Phytic acid / phytate

cross_nutrient

Dietary phytate -> magnesium uptake; mineral content and fractional absorption are distinct.

experimental_model

Two human crossover stable-isotope studies, 8-9 adults each.

exposure

1.49 mmol phytate: 32.5% to 13.0%; 0.75 mmol: 32.2% to 24.0%; 3.6 mmol Mg per meal.

limitations

Absorption is measured; mineral complexation was not isolated. Does not show that whole grains are net Mg-poor.

nutrient_topic

Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Magnesium

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

A food component can reduce how much magnesium reaches the body from a meal.

primary_references

[mg-bohn2004] Phytic acid added to white-wheat bread inhibits fractional apparent magnesium absorption in humans (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14985216/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/79.3.418

tissue_or_cell_type

Human intestinal absorption estimated by fecal isotope recovery

Magnesium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 1602–1613

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Two human crossover stable-isotope studies, 8-9 adults each. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mg-phytate-lowers-absorption Adding phytate to matched-Mg bread meals reduced fractional apparent Mg absorption in a dose-dependent pattern. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Magnesium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A food component can reduce how much magnesium reaches the body from a meal. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Human intestinal absorption estimated by fecal isotope recovery experimental_model: Two human crossover stable-isotope studies, 8-9 adults each. limitations: Absorption is measured; mineral complexation was not isolated. Does not show that whole grains are net Mg-poor. cross_nutrient: Dietary phytate -> magnesium uptake; mineral content and fractional absorption are distinct. exposure: 1.49 mmol phytate: 32.5% to 13.0%; 0.75 mmol: 32.2% to 24.0%; 3.6 mmol Mg per meal. [mg-bohn2004] Phytic acid added to white-wheat bread inhibits fractional apparent magnesium absorption in humans (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14985216/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/79.3.418

absolute_absorption

Corresponding absolute absorption: 3.8±0.3, 3.0±0.3, 4.5±0.3 and 3.2±0.3 mg zinc/day (mean±SE).

cross_nutrient

Calcium (dietary_context); Zinc (measured_nutrient)

evidence_location

Indexed primary abstract.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zinc-clinical-sources/hunt2009.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; complete local file", "file_sha256": "d912d9f2c0890cde2ae13e9de7f1202bf130e661e3f14e13483563f179319f85", "utf8_bytes": 1659}

experimental_model

Two-by-two one-day feeding and 65Zn tracer study in ten healthy women

exposure

Approximately 700 versus 1800 mg calcium/day, and 440 versus 1800 mg phytate/day in conventional menus.

limitations

Short controlled menus in ten women; null calcium effect does not cover every formulation, population or dose.

nutrient_topic

Zinc research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Zinc

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

Phytate reduced zinc uptake in these menus, while extra calcium did not.

primary_references

[zn-clin-hunt2009] Dietary calcium does not exacerbate phytate inhibition of zinc absorption by women from conventional diets. (2009). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19176739/ DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.27175

tissue_or_cell_type

Intestinal absorption

Zinc: transport, enzyme loading, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1271–1285

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Two-by-two one-day feeding and 65Zn tracer study in ten healthy women · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zn-clin-phytate-calcium Zinc absorption fractions were 32.8±2.3%, 26.9±2.4%, 39.4±2.4% and 26.2±2.3% (mean±SE) for moderate-Ca/low-phytate, moderate-Ca/high-phytate, high-Ca/low-phytate and high-Ca/high-phytate menus. Phytate reduced absorption; calcium did not significantly impair it. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zinc research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Phytate reduced zinc uptake in these menus, while extra calcium did not. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal absorption experimental_model: Two-by-two one-day feeding and 65Zn tracer study in ten healthy women limitations: Short controlled menus in ten women; null calcium effect does not cover every formulation, population or dose. exposure: Approximately 700 versus 1800 mg calcium/day, and 440 versus 1800 mg phytate/day in conventional menus. cross_nutrient: Calcium (dietary_context); Zinc (measured_nutrient) evidence_location: Indexed primary abstract. evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zinc-clinical-sources/hunt2009.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; complete local file", "file_sha256": "d912d9f2c0890cde2ae13e9de7f1202bf130e661e3f14e13483563f179319f85", "utf8_bytes": 1659} absolute_absorption: Corresponding absolute absorption: 3.8±0.3, 3.0±0.3, 4.5±0.3 and 3.2±0.3 mg zinc/day (mean±SE). [zn-clin-hunt2009] Dietary calcium does not exacerbate phytate inhibition of zinc absorption by women from conventional diets. (2009). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19176739/ DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.27175

cross_nutrient

Calcium (retained_nutrient); Zinc (concurrently_measured_nutrient)

evidence_location

Indexed primary abstract.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zinc-clinical-sources/hallberg2006.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; complete local file", "file_sha256": "3a8556f5e4076009ed9adbf018205c8a3b2d0aaae43cccc866dc6be0271451d4", "utf8_bytes": 1603}

experimental_model

Human dual-radioisotope meal study: 40 subjects, 105 meals

exposure

Wheat-roll meals contained 3.1 mg zinc and 266 mg calcium; added sodium phytate supplied 0–250 mg phytate phosphorus.

limitations

Phytate-P mass is phosphorus mass, not total phytate mass. Seven-day calcium retention and zinc absorption are distinct endpoints; meal-specific significance levels are not universal thresholds.

nutrient_topic

Zinc research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Zinc

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

The same meal manipulation also reduced retained calcium.

primary_references

[zn-clin-hallberg2006] Absorption of zinc and retention of calcium: dose-dependent inhibition by phytate. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16632176/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2006.01.003

tissue_or_cell_type

Intestinal zinc absorption and whole-body calcium retention

Zinc: transport, enzyme loading, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1302–1315

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human dual-radioisotope meal study: 40 subjects, 105 meals · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zn-clin-phytate-calcium-retention At the same ascending phytate-P additions, seven-day calcium retention was 31%, 28%, 27%, 26%, 22%, 19%, 14% and 11%; reduction was significant from 100 mg phytate-P in this study. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zinc research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The same meal manipulation also reduced retained calcium. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal zinc absorption and whole-body calcium retention experimental_model: Human dual-radioisotope meal study: 40 subjects, 105 meals limitations: Phytate-P mass is phosphorus mass, not total phytate mass. Seven-day calcium retention and zinc absorption are distinct endpoints; meal-specific significance levels are not universal thresholds. exposure: Wheat-roll meals contained 3.1 mg zinc and 266 mg calcium; added sodium phytate supplied 0–250 mg phytate phosphorus. cross_nutrient: Calcium (retained_nutrient); Zinc (concurrently_measured_nutrient) evidence_location: Indexed primary abstract. evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zinc-clinical-sources/hallberg2006.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; complete local file", "file_sha256": "3a8556f5e4076009ed9adbf018205c8a3b2d0aaae43cccc866dc6be0271451d4", "utf8_bytes": 1603} [zn-clin-hallberg2006] Absorption of zinc and retention of calcium: dose-dependent inhibition by phytate. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16632176/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2006.01.003

cross_nutrient

Zinc (absorbed_nutrient); Calcium (meal_context)

evidence_location

Indexed primary abstract.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zinc-clinical-sources/hallberg2006.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; complete local file", "file_sha256": "3a8556f5e4076009ed9adbf018205c8a3b2d0aaae43cccc866dc6be0271451d4", "utf8_bytes": 1603}

experimental_model

Human dual-radioisotope meal study: 40 subjects, 105 meals

exposure

Wheat-roll meals contained 3.1 mg zinc and 266 mg calcium; added sodium phytate supplied 0–250 mg phytate phosphorus.

limitations

Phytate-P mass is phosphorus mass, not total phytate mass. Seven-day calcium retention and zinc absorption are distinct endpoints; meal-specific significance levels are not universal thresholds.

nutrient_topic

Zinc research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Zinc

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

Increasing phytate progressively reduced zinc uptake in the test meal.

primary_references

[zn-clin-hallberg2006] Absorption of zinc and retention of calcium: dose-dependent inhibition by phytate. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16632176/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2006.01.003

tissue_or_cell_type

Intestinal zinc absorption and whole-body calcium retention

Zinc: transport, enzyme loading, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1287–1300

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human dual-radioisotope meal study: 40 subjects, 105 meals · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zn-clin-phytate-gradient At added phytate-P levels of 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 140, 175 and 250 mg, mean zinc absorption was 22%, 16%, 14%, 11%, 7%, 7%, 7% and 6%. Reductions were significant from 50 mg phytate-P in these meals. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zinc research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Increasing phytate progressively reduced zinc uptake in the test meal. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal zinc absorption and whole-body calcium retention experimental_model: Human dual-radioisotope meal study: 40 subjects, 105 meals limitations: Phytate-P mass is phosphorus mass, not total phytate mass. Seven-day calcium retention and zinc absorption are distinct endpoints; meal-specific significance levels are not universal thresholds. exposure: Wheat-roll meals contained 3.1 mg zinc and 266 mg calcium; added sodium phytate supplied 0–250 mg phytate phosphorus. cross_nutrient: Zinc (absorbed_nutrient); Calcium (meal_context) evidence_location: Indexed primary abstract. evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zinc-clinical-sources/hallberg2006.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; complete local file", "file_sha256": "3a8556f5e4076009ed9adbf018205c8a3b2d0aaae43cccc866dc6be0271451d4", "utf8_bytes": 1603} [zn-clin-hallberg2006] Absorption of zinc and retention of calcium: dose-dependent inhibition by phytate. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16632176/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2006.01.003

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/inositol-research/2911999.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a5b0473a7a412eec5479259c7214b462fa6cfcc5948a6dae68db636de4e76f24", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 943, "text_sha256": "a5b0473a7a412eec5479259c7214b462fa6cfcc5948a6dae68db636de4e76f24"}

experimental_model

Paired radioisotope meal-absorption study

exposure

Wheat rolls with increasing sodium phytate

limitations

Luminal phytate/InsP6 exposure is distinct from free myo-inositol and intracellular InsP6 signaling.

nutrient_topic

Inositol research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Inositol (stereoisomer family)

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

The six-phosphate form in food can reduce absorption of iron from that meal.

primary_references

[ino-p2911999] Iron absorption in man: ascorbic acid and dose-dependent inhibition by phytate. (1989). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2911999/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/49.1.140

tissue_or_cell_type

Intestinal iron absorption

Inositol: synthesis, signaling, mineral interactions and conditional deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 1159–1170

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Paired radioisotope meal-absorption study · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ino-phytate-iron Adding sodium phytate to otherwise phytate-free wheat rolls inhibited iron absorption in a dose-dependent manner. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Inositol research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The six-phosphate form in food can reduce absorption of iron from that meal. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal iron absorption experimental_model: Paired radioisotope meal-absorption study limitations: Luminal phytate/InsP6 exposure is distinct from free myo-inositol and intracellular InsP6 signaling. exposure: Wheat rolls with increasing sodium phytate evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/inositol-research/2911999.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a5b0473a7a412eec5479259c7214b462fa6cfcc5948a6dae68db636de4e76f24", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 943, "text_sha256": "a5b0473a7a412eec5479259c7214b462fa6cfcc5948a6dae68db636de4e76f24"} [ino-p2911999] Iron absorption in man: ascorbic acid and dose-dependent inhibition by phytate. (1989). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2911999/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/49.1.140

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/inositol-research/40128258.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4765253840f684d5dafa834980e3fea9edc5d7419379b4a27ccf1090f081ce00", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1071, "text_sha256": "4765253840f684d5dafa834980e3fea9edc5d7419379b4a27ccf1090f081ce00"}

experimental_model

Cryo-EM and functional mutagenesis

exposure

InsP6 and phosphate binding

limitations

This paper tests InsP6 despite pyrophosphate wording in its title. It does not establish that dietary phytate reaches this intracellular site or overrides InsP8 selectivity in other assays.

nutrient_topic

Inositol research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Inositol (stereoisomer family)

organism

Human proteins

plain_language

An intracellular inositol phosphate helped stabilize an open exporter complex.

primary_references

[ino-p40128258] Synergistic activation of the human phosphate exporter XPR1 by KIDINS220 and inositol pyrophosphate. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40128258/ DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-58200-y

tissue_or_cell_type

XPR1-KIDINS220 transport complex

Inositol: synthesis, signaling, mineral interactions and conditional deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 925–936

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cryo-EM and functional mutagenesis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ino-xpr1-ins-p6 In the presence of InsP6 and phosphate, human XPR1-KIDINS220 adopted an outward-open structure; InsP6 occupied SPX and juxtamembrane regions. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Inositol research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: An intracellular inositol phosphate helped stabilize an open exporter complex. organism: Human proteins tissue_or_cell_type: XPR1-KIDINS220 transport complex experimental_model: Cryo-EM and functional mutagenesis limitations: This paper tests InsP6 despite pyrophosphate wording in its title. It does not establish that dietary phytate reaches this intracellular site or overrides InsP8 selectivity in other assays. exposure: InsP6 and phosphate binding evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/inositol-research/40128258.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4765253840f684d5dafa834980e3fea9edc5d7419379b4a27ccf1090f081ce00", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1071, "text_sha256": "4765253840f684d5dafa834980e3fea9edc5d7419379b4a27ccf1090f081ce00"} [ino-p40128258] Synergistic activation of the human phosphate exporter XPR1 by KIDINS220 and inositol pyrophosphate. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40128258/ DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-58200-y

cross_nutrient

Inorganic phosphate (Pi; protonation depends on pH) (tested_addition); L-Ascorbate (tested_addition); Manganese (measured_nutrient)

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/manganese-clinical-sources/davidsson1991.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed primary abstract", "file_sha256": "7570e2285532eac2292b252a3813f1be97b46d68529a4d4150a88b4f9038676a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 912, "text_sha256": "7570e2285532eac2292b252a3813f1be97b46d68529a4d4150a88b4f9038676a", "text_characters": 912}

experimental_model

Paired radiotracer test-meal study in adults

exposure

Human milk, infant formula and wheat bread used as adult test meals; individual mineral and dietary-component additions.

limitations

These were adult experiments even when milk or infant formula was the matrix. Added amounts were not independently verified from the indexed abstract; no universal interaction or spacing rule follows.

nutrient_topic

Manganese research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Manganese

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

The tested additions had no detectable effect in this formula matrix.

primary_references

[mn-clin-davidsson1991] The effect of individual dietary components on manganese absorption in humans. (1991). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1957822/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/54.6.1065

tissue_or_cell_type

Intestinal absorption

Manganese: enzyme cofactors, glycosylation, transport and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1062–1074

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Paired radiotracer test-meal study in adults · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mn-clin-meal-formula-additions Adding phytate, phosphate or ascorbic acid to the formula test meals did not significantly alter manganese absorption in adults. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Manganese research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The tested additions had no detectable effect in this formula matrix. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal absorption experimental_model: Paired radiotracer test-meal study in adults limitations: These were adult experiments even when milk or infant formula was the matrix. Added amounts were not independently verified from the indexed abstract; no universal interaction or spacing rule follows. exposure: Human milk, infant formula and wheat bread used as adult test meals; individual mineral and dietary-component additions. cross_nutrient: Inorganic phosphate (Pi; protonation depends on pH) (tested_addition); L-Ascorbate (tested_addition); Manganese (measured_nutrient) evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/manganese-clinical-sources/davidsson1991.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed primary abstract", "file_sha256": "7570e2285532eac2292b252a3813f1be97b46d68529a4d4150a88b4f9038676a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 912, "text_sha256": "7570e2285532eac2292b252a3813f1be97b46d68529a4d4150a88b4f9038676a", "text_characters": 912} [mn-clin-davidsson1991] The effect of individual dietary components on manganese absorption in humans. (1991). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1957822/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/54.6.1065

cross_nutrient

Phytic acid / phytate (dietary_modifier)

evidence_location

Indexed primary abstract.

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/zinc-clinical-sources/hunt2008.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; complete local file", "file_sha256": "da28b136fa7271f3406a8cf55cc3e613a5e8749578c1ee662057ebe564df8995", "utf8_bytes": 1647}

experimental_model

Three controlled dietary experiments in 109 healthy adults

exposure

Ten diets: 4–29 mg zinc/day, phytate:zinc molar ratios 2–7 or 15–23, before and after 4 or 8 weeks.

limitations

Dietary restriction and adaptation are not proof of clinical zinc deficiency. The reported 92% was an upper observed absorption value, not a mean.

nutrient_topic

Zinc research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Zinc

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

Zinc uptake can adapt to intake, but phytate constrained that adaptation.

primary_references

[zn-clin-hunt2008] Adaptation in human zinc absorption as influenced by dietary zinc and bioavailability. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18469257/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/87.5.1336

tissue_or_cell_type

Intestinal absorption and candidate blood biomarkers

Zinc: transport, enzyme loading, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1317–1330

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Three controlled dietary experiments in 109 healthy adults · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### zn-clin-adaptation Absorption efficiency increased as dietary zinc fell. After 4–8 weeks below 11 mg zinc/day, further adaptation reached as high as 92% absorption on low-phytate diets; this additional adaptation was absent on high-phytate diets. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Zinc research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Zinc uptake can adapt to intake, but phytate constrained that adaptation. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal absorption and candidate blood biomarkers experimental_model: Three controlled dietary experiments in 109 healthy adults limitations: Dietary restriction and adaptation are not proof of clinical zinc deficiency. The reported 92% was an upper observed absorption value, not a mean. exposure: Ten diets: 4–29 mg zinc/day, phytate:zinc molar ratios 2–7 or 15–23, before and after 4 or 8 weeks. cross_nutrient: Phytic acid / phytate (dietary_modifier) evidence_location: Indexed primary abstract. evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/zinc-clinical-sources/hunt2008.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; complete local file", "file_sha256": "da28b136fa7271f3406a8cf55cc3e613a5e8749578c1ee662057ebe564df8995", "utf8_bytes": 1647} [zn-clin-hunt2008] Adaptation in human zinc absorption as influenced by dietary zinc and bioavailability. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18469257/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/87.5.1336

cross_nutrient

Meal composition modifies the vitamin C/iron interaction.

experimental_model

Human alternate-day paired radiolabeled wheat-roll experiments.

exposure

Seven sodium phytate levels spanning 2–250 mg expressed as phytate phosphorus, with and without ascorbic acid; 55Fe/59Fe labels. Exact C dose and participant count are not extracted from the abstract.

limitations

Single-meal tracer result; does not prove full cancellation of inhibition or long-term correction of anemia.

nutrient_topic

Vitamin C research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin C

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

Vitamin C helped offset an iron-absorption inhibitor in the tested meals.

primary_references

[c-hallberg1989] Iron absorption in man: ascorbic acid and dose-dependent inhibition by phytate (1989). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2911999/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/49.1.140

tissue_or_cell_type

Human blood or whole-person endpoints

Vitamin C: mechanisms, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1580–1591

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human alternate-day paired radiolabeled wheat-roll experiments. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### c-phytate-iron-inhibition-counteraction Added ascorbic acid significantly counteracted the inhibition of radiolabeled nonheme iron absorption caused by sodium phytate in wheat-roll meals. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Vitamin C research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Vitamin C helped offset an iron-absorption inhibitor in the tested meals. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Human blood or whole-person endpoints experimental_model: Human alternate-day paired radiolabeled wheat-roll experiments. limitations: Single-meal tracer result; does not prove full cancellation of inhibition or long-term correction of anemia. exposure: Seven sodium phytate levels spanning 2–250 mg expressed as phytate phosphorus, with and without ascorbic acid; 55Fe/59Fe labels. Exact C dose and participant count are not extracted from the abstract. cross_nutrient: Meal composition modifies the vitamin C/iron interaction. [c-hallberg1989] Iron absorption in man: ascorbic acid and dose-dependent inhibition by phytate (1989). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2911999/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/49.1.140

cross_nutrient

Vitamin A/carotene -> iron absorption; contested.

experimental_model

Six human cereal-meal studies.

limitations

Not consistently replicated; the claimed iron-complex mechanism was proposed rather than structurally demonstrated.

nutrient_topic

Vitamin A research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin A

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

This study found that the meal additives made more iron available.

primary_references

[va-garciacasal1998] Vitamin A and beta-carotene can improve nonheme iron absorption from rice, wheat and corn by humans (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9482776/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/128.3.646

tissue_or_cell_type

Intestinal absorption

Vitamin A: forms, mechanisms, deficiency and excess (2026-09-17) · lines 1542–1552

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Six human cereal-meal studies. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### va-iron-absorption-positive1998 Vitamin A and beta-carotene increased labelled nonheme iron absorption from tested cereal meals. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Vitamin A research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This study found that the meal additives made more iron available. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal absorption experimental_model: Six human cereal-meal studies. limitations: Not consistently replicated; the claimed iron-complex mechanism was proposed rather than structurally demonstrated. cross_nutrient: Vitamin A/carotene -> iron absorption; contested. [va-garciacasal1998] Vitamin A and beta-carotene can improve nonheme iron absorption from rice, wheat and corn by humans (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9482776/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/128.3.646

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/inositol-research/21145457.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0de0a9c3ea11cd8ce59bccff69a41139b11e11182fd9fd66016ec72ba329a5ce", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 889, "text_sha256": "0de0a9c3ea11cd8ce59bccff69a41139b11e11182fd9fd66016ec72ba329a5ce"}

experimental_model

Biochemical Akt regulation and targeted mouse Ip6k1 deletion

exposure

5-InsP7 and Ip6k1 knockout

limitations

Whole-gene deletion is not equivalent to adding or withdrawing free myo-inositol; the reported therapeutic proposal is not established treatment.

nutrient_topic

Inositol research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Inositol (stereoisomer family)

organism

Mammalian enzymology and Mus musculus

plain_language

Adding a phosphate onto an existing phosphate makes an inositol pyrophosphate.

primary_references

[ino-p21145457] Inositol pyrophosphates inhibit Akt signaling, thereby regulating insulin sensitivity and weight gain. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21145457/ DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.11.032

tissue_or_cell_type

Muscle, adipose tissue and liver

Inositol: synthesis, signaling, mineral interactions and conditional deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 769–780

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Biochemical Akt regulation and targeted mouse Ip6k1 deletion · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ino-ip6k-ip7 IP6K enzymes form 5-InsP7 from InsP6. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Inositol research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Adding a phosphate onto an existing phosphate makes an inositol pyrophosphate. organism: Mammalian enzymology and Mus musculus tissue_or_cell_type: Muscle, adipose tissue and liver experimental_model: Biochemical Akt regulation and targeted mouse Ip6k1 deletion limitations: Whole-gene deletion is not equivalent to adding or withdrawing free myo-inositol; the reported therapeutic proposal is not established treatment. exposure: 5-InsP7 and Ip6k1 knockout evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/inositol-research/21145457.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "0de0a9c3ea11cd8ce59bccff69a41139b11e11182fd9fd66016ec72ba329a5ce", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 889, "text_sha256": "0de0a9c3ea11cd8ce59bccff69a41139b11e11182fd9fd66016ec72ba329a5ce"} [ino-p21145457] Inositol pyrophosphates inhibit Akt signaling, thereby regulating insulin sensitivity and weight gain. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21145457/ DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.11.032

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/inositol-research/12084730.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7e44dbc7039048a53bffd92fd69dfa1f35f1dc762389c8d810f913ea70e10c80", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1407, "text_sha256": "7e44dbc7039048a53bffd92fd69dfa1f35f1dc762389c8d810f913ea70e10c80"}

experimental_model

Recombinant kinase and yeast complementation

exposure

Inositol pentakisphosphate and ATP assays

limitations

Human enzyme activity; yeast rescue is not a clinical supplementation trial.

nutrient_topic

Inositol research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Inositol (stereoisomer family)

organism

Human IPPK expressed in Sf21 cells

plain_language

The cell can make the six-phosphate inositol molecule inside itself.

primary_references

[ino-p12084730] The synthesis of inositol hexakisphosphate. Characterization of human inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate 2-kinase. (2002). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12084730/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m205682200

tissue_or_cell_type

Purified kinase

Inositol: synthesis, signaling, mineral interactions and conditional deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 743–754

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Recombinant kinase and yeast complementation · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### ino-ippk-ip6 Human IPPK used ATP to phosphorylate inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate at position 2, producing InsP6. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Inositol research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The cell can make the six-phosphate inositol molecule inside itself. organism: Human IPPK expressed in Sf21 cells tissue_or_cell_type: Purified kinase experimental_model: Recombinant kinase and yeast complementation limitations: Human enzyme activity; yeast rescue is not a clinical supplementation trial. exposure: Inositol pentakisphosphate and ATP assays evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/inositol-research/12084730.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7e44dbc7039048a53bffd92fd69dfa1f35f1dc762389c8d810f913ea70e10c80", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1407, "text_sha256": "7e44dbc7039048a53bffd92fd69dfa1f35f1dc762389c8d810f913ea70e10c80"} [ino-p12084730] The synthesis of inositol hexakisphosphate. Characterization of human inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate 2-kinase. (2002). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12084730/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m205682200