Calcium

cross_nutrient

Calcium -> magnesium balance: a bounded null interaction.

experimental_model

Randomized crossover; Mg isotope kinetics.

exposure

Calcium 800 versus 1800 mg/day; Mg intakes about 305 versus 286 mg/day.

limitations

Very small and population-specific; a null result is not equivalence for all intakes or ages.

nutrient_topic

Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Magnesium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

Calcium and magnesium do not always compete enough to change measured balance.

primary_references

[mg-sojka1997] Magnesium kinetics in adolescent girls determined using stable isotopes: effects of high and low calcium intake (1997). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9277559/ DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.1997.273.2.r710

tissue_or_cell_type

Human whole-body Mg isotope kinetics

Magnesium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 1615–1626

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized crossover; Mg isotope kinetics. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mg-high-calcium-no-kinetic-difference Higher calcium intake did not significantly alter Mg absorption, excretion or modeled balance in five adolescent girls. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Calcium and magnesium do not always compete enough to change measured balance. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Human whole-body Mg isotope kinetics experimental_model: Randomized crossover; Mg isotope kinetics. limitations: Very small and population-specific; a null result is not equivalence for all intakes or ages. cross_nutrient: Calcium -> magnesium balance: a bounded null interaction. exposure: Calcium 800 versus 1800 mg/day; Mg intakes about 305 versus 286 mg/day. [mg-sojka1997] Magnesium kinetics in adolescent girls determined using stable isotopes: effects of high and low calcium intake (1997). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9277559/ DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.1997.273.2.r710

experimental_model

1471 postmenopausal women, five-year randomized trial; secondary cardiovascular analysis.

exposure

Calcium citrate tablets versus placebo in the parent randomized trial; calcium-only intervention, not the WHI calcium-plus-vitamin-D regimen.

limitations

Adjudicated reported MI RR 2.12 (1.01-4.47); including unreported registry events RR 1.49 (0.86-2.57). Does not establish vascular calcification as the mediator.

nutrient_topic

Calcium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Calcium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

The heart-event result depended partly on how events were collected.

primary_references

[cal-clin-bolland2008] Vascular events in healthy older women receiving calcium supplementation: randomised controlled trial (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18198394/ DOI: 10.1136/bmj.39440.525752.BE

tissue_or_cell_type

Human clinical or absorption endpoint

Calcium: mechanism-first literature curation (2026-09-17) · lines 1281–1291

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · 1471 postmenopausal women, five-year randomized trial; secondary cardiovascular analysis. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### cal-bolland-myocardial-events An older-women calcium trial showed an upward myocardial-infarction signal that weakened when registry events were added. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Calcium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The heart-event result depended partly on how events were collected. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Human clinical or absorption endpoint experimental_model: 1471 postmenopausal women, five-year randomized trial; secondary cardiovascular analysis. limitations: Adjudicated reported MI RR 2.12 (1.01-4.47); including unreported registry events RR 1.49 (0.86-2.57). Does not establish vascular calcification as the mediator. exposure: Calcium citrate tablets versus placebo in the parent randomized trial; calcium-only intervention, not the WHI calcium-plus-vitamin-D regimen. [cal-clin-bolland2008] Vascular events in healthy older women receiving calcium supplementation: randomised controlled trial (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18198394/ DOI: 10.1136/bmj.39440.525752.BE

experimental_model

120 hypercalciuric male recurrent stone formers; five-year randomized comparison.

exposure

Recurrences 12/60 versus 23/60; RR 0.49, 95% CI 0.24-0.98. Calcium 30 versus 10 mmol/day; intervention also reduced animal protein and salt.

limitations

Multiple dietary components changed together, preventing isolated calcium attribution.

nutrient_topic

Calcium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Calcium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

Restricting calcium was not the better strategy in this particular dietary trial.

primary_references

[cal-clin-borghi2002] Comparison of two diets for the prevention of recurrent stones in idiopathic hypercalciuria (2002). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11784873/ DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa010369

tissue_or_cell_type

Human clinical or absorption endpoint

Calcium: mechanism-first literature curation (2026-09-17) · lines 1235–1245

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · 120 hypercalciuric male recurrent stone formers; five-year randomized comparison. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### cal-borghi-stone-recurrence A normal-calcium diet with less animal protein and salt reduced stone recurrence compared with a low-calcium diet. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Calcium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Restricting calcium was not the better strategy in this particular dietary trial. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Human clinical or absorption endpoint experimental_model: 120 hypercalciuric male recurrent stone formers; five-year randomized comparison. limitations: Multiple dietary components changed together, preventing isolated calcium attribution. exposure: Recurrences 12/60 versus 23/60; RR 0.49, 95% CI 0.24-0.98. Calcium 30 versus 10 mmol/day; intervention also reduced animal protein and salt. [cal-clin-borghi2002] Comparison of two diets for the prevention of recurrent stones in idiopathic hypercalciuria (2002). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11784873/ DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa010369

experimental_model

Same randomized dietary trial.

limitations

Urine result supports a plausible intestinal explanation but does not isolate binding or prove mediation of recurrence.

nutrient_topic

Calcium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Calcium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

Diet composition changed urinary oxalate as well as calcium.

primary_references

[cal-clin-borghi2002] Comparison of two diets for the prevention of recurrent stones in idiopathic hypercalciuria (2002). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11784873/ DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa010369

tissue_or_cell_type

Human clinical or absorption endpoint

Calcium: mechanism-first literature curation (2026-09-17) · lines 1247–1256

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Same randomized dietary trial. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### cal-borghi-urinary-oxalate Urinary oxalate rose with the low-calcium diet but fell with the normal-calcium, lower-protein, lower-salt diet. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Calcium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Diet composition changed urinary oxalate as well as calcium. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Human clinical or absorption endpoint experimental_model: Same randomized dietary trial. limitations: Urine result supports a plausible intestinal explanation but does not isolate binding or prove mediation of recurrence. [cal-clin-borghi2002] Comparison of two diets for the prevention of recurrent stones in idiopathic hypercalciuria (2002). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11784873/ DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa010369

experimental_model

3270 elderly women; mean age 84; 18-month randomized trial.

exposure

1.2 g elemental calcium as tricalcium phosphate plus 800 IU vitamin D3/day; 43% lower hip-fracture count among completers, with similar direction in intention-to-treat analysis.

limitations

Calcium-specific attribution is impossible because vitamin D was coadministered. Completer and intention-to-treat analyses must be distinguished.

nutrient_topic

Calcium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Calcium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

A combined intervention reduced fractures in this older population.

primary_references

[cal-clin-chapuy1992] Vitamin D3 and calcium to prevent hip fractures in elderly women (1992). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1331788/ DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199212033272305

tissue_or_cell_type

Human clinical or absorption endpoint

Calcium: mechanism-first literature curation (2026-09-17) · lines 1199–1209

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · 3270 elderly women; mean age 84; 18-month randomized trial. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### cal-chapuy-hip-fractures Combined calcium and vitamin D lowered hip-fracture occurrence in the elderly-women trial. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Calcium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A combined intervention reduced fractures in this older population. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Human clinical or absorption endpoint experimental_model: 3270 elderly women; mean age 84; 18-month randomized trial. limitations: Calcium-specific attribution is impossible because vitamin D was coadministered. Completer and intention-to-treat analyses must be distinguished. exposure: 1.2 g elemental calcium as tricalcium phosphate plus 800 IU vitamin D3/day; 43% lower hip-fracture count among completers, with similar direction in intention-to-treat analysis. [cal-clin-chapuy1992] Vitamin D3 and calcium to prevent hip fractures in elderly women (1992). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1331788/ DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199212033272305

experimental_model

13-adult crossover; 200 mg calcium per test meal, double-isotope measurement.

exposure

Mean fractional absorption: spinach 5.1%, milk 27.6%; oxalate slightly exceeded calcium stoichiometrically in tested spinach.

limitations

Food-matrix comparison; oxalate binding was inferred from composition, not isolated experimentally. Not a comparison of every plant food.

nutrient_topic

Calcium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Calcium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

Equal calcium on a food label need not mean equal absorption.

primary_references

[cal-clin-heaney1988] Calcium absorbability from spinach (1988). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3354496/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/47.4.707

tissue_or_cell_type

Human clinical or absorption endpoint

Calcium: mechanism-first literature curation (2026-09-17) · lines 1152–1162

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · 13-adult crossover; 200 mg calcium per test meal, double-isotope measurement. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### cal-food-spinach-absorption Calcium absorption from the tested spinach meal was lower than from milk at equal calcium load. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Calcium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Equal calcium on a food label need not mean equal absorption. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Human clinical or absorption endpoint experimental_model: 13-adult crossover; 200 mg calcium per test meal, double-isotope measurement. limitations: Food-matrix comparison; oxalate binding was inferred from composition, not isolated experimentally. Not a comparison of every plant food. exposure: Mean fractional absorption: spinach 5.1%, milk 27.6%; oxalate slightly exceeded calcium stoichiometrically in tested spinach. [cal-clin-heaney1988] Calcium absorbability from spinach (1988). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3354496/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/47.4.707

experimental_model

113 girls, randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial.

exposure

500 mg calcium/day with evening meal for one year; reported marker comparisons were nonsignificant.

limitations

Does not establish absence of effect in iron-deficient people; hemoglobin, ferritin and soluble transferrin receptor are distinct endpoints.

nutrient_topic

Calcium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Calcium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

No significant worsening of iron markers was found after a year of supplementation in these girls.

primary_references

[cal-clin-molgaard2005] Long-term calcium supplementation does not affect the iron status of 12-14-y-old girls (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16002806/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn.82.1.98

tissue_or_cell_type

Human clinical or absorption endpoint

Calcium: mechanism-first literature curation (2026-09-17) · lines 1434–1444

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · 113 girls, randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### cal-iron-status-longterm One year of calcium supplementation did not significantly alter measured iron-status markers in adolescent girls. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Calcium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: No significant worsening of iron markers was found after a year of supplementation in these girls. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Human clinical or absorption endpoint experimental_model: 113 girls, randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. limitations: Does not establish absence of effect in iron-deficient people; hemoglobin, ferritin and soluble transferrin receptor are distinct endpoints. exposure: 500 mg calcium/day with evening meal for one year; reported marker comparisons were nonsignificant. [cal-clin-molgaard2005] Long-term calcium supplementation does not affect the iron status of 12-14-y-old girls (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16002806/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn.82.1.98

experimental_model

Human isotope meal experiments with heme substrate.

limitations

A shared mucosal mechanism was proposed, not directly localized to a named protein.

nutrient_topic

Calcium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Calcium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

The acute interaction was not limited to nonheme iron.

primary_references

[cal-clin-hallberg1991] Calcium: effect of different amounts on nonheme- and heme-iron absorption in humans (1991). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1984335/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/53.1.112

tissue_or_cell_type

Human clinical or absorption endpoint

Calcium: mechanism-first literature curation (2026-09-17) · lines 1423–1432

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human isotope meal experiments with heme substrate. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### cal-meal-heme-iron Calcium also reduced heme-iron absorption in the meal experiments. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Calcium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The acute interaction was not limited to nonheme iron. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Human clinical or absorption endpoint experimental_model: Human isotope meal experiments with heme substrate. limitations: A shared mucosal mechanism was proposed, not directly localized to a named protein. [cal-clin-hallberg1991] Calcium: effect of different amounts on nonheme- and heme-iron absorption in humans (1991). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1984335/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/53.1.112

experimental_model

Human isotope meal experiments.

limitations

Meal processing/phytate and direct effects both occurred; no specific molecular transporter was identified and long-term iron deficiency was not demonstrated.

nutrient_topic

Calcium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Calcium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

Calcium can reduce iron absorbed from a particular meal.

primary_references

[cal-clin-hallberg1991] Calcium: effect of different amounts on nonheme- and heme-iron absorption in humans (1991). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1984335/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/53.1.112

tissue_or_cell_type

Human clinical or absorption endpoint

Calcium: mechanism-first literature curation (2026-09-17) · lines 1412–1421

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human isotope meal experiments. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### cal-meal-nonheme-iron Added calcium reduced nonheme-iron absorption in the studied meals. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Calcium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Calcium can reduce iron absorbed from a particular meal. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Human clinical or absorption endpoint experimental_model: Human isotope meal experiments. limitations: Meal processing/phytate and direct effects both occurred; no specific molecular transporter was identified and long-term iron deficiency was not demonstrated. [cal-clin-hallberg1991] Calcium: effect of different amounts on nonheme- and heme-iron absorption in humans (1991). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1984335/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/53.1.112

experimental_model

Independent India and Tanzania trials; 11,000 nulliparous women each.

exposure

500 versus 1500 mg elemental calcium/day; preeclampsia RR noninferiority margin 1.54.

limitations

No placebo arm: this cannot establish benefit versus no supplement. Noninferiority is not exact equality or a dosing recommendation.

nutrient_topic

Calcium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Calcium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

The lower tested dose performed within the trial margin relative to the higher dose.

primary_references

[cal-clin-dwarkanath2024] Two Randomized Trials of Low-Dose Calcium Supplementation in Pregnancy (2024). https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2307212 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2307212

tissue_or_cell_type

Human clinical or absorption endpoint

Calcium: mechanism-first literature curation (2026-09-17) · lines 1353–1363

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Independent India and Tanzania trials; 11,000 nulliparous women each. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### cal-pregnancy-dose-noninferiority The 500-mg calcium regimen met the prespecified noninferiority criterion versus 1500 mg for preeclampsia in both 2024 trials. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Calcium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The lower tested dose performed within the trial margin relative to the higher dose. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Human clinical or absorption endpoint experimental_model: Independent India and Tanzania trials; 11,000 nulliparous women each. limitations: No placebo arm: this cannot establish benefit versus no supplement. Noninferiority is not exact equality or a dosing recommendation. exposure: 500 versus 1500 mg elemental calcium/day; preeclampsia RR noninferiority margin 1.54. [cal-clin-dwarkanath2024] Two Randomized Trials of Low-Dose Calcium Supplementation in Pregnancy (2024). https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2307212 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2307212

experimental_model

India component of the two trials.

exposure

RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.80-0.98; margin 1.16.

limitations

No untreated control; noninferiority need not generalize to another setting.

nutrient_topic

Calcium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Calcium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

The India result met the planned comparison threshold.

primary_references

[cal-clin-dwarkanath2024] Two Randomized Trials of Low-Dose Calcium Supplementation in Pregnancy (2024). https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2307212 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2307212

tissue_or_cell_type

Human clinical or absorption endpoint

Calcium: mechanism-first literature curation (2026-09-17) · lines 1365–1375

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · India component of the two trials. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### cal-pregnancy-india-preterm The lower calcium regimen met the preterm-live-birth noninferiority criterion in India. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Calcium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The India result met the planned comparison threshold. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Human clinical or absorption endpoint experimental_model: India component of the two trials. limitations: No untreated control; noninferiority need not generalize to another setting. exposure: RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.80-0.98; margin 1.16. [cal-clin-dwarkanath2024] Two Randomized Trials of Low-Dose Calcium Supplementation in Pregnancy (2024). https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2307212 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2307212

experimental_model

Tanzania component of the two trials.

exposure

RR 1.07, 95% CI 0.95-1.21; margin 1.16.

limitations

Failure to establish noninferiority does not prove inferiority or harm.

nutrient_topic

Calcium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Calcium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

The Tanzania estimate was too uncertain to meet the same threshold.

primary_references

[cal-clin-dwarkanath2024] Two Randomized Trials of Low-Dose Calcium Supplementation in Pregnancy (2024). https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2307212 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2307212

tissue_or_cell_type

Human clinical or absorption endpoint

Calcium: mechanism-first literature curation (2026-09-17) · lines 1377–1387

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Tanzania component of the two trials. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### cal-pregnancy-tanzania-preterm The lower regimen did not meet preterm-live-birth noninferiority in Tanzania. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Calcium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The Tanzania estimate was too uncertain to meet the same threshold. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Human clinical or absorption endpoint experimental_model: Tanzania component of the two trials. limitations: Failure to establish noninferiority does not prove inferiority or harm. exposure: RR 1.07, 95% CI 0.95-1.21; margin 1.16. [cal-clin-dwarkanath2024] Two Randomized Trials of Low-Dose Calcium Supplementation in Pregnancy (2024). https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2307212 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2307212

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

experimental_model

123 children, 24-week randomized trial; low calcium intake also present in matched controls.

exposure

1000 mg elemental calcium/day, vitamin D injections, or both. Combined healing endpoint: calcium 61%, combined 58%, vitamin D 19%. Historical regimens only.

limitations

Does not make every case of rickets calcium-deficiency disease. The combined endpoint included alkaline phosphatase and radiographs. The injected vitamin D molecular form is not assigned here.

nutrient_topic

Calcium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Calcium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

In these children, replacing calcium helped heal rickets.

primary_references

[cal-clin-thacher1999] A Comparison of Calcium, Vitamin D, or Both for Nutritional Rickets in Nigerian Children (1999). https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199908193410803 DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199908193410803

tissue_or_cell_type

Human clinical or absorption endpoint

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Calcium: mechanism-first literature curation (2026-09-17) · lines 1187–1197

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · 123 children, 24-week randomized trial; low calcium intake also present in matched controls. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### cal-rickets-repletion Calcium-containing treatment produced more biochemical and radiographic healing than vitamin D alone in the Nigerian rickets trial. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Calcium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: In these children, replacing calcium helped heal rickets. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Human clinical or absorption endpoint experimental_model: 123 children, 24-week randomized trial; low calcium intake also present in matched controls. limitations: Does not make every case of rickets calcium-deficiency disease. The combined endpoint included alkaline phosphatase and radiographs. The injected vitamin D molecular form is not assigned here. exposure: 1000 mg elemental calcium/day, vitamin D injections, or both. Combined healing endpoint: calcium 61%, combined 58%, vitamin D 19%. Historical regimens only. [cal-clin-thacher1999] A Comparison of Calcium, Vitamin D, or Both for Nutritional Rickets in Nigerian Children (1999). https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199908193410803 DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199908193410803

experimental_model

Prespecified secondary WHI outcome; seven years.

exposure

MI/coronary-death HR 1.04, 95% CI 0.92-1.18.

limitations

Different cointervention, participants and ascertainment from the calcium-only trial; absence of significance does not prove universal safety.

nutrient_topic

Calcium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Calcium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

This trial did not reproduce a clear increase in coronary events.

primary_references

[cal-clin-hsia2007] Calcium/vitamin D supplementation and cardiovascular events (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17309935/ DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.673491

tissue_or_cell_type

Human clinical or absorption endpoint

Calcium: mechanism-first literature curation (2026-09-17) · lines 1293–1303

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Prespecified secondary WHI outcome; seven years. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### cal-whi-coronary-events WHI found no significant effect of calcium plus vitamin D on myocardial infarction or coronary death. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Calcium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This trial did not reproduce a clear increase in coronary events. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Human clinical or absorption endpoint experimental_model: Prespecified secondary WHI outcome; seven years. limitations: Different cointervention, participants and ascertainment from the calcium-only trial; absence of significance does not prove universal safety. exposure: MI/coronary-death HR 1.04, 95% CI 0.92-1.18. [cal-clin-hsia2007] Calcium/vitamin D supplementation and cardiovascular events (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17309935/ DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.673491

experimental_model

36,282 postmenopausal women; seven-year mean follow-up.

exposure

1000 mg elemental calcium as carbonate plus 400 IU vitamin D3/day; hip-fracture HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.72-1.08.

limitations

Adherence and background supplement use complicate comparison; a nonsignificant result is not proof of zero effect.

nutrient_topic

Calcium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Calcium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

A larger trial did not establish a hip-fracture benefit for its overall assigned-treatment groups.

primary_references

[cal-clin-jackson2006] Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16481635/ DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa055218

tissue_or_cell_type

Human clinical or absorption endpoint

Calcium: mechanism-first literature curation (2026-09-17) · lines 1211–1221

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · 36,282 postmenopausal women; seven-year mean follow-up. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### cal-whi-hip-fractures WHI calcium plus vitamin D did not significantly reduce hip fractures in the intention-to-treat analysis. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Calcium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A larger trial did not establish a hip-fracture benefit for its overall assigned-treatment groups. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Human clinical or absorption endpoint experimental_model: 36,282 postmenopausal women; seven-year mean follow-up. limitations: Adherence and background supplement use complicate comparison; a nonsignificant result is not proof of zero effect. exposure: 1000 mg elemental calcium as carbonate plus 400 IU vitamin D3/day; hip-fracture HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.72-1.08. [cal-clin-jackson2006] Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16481635/ DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa055218

experimental_model

Randomized WHI safety outcome.

exposure

Renal-calculus HR 1.17, 95% CI 1.02-1.34; same assigned regimen as the fracture analysis.

limitations

Combined intervention; cannot attribute the whole effect to calcium or identify every stone composition.

nutrient_topic

Calcium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Calcium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

The same trial recorded more kidney-stone events with the combined supplements.

primary_references

[cal-clin-jackson2006] Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16481635/ DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa055218

tissue_or_cell_type

Human clinical or absorption endpoint

Calcium: mechanism-first literature curation (2026-09-17) · lines 1223–1233

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized WHI safety outcome. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### cal-whi-urinary-stones WHI assigned calcium plus vitamin D increased reported renal-calculus events relative to placebo. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Calcium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The same trial recorded more kidney-stone events with the combined supplements. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Human clinical or absorption endpoint experimental_model: Randomized WHI safety outcome. limitations: Combined intervention; cannot attribute the whole effect to calcium or identify every stone composition. exposure: Renal-calculus HR 1.17, 95% CI 1.02-1.34; same assigned regimen as the fracture analysis. [cal-clin-jackson2006] Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16481635/ DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa055218

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

experimental_model

Same randomized pregnancy trial.

exposure

Eclampsia RR 0.68, 95% CI 0.48-0.97.

limitations

Secondary endpoint; distinct from preeclampsia incidence and not proof of an identified molecular mediator.

nutrient_topic

Calcium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Calcium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

A severe secondary outcome improved despite the null primary result.

primary_references

[cal-clin-villar2006] World Health Organization randomized trial of calcium supplementation among low calcium intake pregnant women (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16522392/ DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2006.01.068

tissue_or_cell_type

Human clinical or absorption endpoint

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Calcium: mechanism-first literature curation (2026-09-17) · lines 1341–1351

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Same randomized pregnancy trial. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### cal-who-eclampsia Eclampsia was less frequent with calcium in a secondary analysis of the same WHO trial. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Calcium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A severe secondary outcome improved despite the null primary result. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Human clinical or absorption endpoint experimental_model: Same randomized pregnancy trial. limitations: Secondary endpoint; distinct from preeclampsia incidence and not proof of an identified molecular mediator. exposure: Eclampsia RR 0.68, 95% CI 0.48-0.97. [cal-clin-villar2006] World Health Organization randomized trial of calcium supplementation among low calcium intake pregnant women (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16522392/ DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2006.01.068

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

experimental_model

8325 nulliparous women; blinded placebo comparison.

exposure

1.5 g calcium/day starting before 20 weeks; preeclampsia 4.1% versus 4.5%.

limitations

Preeclampsia was primary; reported benefits on severe outcomes were secondary.

nutrient_topic

Calcium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Calcium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

Low baseline intake did not guarantee a benefit on the primary pregnancy outcome.

primary_references

[cal-clin-villar2006] World Health Organization randomized trial of calcium supplementation among low calcium intake pregnant women (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16522392/ DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2006.01.068

tissue_or_cell_type

Human clinical or absorption endpoint

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Calcium: mechanism-first literature curation (2026-09-17) · lines 1329–1339

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · 8325 nulliparous women; blinded placebo comparison. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### cal-who-preeclampsia In the WHO low-intake pregnancy trial, calcium did not significantly reduce overall preeclampsia incidence. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Calcium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Low baseline intake did not guarantee a benefit on the primary pregnancy outcome. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Human clinical or absorption endpoint experimental_model: 8325 nulliparous women; blinded placebo comparison. limitations: Preeclampsia was primary; reported benefits on severe outcomes were secondary. exposure: 1.5 g calcium/day starting before 20 weeks; preeclampsia 4.1% versus 4.5%. [cal-clin-villar2006] World Health Organization randomized trial of calcium supplementation among low calcium intake pregnant women (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16522392/ DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2006.01.068

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

experimental_model

30 days of 0.01% versus 0.516% dietary calcium

limitations

Mouse diet and Cre-targeting scope limit human generalization; bone loss was blunted, not necessarily abolished.

nutrient_topic

Calcium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Calcium

organism

Mus musculus

plain_language

When dietary calcium was severely restricted, osteocyte RANKL helped drive withdrawal from bone.

primary_references

[xiong2014] Osteocyte-derived RANKL is a critical mediator of the increased bone resorption caused by dietary calcium deficiency (2014). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4125539/ DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.06.006

tissue_or_cell_type

Adult cortical and cancellous bone

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Calcium: mechanism-first literature curation (2026-09-17) · lines 1070–1079

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · 30 days of 0.01% versus 0.516% dietary calcium · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### low-calcium-diet-osteocyte-rankl-resorption A calcium-deficient diet increased osteoclasts and bone loss in adult mice; osteocyte-directed Rankl deletion blunted the response. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Calcium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: When dietary calcium was severely restricted, osteocyte RANKL helped drive withdrawal from bone. organism: Mus musculus tissue_or_cell_type: Adult cortical and cancellous bone experimental_model: 30 days of 0.01% versus 0.516% dietary calcium limitations: Mouse diet and Cre-targeting scope limit human generalization; bone loss was blunted, not necessarily abolished. [xiong2014] Osteocyte-derived RANKL is a critical mediator of the increased bone resorption caused by dietary calcium deficiency (2014). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4125539/ DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.06.006

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

experimental_model

Nine healthy women; controlled 2000-to-300 mg/day calcium diet change and oral 47Ca retention

limitations

Retention indexes absorption; greater fraction does not guarantee adequate absolute uptake.

nutrient_topic

Calcium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Calcium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

The retained fraction adapts to low intake.

primary_references

[dawsonhughes1988] Effect of lowering dietary calcium intake on fractional whole body calcium retention (1988). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3132484/ DOI: 10.1210/jcem-67-1-62

tissue_or_cell_type

Whole body

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Calcium: mechanism-first literature curation (2026-09-17) · lines 302–311

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Nine healthy women; controlled 2000-to-300 mg/day calcium diet change and oral 47Ca retention · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### low-calcium-intake-fractional-retention The same diet reduction increased fractional oral 47Ca retention within one week. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Calcium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The retained fraction adapts to low intake. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Whole body experimental_model: Nine healthy women; controlled 2000-to-300 mg/day calcium diet change and oral 47Ca retention limitations: Retention indexes absorption; greater fraction does not guarantee adequate absolute uptake. [dawsonhughes1988] Effect of lowering dietary calcium intake on fractional whole body calcium retention (1988). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3132484/ DOI: 10.1210/jcem-67-1-62

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

experimental_model

Nine healthy women; controlled 2000-to-300 mg/day calcium diet change and oral 47Ca retention

limitations

Small controlled study; low intake is not proof of symptomatic deficiency.

nutrient_topic

Calcium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Calcium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

Low intake recruits a hormonal response.

primary_references

[dawsonhughes1988] Effect of lowering dietary calcium intake on fractional whole body calcium retention (1988). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3132484/ DOI: 10.1210/jcem-67-1-62

tissue_or_cell_type

Blood

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Calcium: mechanism-first literature curation (2026-09-17) · lines 291–300

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Nine healthy women; controlled 2000-to-300 mg/day calcium diet change and oral 47Ca retention · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### low-calcium-intake-increases-pth Reducing calcium intake from 2000 to 300 mg/day increased intact PTH within one week in nine healthy women. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Calcium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Low intake recruits a hormonal response. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Blood experimental_model: Nine healthy women; controlled 2000-to-300 mg/day calcium diet change and oral 47Ca retention limitations: Small controlled study; low intake is not proof of symptomatic deficiency. [dawsonhughes1988] Effect of lowering dietary calcium intake on fractional whole body calcium retention (1988). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3132484/ DOI: 10.1210/jcem-67-1-62

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

experimental_model

VDR-ablated mice and controls fed a mineral/lactose rescue diet

limitations

Combined dietary intervention; cannot attribute rescue to calcium alone.

nutrient_topic

Calcium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Calcium

organism

Mus musculus

plain_language

Dietary mineral delivery can bypass part of receptor failure.

primary_references

[li1998] Normalization of mineral ion homeostasis by dietary means prevents hyperparathyroidism, rickets, and osteomalacia, but not alopecia in vitamin D receptor-ablated mice (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9751523/ DOI: 10.1210/endo.139.10.6262

reported_effect

normalizing

tissue_or_cell_type

Intestine and blood

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Calcium: mechanism-first literature curation (2026-09-17) · lines 146–156

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · VDR-ablated mice and controls fed a mineral/lactose rescue diet · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### vdr-null-mineral-diet-rescue A mineral/lactose rescue diet normalizes ionized calcium in VDR-ablated mice. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Calcium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Dietary mineral delivery can bypass part of receptor failure. organism: Mus musculus tissue_or_cell_type: Intestine and blood experimental_model: VDR-ablated mice and controls fed a mineral/lactose rescue diet limitations: Combined dietary intervention; cannot attribute rescue to calcium alone. reported_effect: normalizing [li1998] Normalization of mineral ion homeostasis by dietary means prevents hyperparathyroidism, rickets, and osteomalacia, but not alopecia in vitamin D receptor-ablated mice (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9751523/ DOI: 10.1210/endo.139.10.6262

cross_nutrient

true

experimental_model

21 adults with type 2 diabetes; 14 switched to metformin, then received calcium

exposure

Oral calcium after three months of metformin; dose not specified in inspected abstract

limitations

Small sequential comparative intervention. Serum holo-TC is an indirect absorption readout and does not directly prove membrane calcium antagonism.

nutrient_topic

Vitamin B12 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin B12 (cobalamins)

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

Calcium increased the circulating B12-carrier marker after metformin.

primary_references

[bauman-2000-calcium] Increased intake of calcium reverses vitamin B12 malabsorption induced by metformin. (2000). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10977010/ DOI: 10.2337/diacare.23.9.1227

tissue_or_cell_type

Circulating holo-transcobalamin

Vitamin B12: mechanisms, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 439–450

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · 21 adults with type 2 diabetes; 14 switched to metformin, then received calcium · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### b12-abs-bauman-calcium-holotc In the comparative diabetes study, adding oral calcium after three months of metformin reversed the decline in serum holo-transcobalamin. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Vitamin B12 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Calcium increased the circulating B12-carrier marker after metformin. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Circulating holo-transcobalamin experimental_model: 21 adults with type 2 diabetes; 14 switched to metformin, then received calcium limitations: Small sequential comparative intervention. Serum holo-TC is an indirect absorption readout and does not directly prove membrane calcium antagonism. exposure: Oral calcium after three months of metformin; dose not specified in inspected abstract cross_nutrient: true [bauman-2000-calcium] Increased intake of calcium reverses vitamin B12 malabsorption induced by metformin. (2000). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10977010/ DOI: 10.2337/diacare.23.9.1227

cross_nutrient

true

experimental_model

Seven healthy adult completers; three experimental days separated by one-month washouts

exposure

Metformin 850 mg plus calcium 500 mg and carbon-13 cyanocobalamin

limitations

Small acute tracer pilot in healthy adults; cannot establish prevention of chronic deficiency or identify the exact molecular metformin target. Doses describe the experiment, not advice.

nutrient_topic

Vitamin B12 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin B12 (cobalamins)

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

Calcium coadministration reversed the tracer reduction in this pilot.

primary_references

[muralidharan-2024-calcium] Effect of calcium supplementation on reversing metformin-based inhibition of vitamin B12 bioavailability in healthy adults using a [13C] cyanocobalamin tracer - A pilot study. (2024). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38901951/ DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.04.024

tissue_or_cell_type

Intestinal absorption assessed from serial venous tracer measurements

Vitamin B12: mechanisms, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 465–476

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Seven healthy adult completers; three experimental days separated by one-month washouts · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### b12-abs-calcium-tracer-rescue Adding calcium 500 mg to metformin 850 mg raised mean tracer bioavailability from 30.8% to 46.4% in seven healthy completers (p=0.003). Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Vitamin B12 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Calcium coadministration reversed the tracer reduction in this pilot. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal absorption assessed from serial venous tracer measurements experimental_model: Seven healthy adult completers; three experimental days separated by one-month washouts limitations: Small acute tracer pilot in healthy adults; cannot establish prevention of chronic deficiency or identify the exact molecular metformin target. Doses describe the experiment, not advice. exposure: Metformin 850 mg plus calcium 500 mg and carbon-13 cyanocobalamin cross_nutrient: true [muralidharan-2024-calcium] Effect of calcium supplementation on reversing metformin-based inhibition of vitamin B12 bioavailability in healthy adults using a [13C] cyanocobalamin tracer - A pilot study. (2024). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38901951/ DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.04.024

cross_nutrient

Manganese (absorbed_nutrient)

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/manganese-clinical-sources/davidsson1991.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed primary abstract", "file_sha256": "7570e2285532eac2292b252a3813f1be97b46d68529a4d4150a88b4f9038676a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 912, "text_sha256": "7570e2285532eac2292b252a3813f1be97b46d68529a4d4150a88b4f9038676a", "text_characters": 912}

experimental_model

Paired radiotracer test-meal study in adults

exposure

Human milk, infant formula and wheat bread used as adult test meals; individual mineral and dietary-component additions.

limitations

These were adult experiments even when milk or infant formula was the matrix. Added amounts were not independently verified from the indexed abstract; no universal interaction or spacing rule follows.

nutrient_topic

Manganese research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Manganese

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

Calcium changed manganese uptake in this particular meal.

primary_references

[mn-clin-davidsson1991] The effect of individual dietary components on manganese absorption in humans. (1991). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1957822/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/54.6.1065

tissue_or_cell_type

Intestinal absorption

Manganese: enzyme cofactors, glycosylation, transport and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1020–1032

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Paired radiotracer test-meal study in adults · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mn-clin-meal-calcium Adding calcium to the human-milk test meal reduced manganese absorption in adults. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Manganese research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Calcium changed manganese uptake in this particular meal. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal absorption experimental_model: Paired radiotracer test-meal study in adults limitations: These were adult experiments even when milk or infant formula was the matrix. Added amounts were not independently verified from the indexed abstract; no universal interaction or spacing rule follows. exposure: Human milk, infant formula and wheat bread used as adult test meals; individual mineral and dietary-component additions. cross_nutrient: Manganese (absorbed_nutrient) evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/manganese-clinical-sources/davidsson1991.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed primary abstract", "file_sha256": "7570e2285532eac2292b252a3813f1be97b46d68529a4d4150a88b4f9038676a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 912, "text_sha256": "7570e2285532eac2292b252a3813f1be97b46d68529a4d4150a88b4f9038676a", "text_characters": 912} [mn-clin-davidsson1991] The effect of individual dietary components on manganese absorption in humans. (1991). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1957822/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/54.6.1065

availability_state

biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/biotin-research/28973622.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Exact primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4ee7e5947d8391b7a0fa7601d8390147b99c5ff603b3462e9d1aa7f3db42b915", "start_char": 20261, "end_char": 20798, "text_sha256": "440bd38aad94623f97cd7f956c63815b7a25d790328c4407bcdf6d24f8d2be0d"}

experimental_model

Nonrandomized crossover study of 6 healthy adults, 37 assays and 11 analytes

exposure

10 mg oral biotin daily for 7 days

limitations

Interference depends on assay architecture and version; this study does not establish current platform performance, a universal washout time or true hormone changes.

nutrient_topic

Biotin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Biotin

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

A falsely low PTH result can misleadingly suggest a problem in calcium regulation.

primary_references

[b7-p28973622] Association of Biotin Ingestion With Performance of Hormone and Nonhormone Assays in Healthy Adults. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28973622/ DOI: 10.1001/jama.2017.13705

tissue_or_cell_type

Blood specimens measured on named 2017 assay systems

trigger_kind

biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.

Biotin: carboxylases, recycling, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1261–1272

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Nonrandomized crossover study of 6 healthy adults, 37 assays and 11 analytes · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### b7-assay-pth The studied Vitros 5600 PTH assay fell by a mean 61% after biotin, while serum calcium remained stable. Condition category: biomarker_context nutrient_topic: Biotin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A falsely low PTH result can misleadingly suggest a problem in calcium regulation. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Blood specimens measured on named 2017 assay systems experimental_model: Nonrandomized crossover study of 6 healthy adults, 37 assays and 11 analytes limitations: Interference depends on assay architecture and version; this study does not establish current platform performance, a universal washout time or true hormone changes. exposure: 10 mg oral biotin daily for 7 days evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/biotin-research/28973622.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Exact primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4ee7e5947d8391b7a0fa7601d8390147b99c5ff603b3462e9d1aa7f3db42b915", "start_char": 20261, "end_char": 20798, "text_sha256": "440bd38aad94623f97cd7f956c63815b7a25d790328c4407bcdf6d24f8d2be0d"} [b7-p28973622] Association of Biotin Ingestion With Performance of Hormone and Nonhormone Assays in Healthy Adults. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28973622/ DOI: 10.1001/jama.2017.13705

cross_nutrient

Zinc -> magnesium availability; calcium intake recorded as context.

experimental_model

Adult men; three dietary calcium strata.

exposure

142 mg Zn/day as sulfate; calcium 230, 500 or 800 mg/day. Only the 500-mg stratum individually significant; pooled groups significant.

limitations

142 mg zinc/day is a high experimental exposure; ordinary food zinc effects and a shared transporter were not established.

nutrient_topic

Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Magnesium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

Large zinc exposure can interfere with magnesium uptake.

primary_references

[mg-spencer1994] Inhibitory effects of zinc on magnesium balance and magnesium absorption in man (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7836627/ DOI: 10.1080/07315724.1994.10718438

tissue_or_cell_type

Human intestinal absorption and metabolic balance

Magnesium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 1577–1588

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Adult men; three dietary calcium strata. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mg-high-zinc-lowers-absorption High-dose supplemental zinc reduced measured Mg absorption in the pooled metabolic-balance groups. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Large zinc exposure can interfere with magnesium uptake. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Human intestinal absorption and metabolic balance experimental_model: Adult men; three dietary calcium strata. limitations: 142 mg zinc/day is a high experimental exposure; ordinary food zinc effects and a shared transporter were not established. cross_nutrient: Zinc -> magnesium availability; calcium intake recorded as context. exposure: 142 mg Zn/day as sulfate; calcium 230, 500 or 800 mg/day. Only the 500-mg stratum individually significant; pooled groups significant. [mg-spencer1994] Inhibitory effects of zinc on magnesium balance and magnesium absorption in man (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7836627/ DOI: 10.1080/07315724.1994.10718438

cross_nutrient

Magnesium -> PHOSPHO1 -> phosphate production; joins the existing calcium PHOSPHO1 records.

experimental_model

Purified recombinant phosphatase assays.

limitations

Enzyme evidence does not measure the effect of oral Mg on bone; substrate Km values are not Mg deficiency thresholds.

nutrient_topic

Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Magnesium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

Magnesium helps a phosphate-releasing enzyme already connected to calcium mineralization.

primary_references

[mg-roberts2004] Human PHOSPHO1 exhibits high specific phosphoethanolamine and phosphocholine phosphatase activities (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15175005/ DOI: 10.1042/bj20040511

tissue_or_cell_type

Purified recombinant human PHOSPHO1

Magnesium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 1455–1465

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified recombinant phosphatase assays. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mg-phospho1-cofactor Recombinant human PHOSPHO1 showed strong Mg dependence when hydrolyzing phosphoethanolamine and phosphocholine. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Magnesium helps a phosphate-releasing enzyme already connected to calcium mineralization. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Purified recombinant human PHOSPHO1 experimental_model: Purified recombinant phosphatase assays. limitations: Enzyme evidence does not measure the effect of oral Mg on bone; substrate Km values are not Mg deficiency thresholds. cross_nutrient: Magnesium -> PHOSPHO1 -> phosphate production; joins the existing calcium PHOSPHO1 records. [mg-roberts2004] Human PHOSPHO1 exhibits high specific phosphoethanolamine and phosphocholine phosphatase activities (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15175005/ DOI: 10.1042/bj20040511

cross_nutrient

Magnesium <-> vitamin D status; baseline-dependent clinical endpoint.

experimental_model

Randomized 12-week ancillary analysis, 180 adults.

exposure

Personalized Mg supplementation; baseline calcium:magnesium intake ratio at least 2.6. Ratios describe enrollment, not a recommended target.

limitations

Only two participants had overt vitamin D deficiency; the trial does not show universal deficiency rescue or identify the responsible enzyme.

nutrient_topic

Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Magnesium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

The vitamin D response depended on the starting level.

primary_references

[mg-dai2018] Magnesium status and supplementation influence vitamin D status and metabolism: results from a randomized trial (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30541089/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy274

tissue_or_cell_type

Human plasma

Magnesium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 1430–1441

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized 12-week ancillary analysis, 180 adults. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mg-supplement-calcifediol-baseline-dependent Magnesium assignment altered plasma 25(OH)D3 differently by baseline vitamin D: an increase near 30 ng/mL and a decrease at higher baseline concentrations. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The vitamin D response depended on the starting level. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Human plasma experimental_model: Randomized 12-week ancillary analysis, 180 adults. limitations: Only two participants had overt vitamin D deficiency; the trial does not show universal deficiency rescue or identify the responsible enzyme. cross_nutrient: Magnesium <-> vitamin D status; baseline-dependent clinical endpoint. exposure: Personalized Mg supplementation; baseline calcium:magnesium intake ratio at least 2.6. Ratios describe enrollment, not a recommended target. [mg-dai2018] Magnesium status and supplementation influence vitamin D status and metabolism: results from a randomized trial (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30541089/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy274

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

cross_nutrient

magnesium -> calcium

experimental_model

26 initially normal adults before/after three-week low-Mg diet

limitations

Mean change in a small controlled study; not evidence that every mildly low Mg value causes clinical hypocalcemia.

nutrient_topic

Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Magnesium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

Calcium regulation changed during experimental Mg shortage even without a preceding calcium-repletion failure.

primary_references

[fatemi-1991-selective-depletion] Effect of experimental human magnesium depletion on parathyroid hormone secretion and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D metabolism. (1991). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1939521/ DOI: 10.1210/jcem-73-5-1067

tissue_or_cell_type

Blood; parathyroid and renal mineral axis

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Magnesium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 373–383

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · 26 initially normal adults before/after three-week low-Mg diet · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### selective-mg-depletion-lowers-circulating-calcium Three weeks of selective Mg depletion produced a small but significant reduction in serum calcium in the adult study. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Calcium regulation changed during experimental Mg shortage even without a preceding calcium-repletion failure. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Blood; parathyroid and renal mineral axis experimental_model: 26 initially normal adults before/after three-week low-Mg diet limitations: Mean change in a small controlled study; not evidence that every mildly low Mg value causes clinical hypocalcemia. cross_nutrient: magnesium -> calcium [fatemi-1991-selective-depletion] Effect of experimental human magnesium depletion on parathyroid hormone secretion and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D metabolism. (1991). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1939521/ DOI: 10.1210/jcem-73-5-1067

dose

Seven days of simple, enteric-coated or placebo preparation

duration

7 days

evidence_access

Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation

experimental_model

Nineteen overweight or obese men in a randomized three-way crossover trial

limitations

This is a mixture and formulation result, not an isolated-capsaicin estimate; the simple-versus-enteric comparison was P=0.09.

nutrient_topic

Capsaicin chapter; interacting nutrients, drugs, peptides and proteins retain their experimental settings. · Capsaicin

organism

Nineteen overweight or obese men in a randomized three-way crossover trial

plain_language

A non-enteric capsaicin/green-tea/caffeine/tyrosine/calcium mixture increased 24-hour energy expenditure by 160 kJ/day versus placebo; the enteric version did not.

primary_references

Bioactive food stimulants of sympathetic activity: effect on 24-h energy expenditure and fat oxidation. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15870822/ DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602121

route

Oral multi-ingredient supplement

tissue

Respiration-chamber energy expenditure

Capsaicin: mechanism of action and interactions (2026-09-20) · lines 132–141

Original AI-assisted source-specific curation with primary-study citations, model, exposure, route, duration, negative findings and limitations preserved. Not publisher full text. · supports · Nineteen overweight or obese men in a randomized three-way crossover trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## capsaicin-multi-ingredient-energy A non-enteric capsaicin/green-tea/caffeine/tyrosine/calcium mixture increased 24-hour energy expenditure by 160 kJ/day versus placebo; the enteric version did not. Model/species: Nineteen overweight or obese men in a randomized three-way crossover trial Tissue/system: Respiration-chamber energy expenditure Exposure: Seven days of simple, enteric-coated or placebo preparation Route: Oral multi-ingredient supplement Duration: 7 days Limits: This is a mixture and formulation result, not an isolated-capsaicin estimate; the simple-versus-enteric comparison was P=0.09. Primary reference: Bioactive food stimulants of sympathetic activity: effect on 24-h energy expenditure and fat oxidation. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15870822/ DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602121 Access: Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/k2-research/19082528.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6d29b8f43348d8acd6ee85d4f65bb0cdd1352dd6f5113f58d7e58d7196bd96f5", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1657, "text_sha256": "6d29b8f43348d8acd6ee85d4f65bb0cdd1352dd6f5113f58d7e58d7196bd96f5"}

experimental_model

Randomized open-label trial with blinded endpoint evaluation

exposure

Calcium alone versus calcium plus menatetrenone; 36-month primary and 48-month secondary endpoints

limitations

Full-analysis null result; advanced-osteoporosis subgroup signals are exploratory and do not replace the overall endpoint.

nutrient_topic

Vitamin K2 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin K2 / menaquinone family

organism

4378 osteoporotic postmenopausal women

plain_language

A large trial did not establish a general fracture-prevention benefit from adding MK-4.

primary_references

[k2-p19082528] Randomized controlled study on the prevention of osteoporotic fractures (OF study): a phase IV clinical study of 15-mg menatetrenone capsules. (2009). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19082528/ DOI: 10.1007/s00774-008-0008-8

tissue_or_cell_type

Vertebral and clinical fractures

Vitamin K2: menaquinone forms, carboxylation, recycling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1111–1122

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized open-label trial with blinded endpoint evaluation · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### k2-mk4-fractures-null Adding menatetrenone to calcium did not significantly reduce new vertebral fractures in the full analysis set; the clinical-fracture secondary difference was also nonsignificant. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Vitamin K2 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A large trial did not establish a general fracture-prevention benefit from adding MK-4. organism: 4378 osteoporotic postmenopausal women tissue_or_cell_type: Vertebral and clinical fractures experimental_model: Randomized open-label trial with blinded endpoint evaluation limitations: Full-analysis null result; advanced-osteoporosis subgroup signals are exploratory and do not replace the overall endpoint. exposure: Calcium alone versus calcium plus menatetrenone; 36-month primary and 48-month secondary endpoints evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/k2-research/19082528.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6d29b8f43348d8acd6ee85d4f65bb0cdd1352dd6f5113f58d7e58d7196bd96f5", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1657, "text_sha256": "6d29b8f43348d8acd6ee85d4f65bb0cdd1352dd6f5113f58d7e58d7196bd96f5"} [k2-p19082528] Randomized controlled study on the prevention of osteoporotic fractures (OF study): a phase IV clinical study of 15-mg menatetrenone capsules. (2009). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19082528/ DOI: 10.1007/s00774-008-0008-8

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/k2-research/33030563.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "008ef1b176a3f718d923eea696a7a97b09d64e3079e57c997beaf485153ca138", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2370, "text_sha256": "008ef1b176a3f718d923eea696a7a97b09d64e3079e57c997beaf485153ca138"}

experimental_model

Three-year double-blind randomized add-on trial

exposure

MK-7 375 micrograms/day versus placebo; both groups D3 38 micrograms/day and calcium 800 mg/day

limitations

Different population, dose and background supplementation from the 180-microgram trial; the one-year and three-year reports are not independent cohorts.

nutrient_topic

Vitamin K2 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin K2 / menaquinone family

organism

142 postmenopausal women with osteopenia

plain_language

Improved carboxylation did not translate into a demonstrated bone-density benefit in this trial.

primary_references

[k2-p33030563] The effect of vitamin MK-7 on bone mineral density and microarchitecture in postmenopausal women with osteopenia, a 3-year randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33030563/ DOI: 10.1007/s00198-020-05638-z

tissue_or_cell_type

Osteocalcin, DXA and bone microarchitecture

Vitamin K2: menaquinone forms, carboxylation, recycling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1098–1109

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Three-year double-blind randomized add-on trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### k2-mk7-cad-bone-null After three years, BMD declined without significant between-group differences, and microarchitecture and turnover changes were also similar. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Vitamin K2 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Improved carboxylation did not translate into a demonstrated bone-density benefit in this trial. organism: 142 postmenopausal women with osteopenia tissue_or_cell_type: Osteocalcin, DXA and bone microarchitecture experimental_model: Three-year double-blind randomized add-on trial limitations: Different population, dose and background supplementation from the 180-microgram trial; the one-year and three-year reports are not independent cohorts. exposure: MK-7 375 micrograms/day versus placebo; both groups D3 38 micrograms/day and calcium 800 mg/day evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/k2-research/33030563.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "008ef1b176a3f718d923eea696a7a97b09d64e3079e57c997beaf485153ca138", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2370, "text_sha256": "008ef1b176a3f718d923eea696a7a97b09d64e3079e57c997beaf485153ca138"} [k2-p33030563] The effect of vitamin MK-7 on bone mineral density and microarchitecture in postmenopausal women with osteopenia, a 3-year randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33030563/ DOI: 10.1007/s00198-020-05638-z

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/k2-research/33030563.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "008ef1b176a3f718d923eea696a7a97b09d64e3079e57c997beaf485153ca138", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2370, "text_sha256": "008ef1b176a3f718d923eea696a7a97b09d64e3079e57c997beaf485153ca138"}

experimental_model

Three-year double-blind randomized add-on trial

exposure

MK-7 375 micrograms/day versus placebo; both groups D3 38 micrograms/day and calcium 800 mg/day

limitations

Different population, dose and background supplementation from the 180-microgram trial; the one-year and three-year reports are not independent cohorts.

nutrient_topic

Vitamin K2 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin K2 / menaquinone family

organism

142 postmenopausal women with osteopenia

plain_language

Adding K2 changed the protein marker even with calcium and vitamin D already supplied.

primary_references

[k2-p33030563] The effect of vitamin MK-7 on bone mineral density and microarchitecture in postmenopausal women with osteopenia, a 3-year randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33030563/ DOI: 10.1007/s00198-020-05638-z

tissue_or_cell_type

Osteocalcin, DXA and bone microarchitecture

Vitamin K2: menaquinone forms, carboxylation, recycling and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1085–1096

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Three-year double-blind randomized add-on trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### k2-mk7-cad-carboxylation With calcium and D3 in both groups, MK-7 reduced ucOC by about 65% after one year. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Vitamin K2 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Adding K2 changed the protein marker even with calcium and vitamin D already supplied. organism: 142 postmenopausal women with osteopenia tissue_or_cell_type: Osteocalcin, DXA and bone microarchitecture experimental_model: Three-year double-blind randomized add-on trial limitations: Different population, dose and background supplementation from the 180-microgram trial; the one-year and three-year reports are not independent cohorts. exposure: MK-7 375 micrograms/day versus placebo; both groups D3 38 micrograms/day and calcium 800 mg/day evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/k2-research/33030563.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "008ef1b176a3f718d923eea696a7a97b09d64e3079e57c997beaf485153ca138", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2370, "text_sha256": "008ef1b176a3f718d923eea696a7a97b09d64e3079e57c997beaf485153ca138"} [k2-p33030563] The effect of vitamin MK-7 on bone mineral density and microarchitecture in postmenopausal women with osteopenia, a 3-year randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33030563/ DOI: 10.1007/s00198-020-05638-z

absolute_absorption

Corresponding absolute absorption: 3.8±0.3, 3.0±0.3, 4.5±0.3 and 3.2±0.3 mg zinc/day (mean±SE).

cross_nutrient

Calcium (dietary_context); Zinc (measured_nutrient)

evidence_location

Indexed primary abstract.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zinc-clinical-sources/hunt2009.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; complete local file", "file_sha256": "d912d9f2c0890cde2ae13e9de7f1202bf130e661e3f14e13483563f179319f85", "utf8_bytes": 1659}

experimental_model

Two-by-two one-day feeding and 65Zn tracer study in ten healthy women

exposure

Approximately 700 versus 1800 mg calcium/day, and 440 versus 1800 mg phytate/day in conventional menus.

limitations

Short controlled menus in ten women; null calcium effect does not cover every formulation, population or dose.

nutrient_topic

Zinc research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Zinc

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

Phytate reduced zinc uptake in these menus, while extra calcium did not.

primary_references

[zn-clin-hunt2009] Dietary calcium does not exacerbate phytate inhibition of zinc absorption by women from conventional diets. (2009). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19176739/ DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.27175

tissue_or_cell_type

Intestinal absorption

Zinc: transport, enzyme loading, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1271–1285

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Two-by-two one-day feeding and 65Zn tracer study in ten healthy women · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zn-clin-phytate-calcium Zinc absorption fractions were 32.8±2.3%, 26.9±2.4%, 39.4±2.4% and 26.2±2.3% (mean±SE) for moderate-Ca/low-phytate, moderate-Ca/high-phytate, high-Ca/low-phytate and high-Ca/high-phytate menus. Phytate reduced absorption; calcium did not significantly impair it. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zinc research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Phytate reduced zinc uptake in these menus, while extra calcium did not. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal absorption experimental_model: Two-by-two one-day feeding and 65Zn tracer study in ten healthy women limitations: Short controlled menus in ten women; null calcium effect does not cover every formulation, population or dose. exposure: Approximately 700 versus 1800 mg calcium/day, and 440 versus 1800 mg phytate/day in conventional menus. cross_nutrient: Calcium (dietary_context); Zinc (measured_nutrient) evidence_location: Indexed primary abstract. evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zinc-clinical-sources/hunt2009.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; complete local file", "file_sha256": "d912d9f2c0890cde2ae13e9de7f1202bf130e661e3f14e13483563f179319f85", "utf8_bytes": 1659} absolute_absorption: Corresponding absolute absorption: 3.8±0.3, 3.0±0.3, 4.5±0.3 and 3.2±0.3 mg zinc/day (mean±SE). [zn-clin-hunt2009] Dietary calcium does not exacerbate phytate inhibition of zinc absorption by women from conventional diets. (2009). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19176739/ DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.27175

cross_nutrient

Calcium (retained_nutrient); Zinc (concurrently_measured_nutrient)

evidence_location

Indexed primary abstract.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zinc-clinical-sources/hallberg2006.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; complete local file", "file_sha256": "3a8556f5e4076009ed9adbf018205c8a3b2d0aaae43cccc866dc6be0271451d4", "utf8_bytes": 1603}

experimental_model

Human dual-radioisotope meal study: 40 subjects, 105 meals

exposure

Wheat-roll meals contained 3.1 mg zinc and 266 mg calcium; added sodium phytate supplied 0–250 mg phytate phosphorus.

limitations

Phytate-P mass is phosphorus mass, not total phytate mass. Seven-day calcium retention and zinc absorption are distinct endpoints; meal-specific significance levels are not universal thresholds.

nutrient_topic

Zinc research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Zinc

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

The same meal manipulation also reduced retained calcium.

primary_references

[zn-clin-hallberg2006] Absorption of zinc and retention of calcium: dose-dependent inhibition by phytate. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16632176/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2006.01.003

tissue_or_cell_type

Intestinal zinc absorption and whole-body calcium retention

Zinc: transport, enzyme loading, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1302–1315

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human dual-radioisotope meal study: 40 subjects, 105 meals · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zn-clin-phytate-calcium-retention At the same ascending phytate-P additions, seven-day calcium retention was 31%, 28%, 27%, 26%, 22%, 19%, 14% and 11%; reduction was significant from 100 mg phytate-P in this study. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zinc research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The same meal manipulation also reduced retained calcium. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal zinc absorption and whole-body calcium retention experimental_model: Human dual-radioisotope meal study: 40 subjects, 105 meals limitations: Phytate-P mass is phosphorus mass, not total phytate mass. Seven-day calcium retention and zinc absorption are distinct endpoints; meal-specific significance levels are not universal thresholds. exposure: Wheat-roll meals contained 3.1 mg zinc and 266 mg calcium; added sodium phytate supplied 0–250 mg phytate phosphorus. cross_nutrient: Calcium (retained_nutrient); Zinc (concurrently_measured_nutrient) evidence_location: Indexed primary abstract. evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zinc-clinical-sources/hallberg2006.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; complete local file", "file_sha256": "3a8556f5e4076009ed9adbf018205c8a3b2d0aaae43cccc866dc6be0271451d4", "utf8_bytes": 1603} [zn-clin-hallberg2006] Absorption of zinc and retention of calcium: dose-dependent inhibition by phytate. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16632176/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2006.01.003

cross_nutrient

Zinc (absorbed_nutrient); Calcium (meal_context)

evidence_location

Indexed primary abstract.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zinc-clinical-sources/hallberg2006.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; complete local file", "file_sha256": "3a8556f5e4076009ed9adbf018205c8a3b2d0aaae43cccc866dc6be0271451d4", "utf8_bytes": 1603}

experimental_model

Human dual-radioisotope meal study: 40 subjects, 105 meals

exposure

Wheat-roll meals contained 3.1 mg zinc and 266 mg calcium; added sodium phytate supplied 0–250 mg phytate phosphorus.

limitations

Phytate-P mass is phosphorus mass, not total phytate mass. Seven-day calcium retention and zinc absorption are distinct endpoints; meal-specific significance levels are not universal thresholds.

nutrient_topic

Zinc research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Zinc

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

Increasing phytate progressively reduced zinc uptake in the test meal.

primary_references

[zn-clin-hallberg2006] Absorption of zinc and retention of calcium: dose-dependent inhibition by phytate. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16632176/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2006.01.003

tissue_or_cell_type

Intestinal zinc absorption and whole-body calcium retention

Zinc: transport, enzyme loading, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1287–1300

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human dual-radioisotope meal study: 40 subjects, 105 meals · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zn-clin-phytate-gradient At added phytate-P levels of 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 140, 175 and 250 mg, mean zinc absorption was 22%, 16%, 14%, 11%, 7%, 7%, 7% and 6%. Reductions were significant from 50 mg phytate-P in these meals. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zinc research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Increasing phytate progressively reduced zinc uptake in the test meal. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal zinc absorption and whole-body calcium retention experimental_model: Human dual-radioisotope meal study: 40 subjects, 105 meals limitations: Phytate-P mass is phosphorus mass, not total phytate mass. Seven-day calcium retention and zinc absorption are distinct endpoints; meal-specific significance levels are not universal thresholds. exposure: Wheat-roll meals contained 3.1 mg zinc and 266 mg calcium; added sodium phytate supplied 0–250 mg phytate phosphorus. cross_nutrient: Zinc (absorbed_nutrient); Calcium (meal_context) evidence_location: Indexed primary abstract. evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zinc-clinical-sources/hallberg2006.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; complete local file", "file_sha256": "3a8556f5e4076009ed9adbf018205c8a3b2d0aaae43cccc866dc6be0271451d4", "utf8_bytes": 1603} [zn-clin-hallberg2006] Absorption of zinc and retention of calcium: dose-dependent inhibition by phytate. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16632176/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2006.01.003

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/8329361.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3e6e2137f75699ea6dce582375f335a85139fea1cfa7ec502f033e8bfe026d63", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1079, "text_sha256": "3e6e2137f75699ea6dce582375f335a85139fea1cfa7ec502f033e8bfe026d63"}

experimental_model

Metabolic-unit low-intake/supplementation follow-up

exposure

0.33 mg boron/day for three weeks, then an additional 3 mg/day for three weeks

limitations

Small, short sequential study. The background diet produced positive calcium balance with increased urinary calcium; the authors proposed that this could mask a boron effect, but did not prove the explanation.

nutrient_topic

Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron

organism

Human postmenopausal volunteers

plain_language

This follow-up did not reproduce the earlier calcium-sparing finding.

primary_references

[boron-p8329361] The influence of a low-boron diet and boron supplementation on bone, major mineral and sex steroid metabolism in postmenopausal women. (1993). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8329361/ DOI: 10.1079/bjn19930087

tissue_or_cell_type

Mineral balance, hormones and bone-turnover markers

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 703–714

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Metabolic-unit low-intake/supplementation follow-up · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### boron-human-calcium-null-1993 Increasing boron intake from 0.33 to 3.33 mg/day did not alter the measured mineral absorption or excretion endpoints in the 1993 follow-up study. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This follow-up did not reproduce the earlier calcium-sparing finding. organism: Human postmenopausal volunteers tissue_or_cell_type: Mineral balance, hormones and bone-turnover markers experimental_model: Metabolic-unit low-intake/supplementation follow-up limitations: Small, short sequential study. The background diet produced positive calcium balance with increased urinary calcium; the authors proposed that this could mask a boron effect, but did not prove the explanation. exposure: 0.33 mg boron/day for three weeks, then an additional 3 mg/day for three weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/8329361.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3e6e2137f75699ea6dce582375f335a85139fea1cfa7ec502f033e8bfe026d63", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1079, "text_sha256": "3e6e2137f75699ea6dce582375f335a85139fea1cfa7ec502f033e8bfe026d63"} [boron-p8329361] The influence of a low-boron diet and boron supplementation on bone, major mineral and sex steroid metabolism in postmenopausal women. (1993). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8329361/ DOI: 10.1079/bjn19930087

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/7889890.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "73e5c915a0c7a8fa107ff62480430e94c1cf5c40648f37e08d0266394b05b70a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1729, "text_sha256": "73e5c915a0c7a8fa107ff62480430e94c1cf5c40648f37e08d0266394b05b70a"}

experimental_model

High-dose rat toxicity experiments with supporting cell assays

exposure

High boric-acid exposure; testis boron approximately 1–2 mM

limitations

High-exposure animal toxicity does not specify a human dietary threshold. The indexed abstract is truncated; no unreported plasminogen-activator or cAMP result is inferred.

nutrient_topic

Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Boron

organism

Rat

plain_language

Mineral changes appeared too late to explain the start of the injury in this experiment.

primary_references

[boron-p7889890] Mechanism of the testicular toxicity of boric acid in rats: in vivo and in vitro studies. (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7889890/ DOI: 10.1289/ehp.94102s799

tissue_or_cell_type

Testis, brain, tissue flavins and isolated Leydig cells

Boron: chemistry, nutrient interactions, low-intake studies and mechanistic uncertainties (2026-09-17) · lines 1171–1182

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · High-dose rat toxicity experiments with supporting cell assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### boron-rat-testis-minerals-not-upstream Changes in testicular calcium, phosphorus and zinc did not precede atrophy in the rat boric-acid study, arguing against those measured changes as the initiating mechanism. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Boron research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Mineral changes appeared too late to explain the start of the injury in this experiment. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Testis, brain, tissue flavins and isolated Leydig cells experimental_model: High-dose rat toxicity experiments with supporting cell assays limitations: High-exposure animal toxicity does not specify a human dietary threshold. The indexed abstract is truncated; no unreported plasminogen-activator or cAMP result is inferred. exposure: High boric-acid exposure; testis boron approximately 1–2 mM evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/boron-research/7889890.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "73e5c915a0c7a8fa107ff62480430e94c1cf5c40648f37e08d0266394b05b70a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1729, "text_sha256": "73e5c915a0c7a8fa107ff62480430e94c1cf5c40648f37e08d0266394b05b70a"} [boron-p7889890] Mechanism of the testicular toxicity of boric acid in rats: in vivo and in vitro studies. (1994). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7889890/ DOI: 10.1289/ehp.94102s799

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/metformin-research/10977010.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7aed1bfb7ee680b248e083db467fd4a8199ac933e8a12b4c6ba08f9931a7794b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1267, "text_sha256": "7aed1bfb7ee680b248e083db467fd4a8199ac933e8a12b4c6ba08f9931a7794b"}

experimental_model

Comparative study in 21 people with type 2 diabetes, 14 switched to metformin, with oral calcium supplementation

exposure

Metformin for three months, then oral calcium supplementation

limitations

A small, non-randomised comparative study. The calcium-dependent ileal mechanism is the authors’ interpretation of the reversal, not a direct measurement of receptor binding.

nutrient_topic

Metformin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and pharmacological exposure is not dietary intake. · Metformin

organism

Human

plain_language

Adding calcium undid the drug’s effect on the vitamin.

primary_references

[metformin-p10977010] Increased intake of calcium reverses vitamin B12 malabsorption induced by metformin. (2000). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10977010/ DOI: 10.2337/diacare.23.9.1227

tissue_or_cell_type

Ileal absorption

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Metformin: transport, molecular targets, gut mechanisms and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 1139–1150

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Comparative study in 21 people with type 2 diabetes, 14 switched to metformin, with oral calcium supplementation · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### metformin-b12-calcium-reversal Oral calcium supplementation reversed the metformin-induced depression of serum holotranscobalamin. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Metformin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and pharmacological exposure is not dietary intake. plain_language: Adding calcium undid the drug’s effect on the vitamin. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Ileal absorption experimental_model: Comparative study in 21 people with type 2 diabetes, 14 switched to metformin, with oral calcium supplementation limitations: A small, non-randomised comparative study. The calcium-dependent ileal mechanism is the authors’ interpretation of the reversal, not a direct measurement of receptor binding. exposure: Metformin for three months, then oral calcium supplementation evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/metformin-research/10977010.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7aed1bfb7ee680b248e083db467fd4a8199ac933e8a12b4c6ba08f9931a7794b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1267, "text_sha256": "7aed1bfb7ee680b248e083db467fd4a8199ac933e8a12b4c6ba08f9931a7794b"} [metformin-p10977010] Increased intake of calcium reverses vitamin B12 malabsorption induced by metformin. (2000). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10977010/ DOI: 10.2337/diacare.23.9.1227

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

cross_nutrient

Mouse TMEM165 (affected_protein); Milk calcium normalized to protein (measured_endpoint); Calcium (affected_nutrient); Manganese (affected_nutrient)

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/manganese-glycosylation-sources/milk2019.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed primary abstract", "file_sha256": "88bcb50ecdb918803c5950bcff8f48665dbd17148b365a4f9f3b463fe7edd2a4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1462, "text_sha256": "88bcb50ecdb918803c5950bcff8f48665dbd17148b365a4f9f3b463fe7edd2a4", "text_characters": 1462}

experimental_model

Conditional mammary epithelial Tmem165 deletion in mice

exposure

Tissue-specific deletion with milk composition and pup-growth measurements.

limitations

The primary abstract supports normalized milk minerals and reduced lactose; altered concentration can reflect less milk dilution. Proposed cation/H+ exchange is an interpretation, not a transport stoichiometry measured here.

nutrient_topic

Manganese research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Manganese

organism

Mus musculus

plain_language

The defect changed milk manganese and calcium relative to its protein content.

primary_references

[mn-gly-milk2019] Milk biosynthesis requires the Golgi cation exchanger TMEM165. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30622138/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006270

tissue_or_cell_type

Lactating mammary gland and milk

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Manganese: enzyme cofactors, glycosylation, transport and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 894–906

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Conditional mammary epithelial Tmem165 deletion in mice · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mn-gly-mammary-minerals After normalization to milk protein, calcium and manganese were lower in milk from Tmem165-deficient dams. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Manganese research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The defect changed milk manganese and calcium relative to its protein content. organism: Mus musculus tissue_or_cell_type: Lactating mammary gland and milk experimental_model: Conditional mammary epithelial Tmem165 deletion in mice limitations: The primary abstract supports normalized milk minerals and reduced lactose; altered concentration can reflect less milk dilution. Proposed cation/H+ exchange is an interpretation, not a transport stoichiometry measured here. exposure: Tissue-specific deletion with milk composition and pup-growth measurements. cross_nutrient: Mouse TMEM165 (affected_protein); Milk calcium normalized to protein (measured_endpoint); Calcium (affected_nutrient); Manganese (affected_nutrient) evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/manganese-glycosylation-sources/milk2019.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed primary abstract", "file_sha256": "88bcb50ecdb918803c5950bcff8f48665dbd17148b365a4f9f3b463fe7edd2a4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1462, "text_sha256": "88bcb50ecdb918803c5950bcff8f48665dbd17148b365a4f9f3b463fe7edd2a4", "text_characters": 1462} [mn-gly-milk2019] Milk biosynthesis requires the Golgi cation exchanger TMEM165. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30622138/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006270

cross_nutrient

Calcium/oxalate urinary chemistry connects a vitamin metabolite to mineral precipitation risk.

experimental_model

Randomized controlled-diet crossover study: 29 calcium stone formers and 19 non-stone formers.

exposure

Ascorbic acid 1000 mg twice daily for six days versus no supplement for six days; 13C2 oxalate challenge after adaptation.

limitations

Calculated risk is not observed stone formation; this is distinct from a directly measured calcium oxalate activity product.

nutrient_topic

Vitamin C research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin C

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

Their urine measurements shifted toward a higher calculated calcium oxalate stone risk.

primary_references

[c-massey2005] Ascorbate increases human oxaluria and kidney stone risk (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15987848/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.7.1673

tissue_or_cell_type

Human blood or whole-person endpoints

Vitamin C: mechanisms, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1682–1693

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized controlled-diet crossover study: 29 calcium stone formers and 19 non-stone formers. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### c-high-oral-dose-calcium-oxalate-index The responder subset had a Tiselius Risk Index of 1.10 with versus 0.76 without supplementation. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Vitamin C research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Their urine measurements shifted toward a higher calculated calcium oxalate stone risk. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Human blood or whole-person endpoints experimental_model: Randomized controlled-diet crossover study: 29 calcium stone formers and 19 non-stone formers. limitations: Calculated risk is not observed stone formation; this is distinct from a directly measured calcium oxalate activity product. exposure: Ascorbic acid 1000 mg twice daily for six days versus no supplement for six days; 13C2 oxalate challenge after adaptation. cross_nutrient: Calcium/oxalate urinary chemistry connects a vitamin metabolite to mineral precipitation risk. [c-massey2005] Ascorbate increases human oxaluria and kidney stone risk (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15987848/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.7.1673

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/37887.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ad5427835e84a210b32e8ceea45baeece0bc1e4488d5852a5b4244f51dc32a69", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1141, "text_sha256": "ad5427835e84a210b32e8ceea45baeece0bc1e4488d5852a5b4244f51dc32a69"}

experimental_model

Controlled feeding and balance study in five healthy men

exposure

Nine-week protocol; 36 g/day pectin during last six weeks

limitations

Small older study. Disappearance from stool supported fermentation but did not assign a particular enzyme or metabolic flux.

nutrient_topic

Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

Mineral binding in a test tube did not imply a calcium deficit here.

primary_references

[pectin-p37887] The digestion of pectin in the human gut and its effect on calcium absorption and large bowel function. (1979). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37887/ DOI: 10.1079/bjn19790062

tissue_or_cell_type

Whole-gut balance and stool

Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 750–761

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Controlled feeding and balance study in five healthy men · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### pectin-calcium-balance-null Calcium balance was unchanged during the tested pectin feeding period. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Mineral binding in a test tube did not imply a calcium deficit here. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Whole-gut balance and stool experimental_model: Controlled feeding and balance study in five healthy men limitations: Small older study. Disappearance from stool supported fermentation but did not assign a particular enzyme or metabolic flux. exposure: Nine-week protocol; 36 g/day pectin during last six weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/37887.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ad5427835e84a210b32e8ceea45baeece0bc1e4488d5852a5b4244f51dc32a69", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1141, "text_sha256": "ad5427835e84a210b32e8ceea45baeece0bc1e4488d5852a5b4244f51dc32a69"} [pectin-p37887] The digestion of pectin in the human gut and its effect on calcium absorption and large bowel function. (1979). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37887/ DOI: 10.1079/bjn19790062

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/6307932.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "fd45607a7ff1d1a20dd52d145134da591847919c3db47ef8a8cf5693fb9f80a1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1593, "text_sha256": "fd45607a7ff1d1a20dd52d145134da591847919c3db47ef8a8cf5693fb9f80a1"}

experimental_model

Within-person ileostomy balance study; six participants

exposure

15 g/day citrus pectin on days 5-7 of a 10-day low-fiber feeding protocol

limitations

Ileal apparent absorption and output are not whole-body status or clinical deficiency; the colon was bypassed.

nutrient_topic

Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

The effect on iron did not extend to every mineral.

primary_references

[pectin-p6307932] The effect of citrus pectin on the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. (1983). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6307932/

tissue_or_cell_type

Small intestine; ileal effluent

Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 607–618

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Within-person ileostomy balance study; six participants · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### pectin-ileal-calcium-null Apparent calcium absorption was unchanged in the ileostomy study. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The effect on iron did not extend to every mineral. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Small intestine; ileal effluent experimental_model: Within-person ileostomy balance study; six participants limitations: Ileal apparent absorption and output are not whole-body status or clinical deficiency; the colon was bypassed. exposure: 15 g/day citrus pectin on days 5-7 of a 10-day low-fiber feeding protocol evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/6307932.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "fd45607a7ff1d1a20dd52d145134da591847919c3db47ef8a8cf5693fb9f80a1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1593, "text_sha256": "fd45607a7ff1d1a20dd52d145134da591847919c3db47ef8a8cf5693fb9f80a1"} [pectin-p6307932] The effect of citrus pectin on the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. (1983). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6307932/

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/phosphorus-research/21030580.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e51a1cd580ac4ea7b0232f65c73ac0814df6bff655bf7bd6d0d82f7f9f21a33e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1603, "text_sha256": "e51a1cd580ac4ea7b0232f65c73ac0814df6bff655bf7bd6d0d82f7f9f21a33e"}

experimental_model

Paired 36-hour dietary interventions

exposure

Low/high phosphate and calcium diets, separated by a week

limitations

Both calcium and phosphate changed; phosphate alone cannot be assigned the full effect. Timing and circadian variation matter.

nutrient_topic

Phosphorus research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Phosphorus

organism

Human

plain_language

The active hormone concentration also increased.

primary_references

[phosphorus-p21030580] Effects of dietary phosphate and calcium intake on fibroblast growth factor-23. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21030580/ DOI: 10.2215/cjn.04730510

tissue_or_cell_type

Ten healthy adults; serial serum measurements and 24-hour urine

Phosphorus: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 946–957

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Paired 36-hour dietary interventions · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### phosphorus-mixed-diet-fgf23 Intact FGF23 rose from 33 to 37 ng/L during the higher-phosphate/calcium regimen. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Phosphorus research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The active hormone concentration also increased. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Ten healthy adults; serial serum measurements and 24-hour urine experimental_model: Paired 36-hour dietary interventions limitations: Both calcium and phosphate changed; phosphate alone cannot be assigned the full effect. Timing and circadian variation matter. exposure: Low/high phosphate and calcium diets, separated by a week evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/phosphorus-research/21030580.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e51a1cd580ac4ea7b0232f65c73ac0814df6bff655bf7bd6d0d82f7f9f21a33e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1603, "text_sha256": "e51a1cd580ac4ea7b0232f65c73ac0814df6bff655bf7bd6d0d82f7f9f21a33e"} [phosphorus-p21030580] Effects of dietary phosphate and calcium intake on fibroblast growth factor-23. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21030580/ DOI: 10.2215/cjn.04730510

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/phosphorus-research/21030580.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e51a1cd580ac4ea7b0232f65c73ac0814df6bff655bf7bd6d0d82f7f9f21a33e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1603, "text_sha256": "e51a1cd580ac4ea7b0232f65c73ac0814df6bff655bf7bd6d0d82f7f9f21a33e"}

experimental_model

Paired 36-hour dietary interventions

exposure

Low/high phosphate and calcium diets, separated by a week

limitations

Both calcium and phosphate changed; phosphate alone cannot be assigned the full effect. Timing and circadian variation matter.

nutrient_topic

Phosphorus research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Phosphorus

organism

Human

plain_language

The combined dietary change raised the blood phosphate measurement.

primary_references

[phosphorus-p21030580] Effects of dietary phosphate and calcium intake on fibroblast growth factor-23. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21030580/ DOI: 10.2215/cjn.04730510

tissue_or_cell_type

Ten healthy adults; serial serum measurements and 24-hour urine

Phosphorus: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 933–944

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Paired 36-hour dietary interventions · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### phosphorus-mixed-diet-pi Serum phosphate rose from 1.11 to 1.32 mmol/L during the higher-phosphate/calcium regimen. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Phosphorus research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The combined dietary change raised the blood phosphate measurement. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Ten healthy adults; serial serum measurements and 24-hour urine experimental_model: Paired 36-hour dietary interventions limitations: Both calcium and phosphate changed; phosphate alone cannot be assigned the full effect. Timing and circadian variation matter. exposure: Low/high phosphate and calcium diets, separated by a week evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/phosphorus-research/21030580.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e51a1cd580ac4ea7b0232f65c73ac0814df6bff655bf7bd6d0d82f7f9f21a33e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1603, "text_sha256": "e51a1cd580ac4ea7b0232f65c73ac0814df6bff655bf7bd6d0d82f7f9f21a33e"} [phosphorus-p21030580] Effects of dietary phosphate and calcium intake on fibroblast growth factor-23. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21030580/ DOI: 10.2215/cjn.04730510

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/phosphorus-research/21030580.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e51a1cd580ac4ea7b0232f65c73ac0814df6bff655bf7bd6d0d82f7f9f21a33e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1603, "text_sha256": "e51a1cd580ac4ea7b0232f65c73ac0814df6bff655bf7bd6d0d82f7f9f21a33e"}

experimental_model

Paired 36-hour dietary interventions

exposure

Low/high phosphate and calcium diets, separated by a week

limitations

Both calcium and phosphate changed; phosphate alone cannot be assigned the full effect. Timing and circadian variation matter.

nutrient_topic

Phosphorus research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Phosphorus

organism

Human

plain_language

Changing calcium alongside phosphate produced a different PTH pattern than a phosphate-only cell challenge.

primary_references

[phosphorus-p21030580] Effects of dietary phosphate and calcium intake on fibroblast growth factor-23. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21030580/ DOI: 10.2215/cjn.04730510

tissue_or_cell_type

Ten healthy adults; serial serum measurements and 24-hour urine

Phosphorus: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 972–983

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Paired 36-hour dietary interventions · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### phosphorus-mixed-diet-pth PTH declined during the higher-phosphate/calcium regimen even while FGF23 increased. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Phosphorus research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Changing calcium alongside phosphate produced a different PTH pattern than a phosphate-only cell challenge. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Ten healthy adults; serial serum measurements and 24-hour urine experimental_model: Paired 36-hour dietary interventions limitations: Both calcium and phosphate changed; phosphate alone cannot be assigned the full effect. Timing and circadian variation matter. exposure: Low/high phosphate and calcium diets, separated by a week evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/phosphorus-research/21030580.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e51a1cd580ac4ea7b0232f65c73ac0814df6bff655bf7bd6d0d82f7f9f21a33e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1603, "text_sha256": "e51a1cd580ac4ea7b0232f65c73ac0814df6bff655bf7bd6d0d82f7f9f21a33e"} [phosphorus-p21030580] Effects of dietary phosphate and calcium intake on fibroblast growth factor-23. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21030580/ DOI: 10.2215/cjn.04730510

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/phosphorus-research/21030580.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e51a1cd580ac4ea7b0232f65c73ac0814df6bff655bf7bd6d0d82f7f9f21a33e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1603, "text_sha256": "e51a1cd580ac4ea7b0232f65c73ac0814df6bff655bf7bd6d0d82f7f9f21a33e"}

experimental_model

Paired 36-hour dietary interventions

exposure

Low/high phosphate and calcium diets, separated by a week

limitations

Both calcium and phosphate changed; phosphate alone cannot be assigned the full effect. Timing and circadian variation matter.

nutrient_topic

Phosphorus research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Phosphorus

organism

Human

plain_language

The kidneys excreted more phosphate.

primary_references

[phosphorus-p21030580] Effects of dietary phosphate and calcium intake on fibroblast growth factor-23. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21030580/ DOI: 10.2215/cjn.04730510

tissue_or_cell_type

Ten healthy adults; serial serum measurements and 24-hour urine

Phosphorus: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 959–970

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Paired 36-hour dietary interventions · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### phosphorus-mixed-diet-urine Urinary phosphate rose from 21.6 to 28.8 mmol/day during the higher-phosphate/calcium regimen. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Phosphorus research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The kidneys excreted more phosphate. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Ten healthy adults; serial serum measurements and 24-hour urine experimental_model: Paired 36-hour dietary interventions limitations: Both calcium and phosphate changed; phosphate alone cannot be assigned the full effect. Timing and circadian variation matter. exposure: Low/high phosphate and calcium diets, separated by a week evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/phosphorus-research/21030580.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e51a1cd580ac4ea7b0232f65c73ac0814df6bff655bf7bd6d0d82f7f9f21a33e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1603, "text_sha256": "e51a1cd580ac4ea7b0232f65c73ac0814df6bff655bf7bd6d0d82f7f9f21a33e"} [phosphorus-p21030580] Effects of dietary phosphate and calcium intake on fibroblast growth factor-23. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21030580/ DOI: 10.2215/cjn.04730510