.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects

experimental_model

Cell-free aqueous solution

limitations

Processing chemistry is not proof of conversion after human ingestion.

nutrient_topic

Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols

organism

Cell-free aqueous solution

plain_language

The aqueous 6-gingerol/6-shogaol system also supported the reverse hydration reaction.

primary_references

The stability of gingerol and shogaol in aqueous solutions. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11745724/ DOI: 10.1002/jps.1116

route

In vitro chemical incubation

tissue

Aqueous chemical preparation

Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 30–39

Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cell-free aqueous solution · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gingerols-6-hydration The aqueous 6-gingerol/6-shogaol system also supported the reverse hydration reaction. Model/species: Cell-free aqueous solution Tissue: Aqueous chemical preparation Exposure: 6-Gingerol; 37-100 degrees C, pH 1, 4 or 7 Route: In vitro chemical incubation Duration: Kinetic measurements; equilibrium within 2 h at 100 degrees C and pH 1 Limits: Processing chemistry is not proof of conversion after human ingestion. Primary reference: The stability of gingerol and shogaol in aqueous solutions. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11745724/ DOI: 10.1002/jps.1116 Access: Primary PubMed abstract.

dose

Ginger extract 2 g; LC-MS/MS lower quantification limit 2-5 ng/mL

duration

Sampling 0.25-24 h for parent analytes

evidence_access

Primary PubMed abstract.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects

experimental_model

Healthy human volunteers

limitations

Food/product and analytical sensitivity differ from the 2008 study. Non-detection is not proof of zero absorption.

nutrient_topic

Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols

organism

Healthy human volunteers

plain_language

The sensitive 2011 assay did not detect free 6-gingerol in plasma after the 2 g ginger dose.

primary_references

Examination of the pharmacokinetics of active ingredients of ginger in humans. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21638149/ DOI: 10.1208/s12248-011-9286-5

route

Oral mixed ginger extract

tissue

Plasma

Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 382–391

Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Healthy human volunteers · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gingerols-6-human-free-null The sensitive 2011 assay did not detect free 6-gingerol in plasma after the 2 g ginger dose. Model/species: Healthy human volunteers Tissue: Plasma Exposure: Ginger extract 2 g; LC-MS/MS lower quantification limit 2-5 ng/mL Route: Oral mixed ginger extract Duration: Sampling 0.25-24 h for parent analytes Limits: Food/product and analytical sensitivity differ from the 2008 study. Non-detection is not proof of zero absorption. Primary reference: Examination of the pharmacokinetics of active ingredients of ginger in humans. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21638149/ DOI: 10.1208/s12248-011-9286-5 Access: Primary PubMed abstract.

dose

Single ginger-product dose 100 mg to 2 g

duration

Blood sampling 15 min to 72 h

evidence_access

Primary PubMed abstract.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects

experimental_model

27 healthy human volunteers

limitations

Conjugates assessed after hydrolysis; measured total/conjugated exposure is not free parent concentration or tissue target engagement.

nutrient_topic

Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols

organism

27 healthy human volunteers

plain_language

After oral ginger, plasma 6-gingerol glucuronides were detected through enzymatic hydrolysis; unconjugated 6-gingerol was not detected in this study.

primary_references

Pharmacokinetics of 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol, and 6-shogaol and conjugate metabolites in healthy human subjects. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18708382/ DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-2934

route

Oral mixed ginger product

tissue

Plasma

Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 349–358

Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · 27 healthy human volunteers · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gingerols-6-human-glucuronides After oral ginger, plasma 6-gingerol glucuronides were detected through enzymatic hydrolysis; unconjugated 6-gingerol was not detected in this study. Model/species: 27 healthy human volunteers Tissue: Plasma Exposure: Single ginger-product dose 100 mg to 2 g Route: Oral mixed ginger product Duration: Blood sampling 15 min to 72 h Limits: Conjugates assessed after hydrolysis; measured total/conjugated exposure is not free parent concentration or tissue target engagement. Primary reference: Pharmacokinetics of 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol, and 6-shogaol and conjugate metabolites in healthy human subjects. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18708382/ DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-2934 Access: Primary PubMed abstract.

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

dose

6-Gingerol with APS IgG and PKA inhibitor; exact inhibitor dose not specified in inspected text

duration

3 h NETosis assay

evidence_access

Primary open full text, results, figure legends and methods, plus PubMed metadata.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects

experimental_model

Human donor neutrophils with pharmacologically inhibited PKA

limitations

Supports a PKA-sensitive component; pharmacological inhibition is not selective genetic deletion or a nutrient deficiency.

nutrient_topic

Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols

organism

Human donor neutrophils with pharmacologically inhibited PKA

plain_language

Adding a PKA inhibitor weakened 6-gingerol suppression of APS-IgG-triggered NETosis in human neutrophils.

primary_references

Antineutrophil properties of natural gingerols in models of lupus. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33373329/ DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138385

route

Ex vivo co-exposure

tissue

Human neutrophils

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 481–490

Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human donor neutrophils with pharmacologically inhibited PKA · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gingerols-pka-blockade Adding a PKA inhibitor weakened 6-gingerol suppression of APS-IgG-triggered NETosis in human neutrophils. Model/species: Human donor neutrophils with pharmacologically inhibited PKA Tissue: Human neutrophils Exposure: 6-Gingerol with APS IgG and PKA inhibitor; exact inhibitor dose not specified in inspected text Route: Ex vivo co-exposure Duration: 3 h NETosis assay Limits: Supports a PKA-sensitive component; pharmacological inhibition is not selective genetic deletion or a nutrient deficiency. Primary reference: Antineutrophil properties of natural gingerols in models of lupus. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33373329/ DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138385 Access: Primary open full text, results, figure legends and methods, plus PubMed metadata.