Norathyriol

evidence_span

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experimental_model

KK-Ay mouse liver experiments and mechanistic HepG2 studies

exposure

Norathyriol in sodium-oleate lipid-loading model; micromolar range

limitations

Phosphorylation and expression are scoped to experiments; no established human fatty-liver therapy or direct SIRT1 ligand claim.

nutrient_topic

Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Mangiferin

organism

Homo sapiens for HepG2 experiments; mouse findings separately scoped

plain_language

The energy-sensing signal changed alongside AMPK activation.

primary_references

[mangiferin-p29563875] Mangiferin Improves Hepatic Lipid Metabolism Mainly Through Its Metabolite-Norathyriol by Modulating SIRT-1/AMPK/SREBP-1c Signaling. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29563875/ DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00201

tissue_or_cell_type

HepG2 cells

Mangiferin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 471–482

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · KK-Ay mouse liver experiments and mechanistic HepG2 studies · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mangiferin-energy-ratio Norathyriol increased the cellular AMP-to-ATP ratio in the tested HepG2 model. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The energy-sensing signal changed alongside AMPK activation. organism: Homo sapiens for HepG2 experiments; mouse findings separately scoped tissue_or_cell_type: HepG2 cells experimental_model: KK-Ay mouse liver experiments and mechanistic HepG2 studies limitations: Phosphorylation and expression are scoped to experiments; no established human fatty-liver therapy or direct SIRT1 ligand claim. exposure: Norathyriol in sodium-oleate lipid-loading model; micromolar range evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/mangiferin-research/29563875.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1a48a1f92d67cd91638969bb1ec3cb9f18cb3cb4e29c7e5f2bacf627dda76415", "start_char": 35775, "end_char": 36269, "text_sha256": "9c428b34591bbbb1e453a4e5e2829b160930ef301d3b39065822f132f5a7dcd9"} [mangiferin-p29563875] Mangiferin Improves Hepatic Lipid Metabolism Mainly Through Its Metabolite-Norathyriol by Modulating SIRT-1/AMPK/SREBP-1c Signaling. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29563875/ DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00201

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Ex vivo human fecal fermentation and metagenomic profiling

exposure

Mangiferin or norathyriol 500 micromolar in culture; not participant supplementation

limitations

Community findings do not establish health benefit or harm in people; candidate converter taxa were associations, not isolated causal proof.

nutrient_topic

Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Mangiferin

organism

Human-derived microbial communities

plain_language

The affected community includes microbes that consume urate.

primary_references

[mangiferin-p40401774] Gut microbiota-mediated conversion of mangiferin to norathyriol alters short chain fatty acid and urate metabolism. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40401774/ DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2025.2508422

tissue_or_cell_type

Fecal cultures

Mangiferin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 184–195

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Ex vivo human fecal fermentation and metagenomic profiling · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mangiferin-enterocloster Norathyriol suppressed the urate-consuming species Enterocloster bolteae in culture. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The affected community includes microbes that consume urate. organism: Human-derived microbial communities tissue_or_cell_type: Fecal cultures experimental_model: Ex vivo human fecal fermentation and metagenomic profiling limitations: Community findings do not establish health benefit or harm in people; candidate converter taxa were associations, not isolated causal proof. exposure: Mangiferin or norathyriol 500 micromolar in culture; not participant supplementation evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/mangiferin-research/40401774.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "56539abd79e79a7968a5ec040d9fff33a864b228236cfecba1c7e0ccd3eae380", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1390, "text_sha256": "56539abd79e79a7968a5ec040d9fff33a864b228236cfecba1c7e0ccd3eae380"} [mangiferin-p40401774] Gut microbiota-mediated conversion of mangiferin to norathyriol alters short chain fatty acid and urate metabolism. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40401774/ DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2025.2508422

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Ex vivo human fecal fermentation and metagenomic profiling

exposure

Mangiferin or norathyriol 500 micromolar in culture; not participant supplementation

limitations

Community findings do not establish health benefit or harm in people; candidate converter taxa were associations, not isolated causal proof.

nutrient_topic

Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Mangiferin

organism

Human-derived microbial communities

plain_language

A short-chain-fatty-acid producer was among the affected microbes.

primary_references

[mangiferin-p40401774] Gut microbiota-mediated conversion of mangiferin to norathyriol alters short chain fatty acid and urate metabolism. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40401774/ DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2025.2508422

tissue_or_cell_type

Fecal cultures

Mangiferin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 171–182

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Ex vivo human fecal fermentation and metagenomic profiling · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mangiferin-faecalibacterium Norathyriol suppressed Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in the culture comparison. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A short-chain-fatty-acid producer was among the affected microbes. organism: Human-derived microbial communities tissue_or_cell_type: Fecal cultures experimental_model: Ex vivo human fecal fermentation and metagenomic profiling limitations: Community findings do not establish health benefit or harm in people; candidate converter taxa were associations, not isolated causal proof. exposure: Mangiferin or norathyriol 500 micromolar in culture; not participant supplementation evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/mangiferin-research/40401774.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "56539abd79e79a7968a5ec040d9fff33a864b228236cfecba1c7e0ccd3eae380", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1390, "text_sha256": "56539abd79e79a7968a5ec040d9fff33a864b228236cfecba1c7e0ccd3eae380"} [mangiferin-p40401774] Gut microbiota-mediated conversion of mangiferin to norathyriol alters short chain fatty acid and urate metabolism. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40401774/ DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2025.2508422

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Rat pharmacokinetics and hepatocyte metabolite profiling

exposure

Administered norathyriol; study-specific routes

limitations

Rat absolute bioavailability does not quantify human exposure or conversion from mangiferin.

nutrient_topic

Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Mangiferin

organism

Rattus norvegicus

plain_language

Chemical conjugation changes what circulates; parent compound and conjugates remain separate.

primary_references

[mangiferin-p30298742] Absorption, Metabolism, and Pharmacokinetics Profiles of Norathyriol, an Aglycone of Mangiferin, in Rats by HPLC-MS/MS. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30298742/ DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03763

tissue_or_cell_type

Blood and hepatocytes

Mangiferin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 210–221

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rat pharmacokinetics and hepatocyte metabolite profiling · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mangiferin-glucuronides Norathyriol glucuronides were prominent circulating conjugates after administration in rats. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Chemical conjugation changes what circulates; parent compound and conjugates remain separate. organism: Rattus norvegicus tissue_or_cell_type: Blood and hepatocytes experimental_model: Rat pharmacokinetics and hepatocyte metabolite profiling limitations: Rat absolute bioavailability does not quantify human exposure or conversion from mangiferin. exposure: Administered norathyriol; study-specific routes evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/mangiferin-research/30298742.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4caff8b6b7f04d6d1adca704cd53190801d3cf39f282bdb4e93b507a72b51288", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1196, "text_sha256": "4caff8b6b7f04d6d1adca704cd53190801d3cf39f282bdb4e93b507a72b51288"} [mangiferin-p30298742] Absorption, Metabolism, and Pharmacokinetics Profiles of Norathyriol, an Aglycone of Mangiferin, in Rats by HPLC-MS/MS. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30298742/ DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03763

evidence_span

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experimental_model

KK-Ay mouse liver experiments and mechanistic HepG2 studies

exposure

Norathyriol in sodium-oleate lipid-loading model; micromolar range

limitations

Phosphorylation and expression are scoped to experiments; no established human fatty-liver therapy or direct SIRT1 ligand claim.

nutrient_topic

Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Mangiferin

organism

Homo sapiens for HepG2 experiments; mouse findings separately scoped

plain_language

A chemical modification of an upstream kinase changed.

primary_references

[mangiferin-p29563875] Mangiferin Improves Hepatic Lipid Metabolism Mainly Through Its Metabolite-Norathyriol by Modulating SIRT-1/AMPK/SREBP-1c Signaling. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29563875/ DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00201

tissue_or_cell_type

HepG2 cells

Mangiferin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 458–469

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · KK-Ay mouse liver experiments and mechanistic HepG2 studies · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mangiferin-lkb1-acetylation Norathyriol lowered measured LKB1 acetylation in HepG2 cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A chemical modification of an upstream kinase changed. organism: Homo sapiens for HepG2 experiments; mouse findings separately scoped tissue_or_cell_type: HepG2 cells experimental_model: KK-Ay mouse liver experiments and mechanistic HepG2 studies limitations: Phosphorylation and expression are scoped to experiments; no established human fatty-liver therapy or direct SIRT1 ligand claim. exposure: Norathyriol in sodium-oleate lipid-loading model; micromolar range evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/mangiferin-research/29563875.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1a48a1f92d67cd91638969bb1ec3cb9f18cb3cb4e29c7e5f2bacf627dda76415", "start_char": 35295, "end_char": 36269, "text_sha256": "4b69cb6e7f09043eda3312b226bc03bbf8e0cbf25a4f6b51505c0aebed3b7d04"} [mangiferin-p29563875] Mangiferin Improves Hepatic Lipid Metabolism Mainly Through Its Metabolite-Norathyriol by Modulating SIRT-1/AMPK/SREBP-1c Signaling. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29563875/ DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00201

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Ex vivo human fecal fermentation and metagenomic profiling

exposure

Mangiferin or norathyriol 500 micromolar in culture; not participant supplementation

limitations

Community findings do not establish health benefit or harm in people; candidate converter taxa were associations, not isolated causal proof.

nutrient_topic

Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Mangiferin

organism

Human-derived microbial communities

plain_language

Its metabolite changed bacterial growth.

primary_references

[mangiferin-p40401774] Gut microbiota-mediated conversion of mangiferin to norathyriol alters short chain fatty acid and urate metabolism. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40401774/ DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2025.2508422

tissue_or_cell_type

Fecal cultures

Mangiferin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 158–169

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Ex vivo human fecal fermentation and metagenomic profiling · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mangiferin-microbial-count Norathyriol reduced overall bacterial cell counts in the tested cultures. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Its metabolite changed bacterial growth. organism: Human-derived microbial communities tissue_or_cell_type: Fecal cultures experimental_model: Ex vivo human fecal fermentation and metagenomic profiling limitations: Community findings do not establish health benefit or harm in people; candidate converter taxa were associations, not isolated causal proof. exposure: Mangiferin or norathyriol 500 micromolar in culture; not participant supplementation evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/mangiferin-research/40401774.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "56539abd79e79a7968a5ec040d9fff33a864b228236cfecba1c7e0ccd3eae380", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1390, "text_sha256": "56539abd79e79a7968a5ec040d9fff33a864b228236cfecba1c7e0ccd3eae380"} [mangiferin-p40401774] Gut microbiota-mediated conversion of mangiferin to norathyriol alters short chain fatty acid and urate metabolism. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40401774/ DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2025.2508422

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/mangiferin-research/24033319.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9e8f13eba529ca6e56c33c3cee21d8fef473025e4bea72d81b375c96031ee84a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1791, "text_sha256": "9e8f13eba529ca6e56c33c3cee21d8fef473025e4bea72d81b375c96031ee84a"}

experimental_model

Normal and insulin-resistant L6 myotube comparison

exposure

Micromolar mangiferin or norathyriol, with or without 0.05 nM insulin

limitations

Cell glucose consumption and phosphorylation assays; AMPK association alone does not prove direct binding or human glucose lowering.

nutrient_topic

Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Mangiferin

organism

Rattus norvegicus

plain_language

The energy-sensing pathway responded in this cell model.

primary_references

[mangiferin-p24033319] Mangiferin and its aglycone, norathyriol, improve glucose metabolism by activation of AMP-activated protein kinase. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24033319/ DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.814691

tissue_or_cell_type

L6 myotubes

Mangiferin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 392–403

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Normal and insulin-resistant L6 myotube comparison · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mangiferin-norathyriol-ampk Norathyriol increased AMPK phosphorylation in L6 myotubes. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The energy-sensing pathway responded in this cell model. organism: Rattus norvegicus tissue_or_cell_type: L6 myotubes experimental_model: Normal and insulin-resistant L6 myotube comparison limitations: Cell glucose consumption and phosphorylation assays; AMPK association alone does not prove direct binding or human glucose lowering. exposure: Micromolar mangiferin or norathyriol, with or without 0.05 nM insulin evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/mangiferin-research/24033319.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9e8f13eba529ca6e56c33c3cee21d8fef473025e4bea72d81b375c96031ee84a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1791, "text_sha256": "9e8f13eba529ca6e56c33c3cee21d8fef473025e4bea72d81b375c96031ee84a"} [mangiferin-p24033319] Mangiferin and its aglycone, norathyriol, improve glucose metabolism by activation of AMP-activated protein kinase. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24033319/ DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.814691

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/mangiferin-research/30298742.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4caff8b6b7f04d6d1adca704cd53190801d3cf39f282bdb4e93b507a72b51288", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1196, "text_sha256": "4caff8b6b7f04d6d1adca704cd53190801d3cf39f282bdb4e93b507a72b51288"}

experimental_model

Rat pharmacokinetics and hepatocyte metabolite profiling

exposure

Administered norathyriol; study-specific routes

limitations

Rat absolute bioavailability does not quantify human exposure or conversion from mangiferin.

nutrient_topic

Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Mangiferin

organism

Rattus norvegicus

plain_language

The aglycone has its own absorption profile.

primary_references

[mangiferin-p30298742] Absorption, Metabolism, and Pharmacokinetics Profiles of Norathyriol, an Aglycone of Mangiferin, in Rats by HPLC-MS/MS. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30298742/ DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03763

tissue_or_cell_type

Blood and hepatocytes

Mangiferin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 197–208

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rat pharmacokinetics and hepatocyte metabolite profiling · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mangiferin-norathyriol-pk Norathyriol absolute bioavailability was 30.4% in the rat experiment. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The aglycone has its own absorption profile. organism: Rattus norvegicus tissue_or_cell_type: Blood and hepatocytes experimental_model: Rat pharmacokinetics and hepatocyte metabolite profiling limitations: Rat absolute bioavailability does not quantify human exposure or conversion from mangiferin. exposure: Administered norathyriol; study-specific routes evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/mangiferin-research/30298742.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4caff8b6b7f04d6d1adca704cd53190801d3cf39f282bdb4e93b507a72b51288", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1196, "text_sha256": "4caff8b6b7f04d6d1adca704cd53190801d3cf39f282bdb4e93b507a72b51288"} [mangiferin-p30298742] Absorption, Metabolism, and Pharmacokinetics Profiles of Norathyriol, an Aglycone of Mangiferin, in Rats by HPLC-MS/MS. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30298742/ DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03763

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/mangiferin-research/28621744.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e2741f9036a84104809f4d9813afeb1603b3e93e1d247ea0e4b5ff31be0e1ae5", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1562, "text_sha256": "e2741f9036a84104809f4d9813afeb1603b3e93e1d247ea0e4b5ff31be0e1ae5"}

experimental_model

Recombinant UGT inhibition kinetics

exposure

Micromolar norathyriol; initial comparison at 100 micromolar

limitations

Probe-dependent biochemical inhibition; no established human interaction threshold. Docking is not additional proof of binding in vivo.

nutrient_topic

Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Mangiferin

organism

Recombinant enzyme assay

plain_language

The aglycone has its own conjugation-enzyme interaction profile.

primary_references

[mangiferin-p28621744] In Vitro Comparative Study of the Inhibitory Effects of Mangiferin and Its Aglycone Norathyriol towards UDP-Glucuronosyl Transferase (UGT) Isoforms. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28621744/ DOI: 10.3390/molecules22061008

tissue_or_cell_type

4-methylumbelliferone glucuronidation

Mangiferin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 874–885

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Recombinant UGT inhibition kinetics · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mangiferin-norathyriol-ugt1a3 Norathyriol competitively inhibited UGT1A3; IC50 8.2 and Ki 1.6 micromolar. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The aglycone has its own conjugation-enzyme interaction profile. organism: Recombinant enzyme assay tissue_or_cell_type: 4-methylumbelliferone glucuronidation experimental_model: Recombinant UGT inhibition kinetics limitations: Probe-dependent biochemical inhibition; no established human interaction threshold. Docking is not additional proof of binding in vivo. exposure: Micromolar norathyriol; initial comparison at 100 micromolar evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/mangiferin-research/28621744.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e2741f9036a84104809f4d9813afeb1603b3e93e1d247ea0e4b5ff31be0e1ae5", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1562, "text_sha256": "e2741f9036a84104809f4d9813afeb1603b3e93e1d247ea0e4b5ff31be0e1ae5"} [mangiferin-p28621744] In Vitro Comparative Study of the Inhibitory Effects of Mangiferin and Its Aglycone Norathyriol towards UDP-Glucuronosyl Transferase (UGT) Isoforms. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28621744/ DOI: 10.3390/molecules22061008

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Recombinant UGT inhibition kinetics

exposure

Micromolar norathyriol; initial comparison at 100 micromolar

limitations

Probe-dependent biochemical inhibition; no established human interaction threshold. Docking is not additional proof of binding in vivo.

nutrient_topic

Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Mangiferin

organism

Recombinant enzyme assay

plain_language

The aglycone has its own conjugation-enzyme interaction profile.

primary_references

[mangiferin-p28621744] In Vitro Comparative Study of the Inhibitory Effects of Mangiferin and Its Aglycone Norathyriol towards UDP-Glucuronosyl Transferase (UGT) Isoforms. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28621744/ DOI: 10.3390/molecules22061008

tissue_or_cell_type

4-methylumbelliferone glucuronidation

Mangiferin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 887–898

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Recombinant UGT inhibition kinetics · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mangiferin-norathyriol-ugt1a7 Norathyriol competitively inhibited UGT1A7; IC50 4.4 and Ki 2.0 micromolar. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The aglycone has its own conjugation-enzyme interaction profile. organism: Recombinant enzyme assay tissue_or_cell_type: 4-methylumbelliferone glucuronidation experimental_model: Recombinant UGT inhibition kinetics limitations: Probe-dependent biochemical inhibition; no established human interaction threshold. Docking is not additional proof of binding in vivo. exposure: Micromolar norathyriol; initial comparison at 100 micromolar evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/mangiferin-research/28621744.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e2741f9036a84104809f4d9813afeb1603b3e93e1d247ea0e4b5ff31be0e1ae5", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1562, "text_sha256": "e2741f9036a84104809f4d9813afeb1603b3e93e1d247ea0e4b5ff31be0e1ae5"} [mangiferin-p28621744] In Vitro Comparative Study of the Inhibitory Effects of Mangiferin and Its Aglycone Norathyriol towards UDP-Glucuronosyl Transferase (UGT) Isoforms. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28621744/ DOI: 10.3390/molecules22061008

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/mangiferin-research/28621744.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e2741f9036a84104809f4d9813afeb1603b3e93e1d247ea0e4b5ff31be0e1ae5", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1562, "text_sha256": "e2741f9036a84104809f4d9813afeb1603b3e93e1d247ea0e4b5ff31be0e1ae5"}

experimental_model

Recombinant UGT inhibition kinetics

exposure

Micromolar norathyriol; initial comparison at 100 micromolar

limitations

Probe-dependent biochemical inhibition; no established human interaction threshold. Docking is not additional proof of binding in vivo.

nutrient_topic

Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Mangiferin

organism

Recombinant enzyme assay

plain_language

The aglycone has its own conjugation-enzyme interaction profile.

primary_references

[mangiferin-p28621744] In Vitro Comparative Study of the Inhibitory Effects of Mangiferin and Its Aglycone Norathyriol towards UDP-Glucuronosyl Transferase (UGT) Isoforms. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28621744/ DOI: 10.3390/molecules22061008

tissue_or_cell_type

4-methylumbelliferone glucuronidation

Mangiferin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 900–911

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Recombinant UGT inhibition kinetics · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mangiferin-norathyriol-ugt1a9 Norathyriol competitively inhibited UGT1A9; IC50 12.3 and Ki 2.8 micromolar. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The aglycone has its own conjugation-enzyme interaction profile. organism: Recombinant enzyme assay tissue_or_cell_type: 4-methylumbelliferone glucuronidation experimental_model: Recombinant UGT inhibition kinetics limitations: Probe-dependent biochemical inhibition; no established human interaction threshold. Docking is not additional proof of binding in vivo. exposure: Micromolar norathyriol; initial comparison at 100 micromolar evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/mangiferin-research/28621744.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e2741f9036a84104809f4d9813afeb1603b3e93e1d247ea0e4b5ff31be0e1ae5", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1562, "text_sha256": "e2741f9036a84104809f4d9813afeb1603b3e93e1d247ea0e4b5ff31be0e1ae5"} [mangiferin-p28621744] In Vitro Comparative Study of the Inhibitory Effects of Mangiferin and Its Aglycone Norathyriol towards UDP-Glucuronosyl Transferase (UGT) Isoforms. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28621744/ DOI: 10.3390/molecules22061008

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/mangiferin-research/29563875.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1a48a1f92d67cd91638969bb1ec3cb9f18cb3cb4e29c7e5f2bacf627dda76415", "start_char": 35295, "end_char": 36269, "text_sha256": "4b69cb6e7f09043eda3312b226bc03bbf8e0cbf25a4f6b51505c0aebed3b7d04"}

experimental_model

KK-Ay mouse liver experiments and mechanistic HepG2 studies

exposure

Norathyriol in sodium-oleate lipid-loading model; micromolar range

limitations

Phosphorylation and expression are scoped to experiments; no established human fatty-liver therapy or direct SIRT1 ligand claim.

nutrient_topic

Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Mangiferin

organism

Homo sapiens for HepG2 experiments; mouse findings separately scoped

plain_language

The metabolite altered an NAD-dependent regulatory pathway.

primary_references

[mangiferin-p29563875] Mangiferin Improves Hepatic Lipid Metabolism Mainly Through Its Metabolite-Norathyriol by Modulating SIRT-1/AMPK/SREBP-1c Signaling. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29563875/ DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00201

tissue_or_cell_type

HepG2 cells

Mangiferin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 445–456

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · KK-Ay mouse liver experiments and mechanistic HepG2 studies · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mangiferin-sirt1-expression Norathyriol increased SIRT1 protein expression in HepG2 cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The metabolite altered an NAD-dependent regulatory pathway. organism: Homo sapiens for HepG2 experiments; mouse findings separately scoped tissue_or_cell_type: HepG2 cells experimental_model: KK-Ay mouse liver experiments and mechanistic HepG2 studies limitations: Phosphorylation and expression are scoped to experiments; no established human fatty-liver therapy or direct SIRT1 ligand claim. exposure: Norathyriol in sodium-oleate lipid-loading model; micromolar range evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/mangiferin-research/29563875.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1a48a1f92d67cd91638969bb1ec3cb9f18cb3cb4e29c7e5f2bacf627dda76415", "start_char": 35295, "end_char": 36269, "text_sha256": "4b69cb6e7f09043eda3312b226bc03bbf8e0cbf25a4f6b51505c0aebed3b7d04"} [mangiferin-p29563875] Mangiferin Improves Hepatic Lipid Metabolism Mainly Through Its Metabolite-Norathyriol by Modulating SIRT-1/AMPK/SREBP-1c Signaling. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29563875/ DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00201

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/mangiferin-research/30298742.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4caff8b6b7f04d6d1adca704cd53190801d3cf39f282bdb4e93b507a72b51288", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1196, "text_sha256": "4caff8b6b7f04d6d1adca704cd53190801d3cf39f282bdb4e93b507a72b51288"}

experimental_model

Rat pharmacokinetics and hepatocyte metabolite profiling

exposure

Administered norathyriol; study-specific routes

limitations

Rat absolute bioavailability does not quantify human exposure or conversion from mangiferin.

nutrient_topic

Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Mangiferin

organism

Rattus norvegicus

plain_language

Chemical conjugation changes what circulates; parent compound and conjugates remain separate.

primary_references

[mangiferin-p30298742] Absorption, Metabolism, and Pharmacokinetics Profiles of Norathyriol, an Aglycone of Mangiferin, in Rats by HPLC-MS/MS. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30298742/ DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03763

tissue_or_cell_type

Blood and hepatocytes

Mangiferin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 223–234

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rat pharmacokinetics and hepatocyte metabolite profiling · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mangiferin-sulfates Norathyriol sulfates were prominent circulating conjugates after administration in rats. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Chemical conjugation changes what circulates; parent compound and conjugates remain separate. organism: Rattus norvegicus tissue_or_cell_type: Blood and hepatocytes experimental_model: Rat pharmacokinetics and hepatocyte metabolite profiling limitations: Rat absolute bioavailability does not quantify human exposure or conversion from mangiferin. exposure: Administered norathyriol; study-specific routes evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/mangiferin-research/30298742.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4caff8b6b7f04d6d1adca704cd53190801d3cf39f282bdb4e93b507a72b51288", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1196, "text_sha256": "4caff8b6b7f04d6d1adca704cd53190801d3cf39f282bdb4e93b507a72b51288"} [mangiferin-p30298742] Absorption, Metabolism, and Pharmacokinetics Profiles of Norathyriol, an Aglycone of Mangiferin, in Rats by HPLC-MS/MS. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30298742/ DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03763

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/mangiferin-research/16141538.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9bf5373ce89587337b6d0520b931f202d44771dba205220b8e340b9fa7446b88", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1356, "text_sha256": "9bf5373ce89587337b6d0520b931f202d44771dba205220b8e340b9fa7446b88"}

experimental_model

Isolated anaerobic human-fecal bacterium and cell-free extracts

exposure

Mangiferin culture exposure, with transcription/translation inhibitors

limitations

One isolate; activity identity unresolved; not a prediction of every human microbiome.

nutrient_topic

Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Mangiferin

organism

Bacteroides sp. MANG

plain_language

A bacterial system removes the attached sugar.

primary_references

[mangiferin-p16141538] Isolation of a human intestinal bacterium that transforms mangiferin to norathyriol and inducibility of the enzyme that cleaves a C-glucosyl bond. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16141538/ DOI: 10.1248/bpb.28.1672

tissue_or_cell_type

Bacterial culture

Mangiferin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 106–117

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Isolated anaerobic human-fecal bacterium and cell-free extracts · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mangiferin-bacterial-cleavage An inducible activity in Bacteroides sp. MANG cleaved mangiferin to norathyriol. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A bacterial system removes the attached sugar. organism: Bacteroides sp. MANG tissue_or_cell_type: Bacterial culture experimental_model: Isolated anaerobic human-fecal bacterium and cell-free extracts limitations: One isolate; activity identity unresolved; not a prediction of every human microbiome. exposure: Mangiferin culture exposure, with transcription/translation inhibitors evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/mangiferin-research/16141538.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9bf5373ce89587337b6d0520b931f202d44771dba205220b8e340b9fa7446b88", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1356, "text_sha256": "9bf5373ce89587337b6d0520b931f202d44771dba205220b8e340b9fa7446b88"} [mangiferin-p16141538] Isolation of a human intestinal bacterium that transforms mangiferin to norathyriol and inducibility of the enzyme that cleaves a C-glucosyl bond. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16141538/ DOI: 10.1248/bpb.28.1672

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/mangiferin-research/40401774.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "56539abd79e79a7968a5ec040d9fff33a864b228236cfecba1c7e0ccd3eae380", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1390, "text_sha256": "56539abd79e79a7968a5ec040d9fff33a864b228236cfecba1c7e0ccd3eae380"}

experimental_model

Ex vivo human fecal fermentation and metagenomic profiling

exposure

Mangiferin or norathyriol 500 micromolar in culture; not participant supplementation

limitations

Community findings do not establish health benefit or harm in people; candidate converter taxa were associations, not isolated causal proof.

nutrient_topic

Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Mangiferin

organism

Human-derived microbial communities

plain_language

Different microbial communities process the same compound differently.

primary_references

[mangiferin-p40401774] Gut microbiota-mediated conversion of mangiferin to norathyriol alters short chain fatty acid and urate metabolism. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40401774/ DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2025.2508422

tissue_or_cell_type

Fecal cultures

Mangiferin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 145–156

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Ex vivo human fecal fermentation and metagenomic profiling · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mangiferin-microbial-conversion Fecal cultures converted mangiferin to norathyriol with donor-dependent variation. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Different microbial communities process the same compound differently. organism: Human-derived microbial communities tissue_or_cell_type: Fecal cultures experimental_model: Ex vivo human fecal fermentation and metagenomic profiling limitations: Community findings do not establish health benefit or harm in people; candidate converter taxa were associations, not isolated causal proof. exposure: Mangiferin or norathyriol 500 micromolar in culture; not participant supplementation evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/mangiferin-research/40401774.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "56539abd79e79a7968a5ec040d9fff33a864b228236cfecba1c7e0ccd3eae380", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1390, "text_sha256": "56539abd79e79a7968a5ec040d9fff33a864b228236cfecba1c7e0ccd3eae380"} [mangiferin-p40401774] Gut microbiota-mediated conversion of mangiferin to norathyriol alters short chain fatty acid and urate metabolism. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40401774/ DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2025.2508422

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/mangiferin-research/29563875.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d37dba0eedeba51145eddeb7ff144e8f103ec503718283268fe0ae887d6c4125", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1806, "text_sha256": "d37dba0eedeba51145eddeb7ff144e8f103ec503718283268fe0ae887d6c4125"}

experimental_model

KK-Ay mouse liver experiments and mechanistic HepG2 studies

exposure

Norathyriol in sodium-oleate lipid-loading model; micromolar range

limitations

Phosphorylation and expression are scoped to experiments; no established human fatty-liver therapy or direct SIRT1 ligand claim.

nutrient_topic

Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Mangiferin

object_scope

Human cellular AMPK context; purified assay subunit identity requires full reagent review

organism

Biochemical AMPK assay, exact subunit preparation not assigned here

plain_language

Activation in a cell can occur through upstream machinery.

primary_references

[mangiferin-p29563875] Mangiferin Improves Hepatic Lipid Metabolism Mainly Through Its Metabolite-Norathyriol by Modulating SIRT-1/AMPK/SREBP-1c Signaling. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29563875/ DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00201

tissue_or_cell_type

HepG2 cells

Mangiferin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 431–443

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · KK-Ay mouse liver experiments and mechanistic HepG2 studies · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mangiferin-direct-ampk-null Mangiferin and tested metabolites were not direct AMPK activators in the HTRF assay. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Activation in a cell can occur through upstream machinery. organism: Biochemical AMPK assay, exact subunit preparation not assigned here tissue_or_cell_type: HepG2 cells experimental_model: KK-Ay mouse liver experiments and mechanistic HepG2 studies limitations: Phosphorylation and expression are scoped to experiments; no established human fatty-liver therapy or direct SIRT1 ligand claim. exposure: Norathyriol in sodium-oleate lipid-loading model; micromolar range object_scope: Human cellular AMPK context; purified assay subunit identity requires full reagent review evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/mangiferin-research/29563875.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "d37dba0eedeba51145eddeb7ff144e8f103ec503718283268fe0ae887d6c4125", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1806, "text_sha256": "d37dba0eedeba51145eddeb7ff144e8f103ec503718283268fe0ae887d6c4125"} [mangiferin-p29563875] Mangiferin Improves Hepatic Lipid Metabolism Mainly Through Its Metabolite-Norathyriol by Modulating SIRT-1/AMPK/SREBP-1c Signaling. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29563875/ DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00201

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/mangiferin-research/24033319.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9e8f13eba529ca6e56c33c3cee21d8fef473025e4bea72d81b375c96031ee84a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1791, "text_sha256": "9e8f13eba529ca6e56c33c3cee21d8fef473025e4bea72d81b375c96031ee84a"}

experimental_model

Normal and insulin-resistant L6 myotube comparison

exposure

Micromolar mangiferin or norathyriol, with or without 0.05 nM insulin

limitations

Cell glucose consumption and phosphorylation assays; AMPK association alone does not prove direct binding or human glucose lowering.

nutrient_topic

Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Mangiferin

organism

Rattus norvegicus

plain_language

The parent compound and metabolite differed under insulin resistance.

primary_references

[mangiferin-p24033319] Mangiferin and its aglycone, norathyriol, improve glucose metabolism by activation of AMP-activated protein kinase. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24033319/ DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.814691

tissue_or_cell_type

L6 myotubes

Mangiferin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 418–429

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Normal and insulin-resistant L6 myotube comparison · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mangiferin-insulin-context In insulin-resistant L6 cells, mangiferin increased glucose consumption only with insulin co-treatment; norathyriol worked with or without insulin. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The parent compound and metabolite differed under insulin resistance. organism: Rattus norvegicus tissue_or_cell_type: L6 myotubes experimental_model: Normal and insulin-resistant L6 myotube comparison limitations: Cell glucose consumption and phosphorylation assays; AMPK association alone does not prove direct binding or human glucose lowering. exposure: Micromolar mangiferin or norathyriol, with or without 0.05 nM insulin evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/mangiferin-research/24033319.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9e8f13eba529ca6e56c33c3cee21d8fef473025e4bea72d81b375c96031ee84a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1791, "text_sha256": "9e8f13eba529ca6e56c33c3cee21d8fef473025e4bea72d81b375c96031ee84a"} [mangiferin-p24033319] Mangiferin and its aglycone, norathyriol, improve glucose metabolism by activation of AMP-activated protein kinase. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24033319/ DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.814691

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/mangiferin-research/29563875.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1a48a1f92d67cd91638969bb1ec3cb9f18cb3cb4e29c7e5f2bacf627dda76415", "start_char": 33073, "end_char": 35334, "text_sha256": "166efaa83fd229a3e036a60bf4e23173a7b50a3044686fe1a324d6dc604354a9"}

experimental_model

KK-Ay mouse liver experiments and mechanistic HepG2 studies

exposure

Norathyriol in sodium-oleate lipid-loading model; micromolar range

limitations

Phosphorylation and expression are scoped to experiments; no established human fatty-liver therapy or direct SIRT1 ligand claim.

nutrient_topic

Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Mangiferin

organism

Homo sapiens for HepG2 experiments; mouse findings separately scoped

plain_language

Removing an upstream component interrupted the response.

primary_references

[mangiferin-p29563875] Mangiferin Improves Hepatic Lipid Metabolism Mainly Through Its Metabolite-Norathyriol by Modulating SIRT-1/AMPK/SREBP-1c Signaling. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29563875/ DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00201

tissue_or_cell_type

HepG2 cells

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Mangiferin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 510–521

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · KK-Ay mouse liver experiments and mechanistic HepG2 studies · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mangiferin-lkb1-acc LKB1 knockdown prevented the norathyriol-associated increase in ACC phosphorylation. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Removing an upstream component interrupted the response. organism: Homo sapiens for HepG2 experiments; mouse findings separately scoped tissue_or_cell_type: HepG2 cells experimental_model: KK-Ay mouse liver experiments and mechanistic HepG2 studies limitations: Phosphorylation and expression are scoped to experiments; no established human fatty-liver therapy or direct SIRT1 ligand claim. exposure: Norathyriol in sodium-oleate lipid-loading model; micromolar range evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/mangiferin-research/29563875.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1a48a1f92d67cd91638969bb1ec3cb9f18cb3cb4e29c7e5f2bacf627dda76415", "start_char": 33073, "end_char": 35334, "text_sha256": "166efaa83fd229a3e036a60bf4e23173a7b50a3044686fe1a324d6dc604354a9"} [mangiferin-p29563875] Mangiferin Improves Hepatic Lipid Metabolism Mainly Through Its Metabolite-Norathyriol by Modulating SIRT-1/AMPK/SREBP-1c Signaling. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29563875/ DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00201

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/mangiferin-research/29563875.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1a48a1f92d67cd91638969bb1ec3cb9f18cb3cb4e29c7e5f2bacf627dda76415", "start_char": 33073, "end_char": 35334, "text_sha256": "166efaa83fd229a3e036a60bf4e23173a7b50a3044686fe1a324d6dc604354a9"}

experimental_model

KK-Ay mouse liver experiments and mechanistic HepG2 studies

exposure

Norathyriol in sodium-oleate lipid-loading model; micromolar range

limitations

Phosphorylation and expression are scoped to experiments; no established human fatty-liver therapy or direct SIRT1 ligand claim.

nutrient_topic

Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Mangiferin

organism

Homo sapiens for HepG2 experiments; mouse findings separately scoped

plain_language

Removing an upstream component interrupted the response.

primary_references

[mangiferin-p29563875] Mangiferin Improves Hepatic Lipid Metabolism Mainly Through Its Metabolite-Norathyriol by Modulating SIRT-1/AMPK/SREBP-1c Signaling. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29563875/ DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00201

tissue_or_cell_type

HepG2 cells

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Mangiferin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 497–508

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · KK-Ay mouse liver experiments and mechanistic HepG2 studies · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mangiferin-lkb1-ampk LKB1 knockdown prevented the norathyriol-associated increase in AMPK phosphorylation. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Removing an upstream component interrupted the response. organism: Homo sapiens for HepG2 experiments; mouse findings separately scoped tissue_or_cell_type: HepG2 cells experimental_model: KK-Ay mouse liver experiments and mechanistic HepG2 studies limitations: Phosphorylation and expression are scoped to experiments; no established human fatty-liver therapy or direct SIRT1 ligand claim. exposure: Norathyriol in sodium-oleate lipid-loading model; micromolar range evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/mangiferin-research/29563875.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1a48a1f92d67cd91638969bb1ec3cb9f18cb3cb4e29c7e5f2bacf627dda76415", "start_char": 33073, "end_char": 35334, "text_sha256": "166efaa83fd229a3e036a60bf4e23173a7b50a3044686fe1a324d6dc604354a9"} [mangiferin-p29563875] Mangiferin Improves Hepatic Lipid Metabolism Mainly Through Its Metabolite-Norathyriol by Modulating SIRT-1/AMPK/SREBP-1c Signaling. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29563875/ DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00201

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/mangiferin-research/29563875.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1a48a1f92d67cd91638969bb1ec3cb9f18cb3cb4e29c7e5f2bacf627dda76415", "start_char": 33073, "end_char": 35334, "text_sha256": "166efaa83fd229a3e036a60bf4e23173a7b50a3044686fe1a324d6dc604354a9"}

experimental_model

KK-Ay mouse liver experiments and mechanistic HepG2 studies

exposure

Norathyriol in sodium-oleate lipid-loading model; micromolar range

limitations

Phosphorylation and expression are scoped to experiments; no established human fatty-liver therapy or direct SIRT1 ligand claim.

nutrient_topic

Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Mangiferin

organism

Homo sapiens for HepG2 experiments; mouse findings separately scoped

plain_language

Removing an upstream component interrupted the response.

primary_references

[mangiferin-p29563875] Mangiferin Improves Hepatic Lipid Metabolism Mainly Through Its Metabolite-Norathyriol by Modulating SIRT-1/AMPK/SREBP-1c Signaling. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29563875/ DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00201

tissue_or_cell_type

HepG2 cells

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Mangiferin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 484–495

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · KK-Ay mouse liver experiments and mechanistic HepG2 studies · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mangiferin-lkb1-tg LKB1 knockdown blocked the triglyceride-lowering response to norathyriol. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Mangiferin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Removing an upstream component interrupted the response. organism: Homo sapiens for HepG2 experiments; mouse findings separately scoped tissue_or_cell_type: HepG2 cells experimental_model: KK-Ay mouse liver experiments and mechanistic HepG2 studies limitations: Phosphorylation and expression are scoped to experiments; no established human fatty-liver therapy or direct SIRT1 ligand claim. exposure: Norathyriol in sodium-oleate lipid-loading model; micromolar range evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/mangiferin-research/29563875.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "1a48a1f92d67cd91638969bb1ec3cb9f18cb3cb4e29c7e5f2bacf627dda76415", "start_char": 33073, "end_char": 35334, "text_sha256": "166efaa83fd229a3e036a60bf4e23173a7b50a3044686fe1a324d6dc604354a9"} [mangiferin-p29563875] Mangiferin Improves Hepatic Lipid Metabolism Mainly Through Its Metabolite-Norathyriol by Modulating SIRT-1/AMPK/SREBP-1c Signaling. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29563875/ DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00201