Nutrient chapter

Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid

Chlorogenic acid, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid under the quinic-acid numbering convention used in the linked analytical study; CAS 327-97-9. Historical 3-CQA naming must be resolved by structure/convention. Plural chlorogenic acids, coffee extracts and metabolites are not this single molecule. No essential dietary requirement or deficiency syndrome is established.

85 recorded mechanisms · 3 availability situations · 8 preserved sources. Draft and verified records are labeled separately.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

The mechanisms

What the sources say this nutrient does, one relationship at a time. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Chlorogenic acid contains a caffeic-acid moiety esterified to quinic acid.
Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid → Caffeic acid source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/11208940.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "651ac6849ea1490afeee5c905352bda75c8701decbcdf68f1d22dec05af06fd8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1299, "text_sha256": "651ac6849ea1490afeee5c905352bda75c8701decbcdf68f1d22dec05af06fd8"}
experimental_model
Randomized-order crossover in seven ileostomy volunteers
exposure
2.8 mmol chlorogenic acid or caffeic acid on separate days; 24-hour collections
limitations
Disappearance from ileal effluent is not intact-parent systemic bioavailability. Participants lacked normal colonic processing; no therapeutic outcome was tested.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human
plain_language
The intact molecule differs from free caffeic acid.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p11208940] Chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid are absorbed in humans. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11208940/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/131.1.66
tissue_or_cell_type
Small intestine; ileal effluent and urine
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 113–124
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized-order crossover in seven ileostomy volunteers · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-caffeic-ester Chlorogenic acid contains a caffeic-acid moiety esterified to quinic acid. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The intact molecule differs from free caffeic acid. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Small intestine; ileal effluent and urine experimental_model: Randomized-order crossover in seven ileostomy volunteers limitations: Disappearance from ileal effluent is not intact-parent systemic bioavailability. Participants lacked normal colonic processing; no therapeutic outcome was tested. exposure: 2.8 mmol chlorogenic acid or caffeic acid on separate days; 24-hour collections evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/11208940.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "651ac6849ea1490afeee5c905352bda75c8701decbcdf68f1d22dec05af06fd8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1299, "text_sha256": "651ac6849ea1490afeee5c905352bda75c8701decbcdf68f1d22dec05af06fd8"} [chlorogenic_acid-p11208940] Chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid are absorbed in humans. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11208940/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/131.1.66
Complete structured claim and evidence
CGA inhibited meal iron absorption, less strongly than the galloyl compounds tested.
Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid → Nonheme iron absorption source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/2598894.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "dd211fea03837718abf36655d15cbb771700aeeb8d4f2086b90537561ee0b103", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2146, "text_sha256": "dd211fea03837718abf36655d15cbb771700aeeb8d4f2086b90537561ee0b103"}
experimental_model
Human extrinsic-tag meal iron-absorption experiments
exposure
Meals with chemically distinct phenolic compounds; CGA dose not specified in indexed abstract
limitations
The measured outcome is meal absorption, not systemic chelation or loss of cellular minerals. Effects of galloyl compounds, catechin and CGA were not interchangeable.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human
plain_language
This interaction can reduce iron entering from a meal; it does not show iron being stripped from tissues.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p2598894] Iron absorption and phenolic compounds: importance of different phenolic structures. (1989). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2598894/
tissue_or_cell_type
Gastrointestinal nonheme-iron absorption
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 763–774
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human extrinsic-tag meal iron-absorption experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-iron-absorption CGA inhibited meal iron absorption, less strongly than the galloyl compounds tested. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This interaction can reduce iron entering from a meal; it does not show iron being stripped from tissues. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Gastrointestinal nonheme-iron absorption experimental_model: Human extrinsic-tag meal iron-absorption experiments limitations: The measured outcome is meal absorption, not systemic chelation or loss of cellular minerals. Effects of galloyl compounds, catechin and CGA were not interchangeable. exposure: Meals with chemically distinct phenolic compounds; CGA dose not specified in indexed abstract evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/2598894.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "dd211fea03837718abf36655d15cbb771700aeeb8d4f2086b90537561ee0b103", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2146, "text_sha256": "dd211fea03837718abf36655d15cbb771700aeeb8d4f2086b90537561ee0b103"} [chlorogenic_acid-p2598894] Iron absorption and phenolic compounds: importance of different phenolic structures. (1989). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2598894/
Complete structured claim and evidence
O-methylation of the dietary catechols increased SAH formation.
COMT preparation used in dietary-catechol methylation assay, organism not specified in abstract → S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/16081510.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e93fafd7946f8a4aea30ff3ee9ef05e303f9154eb947410fca8e63c6521a4170", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2008, "text_sha256": "e93fafd7946f8a4aea30ff3ee9ef05e303f9154eb947410fca8e63c6521a4170"}
experimental_model
Coupled catechol-methylation/DNA-methylation assays and breast-cancer cell experiments
exposure
CGA DNMT1 IC50 0.9 micromolar in the coupled assay; compounds tested up to 20 micromolar
limitations
These concentrations and coupled-reaction conditions do not establish whole-body methyl-donor depletion, anticancer benefit or vitamin deficiency after food intake. COMT-mediated SAH generation is distinct from direct competitive binding to DNMT1.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human DNMT1 and MCF-7/MDA-MB-231 cells; COMT preparation species unresolved in abstract
plain_language
Using a methyl donor leaves a product that can restrain other methyltransferases.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p16081510] Inhibition of DNA methylation by caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid, two common catechol-containing coffee polyphenols. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16081510/ DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi206
tissue_or_cell_type
Cell-free methyltransferase reactions and cultured cancer cells
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 789–800
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Coupled catechol-methylation/DNA-methylation assays and breast-cancer cell experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-comt-sah O-methylation of the dietary catechols increased SAH formation. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Using a methyl donor leaves a product that can restrain other methyltransferases. organism: Human DNMT1 and MCF-7/MDA-MB-231 cells; COMT preparation species unresolved in abstract tissue_or_cell_type: Cell-free methyltransferase reactions and cultured cancer cells experimental_model: Coupled catechol-methylation/DNA-methylation assays and breast-cancer cell experiments limitations: These concentrations and coupled-reaction conditions do not establish whole-body methyl-donor depletion, anticancer benefit or vitamin deficiency after food intake. COMT-mediated SAH generation is distinct from direct competitive binding to DNMT1. exposure: CGA DNMT1 IC50 0.9 micromolar in the coupled assay; compounds tested up to 20 micromolar evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/16081510.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e93fafd7946f8a4aea30ff3ee9ef05e303f9154eb947410fca8e63c6521a4170", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2008, "text_sha256": "e93fafd7946f8a4aea30ff3ee9ef05e303f9154eb947410fca8e63c6521a4170"} [chlorogenic_acid-p16081510] Inhibition of DNA methylation by caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid, two common catechol-containing coffee polyphenols. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16081510/ DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi206
Complete structured claim and evidence
At 4-5 hours after dosing, plasma total homocysteine was 12% higher than placebo, a 1.2 micromol/L difference (95% CI 0.6-1.7).
Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid → Homocysteine source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/11237928.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b141ca7b40578ff2c375240255347999acc1d82cf721d117c96ff1a057d667e2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1765, "text_sha256": "b141ca7b40578ff2c375240255347999acc1d82cf721d117c96ff1a057d667e2"}
experimental_model
Randomized-order four-period crossover in 20 adults
exposure
2 g/day CGA for 7 days versus placebo; black tea and rutin comparator periods
limitations
High supplemental exposure. Homocysteine is a biomarker; this study did not establish cardiovascular harm, depletion of folate/B12/B6, or failure of the methylation cycle.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human
plain_language
The methylation connection has a human biomarker result at a high dose.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p11237928] Consumption of high doses of chlorogenic acid, present in coffee, or of black tea increases plasma total homocysteine concentrations in humans. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11237928/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/73.3.532
tissue_or_cell_type
Plasma total homocysteine
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 867–878
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized-order four-period crossover in 20 adults · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-human-hcy At 4-5 hours after dosing, plasma total homocysteine was 12% higher than placebo, a 1.2 micromol/L difference (95% CI 0.6-1.7). Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The methylation connection has a human biomarker result at a high dose. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma total homocysteine experimental_model: Randomized-order four-period crossover in 20 adults limitations: High supplemental exposure. Homocysteine is a biomarker; this study did not establish cardiovascular harm, depletion of folate/B12/B6, or failure of the methylation cycle. exposure: 2 g/day CGA for 7 days versus placebo; black tea and rutin comparator periods evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/11237928.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b141ca7b40578ff2c375240255347999acc1d82cf721d117c96ff1a057d667e2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1765, "text_sha256": "b141ca7b40578ff2c375240255347999acc1d82cf721d117c96ff1a057d667e2"} [chlorogenic_acid-p11237928] Consumption of high doses of chlorogenic acid, present in coffee, or of black tea increases plasma total homocysteine concentrations in humans. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11237928/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/73.3.532
Complete structured claim and evidence
Cryo-EM resolved chlorogenic acid at a cytosolic site in inward-facing human SLC37A4.
Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid → Human glucose-6-phosphate transporter / SLC37A4 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/42520004.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c05de010432b8bfaee87bdbba5f9fe93e7a262d41a17d19ec6e0b7b480e35ee6", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2009, "text_sha256": "c05de010432b8bfaee87bdbba5f9fe93e7a262d41a17d19ec6e0b7b480e35ee6"}
experimental_model
Cryo-EM with biochemical transport and thermostability assays
exposure
Apo, glucose-6-phosphate-bound and chlorogenic-acid-bound structures
limitations
Direct structural target evidence does not establish inhibition after ordinary food intake. Variant disease and compound exposure are different mechanisms; coffee does not thereby cause glycogen storage disease.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human recombinant SLC37A4
plain_language
This is a measured protein complex, not only a docking prediction.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p42520004] Structural basis for substrate recognition and inhibition of human glucose-6-phosphate transporter SLC37A4. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42520004/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3003833
tissue_or_cell_type
HEK293-expressed transporter; purified membrane-protein preparation
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 347–358
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cryo-EM with biochemical transport and thermostability assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-slc37a4-binding Cryo-EM resolved chlorogenic acid at a cytosolic site in inward-facing human SLC37A4. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This is a measured protein complex, not only a docking prediction. organism: Human recombinant SLC37A4 tissue_or_cell_type: HEK293-expressed transporter; purified membrane-protein preparation experimental_model: Cryo-EM with biochemical transport and thermostability assays limitations: Direct structural target evidence does not establish inhibition after ordinary food intake. Variant disease and compound exposure are different mechanisms; coffee does not thereby cause glycogen storage disease. exposure: Apo, glucose-6-phosphate-bound and chlorogenic-acid-bound structures evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/42520004.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c05de010432b8bfaee87bdbba5f9fe93e7a262d41a17d19ec6e0b7b480e35ee6", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2009, "text_sha256": "c05de010432b8bfaee87bdbba5f9fe93e7a262d41a17d19ec6e0b7b480e35ee6"} [chlorogenic_acid-p42520004] Structural basis for substrate recognition and inhibition of human glucose-6-phosphate transporter SLC37A4. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42520004/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3003833
Complete structured claim and evidence
CGA increased AMPK phosphorylation and measured AMPK activity in L6 myotubes.
Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid → Rat AMP-activated protein kinase complexes source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/22412912.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1896, "text_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff"}
experimental_model
L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments
exposure
L6 experiments included 2 mmol/L CGA; mouse acute intervention 250 mg/kg intraperitoneally
limitations
Millimolar culture exposure and injected mouse doses are not dietary human exposures. Phosphorylation and abundance readouts do not by themselves prove every upstream causal step.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Rattus norvegicus
plain_language
A cellular energy-sensing pathway responded in cultured rat muscle.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p22412912] Chlorogenic acid stimulates glucose transport in skeletal muscle via AMPK activation: a contributor to the beneficial effects of coffee on diabetes. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22412912/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032718
tissue_or_cell_type
L6 skeletal-muscle myotubes
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 412–423
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-ampk-activation CGA increased AMPK phosphorylation and measured AMPK activity in L6 myotubes. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A cellular energy-sensing pathway responded in cultured rat muscle. organism: Rattus norvegicus tissue_or_cell_type: L6 skeletal-muscle myotubes experimental_model: L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments limitations: Millimolar culture exposure and injected mouse doses are not dietary human exposures. Phosphorylation and abundance readouts do not by themselves prove every upstream causal step. exposure: L6 experiments included 2 mmol/L CGA; mouse acute intervention 250 mg/kg intraperitoneally evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/22412912.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1896, "text_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff"} [chlorogenic_acid-p22412912] Chlorogenic acid stimulates glucose transport in skeletal muscle via AMPK activation: a contributor to the beneficial effects of coffee on diabetes. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22412912/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032718
Complete structured claim and evidence
AMPK alpha1/alpha2 knockdown abrogated CGA-stimulated glucose transport.
Experimental rat AMPK alpha1/alpha2 knockdown → Rat myotube glucose uptake source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
availability_state
machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/22412912.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1896, "text_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff"}
experimental_model
L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments
exposure
L6 experiments included 2 mmol/L CGA; mouse acute intervention 250 mg/kg intraperitoneally
limitations
Millimolar culture exposure and injected mouse doses are not dietary human exposures. Phosphorylation and abundance readouts do not by themselves prove every upstream causal step.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Rattus norvegicus
plain_language
The response depends on functioning machinery in this model.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p22412912] Chlorogenic acid stimulates glucose transport in skeletal muscle via AMPK activation: a contributor to the beneficial effects of coffee on diabetes. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22412912/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032718
tissue_or_cell_type
L6 myotubes
trigger_kind
machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 490–501
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-ampk-loss AMPK alpha1/alpha2 knockdown abrogated CGA-stimulated glucose transport. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The response depends on functioning machinery in this model. organism: Rattus norvegicus tissue_or_cell_type: L6 myotubes experimental_model: L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments limitations: Millimolar culture exposure and injected mouse doses are not dietary human exposures. Phosphorylation and abundance readouts do not by themselves prove every upstream causal step. exposure: L6 experiments included 2 mmol/L CGA; mouse acute intervention 250 mg/kg intraperitoneally evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/22412912.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1896, "text_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff"} [chlorogenic_acid-p22412912] Chlorogenic acid stimulates glucose transport in skeletal muscle via AMPK activation: a contributor to the beneficial effects of coffee on diabetes. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22412912/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032718
Complete structured claim and evidence
Ileal compounds accounted for 71 +/- 7% of intake; 78% of recovered material was parent compounds and 22% metabolites.
Coffee chlorogenic-acid mixture, composition study-specific → Chlorogenic-acid compounds recovered in ileal effluent source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/20226754.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c31893938a2502d4602a25abb05dfc09a67d88926ead9ca63adf0b4391d55039", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1482, "text_sha256": "c31893938a2502d4602a25abb05dfc09a67d88926ead9ca63adf0b4391d55039"}
experimental_model
HPLC-MS3 human ileostomy study with intact-colon comparison from another study
exposure
200 mL instant coffee containing 385 micromol total chlorogenic acids
limitations
Coffee is a mixture. Urinary metabolites do not identify the responsible SULT/UGT isoform or prove target-tissue parent exposure. The intact-colon comparison is across studies, not randomized colon removal.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human
plain_language
A large chemical load remained available for colonic processing.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p20226754] Bioavailability of chlorogenic acids following acute ingestion of coffee by humans with an ileostomy. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20226754/ DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.03.005
tissue_or_cell_type
Ileal effluent and 24-hour urine
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 243–254
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · HPLC-MS3 human ileostomy study with intact-colon comparison from another study · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-ileal-recovery Ileal compounds accounted for 71 +/- 7% of intake; 78% of recovered material was parent compounds and 22% metabolites. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A large chemical load remained available for colonic processing. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Ileal effluent and 24-hour urine experimental_model: HPLC-MS3 human ileostomy study with intact-colon comparison from another study limitations: Coffee is a mixture. Urinary metabolites do not identify the responsible SULT/UGT isoform or prove target-tissue parent exposure. The intact-colon comparison is across studies, not randomized colon removal. exposure: 200 mL instant coffee containing 385 micromol total chlorogenic acids evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/20226754.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c31893938a2502d4602a25abb05dfc09a67d88926ead9ca63adf0b4391d55039", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1482, "text_sha256": "c31893938a2502d4602a25abb05dfc09a67d88926ead9ca63adf0b4391d55039"} [chlorogenic_acid-p20226754] Bioavailability of chlorogenic acids following acute ingestion of coffee by humans with an ileostomy. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20226754/ DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.03.005
Complete structured claim and evidence
Isolated CGA did not significantly alter the overall GLP-1 response.
Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid → Plasma GLP-1 response in the specified meal or glucose challenge source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/21299855.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9a6f69bf52ab0f7823e1cc585e4565765348c7a3e9bab03a88a0e7cb020306c3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1086, "text_sha256": "9a6f69bf52ab0f7823e1cc585e4565765348c7a3e9bab03a88a0e7cb020306c3"}
experimental_model
Randomized crossover glucose-challenge study in 15 overweight men
exposure
1 g CGA, 12 g decaffeinated coffee, 500 mg trigonelline or placebo
limitations
Acute small male-only study; coffee and isolated ingredients are separate exposures. No overall incretin effect is not proof of zero effect at every dose or duration.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human
plain_language
An incretin-stimulation claim needs to acknowledge this human null result.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p21299855] Acute effects of decaffeinated coffee and the major coffee components chlorogenic acid and trigonelline on incretin hormones. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21299855/ DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-8-10
tissue_or_cell_type
Plasma incretin responses during OGTT
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 893–904
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized crossover glucose-challenge study in 15 overweight men · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-glp1-null Isolated CGA did not significantly alter the overall GLP-1 response. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: An incretin-stimulation claim needs to acknowledge this human null result. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma incretin responses during OGTT experimental_model: Randomized crossover glucose-challenge study in 15 overweight men limitations: Acute small male-only study; coffee and isolated ingredients are separate exposures. No overall incretin effect is not proof of zero effect at every dose or duration. exposure: 1 g CGA, 12 g decaffeinated coffee, 500 mg trigonelline or placebo evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/21299855.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9a6f69bf52ab0f7823e1cc585e4565765348c7a3e9bab03a88a0e7cb020306c3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1086, "text_sha256": "9a6f69bf52ab0f7823e1cc585e4565765348c7a3e9bab03a88a0e7cb020306c3"} [chlorogenic_acid-p21299855] Acute effects of decaffeinated coffee and the major coffee components chlorogenic acid and trigonelline on incretin hormones. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21299855/ DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-8-10
Complete structured claim and evidence
CGA did not outperform placebo for the measured hepatic-fat endpoint.
Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid → Liver fat content measured by imaging source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/33838673.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "749cbe05e73aeb9c4a69c8c00e8a3839241f343b5c0eb9662b64f4127506f319", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2205, "text_sha256": "749cbe05e73aeb9c4a69c8c00e8a3839241f343b5c0eb9662b64f4127506f319"}
experimental_model
Six-month double-blind randomized four-arm trial
exposure
Daily 200 mg CGA, 200 mg caffeine, both, or starch placebo
limitations
Chronic human liver disease differs from surgical mouse regeneration. The trial does not isolate all possible formulations, but its null hepatic result must remain visible.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human participants with type 2 diabetes and NAFLD
plain_language
The mechanistic promise did not translate into this clinical liver outcome.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p33838673] Effects of supplementation with main coffee components including caffeine and/or chlorogenic acid on hepatic, metabolic, and inflammatory indices in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33838673/ DOI: 10.1186/s12937-021-00694-5
tissue_or_cell_type
FibroScan, hepatic blood tests, metabolic and inflammatory markers
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1036–1047
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Six-month double-blind randomized four-arm trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-liver-fat-null CGA did not outperform placebo for the measured hepatic-fat endpoint. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The mechanistic promise did not translate into this clinical liver outcome. organism: Human participants with type 2 diabetes and NAFLD tissue_or_cell_type: FibroScan, hepatic blood tests, metabolic and inflammatory markers experimental_model: Six-month double-blind randomized four-arm trial limitations: Chronic human liver disease differs from surgical mouse regeneration. The trial does not isolate all possible formulations, but its null hepatic result must remain visible. exposure: Daily 200 mg CGA, 200 mg caffeine, both, or starch placebo evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/33838673.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "749cbe05e73aeb9c4a69c8c00e8a3839241f343b5c0eb9662b64f4127506f319", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2205, "text_sha256": "749cbe05e73aeb9c4a69c8c00e8a3839241f343b5c0eb9662b64f4127506f319"} [chlorogenic_acid-p33838673] Effects of supplementation with main coffee components including caffeine and/or chlorogenic acid on hepatic, metabolic, and inflammatory indices in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33838673/ DOI: 10.1186/s12937-021-00694-5
Complete structured claim and evidence
Quinic acid supplies the other component of the chlorogenic-acid ester.
Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid → Quinic acid source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/11208940.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "651ac6849ea1490afeee5c905352bda75c8701decbcdf68f1d22dec05af06fd8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1299, "text_sha256": "651ac6849ea1490afeee5c905352bda75c8701decbcdf68f1d22dec05af06fd8"}
experimental_model
Randomized-order crossover in seven ileostomy volunteers
exposure
2.8 mmol chlorogenic acid or caffeic acid on separate days; 24-hour collections
limitations
Disappearance from ileal effluent is not intact-parent systemic bioavailability. Participants lacked normal colonic processing; no therapeutic outcome was tested.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human
plain_language
Breaking the ester creates different molecules with their own handling.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p11208940] Chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid are absorbed in humans. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11208940/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/131.1.66
tissue_or_cell_type
Small intestine; ileal effluent and urine
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 126–137
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized-order crossover in seven ileostomy volunteers · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-quinic-ester Quinic acid supplies the other component of the chlorogenic-acid ester. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Breaking the ester creates different molecules with their own handling. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Small intestine; ileal effluent and urine experimental_model: Randomized-order crossover in seven ileostomy volunteers limitations: Disappearance from ileal effluent is not intact-parent systemic bioavailability. Participants lacked normal colonic processing; no therapeutic outcome was tested. exposure: 2.8 mmol chlorogenic acid or caffeic acid on separate days; 24-hour collections evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/11208940.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "651ac6849ea1490afeee5c905352bda75c8701decbcdf68f1d22dec05af06fd8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1299, "text_sha256": "651ac6849ea1490afeee5c905352bda75c8701decbcdf68f1d22dec05af06fd8"} [chlorogenic_acid-p11208940] Chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid are absorbed in humans. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11208940/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/131.1.66
Complete structured claim and evidence
Apparent small-intestinal disappearance was 33 +/- 17% of the chlorogenic-acid dose.
Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid → Chlorogenic acid disappearance before ileostomy collection source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/11208940.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "651ac6849ea1490afeee5c905352bda75c8701decbcdf68f1d22dec05af06fd8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1299, "text_sha256": "651ac6849ea1490afeee5c905352bda75c8701decbcdf68f1d22dec05af06fd8"}
experimental_model
Randomized-order crossover in seven ileostomy volunteers
exposure
2.8 mmol chlorogenic acid or caffeic acid on separate days; 24-hour collections
limitations
Disappearance from ileal effluent is not intact-parent systemic bioavailability. Participants lacked normal colonic processing; no therapeutic outcome was tested.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human
plain_language
Much of the dose still reached the ileostomy outlet.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p11208940] Chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid are absorbed in humans. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11208940/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/131.1.66
tissue_or_cell_type
Small intestine; ileal effluent and urine
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 139–150
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized-order crossover in seven ileostomy volunteers · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-small-intestinal-disappearance Apparent small-intestinal disappearance was 33 +/- 17% of the chlorogenic-acid dose. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Much of the dose still reached the ileostomy outlet. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Small intestine; ileal effluent and urine experimental_model: Randomized-order crossover in seven ileostomy volunteers limitations: Disappearance from ileal effluent is not intact-parent systemic bioavailability. Participants lacked normal colonic processing; no therapeutic outcome was tested. exposure: 2.8 mmol chlorogenic acid or caffeic acid on separate days; 24-hour collections evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/11208940.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "651ac6849ea1490afeee5c905352bda75c8701decbcdf68f1d22dec05af06fd8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1299, "text_sha256": "651ac6849ea1490afeee5c905352bda75c8701decbcdf68f1d22dec05af06fd8"} [chlorogenic_acid-p11208940] Chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid are absorbed in humans. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11208940/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/131.1.66
Complete structured claim and evidence
Caffeic-acid disappearance was 95 +/- 4% in the same crossover design.
Caffeic acid → Caffeic acid disappearance before ileostomy collection source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/11208940.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "651ac6849ea1490afeee5c905352bda75c8701decbcdf68f1d22dec05af06fd8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1299, "text_sha256": "651ac6849ea1490afeee5c905352bda75c8701decbcdf68f1d22dec05af06fd8"}
experimental_model
Randomized-order crossover in seven ileostomy volunteers
exposure
2.8 mmol chlorogenic acid or caffeic acid on separate days; 24-hour collections
limitations
Disappearance from ileal effluent is not intact-parent systemic bioavailability. Participants lacked normal colonic processing; no therapeutic outcome was tested.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human
plain_language
The free acid behaved differently from its quinic-acid ester.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p11208940] Chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid are absorbed in humans. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11208940/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/131.1.66
tissue_or_cell_type
Small intestine; ileal effluent and urine
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 152–163
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized-order crossover in seven ileostomy volunteers · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-caffeic-disappearance Caffeic-acid disappearance was 95 +/- 4% in the same crossover design. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The free acid behaved differently from its quinic-acid ester. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Small intestine; ileal effluent and urine experimental_model: Randomized-order crossover in seven ileostomy volunteers limitations: Disappearance from ileal effluent is not intact-parent systemic bioavailability. Participants lacked normal colonic processing; no therapeutic outcome was tested. exposure: 2.8 mmol chlorogenic acid or caffeic acid on separate days; 24-hour collections evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/11208940.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "651ac6849ea1490afeee5c905352bda75c8701decbcdf68f1d22dec05af06fd8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1299, "text_sha256": "651ac6849ea1490afeee5c905352bda75c8701decbcdf68f1d22dec05af06fd8"} [chlorogenic_acid-p11208940] Chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid are absorbed in humans. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11208940/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/131.1.66
Complete structured claim and evidence
The analytical method separately quantified 5-CQA and 3-CQA.
Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid → Neochlorogenic acid / 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/30326634.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "47354c1e3ee8848928923eabc23556d56e71fa1cda32d63a59d2b45f0fb24517", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2069, "text_sha256": "47354c1e3ee8848928923eabc23556d56e71fa1cda32d63a59d2b45f0fb24517"}
experimental_model
LC-electrochemical assay validated by high-resolution mass spectrometry
exposure
Three caffeoylquinic-acid standards; eight coffee species and two harvest periods
limitations
Chemical identity and food composition, not a human intervention. The numbering convention is explicit because historical 3/5 naming can be reversed.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Coffea species
plain_language
These positional isomers retain different database identities.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p30326634] Determination of Three Main Chlorogenic Acids in Water Extracts of Coffee Leaves by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to an Electrochemical Detector. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30326634/ DOI: 10.3390/antiox7100143
tissue_or_cell_type
Aqueous coffee-leaf extracts
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 165–176
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · LC-electrochemical assay validated by high-resolution mass spectrometry · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-neo-distinct The analytical method separately quantified 5-CQA and 3-CQA. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: These positional isomers retain different database identities. organism: Coffea species tissue_or_cell_type: Aqueous coffee-leaf extracts experimental_model: LC-electrochemical assay validated by high-resolution mass spectrometry limitations: Chemical identity and food composition, not a human intervention. The numbering convention is explicit because historical 3/5 naming can be reversed. exposure: Three caffeoylquinic-acid standards; eight coffee species and two harvest periods evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/30326634.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "47354c1e3ee8848928923eabc23556d56e71fa1cda32d63a59d2b45f0fb24517", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2069, "text_sha256": "47354c1e3ee8848928923eabc23556d56e71fa1cda32d63a59d2b45f0fb24517"} [chlorogenic_acid-p30326634] Determination of Three Main Chlorogenic Acids in Water Extracts of Coffee Leaves by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to an Electrochemical Detector. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30326634/ DOI: 10.3390/antiox7100143
Complete structured claim and evidence
The assay also resolved 4-CQA separately from 5-CQA.
Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid → Cryptochlorogenic acid / 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/30326634.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "47354c1e3ee8848928923eabc23556d56e71fa1cda32d63a59d2b45f0fb24517", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2069, "text_sha256": "47354c1e3ee8848928923eabc23556d56e71fa1cda32d63a59d2b45f0fb24517"}
experimental_model
LC-electrochemical assay validated by high-resolution mass spectrometry
exposure
Three caffeoylquinic-acid standards; eight coffee species and two harvest periods
limitations
Chemical identity and food composition, not a human intervention. The numbering convention is explicit because historical 3/5 naming can be reversed.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Coffea species
plain_language
The location of the ester matters for identifying the tested molecule.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p30326634] Determination of Three Main Chlorogenic Acids in Water Extracts of Coffee Leaves by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to an Electrochemical Detector. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30326634/ DOI: 10.3390/antiox7100143
tissue_or_cell_type
Aqueous coffee-leaf extracts
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 178–189
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · LC-electrochemical assay validated by high-resolution mass spectrometry · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-crypto-distinct The assay also resolved 4-CQA separately from 5-CQA. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The location of the ester matters for identifying the tested molecule. organism: Coffea species tissue_or_cell_type: Aqueous coffee-leaf extracts experimental_model: LC-electrochemical assay validated by high-resolution mass spectrometry limitations: Chemical identity and food composition, not a human intervention. The numbering convention is explicit because historical 3/5 naming can be reversed. exposure: Three caffeoylquinic-acid standards; eight coffee species and two harvest periods evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/30326634.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "47354c1e3ee8848928923eabc23556d56e71fa1cda32d63a59d2b45f0fb24517", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2069, "text_sha256": "47354c1e3ee8848928923eabc23556d56e71fa1cda32d63a59d2b45f0fb24517"} [chlorogenic_acid-p30326634] Determination of Three Main Chlorogenic Acids in Water Extracts of Coffee Leaves by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to an Electrochemical Detector. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30326634/ DOI: 10.3390/antiox7100143
Complete structured claim and evidence
5-CQA was the major measured isomer in the studied leaf extracts; quantities varied by species and harvest.
Coffee chlorogenic-acid mixture, composition study-specific → Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/30326634.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "47354c1e3ee8848928923eabc23556d56e71fa1cda32d63a59d2b45f0fb24517", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2069, "text_sha256": "47354c1e3ee8848928923eabc23556d56e71fa1cda32d63a59d2b45f0fb24517"}
experimental_model
LC-electrochemical assay validated by high-resolution mass spectrometry
exposure
Three caffeoylquinic-acid standards; eight coffee species and two harvest periods
limitations
Chemical identity and food composition, not a human intervention. The numbering convention is explicit because historical 3/5 naming can be reversed.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Coffea species
plain_language
A plant name does not specify a reproducible dose.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p30326634] Determination of Three Main Chlorogenic Acids in Water Extracts of Coffee Leaves by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to an Electrochemical Detector. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30326634/ DOI: 10.3390/antiox7100143
tissue_or_cell_type
Aqueous coffee-leaf extracts
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 191–202
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · LC-electrochemical assay validated by high-resolution mass spectrometry · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-plant-composition 5-CQA was the major measured isomer in the studied leaf extracts; quantities varied by species and harvest. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A plant name does not specify a reproducible dose. organism: Coffea species tissue_or_cell_type: Aqueous coffee-leaf extracts experimental_model: LC-electrochemical assay validated by high-resolution mass spectrometry limitations: Chemical identity and food composition, not a human intervention. The numbering convention is explicit because historical 3/5 naming can be reversed. exposure: Three caffeoylquinic-acid standards; eight coffee species and two harvest periods evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/30326634.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "47354c1e3ee8848928923eabc23556d56e71fa1cda32d63a59d2b45f0fb24517", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2069, "text_sha256": "47354c1e3ee8848928923eabc23556d56e71fa1cda32d63a59d2b45f0fb24517"} [chlorogenic_acid-p30326634] Determination of Three Main Chlorogenic Acids in Water Extracts of Coffee Leaves by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to an Electrochemical Detector. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30326634/ DOI: 10.3390/antiox7100143
Complete structured claim and evidence
Chlorogenic-acid hydrolysis was detected in selected E. coli, B. lactis and L. gasseri isolates; activity was mainly intracellular.
Gut-isolate cinnamoyl esterase activities, genes unresolved → Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/11412317.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "2c6244869c8a620b69559006cf5bd4a71d44839b0920a8b388eb933be1cfa9a6", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1812, "text_sha256": "2c6244869c8a620b69559006cf5bd4a71d44839b0920a8b388eb933be1cfa9a6"}
experimental_model
Culture and enzymatic characterization of human fecal isolates
exposure
Thirty-five isolates screened; six esterase-positive isolates identified
limitations
Activity was strain-specific and genes were not identified. The study does not establish that all members of a named species or commercial probiotics have this activity.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human-derived bacterial isolates
plain_language
Some gut bacteria can open the ester, changing the compounds available to the host.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p11412317] Isolation and characterization of human colonic bacteria able to hydrolyse chlorogenic acid. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11412317/ DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01316.x
tissue_or_cell_type
Anaerobic cultures; intracellular esterase activity
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 204–215
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Culture and enzymatic characterization of human fecal isolates · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-bacterial-hydrolysis Chlorogenic-acid hydrolysis was detected in selected E. coli, B. lactis and L. gasseri isolates; activity was mainly intracellular. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Some gut bacteria can open the ester, changing the compounds available to the host. organism: Human-derived bacterial isolates tissue_or_cell_type: Anaerobic cultures; intracellular esterase activity experimental_model: Culture and enzymatic characterization of human fecal isolates limitations: Activity was strain-specific and genes were not identified. The study does not establish that all members of a named species or commercial probiotics have this activity. exposure: Thirty-five isolates screened; six esterase-positive isolates identified evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/11412317.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "2c6244869c8a620b69559006cf5bd4a71d44839b0920a8b388eb933be1cfa9a6", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1812, "text_sha256": "2c6244869c8a620b69559006cf5bd4a71d44839b0920a8b388eb933be1cfa9a6"} [chlorogenic_acid-p11412317] Isolation and characterization of human colonic bacteria able to hydrolyse chlorogenic acid. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11412317/ DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01316.x
Complete structured claim and evidence
Bidirectional permeability measurements supported active efflux of chlorogenic acid.
Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid → Caco-2 efflux of chlorogenic acid source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/33336676.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3d5e4e2401998597110958f37fba3e510241ede894a037b6d0701be1689ea713", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1430, "text_sha256": "3d5e4e2401998597110958f37fba3e510241ede894a037b6d0701be1689ea713"}
experimental_model
Bidirectional Caco-2 permeability assay
exposure
Chlorogenic acid and quinic acid; dosing details not provided in indexed abstract
limitations
Active efflux is demonstrated at the assay level. A specific ABC transporter, gene knockout result or clinical drug interaction is not established by the abstract.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human cell line
plain_language
Movement back toward the gut side can limit passage across this cell model.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p33336676] Demonstrating the involvement of an active efflux mechanism in the intestinal absorption of chlorogenic acid and quinic acid using a Caco-2 bidirectional permeability assay. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33336676/ DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02629h
tissue_or_cell_type
Cultured intestinal epithelial barrier
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 217–228
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Bidirectional Caco-2 permeability assay · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-parent-efflux Bidirectional permeability measurements supported active efflux of chlorogenic acid. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Movement back toward the gut side can limit passage across this cell model. organism: Human cell line tissue_or_cell_type: Cultured intestinal epithelial barrier experimental_model: Bidirectional Caco-2 permeability assay limitations: Active efflux is demonstrated at the assay level. A specific ABC transporter, gene knockout result or clinical drug interaction is not established by the abstract. exposure: Chlorogenic acid and quinic acid; dosing details not provided in indexed abstract evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/33336676.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3d5e4e2401998597110958f37fba3e510241ede894a037b6d0701be1689ea713", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1430, "text_sha256": "3d5e4e2401998597110958f37fba3e510241ede894a037b6d0701be1689ea713"} [chlorogenic_acid-p33336676] Demonstrating the involvement of an active efflux mechanism in the intestinal absorption of chlorogenic acid and quinic acid using a Caco-2 bidirectional permeability assay. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33336676/ DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02629h
Complete structured claim and evidence
The Caco-2 experiments also supported active efflux of quinic acid.
Quinic acid → Caco-2 efflux of quinic acid source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/33336676.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3d5e4e2401998597110958f37fba3e510241ede894a037b6d0701be1689ea713", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1430, "text_sha256": "3d5e4e2401998597110958f37fba3e510241ede894a037b6d0701be1689ea713"}
experimental_model
Bidirectional Caco-2 permeability assay
exposure
Chlorogenic acid and quinic acid; dosing details not provided in indexed abstract
limitations
Active efflux is demonstrated at the assay level. A specific ABC transporter, gene knockout result or clinical drug interaction is not established by the abstract.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human cell line
plain_language
A breakdown product has its own transport behavior.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p33336676] Demonstrating the involvement of an active efflux mechanism in the intestinal absorption of chlorogenic acid and quinic acid using a Caco-2 bidirectional permeability assay. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33336676/ DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02629h
tissue_or_cell_type
Cultured intestinal epithelial barrier
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 230–241
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Bidirectional Caco-2 permeability assay · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-quinic-efflux The Caco-2 experiments also supported active efflux of quinic acid. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A breakdown product has its own transport behavior. organism: Human cell line tissue_or_cell_type: Cultured intestinal epithelial barrier experimental_model: Bidirectional Caco-2 permeability assay limitations: Active efflux is demonstrated at the assay level. A specific ABC transporter, gene knockout result or clinical drug interaction is not established by the abstract. exposure: Chlorogenic acid and quinic acid; dosing details not provided in indexed abstract evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/33336676.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3d5e4e2401998597110958f37fba3e510241ede894a037b6d0701be1689ea713", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1430, "text_sha256": "3d5e4e2401998597110958f37fba3e510241ede894a037b6d0701be1689ea713"} [chlorogenic_acid-p33336676] Demonstrating the involvement of an active efflux mechanism in the intestinal absorption of chlorogenic acid and quinic acid using a Caco-2 bidirectional permeability assay. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33336676/ DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02629h
Complete structured claim and evidence
Urine contained ferulic acid 4-O-sulfate after the coffee intervention.
Coffee chlorogenic-acid mixture, composition study-specific → Ferulic acid 4-O-sulfate source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/20226754.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c31893938a2502d4602a25abb05dfc09a67d88926ead9ca63adf0b4391d55039", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1482, "text_sha256": "c31893938a2502d4602a25abb05dfc09a67d88926ead9ca63adf0b4391d55039"}
experimental_model
HPLC-MS3 human ileostomy study with intact-colon comparison from another study
exposure
200 mL instant coffee containing 385 micromol total chlorogenic acids
limitations
Coffee is a mixture. Urinary metabolites do not identify the responsible SULT/UGT isoform or prove target-tissue parent exposure. The intact-colon comparison is across studies, not randomized colon removal.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human
plain_language
This conjugated metabolite is searchable separately from the swallowed parent.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p20226754] Bioavailability of chlorogenic acids following acute ingestion of coffee by humans with an ileostomy. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20226754/ DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.03.005
tissue_or_cell_type
Ileal effluent and 24-hour urine
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 256–267
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · HPLC-MS3 human ileostomy study with intact-colon comparison from another study · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-ferulic-sulfate Urine contained ferulic acid 4-O-sulfate after the coffee intervention. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This conjugated metabolite is searchable separately from the swallowed parent. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Ileal effluent and 24-hour urine experimental_model: HPLC-MS3 human ileostomy study with intact-colon comparison from another study limitations: Coffee is a mixture. Urinary metabolites do not identify the responsible SULT/UGT isoform or prove target-tissue parent exposure. The intact-colon comparison is across studies, not randomized colon removal. exposure: 200 mL instant coffee containing 385 micromol total chlorogenic acids evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/20226754.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c31893938a2502d4602a25abb05dfc09a67d88926ead9ca63adf0b4391d55039", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1482, "text_sha256": "c31893938a2502d4602a25abb05dfc09a67d88926ead9ca63adf0b4391d55039"} [chlorogenic_acid-p20226754] Bioavailability of chlorogenic acids following acute ingestion of coffee by humans with an ileostomy. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20226754/ DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.03.005
Complete structured claim and evidence
Urine contained caffeic acid 3-O-sulfate after the coffee intervention.
Coffee chlorogenic-acid mixture, composition study-specific → Caffeic acid 3-O-sulfate source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/20226754.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c31893938a2502d4602a25abb05dfc09a67d88926ead9ca63adf0b4391d55039", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1482, "text_sha256": "c31893938a2502d4602a25abb05dfc09a67d88926ead9ca63adf0b4391d55039"}
experimental_model
HPLC-MS3 human ileostomy study with intact-colon comparison from another study
exposure
200 mL instant coffee containing 385 micromol total chlorogenic acids
limitations
Coffee is a mixture. Urinary metabolites do not identify the responsible SULT/UGT isoform or prove target-tissue parent exposure. The intact-colon comparison is across studies, not randomized colon removal.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human
plain_language
This conjugated metabolite is searchable separately from the swallowed parent.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p20226754] Bioavailability of chlorogenic acids following acute ingestion of coffee by humans with an ileostomy. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20226754/ DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.03.005
tissue_or_cell_type
Ileal effluent and 24-hour urine
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 269–280
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · HPLC-MS3 human ileostomy study with intact-colon comparison from another study · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-caffeic-sulfate Urine contained caffeic acid 3-O-sulfate after the coffee intervention. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This conjugated metabolite is searchable separately from the swallowed parent. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Ileal effluent and 24-hour urine experimental_model: HPLC-MS3 human ileostomy study with intact-colon comparison from another study limitations: Coffee is a mixture. Urinary metabolites do not identify the responsible SULT/UGT isoform or prove target-tissue parent exposure. The intact-colon comparison is across studies, not randomized colon removal. exposure: 200 mL instant coffee containing 385 micromol total chlorogenic acids evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/20226754.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c31893938a2502d4602a25abb05dfc09a67d88926ead9ca63adf0b4391d55039", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1482, "text_sha256": "c31893938a2502d4602a25abb05dfc09a67d88926ead9ca63adf0b4391d55039"} [chlorogenic_acid-p20226754] Bioavailability of chlorogenic acids following acute ingestion of coffee by humans with an ileostomy. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20226754/ DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.03.005
Complete structured claim and evidence
Urine contained isoferulic acid 3-O-glucuronide after the coffee intervention.
Coffee chlorogenic-acid mixture, composition study-specific → Isoferulic acid 3-O-glucuronide source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/20226754.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c31893938a2502d4602a25abb05dfc09a67d88926ead9ca63adf0b4391d55039", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1482, "text_sha256": "c31893938a2502d4602a25abb05dfc09a67d88926ead9ca63adf0b4391d55039"}
experimental_model
HPLC-MS3 human ileostomy study with intact-colon comparison from another study
exposure
200 mL instant coffee containing 385 micromol total chlorogenic acids
limitations
Coffee is a mixture. Urinary metabolites do not identify the responsible SULT/UGT isoform or prove target-tissue parent exposure. The intact-colon comparison is across studies, not randomized colon removal.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human
plain_language
This conjugated metabolite is searchable separately from the swallowed parent.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p20226754] Bioavailability of chlorogenic acids following acute ingestion of coffee by humans with an ileostomy. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20226754/ DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.03.005
tissue_or_cell_type
Ileal effluent and 24-hour urine
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 282–293
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · HPLC-MS3 human ileostomy study with intact-colon comparison from another study · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-isoferulic-glucuronide Urine contained isoferulic acid 3-O-glucuronide after the coffee intervention. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This conjugated metabolite is searchable separately from the swallowed parent. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Ileal effluent and 24-hour urine experimental_model: HPLC-MS3 human ileostomy study with intact-colon comparison from another study limitations: Coffee is a mixture. Urinary metabolites do not identify the responsible SULT/UGT isoform or prove target-tissue parent exposure. The intact-colon comparison is across studies, not randomized colon removal. exposure: 200 mL instant coffee containing 385 micromol total chlorogenic acids evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/20226754.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c31893938a2502d4602a25abb05dfc09a67d88926ead9ca63adf0b4391d55039", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1482, "text_sha256": "c31893938a2502d4602a25abb05dfc09a67d88926ead9ca63adf0b4391d55039"} [chlorogenic_acid-p20226754] Bioavailability of chlorogenic acids following acute ingestion of coffee by humans with an ileostomy. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20226754/ DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.03.005
Complete structured claim and evidence
Urine contained dihydrocaffeic acid 3-O-sulfate after the coffee intervention.
Coffee chlorogenic-acid mixture, composition study-specific → Dihydrocaffeic acid 3-O-sulfate source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/20226754.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c31893938a2502d4602a25abb05dfc09a67d88926ead9ca63adf0b4391d55039", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1482, "text_sha256": "c31893938a2502d4602a25abb05dfc09a67d88926ead9ca63adf0b4391d55039"}
experimental_model
HPLC-MS3 human ileostomy study with intact-colon comparison from another study
exposure
200 mL instant coffee containing 385 micromol total chlorogenic acids
limitations
Coffee is a mixture. Urinary metabolites do not identify the responsible SULT/UGT isoform or prove target-tissue parent exposure. The intact-colon comparison is across studies, not randomized colon removal.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human
plain_language
This conjugated metabolite is searchable separately from the swallowed parent.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p20226754] Bioavailability of chlorogenic acids following acute ingestion of coffee by humans with an ileostomy. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20226754/ DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.03.005
tissue_or_cell_type
Ileal effluent and 24-hour urine
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 295–306
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · HPLC-MS3 human ileostomy study with intact-colon comparison from another study · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-dihydrocaffeic-sulfate Urine contained dihydrocaffeic acid 3-O-sulfate after the coffee intervention. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This conjugated metabolite is searchable separately from the swallowed parent. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Ileal effluent and 24-hour urine experimental_model: HPLC-MS3 human ileostomy study with intact-colon comparison from another study limitations: Coffee is a mixture. Urinary metabolites do not identify the responsible SULT/UGT isoform or prove target-tissue parent exposure. The intact-colon comparison is across studies, not randomized colon removal. exposure: 200 mL instant coffee containing 385 micromol total chlorogenic acids evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/20226754.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c31893938a2502d4602a25abb05dfc09a67d88926ead9ca63adf0b4391d55039", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1482, "text_sha256": "c31893938a2502d4602a25abb05dfc09a67d88926ead9ca63adf0b4391d55039"} [chlorogenic_acid-p20226754] Bioavailability of chlorogenic acids following acute ingestion of coffee by humans with an ileostomy. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20226754/ DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.03.005
Complete structured claim and evidence
Urinary recovery was 8 +/- 1% in ileostomy participants versus 29 +/- 4% in the intact-colon comparison; dihydroferulic acid and feruloylglycine were higher with an intact colon.
Coffee chlorogenic-acid mixture, composition study-specific → Urinary recovery of chlorogenic-acid-related metabolites source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
availability_state
machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/20226754.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c31893938a2502d4602a25abb05dfc09a67d88926ead9ca63adf0b4391d55039", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1482, "text_sha256": "c31893938a2502d4602a25abb05dfc09a67d88926ead9ca63adf0b4391d55039"}
experimental_model
HPLC-MS3 human ileostomy study with intact-colon comparison from another study
exposure
200 mL instant coffee containing 385 micromol total chlorogenic acids
limitations
Coffee is a mixture. Urinary metabolites do not identify the responsible SULT/UGT isoform or prove target-tissue parent exposure. The intact-colon comparison is across studies, not randomized colon removal.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human
plain_language
Microbial processing changes which compounds appear after ingestion.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p20226754] Bioavailability of chlorogenic acids following acute ingestion of coffee by humans with an ileostomy. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20226754/ DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.03.005
tissue_or_cell_type
Ileal effluent and 24-hour urine
trigger_kind
machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 308–319
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · HPLC-MS3 human ileostomy study with intact-colon comparison from another study · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-colon-context Urinary recovery was 8 +/- 1% in ileostomy participants versus 29 +/- 4% in the intact-colon comparison; dihydroferulic acid and feruloylglycine were higher with an intact colon. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Microbial processing changes which compounds appear after ingestion. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Ileal effluent and 24-hour urine experimental_model: HPLC-MS3 human ileostomy study with intact-colon comparison from another study limitations: Coffee is a mixture. Urinary metabolites do not identify the responsible SULT/UGT isoform or prove target-tissue parent exposure. The intact-colon comparison is across studies, not randomized colon removal. exposure: 200 mL instant coffee containing 385 micromol total chlorogenic acids evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/20226754.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c31893938a2502d4602a25abb05dfc09a67d88926ead9ca63adf0b4391d55039", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1482, "text_sha256": "c31893938a2502d4602a25abb05dfc09a67d88926ead9ca63adf0b4391d55039"} [chlorogenic_acid-p20226754] Bioavailability of chlorogenic acids following acute ingestion of coffee by humans with an ileostomy. (2010). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20226754/ DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.03.005
Complete structured claim and evidence
Urinary CGA/metabolite recovery fell from 14.6% to 12.1% to 8.0% of intake across increasing doses.
Coffee chlorogenic-acid mixture, composition study-specific → Urinary recovery of chlorogenic-acid-related metabolites source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/22945604.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "84ce10a9298fba5308e7f9248e1dc96cc7663f13aefaa93f75e58881d6bd1d20", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1470, "text_sha256": "84ce10a9298fba5308e7f9248e1dc96cc7663f13aefaa93f75e58881d6bd1d20"}
experimental_model
Randomized double-blind crossover dose-response study in ileostomy volunteers
exposure
Coffee with 1053, 2219 or 4525 micromol total CGAs
limitations
Coffee-mixture pharmacokinetics in ileostomy participants; deconjugated analytical totals are not free-parent concentrations or clinical efficacy.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human
plain_language
Doubling the swallowed amount need not double the recovered fraction.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p22945604] Dose-dependent absorption of chlorogenic acids in the small intestine assessed by coffee consumption in ileostomists. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22945604/ DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200222
tissue_or_cell_type
Plasma, urine and ileal fluid
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 321–332
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized double-blind crossover dose-response study in ileostomy volunteers · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-dose-recovery Urinary CGA/metabolite recovery fell from 14.6% to 12.1% to 8.0% of intake across increasing doses. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Doubling the swallowed amount need not double the recovered fraction. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma, urine and ileal fluid experimental_model: Randomized double-blind crossover dose-response study in ileostomy volunteers limitations: Coffee-mixture pharmacokinetics in ileostomy participants; deconjugated analytical totals are not free-parent concentrations or clinical efficacy. exposure: Coffee with 1053, 2219 or 4525 micromol total CGAs evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/22945604.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "84ce10a9298fba5308e7f9248e1dc96cc7663f13aefaa93f75e58881d6bd1d20", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1470, "text_sha256": "84ce10a9298fba5308e7f9248e1dc96cc7663f13aefaa93f75e58881d6bd1d20"} [chlorogenic_acid-p22945604] Dose-dependent absorption of chlorogenic acids in the small intestine assessed by coffee consumption in ileostomists. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22945604/ DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200222
Complete structured claim and evidence
SLC37A4 exchanges cytosolic glucose-6-phosphate for luminal inorganic phosphate.
Human glucose-6-phosphate transporter / SLC37A4 → Glucose-6-phosphate import into the endoplasmic reticulum source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/42520004.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c05de010432b8bfaee87bdbba5f9fe93e7a262d41a17d19ec6e0b7b480e35ee6", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2009, "text_sha256": "c05de010432b8bfaee87bdbba5f9fe93e7a262d41a17d19ec6e0b7b480e35ee6"}
experimental_model
Cryo-EM with biochemical transport and thermostability assays
exposure
Apo, glucose-6-phosphate-bound and chlorogenic-acid-bound structures
limitations
Direct structural target evidence does not establish inhibition after ordinary food intake. Variant disease and compound exposure are different mechanisms; coffee does not thereby cause glycogen storage disease.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human recombinant SLC37A4
plain_language
The transporter delivers substrate into the endoplasmic reticulum.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p42520004] Structural basis for substrate recognition and inhibition of human glucose-6-phosphate transporter SLC37A4. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42520004/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3003833
tissue_or_cell_type
HEK293-expressed transporter; purified membrane-protein preparation
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 334–345
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cryo-EM with biochemical transport and thermostability assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-g6p-import SLC37A4 exchanges cytosolic glucose-6-phosphate for luminal inorganic phosphate. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The transporter delivers substrate into the endoplasmic reticulum. organism: Human recombinant SLC37A4 tissue_or_cell_type: HEK293-expressed transporter; purified membrane-protein preparation experimental_model: Cryo-EM with biochemical transport and thermostability assays limitations: Direct structural target evidence does not establish inhibition after ordinary food intake. Variant disease and compound exposure are different mechanisms; coffee does not thereby cause glycogen storage disease. exposure: Apo, glucose-6-phosphate-bound and chlorogenic-acid-bound structures evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/42520004.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c05de010432b8bfaee87bdbba5f9fe93e7a262d41a17d19ec6e0b7b480e35ee6", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2009, "text_sha256": "c05de010432b8bfaee87bdbba5f9fe93e7a262d41a17d19ec6e0b7b480e35ee6"} [chlorogenic_acid-p42520004] Structural basis for substrate recognition and inhibition of human glucose-6-phosphate transporter SLC37A4. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42520004/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3003833
Complete structured claim and evidence
The bound compound stabilizes an arrested state that prevents the transitions needed for G6P/Pi exchange.
Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid → Human SLC37A4 conformational cycling for G6P/Pi exchange source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/42520004.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c05de010432b8bfaee87bdbba5f9fe93e7a262d41a17d19ec6e0b7b480e35ee6", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2009, "text_sha256": "c05de010432b8bfaee87bdbba5f9fe93e7a262d41a17d19ec6e0b7b480e35ee6"}
experimental_model
Cryo-EM with biochemical transport and thermostability assays
exposure
Apo, glucose-6-phosphate-bound and chlorogenic-acid-bound structures
limitations
Direct structural target evidence does not establish inhibition after ordinary food intake. Variant disease and compound exposure are different mechanisms; coffee does not thereby cause glycogen storage disease.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human recombinant SLC37A4
plain_language
Holding the carrier in one state obstructs its transport cycle.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p42520004] Structural basis for substrate recognition and inhibition of human glucose-6-phosphate transporter SLC37A4. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42520004/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3003833
tissue_or_cell_type
HEK293-expressed transporter; purified membrane-protein preparation
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 360–371
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cryo-EM with biochemical transport and thermostability assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-slc37a4-arrest The bound compound stabilizes an arrested state that prevents the transitions needed for G6P/Pi exchange. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Holding the carrier in one state obstructs its transport cycle. organism: Human recombinant SLC37A4 tissue_or_cell_type: HEK293-expressed transporter; purified membrane-protein preparation experimental_model: Cryo-EM with biochemical transport and thermostability assays limitations: Direct structural target evidence does not establish inhibition after ordinary food intake. Variant disease and compound exposure are different mechanisms; coffee does not thereby cause glycogen storage disease. exposure: Apo, glucose-6-phosphate-bound and chlorogenic-acid-bound structures evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/42520004.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c05de010432b8bfaee87bdbba5f9fe93e7a262d41a17d19ec6e0b7b480e35ee6", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2009, "text_sha256": "c05de010432b8bfaee87bdbba5f9fe93e7a262d41a17d19ec6e0b7b480e35ee6"} [chlorogenic_acid-p42520004] Structural basis for substrate recognition and inhibition of human glucose-6-phosphate transporter SLC37A4. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42520004/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3003833
Complete structured claim and evidence
Loss-of-function SLC37A4 variants impair the transport machinery associated with glycogen storage disease Ib.
Human SLC37A4 loss-of-function variants → Glucose-6-phosphate import into the endoplasmic reticulum source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
availability_state
machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/42520004.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c05de010432b8bfaee87bdbba5f9fe93e7a262d41a17d19ec6e0b7b480e35ee6", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2009, "text_sha256": "c05de010432b8bfaee87bdbba5f9fe93e7a262d41a17d19ec6e0b7b480e35ee6"}
experimental_model
Cryo-EM with biochemical transport and thermostability assays
exposure
Apo, glucose-6-phosphate-bound and chlorogenic-acid-bound structures
limitations
Direct structural target evidence does not establish inhibition after ordinary food intake. Variant disease and compound exposure are different mechanisms; coffee does not thereby cause glycogen storage disease.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human recombinant SLC37A4
plain_language
The same protein has a normal role and a distinct genetic failure state.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p42520004] Structural basis for substrate recognition and inhibition of human glucose-6-phosphate transporter SLC37A4. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42520004/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3003833
tissue_or_cell_type
HEK293-expressed transporter; purified membrane-protein preparation
trigger_kind
machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 373–384
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cryo-EM with biochemical transport and thermostability assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-slc37a4-loss Loss-of-function SLC37A4 variants impair the transport machinery associated with glycogen storage disease Ib. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The same protein has a normal role and a distinct genetic failure state. organism: Human recombinant SLC37A4 tissue_or_cell_type: HEK293-expressed transporter; purified membrane-protein preparation experimental_model: Cryo-EM with biochemical transport and thermostability assays limitations: Direct structural target evidence does not establish inhibition after ordinary food intake. Variant disease and compound exposure are different mechanisms; coffee does not thereby cause glycogen storage disease. exposure: Apo, glucose-6-phosphate-bound and chlorogenic-acid-bound structures evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/42520004.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c05de010432b8bfaee87bdbba5f9fe93e7a262d41a17d19ec6e0b7b480e35ee6", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2009, "text_sha256": "c05de010432b8bfaee87bdbba5f9fe93e7a262d41a17d19ec6e0b7b480e35ee6"} [chlorogenic_acid-p42520004] Structural basis for substrate recognition and inhibition of human glucose-6-phosphate transporter SLC37A4. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42520004/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3003833
Complete structured claim and evidence
Parent chlorogenic acid inhibited the translocase component in intact rat liver microsomes.
Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid → Rat glucose-6-phosphate transporter / Slc37a4 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/9003513.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "995b8001c0461fc38f9d57e9fdb83d334165176bc4df75083315c8f21ca8f90f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1355, "text_sha256": "995b8001c0461fc38f9d57e9fdb83d334165176bc4df75083315c8f21ca8f90f"}
experimental_model
Microsomal inhibition and isolated perfused-liver experiments
exposure
Parent CGA and synthesized derivatives; compound 29i in organ experiment
limitations
The parent and more potent lipophilic derivatives are different chemicals. Reduced G6P hydrolysis in intact microsomes implicates substrate transport, not necessarily direct inhibition of the catalytic phosphatase.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Rat
plain_language
The transport step can limit delivery to the glucose-releasing enzyme.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p9003513] Chlorogenic acid and synthetic chlorogenic acid derivatives: novel inhibitors of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate translocase. (1997). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9003513/ DOI: 10.1021/jm9607360
tissue_or_cell_type
Hepatic microsomes and perfused liver
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 386–397
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Microsomal inhibition and isolated perfused-liver experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-rat-translocase Parent chlorogenic acid inhibited the translocase component in intact rat liver microsomes. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The transport step can limit delivery to the glucose-releasing enzyme. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Hepatic microsomes and perfused liver experimental_model: Microsomal inhibition and isolated perfused-liver experiments limitations: The parent and more potent lipophilic derivatives are different chemicals. Reduced G6P hydrolysis in intact microsomes implicates substrate transport, not necessarily direct inhibition of the catalytic phosphatase. exposure: Parent CGA and synthesized derivatives; compound 29i in organ experiment evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/9003513.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "995b8001c0461fc38f9d57e9fdb83d334165176bc4df75083315c8f21ca8f90f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1355, "text_sha256": "995b8001c0461fc38f9d57e9fdb83d334165176bc4df75083315c8f21ca8f90f"} [chlorogenic_acid-p9003513] Chlorogenic acid and synthetic chlorogenic acid derivatives: novel inhibitors of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate translocase. (1997). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9003513/ DOI: 10.1021/jm9607360
Complete structured claim and evidence
Synthetic derivative 29i inhibited gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in perfused rat liver.
Synthetic chlorogenic-acid derivative 29i (1997 study) → Glucose production by perfused rat liver source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/9003513.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "995b8001c0461fc38f9d57e9fdb83d334165176bc4df75083315c8f21ca8f90f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1355, "text_sha256": "995b8001c0461fc38f9d57e9fdb83d334165176bc4df75083315c8f21ca8f90f"}
experimental_model
Microsomal inhibition and isolated perfused-liver experiments
exposure
Parent CGA and synthesized derivatives; compound 29i in organ experiment
limitations
The parent and more potent lipophilic derivatives are different chemicals. Reduced G6P hydrolysis in intact microsomes implicates substrate transport, not necessarily direct inhibition of the catalytic phosphatase.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Rat
plain_language
A result from a potent derivative is not automatically a result from dietary chlorogenic acid.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p9003513] Chlorogenic acid and synthetic chlorogenic acid derivatives: novel inhibitors of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate translocase. (1997). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9003513/ DOI: 10.1021/jm9607360
tissue_or_cell_type
Hepatic microsomes and perfused liver
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 399–410
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Microsomal inhibition and isolated perfused-liver experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-derivative-potency Synthetic derivative 29i inhibited gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in perfused rat liver. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A result from a potent derivative is not automatically a result from dietary chlorogenic acid. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Hepatic microsomes and perfused liver experimental_model: Microsomal inhibition and isolated perfused-liver experiments limitations: The parent and more potent lipophilic derivatives are different chemicals. Reduced G6P hydrolysis in intact microsomes implicates substrate transport, not necessarily direct inhibition of the catalytic phosphatase. exposure: Parent CGA and synthesized derivatives; compound 29i in organ experiment evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/9003513.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "995b8001c0461fc38f9d57e9fdb83d334165176bc4df75083315c8f21ca8f90f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1355, "text_sha256": "995b8001c0461fc38f9d57e9fdb83d334165176bc4df75083315c8f21ca8f90f"} [chlorogenic_acid-p9003513] Chlorogenic acid and synthetic chlorogenic acid derivatives: novel inhibitors of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate translocase. (1997). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9003513/ DOI: 10.1021/jm9607360
Complete structured claim and evidence
ACC phosphorylation increased alongside the AMPK response.
Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid → Rat acetyl-CoA carboxylase enzymes, assay isoform unresolved source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/22412912.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1896, "text_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff"}
experimental_model
L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments
exposure
L6 experiments included 2 mmol/L CGA; mouse acute intervention 250 mg/kg intraperitoneally
limitations
Millimolar culture exposure and injected mouse doses are not dietary human exposures. Phosphorylation and abundance readouts do not by themselves prove every upstream causal step.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Rattus norvegicus
plain_language
A downstream biochemical readout supports pathway engagement.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p22412912] Chlorogenic acid stimulates glucose transport in skeletal muscle via AMPK activation: a contributor to the beneficial effects of coffee on diabetes. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22412912/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032718
tissue_or_cell_type
L6 skeletal-muscle myotubes
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 425–436
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-acc-phosphorylation ACC phosphorylation increased alongside the AMPK response. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A downstream biochemical readout supports pathway engagement. organism: Rattus norvegicus tissue_or_cell_type: L6 skeletal-muscle myotubes experimental_model: L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments limitations: Millimolar culture exposure and injected mouse doses are not dietary human exposures. Phosphorylation and abundance readouts do not by themselves prove every upstream causal step. exposure: L6 experiments included 2 mmol/L CGA; mouse acute intervention 250 mg/kg intraperitoneally evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/22412912.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1896, "text_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff"} [chlorogenic_acid-p22412912] Chlorogenic acid stimulates glucose transport in skeletal muscle via AMPK activation: a contributor to the beneficial effects of coffee on diabetes. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22412912/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032718
Complete structured claim and evidence
CGA increased GLUT4 delivery to the L6 plasma membrane.
Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid → Rat GLUT4 translocation to the cell surface source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/22412912.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1896, "text_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff"}
experimental_model
L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments
exposure
L6 experiments included 2 mmol/L CGA; mouse acute intervention 250 mg/kg intraperitoneally
limitations
Millimolar culture exposure and injected mouse doses are not dietary human exposures. Phosphorylation and abundance readouts do not by themselves prove every upstream causal step.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Rattus norvegicus
plain_language
More transporter at the surface can change glucose entry.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p22412912] Chlorogenic acid stimulates glucose transport in skeletal muscle via AMPK activation: a contributor to the beneficial effects of coffee on diabetes. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22412912/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032718
tissue_or_cell_type
L6 skeletal-muscle myotubes
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 438–449
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-glut4-translocation CGA increased GLUT4 delivery to the L6 plasma membrane. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: More transporter at the surface can change glucose entry. organism: Rattus norvegicus tissue_or_cell_type: L6 skeletal-muscle myotubes experimental_model: L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments limitations: Millimolar culture exposure and injected mouse doses are not dietary human exposures. Phosphorylation and abundance readouts do not by themselves prove every upstream causal step. exposure: L6 experiments included 2 mmol/L CGA; mouse acute intervention 250 mg/kg intraperitoneally evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/22412912.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1896, "text_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff"} [chlorogenic_acid-p22412912] Chlorogenic acid stimulates glucose transport in skeletal muscle via AMPK activation: a contributor to the beneficial effects of coffee on diabetes. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22412912/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032718
Complete structured claim and evidence
L6 2-deoxyglucose uptake increased with CGA concentration and exposure time.
Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid → Rat myotube glucose uptake source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/22412912.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1896, "text_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff"}
experimental_model
L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments
exposure
L6 experiments included 2 mmol/L CGA; mouse acute intervention 250 mg/kg intraperitoneally
limitations
Millimolar culture exposure and injected mouse doses are not dietary human exposures. Phosphorylation and abundance readouts do not by themselves prove every upstream causal step.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Rattus norvegicus
plain_language
This measures cell glucose handling, not diabetes remission.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p22412912] Chlorogenic acid stimulates glucose transport in skeletal muscle via AMPK activation: a contributor to the beneficial effects of coffee on diabetes. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22412912/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032718
tissue_or_cell_type
L6 skeletal-muscle myotubes
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 451–462
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-glucose-uptake L6 2-deoxyglucose uptake increased with CGA concentration and exposure time. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This measures cell glucose handling, not diabetes remission. organism: Rattus norvegicus tissue_or_cell_type: L6 skeletal-muscle myotubes experimental_model: L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments limitations: Millimolar culture exposure and injected mouse doses are not dietary human exposures. Phosphorylation and abundance readouts do not by themselves prove every upstream causal step. exposure: L6 experiments included 2 mmol/L CGA; mouse acute intervention 250 mg/kg intraperitoneally evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/22412912.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1896, "text_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff"} [chlorogenic_acid-p22412912] Chlorogenic acid stimulates glucose transport in skeletal muscle via AMPK activation: a contributor to the beneficial effects of coffee on diabetes. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22412912/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032718
Complete structured claim and evidence
Akt activation was observed during the L6 response.
Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid → Rat Akt protein family, isoform unresolved source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/22412912.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1896, "text_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff"}
experimental_model
L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments
exposure
L6 experiments included 2 mmol/L CGA; mouse acute intervention 250 mg/kg intraperitoneally
limitations
Millimolar culture exposure and injected mouse doses are not dietary human exposures. Phosphorylation and abundance readouts do not by themselves prove every upstream causal step.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Rattus norvegicus
plain_language
A second signaling branch responded.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p22412912] Chlorogenic acid stimulates glucose transport in skeletal muscle via AMPK activation: a contributor to the beneficial effects of coffee on diabetes. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22412912/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032718
tissue_or_cell_type
L6 skeletal-muscle myotubes
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 464–475
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-akt-response Akt activation was observed during the L6 response. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A second signaling branch responded. organism: Rattus norvegicus tissue_or_cell_type: L6 skeletal-muscle myotubes experimental_model: L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments limitations: Millimolar culture exposure and injected mouse doses are not dietary human exposures. Phosphorylation and abundance readouts do not by themselves prove every upstream causal step. exposure: L6 experiments included 2 mmol/L CGA; mouse acute intervention 250 mg/kg intraperitoneally evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/22412912.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1896, "text_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff"} [chlorogenic_acid-p22412912] Chlorogenic acid stimulates glucose transport in skeletal muscle via AMPK activation: a contributor to the beneficial effects of coffee on diabetes. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22412912/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032718
Complete structured claim and evidence
CGA did not enhance IRS1-p85 association in the reported assay.
Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid → Rat IRS1-p85 association in L6 myotubes source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/22412912.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1896, "text_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff"}
experimental_model
L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments
exposure
L6 experiments included 2 mmol/L CGA; mouse acute intervention 250 mg/kg intraperitoneally
limitations
Millimolar culture exposure and injected mouse doses are not dietary human exposures. Phosphorylation and abundance readouts do not by themselves prove every upstream causal step.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Rattus norvegicus
plain_language
The measured response was not simply activation of every insulin-signaling step.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p22412912] Chlorogenic acid stimulates glucose transport in skeletal muscle via AMPK activation: a contributor to the beneficial effects of coffee on diabetes. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22412912/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032718
tissue_or_cell_type
L6 skeletal-muscle myotubes
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 477–488
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-irs1-null CGA did not enhance IRS1-p85 association in the reported assay. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The measured response was not simply activation of every insulin-signaling step. organism: Rattus norvegicus tissue_or_cell_type: L6 skeletal-muscle myotubes experimental_model: L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments limitations: Millimolar culture exposure and injected mouse doses are not dietary human exposures. Phosphorylation and abundance readouts do not by themselves prove every upstream causal step. exposure: L6 experiments included 2 mmol/L CGA; mouse acute intervention 250 mg/kg intraperitoneally evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/22412912.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1896, "text_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff"} [chlorogenic_acid-p22412912] Chlorogenic acid stimulates glucose transport in skeletal muscle via AMPK activation: a contributor to the beneficial effects of coffee on diabetes. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22412912/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032718
Complete structured claim and evidence
Injected CGA acutely lowered fasting glucose in db/db mice.
Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid → Mouse fasting blood glucose source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/22412912.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1896, "text_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff"}
experimental_model
L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments
exposure
250 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection
limitations
Millimolar culture exposure and injected mouse doses are not dietary human exposures. Phosphorylation and abundance readouts do not by themselves prove every upstream causal step.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Mus musculus
plain_language
The animal experiment used a different exposure route from food.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p22412912] Chlorogenic acid stimulates glucose transport in skeletal muscle via AMPK activation: a contributor to the beneficial effects of coffee on diabetes. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22412912/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032718
tissue_or_cell_type
db/db mouse systemic glucose
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 503–514
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-mouse-glucose Injected CGA acutely lowered fasting glucose in db/db mice. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The animal experiment used a different exposure route from food. organism: Mus musculus tissue_or_cell_type: db/db mouse systemic glucose experimental_model: L6 myotube signaling with siRNA and pharmacological tests; db/db mouse experiments limitations: Millimolar culture exposure and injected mouse doses are not dietary human exposures. Phosphorylation and abundance readouts do not by themselves prove every upstream causal step. exposure: 250 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/22412912.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1896, "text_sha256": "77c1ccf86d3fb56135a01d2d80b9f1eec3d657e825789f8be490fff93feb8fff"} [chlorogenic_acid-p22412912] Chlorogenic acid stimulates glucose transport in skeletal muscle via AMPK activation: a contributor to the beneficial effects of coffee on diabetes. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22412912/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032718
Complete structured claim and evidence
CGA showed noncompetitive PTP1B inhibition in the combined kinetic and NMR investigation.
Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid → PTP1B preparation in 2017 inhibition study, species not resolved from abstract source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/27959494.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4f4610d35c42975e3cc1026d2daa4014952bc442a58e711b430db873d22a7475", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1044, "text_sha256": "4f4610d35c42975e3cc1026d2daa4014952bc442a58e711b430db873d22a7475"}
experimental_model
Steady-state kinetics, solution NMR and molecular dynamics
exposure
CGA compared with cichoric acid; quantitative assay regimen not given in abstract
limitations
Do not merge species-unresolved preparation with human or rodent PTPN1. An enzyme assay does not establish clinical insulin sensitization; simulated hydrogen-bond changes are a proposed mechanism.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Purified PTP1B preparation; species not specified in indexed abstract
plain_language
An insulin-pathway regulator is a biochemical target candidate.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p27959494] Characterization of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Inhibition by Chlorogenic Acid and Cichoric Acid. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27959494/ DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b01025
tissue_or_cell_type
Enzyme inhibition and binding-site analysis
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 516–527
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Steady-state kinetics, solution NMR and molecular dynamics · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-ptp1b-inhibition CGA showed noncompetitive PTP1B inhibition in the combined kinetic and NMR investigation. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: An insulin-pathway regulator is a biochemical target candidate. organism: Purified PTP1B preparation; species not specified in indexed abstract tissue_or_cell_type: Enzyme inhibition and binding-site analysis experimental_model: Steady-state kinetics, solution NMR and molecular dynamics limitations: Do not merge species-unresolved preparation with human or rodent PTPN1. An enzyme assay does not establish clinical insulin sensitization; simulated hydrogen-bond changes are a proposed mechanism. exposure: CGA compared with cichoric acid; quantitative assay regimen not given in abstract evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/27959494.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4f4610d35c42975e3cc1026d2daa4014952bc442a58e711b430db873d22a7475", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1044, "text_sha256": "4f4610d35c42975e3cc1026d2daa4014952bc442a58e711b430db873d22a7475"} [chlorogenic_acid-p27959494] Characterization of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Inhibition by Chlorogenic Acid and Cichoric Acid. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27959494/ DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b01025
Complete structured claim and evidence
The observed CGA binding site was the second aryl-phosphate site, rather than the previously docked benzofuran pocket.
Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid → PTP1B preparation in 2017 inhibition study, species not resolved from abstract source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/27959494.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4f4610d35c42975e3cc1026d2daa4014952bc442a58e711b430db873d22a7475", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1044, "text_sha256": "4f4610d35c42975e3cc1026d2daa4014952bc442a58e711b430db873d22a7475"}
experimental_model
Steady-state kinetics, solution NMR and molecular dynamics
exposure
CGA compared with cichoric acid; quantitative assay regimen not given in abstract
limitations
Do not merge species-unresolved preparation with human or rodent PTPN1. An enzyme assay does not establish clinical insulin sensitization; simulated hydrogen-bond changes are a proposed mechanism.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Purified PTP1B preparation; species not specified in indexed abstract
plain_language
Experimental localization refines the earlier prediction; this is not an unresolved biological contradiction.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p27959494] Characterization of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Inhibition by Chlorogenic Acid and Cichoric Acid. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27959494/ DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b01025
tissue_or_cell_type
Enzyme inhibition and binding-site analysis
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 529–540
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Steady-state kinetics, solution NMR and molecular dynamics · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-ptp1b-site The observed CGA binding site was the second aryl-phosphate site, rather than the previously docked benzofuran pocket. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Experimental localization refines the earlier prediction; this is not an unresolved biological contradiction. organism: Purified PTP1B preparation; species not specified in indexed abstract tissue_or_cell_type: Enzyme inhibition and binding-site analysis experimental_model: Steady-state kinetics, solution NMR and molecular dynamics limitations: Do not merge species-unresolved preparation with human or rodent PTPN1. An enzyme assay does not establish clinical insulin sensitization; simulated hydrogen-bond changes are a proposed mechanism. exposure: CGA compared with cichoric acid; quantitative assay regimen not given in abstract evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/27959494.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4f4610d35c42975e3cc1026d2daa4014952bc442a58e711b430db873d22a7475", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1044, "text_sha256": "4f4610d35c42975e3cc1026d2daa4014952bc442a58e711b430db873d22a7475"} [chlorogenic_acid-p27959494] Characterization of Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Inhibition by Chlorogenic Acid and Cichoric Acid. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27959494/ DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b01025
Complete structured claim and evidence
The mouse regeneration study linked CGA-Keap1 interaction to Nrf2 activation.
Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid → Mouse Nrf2 / Nfe2l2 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/41862684.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7246caa586cbd35b79fa9518b522dc7c1d330aad71c98611ae7cc763f7952644", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1292, "text_sha256": "7246caa586cbd35b79fa9518b522dc7c1d330aad71c98611ae7cc763f7952644"}
experimental_model
Mouse hepatectomy, genetic tests and Keap1-binding investigation
exposure
CGA treatment; doses not provided in indexed abstract
limitations
Surgical mouse regeneration is not chronic human fatty-liver treatment. Arg415 binding was reported but the abstract does not identify the species of every recombinant construct; no human KEAP1 residue-specific edge is inferred.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Mus musculus; binding preparation species not resolved from abstract
plain_language
Releasing a transcriptional response was associated with regeneration.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p41862684] Chlorogenic acid promotes liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy through activating Nrf2 via directly targeting Keap1. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41862684/ DOI: 10.1038/s41401-026-01770-4
tissue_or_cell_type
Regenerating liver after 70% or 90% partial hepatectomy
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 542–553
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mouse hepatectomy, genetic tests and Keap1-binding investigation · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-mouse-nrf2 The mouse regeneration study linked CGA-Keap1 interaction to Nrf2 activation. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Releasing a transcriptional response was associated with regeneration. organism: Mus musculus; binding preparation species not resolved from abstract tissue_or_cell_type: Regenerating liver after 70% or 90% partial hepatectomy experimental_model: Mouse hepatectomy, genetic tests and Keap1-binding investigation limitations: Surgical mouse regeneration is not chronic human fatty-liver treatment. Arg415 binding was reported but the abstract does not identify the species of every recombinant construct; no human KEAP1 residue-specific edge is inferred. exposure: CGA treatment; doses not provided in indexed abstract evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/41862684.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7246caa586cbd35b79fa9518b522dc7c1d330aad71c98611ae7cc763f7952644", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1292, "text_sha256": "7246caa586cbd35b79fa9518b522dc7c1d330aad71c98611ae7cc763f7952644"} [chlorogenic_acid-p41862684] Chlorogenic acid promotes liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy through activating Nrf2 via directly targeting Keap1. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41862684/ DOI: 10.1038/s41401-026-01770-4
Complete structured claim and evidence
Nrf2 activation increased E2F1 mRNA in the regeneration model.
Mouse Nrf2 / Nfe2l2 → Mouse E2F transcription factor 1 / E2f1 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/41862684.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7246caa586cbd35b79fa9518b522dc7c1d330aad71c98611ae7cc763f7952644", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1292, "text_sha256": "7246caa586cbd35b79fa9518b522dc7c1d330aad71c98611ae7cc763f7952644"}
experimental_model
Mouse hepatectomy, genetic tests and Keap1-binding investigation
exposure
CGA treatment; doses not provided in indexed abstract
limitations
Surgical mouse regeneration is not chronic human fatty-liver treatment. Arg415 binding was reported but the abstract does not identify the species of every recombinant construct; no human KEAP1 residue-specific edge is inferred.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Mus musculus; binding preparation species not resolved from abstract
plain_language
The response connects to machinery controlling cell division.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p41862684] Chlorogenic acid promotes liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy through activating Nrf2 via directly targeting Keap1. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41862684/ DOI: 10.1038/s41401-026-01770-4
tissue_or_cell_type
Regenerating liver after 70% or 90% partial hepatectomy
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 555–566
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mouse hepatectomy, genetic tests and Keap1-binding investigation · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-nrf2-e2f1 Nrf2 activation increased E2F1 mRNA in the regeneration model. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The response connects to machinery controlling cell division. organism: Mus musculus; binding preparation species not resolved from abstract tissue_or_cell_type: Regenerating liver after 70% or 90% partial hepatectomy experimental_model: Mouse hepatectomy, genetic tests and Keap1-binding investigation limitations: Surgical mouse regeneration is not chronic human fatty-liver treatment. Arg415 binding was reported but the abstract does not identify the species of every recombinant construct; no human KEAP1 residue-specific edge is inferred. exposure: CGA treatment; doses not provided in indexed abstract evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/41862684.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7246caa586cbd35b79fa9518b522dc7c1d330aad71c98611ae7cc763f7952644", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1292, "text_sha256": "7246caa586cbd35b79fa9518b522dc7c1d330aad71c98611ae7cc763f7952644"} [chlorogenic_acid-p41862684] Chlorogenic acid promotes liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy through activating Nrf2 via directly targeting Keap1. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41862684/ DOI: 10.1038/s41401-026-01770-4
Complete structured claim and evidence
E2F1 induction was linked to faster cell-cycle progression during liver regeneration.
Mouse E2F transcription factor 1 / E2f1 → Mouse regenerating-liver cell-cycle progression source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/41862684.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7246caa586cbd35b79fa9518b522dc7c1d330aad71c98611ae7cc763f7952644", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1292, "text_sha256": "7246caa586cbd35b79fa9518b522dc7c1d330aad71c98611ae7cc763f7952644"}
experimental_model
Mouse hepatectomy, genetic tests and Keap1-binding investigation
exposure
CGA treatment; doses not provided in indexed abstract
limitations
Surgical mouse regeneration is not chronic human fatty-liver treatment. Arg415 binding was reported but the abstract does not identify the species of every recombinant construct; no human KEAP1 residue-specific edge is inferred.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Mus musculus; binding preparation species not resolved from abstract
plain_language
The proposed downstream function is recorded separately from gene expression.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p41862684] Chlorogenic acid promotes liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy through activating Nrf2 via directly targeting Keap1. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41862684/ DOI: 10.1038/s41401-026-01770-4
tissue_or_cell_type
Regenerating liver after 70% or 90% partial hepatectomy
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 568–579
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mouse hepatectomy, genetic tests and Keap1-binding investigation · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-e2f1-cycle E2F1 induction was linked to faster cell-cycle progression during liver regeneration. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The proposed downstream function is recorded separately from gene expression. organism: Mus musculus; binding preparation species not resolved from abstract tissue_or_cell_type: Regenerating liver after 70% or 90% partial hepatectomy experimental_model: Mouse hepatectomy, genetic tests and Keap1-binding investigation limitations: Surgical mouse regeneration is not chronic human fatty-liver treatment. Arg415 binding was reported but the abstract does not identify the species of every recombinant construct; no human KEAP1 residue-specific edge is inferred. exposure: CGA treatment; doses not provided in indexed abstract evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/41862684.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7246caa586cbd35b79fa9518b522dc7c1d330aad71c98611ae7cc763f7952644", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1292, "text_sha256": "7246caa586cbd35b79fa9518b522dc7c1d330aad71c98611ae7cc763f7952644"} [chlorogenic_acid-p41862684] Chlorogenic acid promotes liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy through activating Nrf2 via directly targeting Keap1. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41862684/ DOI: 10.1038/s41401-026-01770-4
Complete structured claim and evidence
Nrf2 activation increased PGC-1alpha mRNA in the regeneration model.
Mouse Nrf2 / Nfe2l2 → Mouse PGC-1alpha / Ppargc1a source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/41862684.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7246caa586cbd35b79fa9518b522dc7c1d330aad71c98611ae7cc763f7952644", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1292, "text_sha256": "7246caa586cbd35b79fa9518b522dc7c1d330aad71c98611ae7cc763f7952644"}
experimental_model
Mouse hepatectomy, genetic tests and Keap1-binding investigation
exposure
CGA treatment; doses not provided in indexed abstract
limitations
Surgical mouse regeneration is not chronic human fatty-liver treatment. Arg415 binding was reported but the abstract does not identify the species of every recombinant construct; no human KEAP1 residue-specific edge is inferred.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Mus musculus; binding preparation species not resolved from abstract
plain_language
A second branch connects the response to energy metabolism.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p41862684] Chlorogenic acid promotes liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy through activating Nrf2 via directly targeting Keap1. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41862684/ DOI: 10.1038/s41401-026-01770-4
tissue_or_cell_type
Regenerating liver after 70% or 90% partial hepatectomy
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 581–592
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mouse hepatectomy, genetic tests and Keap1-binding investigation · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-nrf2-pgc1 Nrf2 activation increased PGC-1alpha mRNA in the regeneration model. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A second branch connects the response to energy metabolism. organism: Mus musculus; binding preparation species not resolved from abstract tissue_or_cell_type: Regenerating liver after 70% or 90% partial hepatectomy experimental_model: Mouse hepatectomy, genetic tests and Keap1-binding investigation limitations: Surgical mouse regeneration is not chronic human fatty-liver treatment. Arg415 binding was reported but the abstract does not identify the species of every recombinant construct; no human KEAP1 residue-specific edge is inferred. exposure: CGA treatment; doses not provided in indexed abstract evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/41862684.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7246caa586cbd35b79fa9518b522dc7c1d330aad71c98611ae7cc763f7952644", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1292, "text_sha256": "7246caa586cbd35b79fa9518b522dc7c1d330aad71c98611ae7cc763f7952644"} [chlorogenic_acid-p41862684] Chlorogenic acid promotes liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy through activating Nrf2 via directly targeting Keap1. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41862684/ DOI: 10.1038/s41401-026-01770-4
Complete structured claim and evidence
PGC-1alpha induction was linked to greater ATP production supporting regeneration.
Mouse PGC-1alpha / Ppargc1a → ATP production during mouse liver regeneration source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/41862684.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7246caa586cbd35b79fa9518b522dc7c1d330aad71c98611ae7cc763f7952644", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1292, "text_sha256": "7246caa586cbd35b79fa9518b522dc7c1d330aad71c98611ae7cc763f7952644"}
experimental_model
Mouse hepatectomy, genetic tests and Keap1-binding investigation
exposure
CGA treatment; doses not provided in indexed abstract
limitations
Surgical mouse regeneration is not chronic human fatty-liver treatment. Arg415 binding was reported but the abstract does not identify the species of every recombinant construct; no human KEAP1 residue-specific edge is inferred.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Mus musculus; binding preparation species not resolved from abstract
plain_language
The energy branch is distinct from the cell-cycle branch.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p41862684] Chlorogenic acid promotes liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy through activating Nrf2 via directly targeting Keap1. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41862684/ DOI: 10.1038/s41401-026-01770-4
tissue_or_cell_type
Regenerating liver after 70% or 90% partial hepatectomy
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 594–605
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mouse hepatectomy, genetic tests and Keap1-binding investigation · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-pgc1-atp PGC-1alpha induction was linked to greater ATP production supporting regeneration. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The energy branch is distinct from the cell-cycle branch. organism: Mus musculus; binding preparation species not resolved from abstract tissue_or_cell_type: Regenerating liver after 70% or 90% partial hepatectomy experimental_model: Mouse hepatectomy, genetic tests and Keap1-binding investigation limitations: Surgical mouse regeneration is not chronic human fatty-liver treatment. Arg415 binding was reported but the abstract does not identify the species of every recombinant construct; no human KEAP1 residue-specific edge is inferred. exposure: CGA treatment; doses not provided in indexed abstract evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/41862684.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7246caa586cbd35b79fa9518b522dc7c1d330aad71c98611ae7cc763f7952644", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1292, "text_sha256": "7246caa586cbd35b79fa9518b522dc7c1d330aad71c98611ae7cc763f7952644"} [chlorogenic_acid-p41862684] Chlorogenic acid promotes liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy through activating Nrf2 via directly targeting Keap1. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41862684/ DOI: 10.1038/s41401-026-01770-4
Complete structured claim and evidence
CGA promoted regeneration after partial hepatectomy in mice.
Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid → Mouse liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/41862684.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7246caa586cbd35b79fa9518b522dc7c1d330aad71c98611ae7cc763f7952644", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1292, "text_sha256": "7246caa586cbd35b79fa9518b522dc7c1d330aad71c98611ae7cc763f7952644"}
experimental_model
Mouse hepatectomy, genetic tests and Keap1-binding investigation
exposure
CGA treatment; doses not provided in indexed abstract
limitations
Surgical mouse regeneration is not chronic human fatty-liver treatment. Arg415 binding was reported but the abstract does not identify the species of every recombinant construct; no human KEAP1 residue-specific edge is inferred.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Mus musculus; binding preparation species not resolved from abstract
plain_language
This outcome belongs to the surgical animal model.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p41862684] Chlorogenic acid promotes liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy through activating Nrf2 via directly targeting Keap1. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41862684/ DOI: 10.1038/s41401-026-01770-4
tissue_or_cell_type
Regenerating liver after 70% or 90% partial hepatectomy
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 607–618
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mouse hepatectomy, genetic tests and Keap1-binding investigation · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-mouse-regeneration CGA promoted regeneration after partial hepatectomy in mice. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This outcome belongs to the surgical animal model. organism: Mus musculus; binding preparation species not resolved from abstract tissue_or_cell_type: Regenerating liver after 70% or 90% partial hepatectomy experimental_model: Mouse hepatectomy, genetic tests and Keap1-binding investigation limitations: Surgical mouse regeneration is not chronic human fatty-liver treatment. Arg415 binding was reported but the abstract does not identify the species of every recombinant construct; no human KEAP1 residue-specific edge is inferred. exposure: CGA treatment; doses not provided in indexed abstract evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/41862684.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "7246caa586cbd35b79fa9518b522dc7c1d330aad71c98611ae7cc763f7952644", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1292, "text_sha256": "7246caa586cbd35b79fa9518b522dc7c1d330aad71c98611ae7cc763f7952644"} [chlorogenic_acid-p41862684] Chlorogenic acid promotes liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy through activating Nrf2 via directly targeting Keap1. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41862684/ DOI: 10.1038/s41401-026-01770-4
Complete structured claim and evidence
PODXL upregulation was confirmed by immunoblotting.
Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid → Human podocalyxin / PODXL source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/36076497.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "70d2217b479c3b8e299fd8b94dda90a12086be9c8ed756ad3359dc4272285a0a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1645, "text_sha256": "70d2217b479c3b8e299fd8b94dda90a12086be9c8ed756ad3359dc4272285a0a"}
experimental_model
Quantitative proteomics, immunoblots and endothelial functional assays
exposure
5 micromolar CGA for 24 hours
limitations
An immortalized cell model, not intact human vessels. Enrichment of PI3K/AKT and Rap1 pathways is hypothesis generation; increased angiogenesis is not universally desirable.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human EA.hy926 cell line
plain_language
A cell-surface protein changed after exposure.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p36076497] Chlorogenic acid enhances endothelial barrier function and promotes endothelial tube formation: A proteomics approach and functional validation. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36076497/ DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113471
tissue_or_cell_type
Cultured endothelial-like cells
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 620–631
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Quantitative proteomics, immunoblots and endothelial functional assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-podxl PODXL upregulation was confirmed by immunoblotting. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A cell-surface protein changed after exposure. organism: Human EA.hy926 cell line tissue_or_cell_type: Cultured endothelial-like cells experimental_model: Quantitative proteomics, immunoblots and endothelial functional assays limitations: An immortalized cell model, not intact human vessels. Enrichment of PI3K/AKT and Rap1 pathways is hypothesis generation; increased angiogenesis is not universally desirable. exposure: 5 micromolar CGA for 24 hours evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/36076497.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "70d2217b479c3b8e299fd8b94dda90a12086be9c8ed756ad3359dc4272285a0a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1645, "text_sha256": "70d2217b479c3b8e299fd8b94dda90a12086be9c8ed756ad3359dc4272285a0a"} [chlorogenic_acid-p36076497] Chlorogenic acid enhances endothelial barrier function and promotes endothelial tube formation: A proteomics approach and functional validation. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36076497/ DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113471
Complete structured claim and evidence
Lamin A/C upregulation was confirmed by immunoblotting.
Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid → Human lamin A/C / LMNA source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/36076497.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "70d2217b479c3b8e299fd8b94dda90a12086be9c8ed756ad3359dc4272285a0a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1645, "text_sha256": "70d2217b479c3b8e299fd8b94dda90a12086be9c8ed756ad3359dc4272285a0a"}
experimental_model
Quantitative proteomics, immunoblots and endothelial functional assays
exposure
5 micromolar CGA for 24 hours
limitations
An immortalized cell model, not intact human vessels. Enrichment of PI3K/AKT and Rap1 pathways is hypothesis generation; increased angiogenesis is not universally desirable.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human EA.hy926 cell line
plain_language
A nuclear structural protein also changed.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p36076497] Chlorogenic acid enhances endothelial barrier function and promotes endothelial tube formation: A proteomics approach and functional validation. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36076497/ DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113471
tissue_or_cell_type
Cultured endothelial-like cells
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 633–644
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Quantitative proteomics, immunoblots and endothelial functional assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-lmna Lamin A/C upregulation was confirmed by immunoblotting. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A nuclear structural protein also changed. organism: Human EA.hy926 cell line tissue_or_cell_type: Cultured endothelial-like cells experimental_model: Quantitative proteomics, immunoblots and endothelial functional assays limitations: An immortalized cell model, not intact human vessels. Enrichment of PI3K/AKT and Rap1 pathways is hypothesis generation; increased angiogenesis is not universally desirable. exposure: 5 micromolar CGA for 24 hours evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/36076497.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "70d2217b479c3b8e299fd8b94dda90a12086be9c8ed756ad3359dc4272285a0a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1645, "text_sha256": "70d2217b479c3b8e299fd8b94dda90a12086be9c8ed756ad3359dc4272285a0a"} [chlorogenic_acid-p36076497] Chlorogenic acid enhances endothelial barrier function and promotes endothelial tube formation: A proteomics approach and functional validation. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36076497/ DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113471
Complete structured claim and evidence
ZO-1 expression increased in the treated cells.
Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid → Human tight-junction protein ZO-1 / TJP1 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/36076497.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "70d2217b479c3b8e299fd8b94dda90a12086be9c8ed756ad3359dc4272285a0a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1645, "text_sha256": "70d2217b479c3b8e299fd8b94dda90a12086be9c8ed756ad3359dc4272285a0a"}
experimental_model
Quantitative proteomics, immunoblots and endothelial functional assays
exposure
5 micromolar CGA for 24 hours
limitations
An immortalized cell model, not intact human vessels. Enrichment of PI3K/AKT and Rap1 pathways is hypothesis generation; increased angiogenesis is not universally desirable.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human EA.hy926 cell line
plain_language
A tight-junction protein links the exposure to barrier organization.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p36076497] Chlorogenic acid enhances endothelial barrier function and promotes endothelial tube formation: A proteomics approach and functional validation. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36076497/ DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113471
tissue_or_cell_type
Cultured endothelial-like cells
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 646–657
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Quantitative proteomics, immunoblots and endothelial functional assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-tjp1 ZO-1 expression increased in the treated cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A tight-junction protein links the exposure to barrier organization. organism: Human EA.hy926 cell line tissue_or_cell_type: Cultured endothelial-like cells experimental_model: Quantitative proteomics, immunoblots and endothelial functional assays limitations: An immortalized cell model, not intact human vessels. Enrichment of PI3K/AKT and Rap1 pathways is hypothesis generation; increased angiogenesis is not universally desirable. exposure: 5 micromolar CGA for 24 hours evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/36076497.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "70d2217b479c3b8e299fd8b94dda90a12086be9c8ed756ad3359dc4272285a0a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1645, "text_sha256": "70d2217b479c3b8e299fd8b94dda90a12086be9c8ed756ad3359dc4272285a0a"} [chlorogenic_acid-p36076497] Chlorogenic acid enhances endothelial barrier function and promotes endothelial tube formation: A proteomics approach and functional validation. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36076497/ DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113471
Complete structured claim and evidence
Transendothelial electrical resistance increased after treatment.
Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid → EA.hy926 transendothelial electrical resistance source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/36076497.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "70d2217b479c3b8e299fd8b94dda90a12086be9c8ed756ad3359dc4272285a0a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1645, "text_sha256": "70d2217b479c3b8e299fd8b94dda90a12086be9c8ed756ad3359dc4272285a0a"}
experimental_model
Quantitative proteomics, immunoblots and endothelial functional assays
exposure
5 micromolar CGA for 24 hours
limitations
An immortalized cell model, not intact human vessels. Enrichment of PI3K/AKT and Rap1 pathways is hypothesis generation; increased angiogenesis is not universally desirable.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human EA.hy926 cell line
plain_language
The cell-layer barrier readout improved in this assay.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p36076497] Chlorogenic acid enhances endothelial barrier function and promotes endothelial tube formation: A proteomics approach and functional validation. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36076497/ DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113471
tissue_or_cell_type
Cultured endothelial-like cells
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 659–670
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Quantitative proteomics, immunoblots and endothelial functional assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-barrier Transendothelial electrical resistance increased after treatment. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The cell-layer barrier readout improved in this assay. organism: Human EA.hy926 cell line tissue_or_cell_type: Cultured endothelial-like cells experimental_model: Quantitative proteomics, immunoblots and endothelial functional assays limitations: An immortalized cell model, not intact human vessels. Enrichment of PI3K/AKT and Rap1 pathways is hypothesis generation; increased angiogenesis is not universally desirable. exposure: 5 micromolar CGA for 24 hours evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/36076497.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "70d2217b479c3b8e299fd8b94dda90a12086be9c8ed756ad3359dc4272285a0a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1645, "text_sha256": "70d2217b479c3b8e299fd8b94dda90a12086be9c8ed756ad3359dc4272285a0a"} [chlorogenic_acid-p36076497] Chlorogenic acid enhances endothelial barrier function and promotes endothelial tube formation: A proteomics approach and functional validation. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36076497/ DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113471
Complete structured claim and evidence
Angiopoietin-2 secretion increased.
Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid → Human angiopoietin-2 / ANGPT2 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/36076497.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "70d2217b479c3b8e299fd8b94dda90a12086be9c8ed756ad3359dc4272285a0a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1645, "text_sha256": "70d2217b479c3b8e299fd8b94dda90a12086be9c8ed756ad3359dc4272285a0a"}
experimental_model
Quantitative proteomics, immunoblots and endothelial functional assays
exposure
5 micromolar CGA for 24 hours
limitations
An immortalized cell model, not intact human vessels. Enrichment of PI3K/AKT and Rap1 pathways is hypothesis generation; increased angiogenesis is not universally desirable.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human EA.hy926 cell line
plain_language
A secreted vascular signaling protein is recorded as its own node.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p36076497] Chlorogenic acid enhances endothelial barrier function and promotes endothelial tube formation: A proteomics approach and functional validation. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36076497/ DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113471
tissue_or_cell_type
Cultured endothelial-like cells
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 672–683
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Quantitative proteomics, immunoblots and endothelial functional assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-angpt2 Angiopoietin-2 secretion increased. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A secreted vascular signaling protein is recorded as its own node. organism: Human EA.hy926 cell line tissue_or_cell_type: Cultured endothelial-like cells experimental_model: Quantitative proteomics, immunoblots and endothelial functional assays limitations: An immortalized cell model, not intact human vessels. Enrichment of PI3K/AKT and Rap1 pathways is hypothesis generation; increased angiogenesis is not universally desirable. exposure: 5 micromolar CGA for 24 hours evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/36076497.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "70d2217b479c3b8e299fd8b94dda90a12086be9c8ed756ad3359dc4272285a0a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1645, "text_sha256": "70d2217b479c3b8e299fd8b94dda90a12086be9c8ed756ad3359dc4272285a0a"} [chlorogenic_acid-p36076497] Chlorogenic acid enhances endothelial barrier function and promotes endothelial tube formation: A proteomics approach and functional validation. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36076497/ DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113471
Complete structured claim and evidence
Capillary-like tube formation increased in the endothelial assay.
Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid → EA.hy926 capillary-like tube formation source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/36076497.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "70d2217b479c3b8e299fd8b94dda90a12086be9c8ed756ad3359dc4272285a0a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1645, "text_sha256": "70d2217b479c3b8e299fd8b94dda90a12086be9c8ed756ad3359dc4272285a0a"}
experimental_model
Quantitative proteomics, immunoblots and endothelial functional assays
exposure
5 micromolar CGA for 24 hours
limitations
An immortalized cell model, not intact human vessels. Enrichment of PI3K/AKT and Rap1 pathways is hypothesis generation; increased angiogenesis is not universally desirable.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human EA.hy926 cell line
plain_language
A culture readout does not demonstrate healthier vessels in a person.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p36076497] Chlorogenic acid enhances endothelial barrier function and promotes endothelial tube formation: A proteomics approach and functional validation. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36076497/ DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113471
tissue_or_cell_type
Cultured endothelial-like cells
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 685–696
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Quantitative proteomics, immunoblots and endothelial functional assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-endothelial-tubes Capillary-like tube formation increased in the endothelial assay. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A culture readout does not demonstrate healthier vessels in a person. organism: Human EA.hy926 cell line tissue_or_cell_type: Cultured endothelial-like cells experimental_model: Quantitative proteomics, immunoblots and endothelial functional assays limitations: An immortalized cell model, not intact human vessels. Enrichment of PI3K/AKT and Rap1 pathways is hypothesis generation; increased angiogenesis is not universally desirable. exposure: 5 micromolar CGA for 24 hours evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/36076497.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "70d2217b479c3b8e299fd8b94dda90a12086be9c8ed756ad3359dc4272285a0a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1645, "text_sha256": "70d2217b479c3b8e299fd8b94dda90a12086be9c8ed756ad3359dc4272285a0a"} [chlorogenic_acid-p36076497] Chlorogenic acid enhances endothelial barrier function and promotes endothelial tube formation: A proteomics approach and functional validation. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36076497/ DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113471
Complete structured claim and evidence
Spectroscopy, ESR and NMR supported formation of a CGA-iron complex.
Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid → Chlorogenic-acid ferric complex, assay-defined source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/9501514.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "eb573ad7da5b27974eff1c3a31d52becf53a72ffe3216703743aab82eacef1b7", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 797, "text_sha256": "eb573ad7da5b27974eff1c3a31d52becf53a72ffe3216703743aab82eacef1b7"}
experimental_model
Spectroscopy, ESR, NMR and iron-driven lipid-oxidation experiments
exposure
CGA concentration series; iron-EDTA and iron-ADP comparisons
limitations
Chemical prevention of radical formation is distinct from radical scavenging. These assays do not measure human mineral stores, oral chelation therapy or clinical disease prevention.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Cell-free chemistry and bovine liver microsomes
plain_language
Binding a metal changes which reactions it can catalyze.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p9501514] Iron chelation by chlorogenic acid as a natural antioxidant. (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9501514/ DOI: 10.1271/bbb.62.22
tissue_or_cell_type
Ferric complexes, Fenton-type chemistry and microsomal lipids
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 698–709
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Spectroscopy, ESR, NMR and iron-driven lipid-oxidation experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-ferric-complex Spectroscopy, ESR and NMR supported formation of a CGA-iron complex. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Binding a metal changes which reactions it can catalyze. organism: Cell-free chemistry and bovine liver microsomes tissue_or_cell_type: Ferric complexes, Fenton-type chemistry and microsomal lipids experimental_model: Spectroscopy, ESR, NMR and iron-driven lipid-oxidation experiments limitations: Chemical prevention of radical formation is distinct from radical scavenging. These assays do not measure human mineral stores, oral chelation therapy or clinical disease prevention. exposure: CGA concentration series; iron-EDTA and iron-ADP comparisons evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/9501514.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "eb573ad7da5b27974eff1c3a31d52becf53a72ffe3216703743aab82eacef1b7", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 797, "text_sha256": "eb573ad7da5b27974eff1c3a31d52becf53a72ffe3216703743aab82eacef1b7"} [chlorogenic_acid-p9501514] Iron chelation by chlorogenic acid as a natural antioxidant. (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9501514/ DOI: 10.1271/bbb.62.22
Complete structured claim and evidence
The ferric CGA complex did not support Fenton-type hydroxyl-radical generation under the tested conditions.
Chlorogenic-acid ferric complex, assay-defined → Hydroxyl-radical generation in the specified assay source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/9501514.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "eb573ad7da5b27974eff1c3a31d52becf53a72ffe3216703743aab82eacef1b7", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 797, "text_sha256": "eb573ad7da5b27974eff1c3a31d52becf53a72ffe3216703743aab82eacef1b7"}
experimental_model
Spectroscopy, ESR, NMR and iron-driven lipid-oxidation experiments
exposure
CGA concentration series; iron-EDTA and iron-ADP comparisons
limitations
Chemical prevention of radical formation is distinct from radical scavenging. These assays do not measure human mineral stores, oral chelation therapy or clinical disease prevention.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Cell-free chemistry and bovine liver microsomes
plain_language
Preventing a radical from forming differs from catching one after it forms.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p9501514] Iron chelation by chlorogenic acid as a natural antioxidant. (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9501514/ DOI: 10.1271/bbb.62.22
tissue_or_cell_type
Ferric complexes, Fenton-type chemistry and microsomal lipids
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 711–722
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Spectroscopy, ESR, NMR and iron-driven lipid-oxidation experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-fenton-prevention The ferric CGA complex did not support Fenton-type hydroxyl-radical generation under the tested conditions. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Preventing a radical from forming differs from catching one after it forms. organism: Cell-free chemistry and bovine liver microsomes tissue_or_cell_type: Ferric complexes, Fenton-type chemistry and microsomal lipids experimental_model: Spectroscopy, ESR, NMR and iron-driven lipid-oxidation experiments limitations: Chemical prevention of radical formation is distinct from radical scavenging. These assays do not measure human mineral stores, oral chelation therapy or clinical disease prevention. exposure: CGA concentration series; iron-EDTA and iron-ADP comparisons evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/9501514.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "eb573ad7da5b27974eff1c3a31d52becf53a72ffe3216703743aab82eacef1b7", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 797, "text_sha256": "eb573ad7da5b27974eff1c3a31d52becf53a72ffe3216703743aab82eacef1b7"} [chlorogenic_acid-p9501514] Iron chelation by chlorogenic acid as a natural antioxidant. (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9501514/ DOI: 10.1271/bbb.62.22
Complete structured claim and evidence
CGA reduced iron-induced bovine microsomal lipid peroxidation in a concentration-dependent manner.
Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid → Lipid peroxidation source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/9501514.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "eb573ad7da5b27974eff1c3a31d52becf53a72ffe3216703743aab82eacef1b7", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 797, "text_sha256": "eb573ad7da5b27974eff1c3a31d52becf53a72ffe3216703743aab82eacef1b7"}
experimental_model
Spectroscopy, ESR, NMR and iron-driven lipid-oxidation experiments
exposure
CGA concentration series; iron-EDTA and iron-ADP comparisons
limitations
Chemical prevention of radical formation is distinct from radical scavenging. These assays do not measure human mineral stores, oral chelation therapy or clinical disease prevention.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Cell-free chemistry and bovine liver microsomes
plain_language
Protection in a tissue preparation is retained with its experimental scope.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p9501514] Iron chelation by chlorogenic acid as a natural antioxidant. (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9501514/ DOI: 10.1271/bbb.62.22
tissue_or_cell_type
Ferric complexes, Fenton-type chemistry and microsomal lipids
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 724–735
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Spectroscopy, ESR, NMR and iron-driven lipid-oxidation experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-microsomal-oxidation CGA reduced iron-induced bovine microsomal lipid peroxidation in a concentration-dependent manner. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Protection in a tissue preparation is retained with its experimental scope. organism: Cell-free chemistry and bovine liver microsomes tissue_or_cell_type: Ferric complexes, Fenton-type chemistry and microsomal lipids experimental_model: Spectroscopy, ESR, NMR and iron-driven lipid-oxidation experiments limitations: Chemical prevention of radical formation is distinct from radical scavenging. These assays do not measure human mineral stores, oral chelation therapy or clinical disease prevention. exposure: CGA concentration series; iron-EDTA and iron-ADP comparisons evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/9501514.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "eb573ad7da5b27974eff1c3a31d52becf53a72ffe3216703743aab82eacef1b7", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 797, "text_sha256": "eb573ad7da5b27974eff1c3a31d52becf53a72ffe3216703743aab82eacef1b7"} [chlorogenic_acid-p9501514] Iron chelation by chlorogenic acid as a natural antioxidant. (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9501514/ DOI: 10.1271/bbb.62.22
Complete structured claim and evidence
CGA at 0.5 micromolar inhibited copper-induced LDL oxidation during initiation.
Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid → Copper-driven LDL oxidation source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/9089288.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "459e8c9d21cadd0d8e0cd76d596dd8b6deb9c373fb7d4ee9efb8e8f507ed03ff", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1419, "text_sha256": "459e8c9d21cadd0d8e0cd76d596dd8b6deb9c373fb7d4ee9efb8e8f507ed03ff"}
experimental_model
Isolated human LDL oxidation with copper challenge
exposure
CGA 0.5 micromolar at initiation; 0.1 micromolar or more during propagation
limitations
Reaction phase and concentration determine direction. This does not show that dietary CGA plus copper produces vascular harm. More detailed caffeic-acid timing and concentration findings must not be transferred to CGA.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human LDL outside the body
plain_language
The early reaction stage showed antioxidant behavior.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p9089288] Prooxidant activity of caffeic acid, dietary non-flavonoid phenolic acid, on Cu2+-induced low density lipoprotein oxidation. (1997). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9089288/ DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00185-3
tissue_or_cell_type
LDL oxidation initiation versus propagation
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 737–748
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Isolated human LDL oxidation with copper challenge · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-ldl-initiation CGA at 0.5 micromolar inhibited copper-induced LDL oxidation during initiation. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The early reaction stage showed antioxidant behavior. organism: Human LDL outside the body tissue_or_cell_type: LDL oxidation initiation versus propagation experimental_model: Isolated human LDL oxidation with copper challenge limitations: Reaction phase and concentration determine direction. This does not show that dietary CGA plus copper produces vascular harm. More detailed caffeic-acid timing and concentration findings must not be transferred to CGA. exposure: CGA 0.5 micromolar at initiation; 0.1 micromolar or more during propagation evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/9089288.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "459e8c9d21cadd0d8e0cd76d596dd8b6deb9c373fb7d4ee9efb8e8f507ed03ff", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1419, "text_sha256": "459e8c9d21cadd0d8e0cd76d596dd8b6deb9c373fb7d4ee9efb8e8f507ed03ff"} [chlorogenic_acid-p9089288] Prooxidant activity of caffeic acid, dietary non-flavonoid phenolic acid, on Cu2+-induced low density lipoprotein oxidation. (1997). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9089288/ DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00185-3
Complete structured claim and evidence
CGA at 0.1 micromolar or more enhanced LDL oxidation during propagation.
Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid → Copper-driven LDL oxidation source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/9089288.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "459e8c9d21cadd0d8e0cd76d596dd8b6deb9c373fb7d4ee9efb8e8f507ed03ff", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1419, "text_sha256": "459e8c9d21cadd0d8e0cd76d596dd8b6deb9c373fb7d4ee9efb8e8f507ed03ff"}
experimental_model
Isolated human LDL oxidation with copper challenge
exposure
CGA 0.5 micromolar at initiation; 0.1 micromolar or more during propagation
limitations
Reaction phase and concentration determine direction. This does not show that dietary CGA plus copper produces vascular harm. More detailed caffeic-acid timing and concentration findings must not be transferred to CGA.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human LDL outside the body
plain_language
Once oxidation was underway, the direction differed.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p9089288] Prooxidant activity of caffeic acid, dietary non-flavonoid phenolic acid, on Cu2+-induced low density lipoprotein oxidation. (1997). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9089288/ DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00185-3
tissue_or_cell_type
LDL oxidation initiation versus propagation
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 750–761
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Isolated human LDL oxidation with copper challenge · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-ldl-propagation CGA at 0.1 micromolar or more enhanced LDL oxidation during propagation. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Once oxidation was underway, the direction differed. organism: Human LDL outside the body tissue_or_cell_type: LDL oxidation initiation versus propagation experimental_model: Isolated human LDL oxidation with copper challenge limitations: Reaction phase and concentration determine direction. This does not show that dietary CGA plus copper produces vascular harm. More detailed caffeic-acid timing and concentration findings must not be transferred to CGA. exposure: CGA 0.5 micromolar at initiation; 0.1 micromolar or more during propagation evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/9089288.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "459e8c9d21cadd0d8e0cd76d596dd8b6deb9c373fb7d4ee9efb8e8f507ed03ff", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1419, "text_sha256": "459e8c9d21cadd0d8e0cd76d596dd8b6deb9c373fb7d4ee9efb8e8f507ed03ff"} [chlorogenic_acid-p9089288] Prooxidant activity of caffeic acid, dietary non-flavonoid phenolic acid, on Cu2+-induced low density lipoprotein oxidation. (1997). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9089288/ DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00185-3
Complete structured claim and evidence
COMT-mediated O-methylation of CGA contributed to the coupled-assay response.
COMT preparation used in dietary-catechol methylation assay, organism not specified in abstract → Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/16081510.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e93fafd7946f8a4aea30ff3ee9ef05e303f9154eb947410fca8e63c6521a4170", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2008, "text_sha256": "e93fafd7946f8a4aea30ff3ee9ef05e303f9154eb947410fca8e63c6521a4170"}
experimental_model
Coupled catechol-methylation/DNA-methylation assays and breast-cancer cell experiments
exposure
CGA DNMT1 IC50 0.9 micromolar in the coupled assay; compounds tested up to 20 micromolar
limitations
These concentrations and coupled-reaction conditions do not establish whole-body methyl-donor depletion, anticancer benefit or vitamin deficiency after food intake. COMT-mediated SAH generation is distinct from direct competitive binding to DNMT1.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human DNMT1 and MCF-7/MDA-MB-231 cells; COMT preparation species unresolved in abstract
plain_language
Metabolizing a catechol connects it to methyl-group chemistry.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p16081510] Inhibition of DNA methylation by caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid, two common catechol-containing coffee polyphenols. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16081510/ DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi206
tissue_or_cell_type
Cell-free methyltransferase reactions and cultured cancer cells
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 776–787
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Coupled catechol-methylation/DNA-methylation assays and breast-cancer cell experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-comt-cga COMT-mediated O-methylation of CGA contributed to the coupled-assay response. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Metabolizing a catechol connects it to methyl-group chemistry. organism: Human DNMT1 and MCF-7/MDA-MB-231 cells; COMT preparation species unresolved in abstract tissue_or_cell_type: Cell-free methyltransferase reactions and cultured cancer cells experimental_model: Coupled catechol-methylation/DNA-methylation assays and breast-cancer cell experiments limitations: These concentrations and coupled-reaction conditions do not establish whole-body methyl-donor depletion, anticancer benefit or vitamin deficiency after food intake. COMT-mediated SAH generation is distinct from direct competitive binding to DNMT1. exposure: CGA DNMT1 IC50 0.9 micromolar in the coupled assay; compounds tested up to 20 micromolar evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/16081510.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e93fafd7946f8a4aea30ff3ee9ef05e303f9154eb947410fca8e63c6521a4170", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2008, "text_sha256": "e93fafd7946f8a4aea30ff3ee9ef05e303f9154eb947410fca8e63c6521a4170"} [chlorogenic_acid-p16081510] Inhibition of DNA methylation by caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid, two common catechol-containing coffee polyphenols. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16081510/ DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi206
Complete structured claim and evidence
Increased SAH largely explained the observed inhibition of DNA methylation.
S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine → Human DNA methyltransferase 1 / DNMT1 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/16081510.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e93fafd7946f8a4aea30ff3ee9ef05e303f9154eb947410fca8e63c6521a4170", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2008, "text_sha256": "e93fafd7946f8a4aea30ff3ee9ef05e303f9154eb947410fca8e63c6521a4170"}
experimental_model
Coupled catechol-methylation/DNA-methylation assays and breast-cancer cell experiments
exposure
CGA DNMT1 IC50 0.9 micromolar in the coupled assay; compounds tested up to 20 micromolar
limitations
These concentrations and coupled-reaction conditions do not establish whole-body methyl-donor depletion, anticancer benefit or vitamin deficiency after food intake. COMT-mediated SAH generation is distinct from direct competitive binding to DNMT1.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human DNMT1 and MCF-7/MDA-MB-231 cells; COMT preparation species unresolved in abstract
plain_language
An indirect metabolite-mediated effect differs from a direct DNMT1 inhibitor.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p16081510] Inhibition of DNA methylation by caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid, two common catechol-containing coffee polyphenols. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16081510/ DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi206
tissue_or_cell_type
Cell-free methyltransferase reactions and cultured cancer cells
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 802–813
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Coupled catechol-methylation/DNA-methylation assays and breast-cancer cell experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-sah-dnmt Increased SAH largely explained the observed inhibition of DNA methylation. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: An indirect metabolite-mediated effect differs from a direct DNMT1 inhibitor. organism: Human DNMT1 and MCF-7/MDA-MB-231 cells; COMT preparation species unresolved in abstract tissue_or_cell_type: Cell-free methyltransferase reactions and cultured cancer cells experimental_model: Coupled catechol-methylation/DNA-methylation assays and breast-cancer cell experiments limitations: These concentrations and coupled-reaction conditions do not establish whole-body methyl-donor depletion, anticancer benefit or vitamin deficiency after food intake. COMT-mediated SAH generation is distinct from direct competitive binding to DNMT1. exposure: CGA DNMT1 IC50 0.9 micromolar in the coupled assay; compounds tested up to 20 micromolar evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/16081510.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e93fafd7946f8a4aea30ff3ee9ef05e303f9154eb947410fca8e63c6521a4170", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2008, "text_sha256": "e93fafd7946f8a4aea30ff3ee9ef05e303f9154eb947410fca8e63c6521a4170"} [chlorogenic_acid-p16081510] Inhibition of DNA methylation by caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid, two common catechol-containing coffee polyphenols. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16081510/ DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi206
Complete structured claim and evidence
CGA inhibited human DNMT1-mediated methylation with an assay IC50 of 0.9 micromolar.
Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid → Human DNA methyltransferase 1 / DNMT1 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/16081510.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e93fafd7946f8a4aea30ff3ee9ef05e303f9154eb947410fca8e63c6521a4170", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2008, "text_sha256": "e93fafd7946f8a4aea30ff3ee9ef05e303f9154eb947410fca8e63c6521a4170"}
experimental_model
Coupled catechol-methylation/DNA-methylation assays and breast-cancer cell experiments
exposure
CGA DNMT1 IC50 0.9 micromolar in the coupled assay; compounds tested up to 20 micromolar
limitations
These concentrations and coupled-reaction conditions do not establish whole-body methyl-donor depletion, anticancer benefit or vitamin deficiency after food intake. COMT-mediated SAH generation is distinct from direct competitive binding to DNMT1.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human DNMT1 and MCF-7/MDA-MB-231 cells; COMT preparation species unresolved in abstract
plain_language
The concentration belongs to this coupled biochemical assay.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p16081510] Inhibition of DNA methylation by caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid, two common catechol-containing coffee polyphenols. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16081510/ DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi206
tissue_or_cell_type
Cell-free methyltransferase reactions and cultured cancer cells
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 815–826
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Coupled catechol-methylation/DNA-methylation assays and breast-cancer cell experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-dnmt-assay CGA inhibited human DNMT1-mediated methylation with an assay IC50 of 0.9 micromolar. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The concentration belongs to this coupled biochemical assay. organism: Human DNMT1 and MCF-7/MDA-MB-231 cells; COMT preparation species unresolved in abstract tissue_or_cell_type: Cell-free methyltransferase reactions and cultured cancer cells experimental_model: Coupled catechol-methylation/DNA-methylation assays and breast-cancer cell experiments limitations: These concentrations and coupled-reaction conditions do not establish whole-body methyl-donor depletion, anticancer benefit or vitamin deficiency after food intake. COMT-mediated SAH generation is distinct from direct competitive binding to DNMT1. exposure: CGA DNMT1 IC50 0.9 micromolar in the coupled assay; compounds tested up to 20 micromolar evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/16081510.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e93fafd7946f8a4aea30ff3ee9ef05e303f9154eb947410fca8e63c6521a4170", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2008, "text_sha256": "e93fafd7946f8a4aea30ff3ee9ef05e303f9154eb947410fca8e63c6521a4170"} [chlorogenic_acid-p16081510] Inhibition of DNA methylation by caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid, two common catechol-containing coffee polyphenols. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16081510/ DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi206
Complete structured claim and evidence
The cancer-cell experiments reported partial inhibition of RARB promoter methylation.
Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid → Human RARB promoter DNA methylation source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/16081510.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e93fafd7946f8a4aea30ff3ee9ef05e303f9154eb947410fca8e63c6521a4170", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2008, "text_sha256": "e93fafd7946f8a4aea30ff3ee9ef05e303f9154eb947410fca8e63c6521a4170"}
experimental_model
Coupled catechol-methylation/DNA-methylation assays and breast-cancer cell experiments
exposure
CGA DNMT1 IC50 0.9 micromolar in the coupled assay; compounds tested up to 20 micromolar
limitations
These concentrations and coupled-reaction conditions do not establish whole-body methyl-donor depletion, anticancer benefit or vitamin deficiency after food intake. COMT-mediated SAH generation is distinct from direct competitive binding to DNMT1.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human DNMT1 and MCF-7/MDA-MB-231 cells; COMT preparation species unresolved in abstract
plain_language
One promoter in cancer cells does not describe genome-wide epigenetic health.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p16081510] Inhibition of DNA methylation by caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid, two common catechol-containing coffee polyphenols. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16081510/ DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi206
tissue_or_cell_type
Cell-free methyltransferase reactions and cultured cancer cells
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 828–839
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Coupled catechol-methylation/DNA-methylation assays and breast-cancer cell experiments · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-rarb-methylation The cancer-cell experiments reported partial inhibition of RARB promoter methylation. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: One promoter in cancer cells does not describe genome-wide epigenetic health. organism: Human DNMT1 and MCF-7/MDA-MB-231 cells; COMT preparation species unresolved in abstract tissue_or_cell_type: Cell-free methyltransferase reactions and cultured cancer cells experimental_model: Coupled catechol-methylation/DNA-methylation assays and breast-cancer cell experiments limitations: These concentrations and coupled-reaction conditions do not establish whole-body methyl-donor depletion, anticancer benefit or vitamin deficiency after food intake. COMT-mediated SAH generation is distinct from direct competitive binding to DNMT1. exposure: CGA DNMT1 IC50 0.9 micromolar in the coupled assay; compounds tested up to 20 micromolar evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/16081510.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e93fafd7946f8a4aea30ff3ee9ef05e303f9154eb947410fca8e63c6521a4170", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2008, "text_sha256": "e93fafd7946f8a4aea30ff3ee9ef05e303f9154eb947410fca8e63c6521a4170"} [chlorogenic_acid-p16081510] Inhibition of DNA methylation by caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid, two common catechol-containing coffee polyphenols. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16081510/ DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi206
Complete structured claim and evidence
Human soluble COMT structures resolve bound SAM.
Human catechol O-methyltransferase / COMT → S-Adenosyl-L-methionine source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/18486144.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9cafbfc9353f49fab9919bc64608f21f445ace4b190771e44088a5a746e5a6e3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1961, "text_sha256": "9cafbfc9353f49fab9919bc64608f21f445ace4b190771e44088a5a746e5a6e3"}
experimental_model
Human soluble COMT crystallography and deposited structure 3BWM
exposure
SAM and 3,5-dinitrocatechol-bound crystals; deposited Mg ion
limitations
Structural cofactor connection, not a CGA-magnesium supplementation trial. Human and rat COMT specificity differs; deposition includes an inhibitor analog rather than CGA.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
The shared methyl donor links COMT to methionine-cycle metabolism.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p18486144] Crystal structures of human 108V and 108M catechol O-methyltransferase. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18486144/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.04.040
tissue_or_cell_type
Purified soluble COMT
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 841–852
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human soluble COMT crystallography and deposited structure 3BWM · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-human-comt-sam Human soluble COMT structures resolve bound SAM. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The shared methyl donor links COMT to methionine-cycle metabolism. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Purified soluble COMT experimental_model: Human soluble COMT crystallography and deposited structure 3BWM limitations: Structural cofactor connection, not a CGA-magnesium supplementation trial. Human and rat COMT specificity differs; deposition includes an inhibitor analog rather than CGA. exposure: SAM and 3,5-dinitrocatechol-bound crystals; deposited Mg ion evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/18486144.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9cafbfc9353f49fab9919bc64608f21f445ace4b190771e44088a5a746e5a6e3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1961, "text_sha256": "9cafbfc9353f49fab9919bc64608f21f445ace4b190771e44088a5a746e5a6e3"} [chlorogenic_acid-p18486144] Crystal structures of human 108V and 108M catechol O-methyltransferase. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18486144/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.04.040
Complete structured claim and evidence
The human COMT structure 3BWM includes bound magnesium alongside SAM and the catechol analog.
Human catechol O-methyltransferase / COMT → Mg2+ source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/3BWM.cif", "source_url": "https://files.rcsb.org/download/3BWM.cif", "locator": "Primary deposited structure 3BWM chemical-component loop; zero-based end-exclusive Unicode offsets", "file_sha256": "debe2736e6c5affecce595281fac469cd424ab6e91a5d908ec89d9460f60e4f6", "start_char": 11428, "end_char": 13476, "text_sha256": "98319e36f43f3fe147a2b9a2444809c31b0e14ae68e789fe3c1a8303fd8da8bc"}
experimental_model
Human soluble COMT crystallography and deposited structure 3BWM
exposure
SAM and 3,5-dinitrocatechol-bound crystals; deposited Mg ion
limitations
Structural cofactor connection, not a CGA-magnesium supplementation trial. Human and rat COMT specificity differs; deposition includes an inhibitor analog rather than CGA.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
Magnesium is part of the measured enzyme complex; this does not prove that CGA depletes magnesium.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p18486144] Crystal structures of human 108V and 108M catechol O-methyltransferase. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18486144/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.04.040
tissue_or_cell_type
Purified soluble COMT
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 854–865
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human soluble COMT crystallography and deposited structure 3BWM · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-human-comt-mg The human COMT structure 3BWM includes bound magnesium alongside SAM and the catechol analog. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Magnesium is part of the measured enzyme complex; this does not prove that CGA depletes magnesium. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Purified soluble COMT experimental_model: Human soluble COMT crystallography and deposited structure 3BWM limitations: Structural cofactor connection, not a CGA-magnesium supplementation trial. Human and rat COMT specificity differs; deposition includes an inhibitor analog rather than CGA. exposure: SAM and 3,5-dinitrocatechol-bound crystals; deposited Mg ion evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/3BWM.cif", "source_url": "https://files.rcsb.org/download/3BWM.cif", "locator": "Primary deposited structure 3BWM chemical-component loop; zero-based end-exclusive Unicode offsets", "file_sha256": "debe2736e6c5affecce595281fac469cd424ab6e91a5d908ec89d9460f60e4f6", "start_char": 11428, "end_char": 13476, "text_sha256": "98319e36f43f3fe147a2b9a2444809c31b0e14ae68e789fe3c1a8303fd8da8bc"} [chlorogenic_acid-p18486144] Crystal structures of human 108V and 108M catechol O-methyltransferase. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18486144/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.04.040
Complete structured claim and evidence
At 20 hours, fasting total homocysteine was 4% higher, a 0.4 micromol/L difference (95% CI 0.0-0.8).
Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid → Homocysteine source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/11237928.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b141ca7b40578ff2c375240255347999acc1d82cf721d117c96ff1a057d667e2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1765, "text_sha256": "b141ca7b40578ff2c375240255347999acc1d82cf721d117c96ff1a057d667e2"}
experimental_model
Randomized-order four-period crossover in 20 adults
exposure
2 g/day CGA for 7 days versus placebo; black tea and rutin comparator periods
limitations
High supplemental exposure. Homocysteine is a biomarker; this study did not establish cardiovascular harm, depletion of folate/B12/B6, or failure of the methylation cycle.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human
plain_language
Timing changed the size and precision of the measured effect.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p11237928] Consumption of high doses of chlorogenic acid, present in coffee, or of black tea increases plasma total homocysteine concentrations in humans. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11237928/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/73.3.532
tissue_or_cell_type
Plasma total homocysteine
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 880–891
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized-order four-period crossover in 20 adults · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-fasting-hcy At 20 hours, fasting total homocysteine was 4% higher, a 0.4 micromol/L difference (95% CI 0.0-0.8). Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Timing changed the size and precision of the measured effect. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma total homocysteine experimental_model: Randomized-order four-period crossover in 20 adults limitations: High supplemental exposure. Homocysteine is a biomarker; this study did not establish cardiovascular harm, depletion of folate/B12/B6, or failure of the methylation cycle. exposure: 2 g/day CGA for 7 days versus placebo; black tea and rutin comparator periods evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/11237928.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b141ca7b40578ff2c375240255347999acc1d82cf721d117c96ff1a057d667e2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1765, "text_sha256": "b141ca7b40578ff2c375240255347999acc1d82cf721d117c96ff1a057d667e2"} [chlorogenic_acid-p11237928] Consumption of high doses of chlorogenic acid, present in coffee, or of black tea increases plasma total homocysteine concentrations in humans. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11237928/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/73.3.532
Complete structured claim and evidence
Isolated CGA did not significantly alter the overall GIP response.
Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid → Plasma GIP response in the specified meal or glucose challenge source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/21299855.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9a6f69bf52ab0f7823e1cc585e4565765348c7a3e9bab03a88a0e7cb020306c3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1086, "text_sha256": "9a6f69bf52ab0f7823e1cc585e4565765348c7a3e9bab03a88a0e7cb020306c3"}
experimental_model
Randomized crossover glucose-challenge study in 15 overweight men
exposure
1 g CGA, 12 g decaffeinated coffee, 500 mg trigonelline or placebo
limitations
Acute small male-only study; coffee and isolated ingredients are separate exposures. No overall incretin effect is not proof of zero effect at every dose or duration.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human
plain_language
GLP-1 and GIP remain distinct measured outcomes.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p21299855] Acute effects of decaffeinated coffee and the major coffee components chlorogenic acid and trigonelline on incretin hormones. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21299855/ DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-8-10
tissue_or_cell_type
Plasma incretin responses during OGTT
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 906–917
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized crossover glucose-challenge study in 15 overweight men · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-gip-null Isolated CGA did not significantly alter the overall GIP response. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: GLP-1 and GIP remain distinct measured outcomes. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma incretin responses during OGTT experimental_model: Randomized crossover glucose-challenge study in 15 overweight men limitations: Acute small male-only study; coffee and isolated ingredients are separate exposures. No overall incretin effect is not proof of zero effect at every dose or duration. exposure: 1 g CGA, 12 g decaffeinated coffee, 500 mg trigonelline or placebo evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/21299855.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9a6f69bf52ab0f7823e1cc585e4565765348c7a3e9bab03a88a0e7cb020306c3", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1086, "text_sha256": "9a6f69bf52ab0f7823e1cc585e4565765348c7a3e9bab03a88a0e7cb020306c3"} [chlorogenic_acid-p21299855] Acute effects of decaffeinated coffee and the major coffee components chlorogenic acid and trigonelline on incretin hormones. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21299855/ DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-8-10
Complete structured claim and evidence
Mean systolic/diastolic changes versus control were -2.41/-1.53 mmHg (P=0.05/0.04).
Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid → Arterial blood pressure source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/22900702.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f3cf1535535a14d11902c63d1f0be28faf07b80835cf5f1b296a62cc2e78e1b1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1044, "text_sha256": "f3cf1535535a14d11902c63d1f0be28faf07b80835cf5f1b296a62cc2e78e1b1"}
experimental_model
Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled acute crossover in 23 adults
exposure
400 mg chlorogenic acid; study product naming retained
limitations
A small acute surrogate-endpoint study, not cardiovascular event prevention. Later literature describes the product with a 3-CQA label; historical numbering must be checked before treating it as modern neochlorogenic acid.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human
plain_language
The study found a small short-term blood-pressure difference.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p22900702] Acute effects of chlorogenic acid on nitric oxide status, endothelial function, and blood pressure in healthy volunteers: a randomized trial. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22900702/ DOI: 10.1021/jf303440j
tissue_or_cell_type
Blood pressure, endothelial function and NO-related markers
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 919–930
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled acute crossover in 23 adults · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-acute-bp Mean systolic/diastolic changes versus control were -2.41/-1.53 mmHg (P=0.05/0.04). Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The study found a small short-term blood-pressure difference. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Blood pressure, endothelial function and NO-related markers experimental_model: Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled acute crossover in 23 adults limitations: A small acute surrogate-endpoint study, not cardiovascular event prevention. Later literature describes the product with a 3-CQA label; historical numbering must be checked before treating it as modern neochlorogenic acid. exposure: 400 mg chlorogenic acid; study product naming retained evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/22900702.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f3cf1535535a14d11902c63d1f0be28faf07b80835cf5f1b296a62cc2e78e1b1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1044, "text_sha256": "f3cf1535535a14d11902c63d1f0be28faf07b80835cf5f1b296a62cc2e78e1b1"} [chlorogenic_acid-p22900702] Acute effects of chlorogenic acid on nitric oxide status, endothelial function, and blood pressure in healthy volunteers: a randomized trial. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22900702/ DOI: 10.1021/jf303440j
Complete structured claim and evidence
The measured NO-status markers were not significantly changed.
Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid → Measured human nitric-oxide status markers source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/22900702.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f3cf1535535a14d11902c63d1f0be28faf07b80835cf5f1b296a62cc2e78e1b1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1044, "text_sha256": "f3cf1535535a14d11902c63d1f0be28faf07b80835cf5f1b296a62cc2e78e1b1"}
experimental_model
Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled acute crossover in 23 adults
exposure
400 mg chlorogenic acid; study product naming retained
limitations
A small acute surrogate-endpoint study, not cardiovascular event prevention. Later literature describes the product with a 3-CQA label; historical numbering must be checked before treating it as modern neochlorogenic acid.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human
plain_language
The blood-pressure result does not prove increased nitric oxide.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p22900702] Acute effects of chlorogenic acid on nitric oxide status, endothelial function, and blood pressure in healthy volunteers: a randomized trial. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22900702/ DOI: 10.1021/jf303440j
tissue_or_cell_type
Blood pressure, endothelial function and NO-related markers
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 932–943
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled acute crossover in 23 adults · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-no-markers-null The measured NO-status markers were not significantly changed. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The blood-pressure result does not prove increased nitric oxide. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Blood pressure, endothelial function and NO-related markers experimental_model: Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled acute crossover in 23 adults limitations: A small acute surrogate-endpoint study, not cardiovascular event prevention. Later literature describes the product with a 3-CQA label; historical numbering must be checked before treating it as modern neochlorogenic acid. exposure: 400 mg chlorogenic acid; study product naming retained evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/22900702.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f3cf1535535a14d11902c63d1f0be28faf07b80835cf5f1b296a62cc2e78e1b1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1044, "text_sha256": "f3cf1535535a14d11902c63d1f0be28faf07b80835cf5f1b296a62cc2e78e1b1"} [chlorogenic_acid-p22900702] Acute effects of chlorogenic acid on nitric oxide status, endothelial function, and blood pressure in healthy volunteers: a randomized trial. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22900702/ DOI: 10.1021/jf303440j
Complete structured claim and evidence
The reported endothelial-function outcome was not significantly affected (P=0.60).
Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid → Human endothelial-function assay, method not resolved from indexed abstract source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/22900702.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f3cf1535535a14d11902c63d1f0be28faf07b80835cf5f1b296a62cc2e78e1b1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1044, "text_sha256": "f3cf1535535a14d11902c63d1f0be28faf07b80835cf5f1b296a62cc2e78e1b1"}
experimental_model
Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled acute crossover in 23 adults
exposure
400 mg chlorogenic acid; study product naming retained
limitations
A small acute surrogate-endpoint study, not cardiovascular event prevention. Later literature describes the product with a 3-CQA label; historical numbering must be checked before treating it as modern neochlorogenic acid.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human
plain_language
A vascular biomarker can remain unchanged even when blood pressure differs.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p22900702] Acute effects of chlorogenic acid on nitric oxide status, endothelial function, and blood pressure in healthy volunteers: a randomized trial. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22900702/ DOI: 10.1021/jf303440j
tissue_or_cell_type
Blood pressure, endothelial function and NO-related markers
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 945–956
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled acute crossover in 23 adults · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-endothelial-null The reported endothelial-function outcome was not significantly affected (P=0.60). Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A vascular biomarker can remain unchanged even when blood pressure differs. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Blood pressure, endothelial function and NO-related markers experimental_model: Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled acute crossover in 23 adults limitations: A small acute surrogate-endpoint study, not cardiovascular event prevention. Later literature describes the product with a 3-CQA label; historical numbering must be checked before treating it as modern neochlorogenic acid. exposure: 400 mg chlorogenic acid; study product naming retained evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/22900702.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f3cf1535535a14d11902c63d1f0be28faf07b80835cf5f1b296a62cc2e78e1b1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1044, "text_sha256": "f3cf1535535a14d11902c63d1f0be28faf07b80835cf5f1b296a62cc2e78e1b1"} [chlorogenic_acid-p22900702] Acute effects of chlorogenic acid on nitric oxide status, endothelial function, and blood pressure in healthy volunteers: a randomized trial. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22900702/ DOI: 10.1021/jf303440j
Complete structured claim and evidence
Neither 450 nor 900 mg significantly changed peak FMD versus control.
Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid → Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/27109860.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e8a19a33418ce3a635bd5d8d0d2189175a8e555131a1059441eac4d03dfc91c8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1585, "text_sha256": "e8a19a33418ce3a635bd5d8d0d2189175a8e555131a1059441eac4d03dfc91c8"}
experimental_model
Randomized-order acute crossover in 16 adults
exposure
0, 450 or 900 mg purified 5-CGA; 200 mg epicatechin comparator; one-week spacing
limitations
Peak and continuous-mean FMD are different endpoints. Secondary positive findings must not replace the null peak response; no long-term vascular outcome was tested.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human
plain_language
The main peak response was null.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p27109860] Acute effects of chlorogenic acids on endothelial function and blood pressure in healthy men and women. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27109860/ DOI: 10.1039/c6fo00248j
tissue_or_cell_type
Brachial flow-mediated dilation and blood pressure
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 958–969
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized-order acute crossover in 16 adults · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-peak-fmd-null Neither 450 nor 900 mg significantly changed peak FMD versus control. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The main peak response was null. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Brachial flow-mediated dilation and blood pressure experimental_model: Randomized-order acute crossover in 16 adults limitations: Peak and continuous-mean FMD are different endpoints. Secondary positive findings must not replace the null peak response; no long-term vascular outcome was tested. exposure: 0, 450 or 900 mg purified 5-CGA; 200 mg epicatechin comparator; one-week spacing evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/27109860.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e8a19a33418ce3a635bd5d8d0d2189175a8e555131a1059441eac4d03dfc91c8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1585, "text_sha256": "e8a19a33418ce3a635bd5d8d0d2189175a8e555131a1059441eac4d03dfc91c8"} [chlorogenic_acid-p27109860] Acute effects of chlorogenic acids on endothelial function and blood pressure in healthy men and women. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27109860/ DOI: 10.1039/c6fo00248j
Complete structured claim and evidence
At one hour, continuous mean FMD increased by 0.47 and 0.65 percentage points with 450 and 900 mg, respectively.
Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid → Continuous mean post-ischaemic flow-mediated dilation source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/27109860.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e8a19a33418ce3a635bd5d8d0d2189175a8e555131a1059441eac4d03dfc91c8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1585, "text_sha256": "e8a19a33418ce3a635bd5d8d0d2189175a8e555131a1059441eac4d03dfc91c8"}
experimental_model
Randomized-order acute crossover in 16 adults
exposure
0, 450 or 900 mg purified 5-CGA; 200 mg epicatechin comparator; one-week spacing
limitations
Peak and continuous-mean FMD are different endpoints. Secondary positive findings must not replace the null peak response; no long-term vascular outcome was tested.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human
plain_language
A different summary of the same vascular response showed a signal.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p27109860] Acute effects of chlorogenic acids on endothelial function and blood pressure in healthy men and women. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27109860/ DOI: 10.1039/c6fo00248j
tissue_or_cell_type
Brachial flow-mediated dilation and blood pressure
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 971–982
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized-order acute crossover in 16 adults · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-mean-fmd At one hour, continuous mean FMD increased by 0.47 and 0.65 percentage points with 450 and 900 mg, respectively. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A different summary of the same vascular response showed a signal. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Brachial flow-mediated dilation and blood pressure experimental_model: Randomized-order acute crossover in 16 adults limitations: Peak and continuous-mean FMD are different endpoints. Secondary positive findings must not replace the null peak response; no long-term vascular outcome was tested. exposure: 0, 450 or 900 mg purified 5-CGA; 200 mg epicatechin comparator; one-week spacing evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/27109860.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e8a19a33418ce3a635bd5d8d0d2189175a8e555131a1059441eac4d03dfc91c8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1585, "text_sha256": "e8a19a33418ce3a635bd5d8d0d2189175a8e555131a1059441eac4d03dfc91c8"} [chlorogenic_acid-p27109860] Acute effects of chlorogenic acids on endothelial function and blood pressure in healthy men and women. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27109860/ DOI: 10.1039/c6fo00248j
Complete structured claim and evidence
Neither purified 5-CGA dose significantly altered blood pressure.
Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid → Arterial blood pressure source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/27109860.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e8a19a33418ce3a635bd5d8d0d2189175a8e555131a1059441eac4d03dfc91c8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1585, "text_sha256": "e8a19a33418ce3a635bd5d8d0d2189175a8e555131a1059441eac4d03dfc91c8"}
experimental_model
Randomized-order acute crossover in 16 adults
exposure
0, 450 or 900 mg purified 5-CGA; 200 mg epicatechin comparator; one-week spacing
limitations
Peak and continuous-mean FMD are different endpoints. Secondary positive findings must not replace the null peak response; no long-term vascular outcome was tested.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human
plain_language
This trial does not support an inevitable blood-pressure reduction.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p27109860] Acute effects of chlorogenic acids on endothelial function and blood pressure in healthy men and women. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27109860/ DOI: 10.1039/c6fo00248j
tissue_or_cell_type
Brachial flow-mediated dilation and blood pressure
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 984–995
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized-order acute crossover in 16 adults · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-pure-bp-null Neither purified 5-CGA dose significantly altered blood pressure. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This trial does not support an inevitable blood-pressure reduction. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Brachial flow-mediated dilation and blood pressure experimental_model: Randomized-order acute crossover in 16 adults limitations: Peak and continuous-mean FMD are different endpoints. Secondary positive findings must not replace the null peak response; no long-term vascular outcome was tested. exposure: 0, 450 or 900 mg purified 5-CGA; 200 mg epicatechin comparator; one-week spacing evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/27109860.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e8a19a33418ce3a635bd5d8d0d2189175a8e555131a1059441eac4d03dfc91c8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1585, "text_sha256": "e8a19a33418ce3a635bd5d8d0d2189175a8e555131a1059441eac4d03dfc91c8"} [chlorogenic_acid-p27109860] Acute effects of chlorogenic acids on endothelial function and blood pressure in healthy men and women. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27109860/ DOI: 10.1039/c6fo00248j
Complete structured claim and evidence
Both coffee formulations produced biphasic FMD increases accompanied by circulating CGA metabolites.
Coffee chlorogenic-acid mixture, composition study-specific → Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/28012692.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "78c6f096f5e1ec58c1a1c2a7aacda48cadf220053e0f7bff5962c93188429d03", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1766, "text_sha256": "78c6f096f5e1ec58c1a1c2a7aacda48cadf220053e0f7bff5962c93188429d03"}
experimental_model
Two acute randomized controlled crossover trials
exposure
Coffee with 89 or 310 mg CGAs, matched caffeine, n=15; pure 5-CQA 450/900 mg, n=24
limitations
Coffee is a mixture. Parallel metabolite timing is not proof that a specific metabolite caused dilation. The pure-compound P=0.06 result did not meet the conventional P<0.05 threshold.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human healthy men
plain_language
A coffee result includes the beverage matrix.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p28012692] Mediation of coffee-induced improvements in human vascular function by chlorogenic acids and its metabolites: Two randomized, controlled, crossover intervention trials. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28012692/ DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.11.013
tissue_or_cell_type
Brachial FMD and plasma metabolites
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 997–1008
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Two acute randomized controlled crossover trials · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-coffee-fmd Both coffee formulations produced biphasic FMD increases accompanied by circulating CGA metabolites. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A coffee result includes the beverage matrix. organism: Human healthy men tissue_or_cell_type: Brachial FMD and plasma metabolites experimental_model: Two acute randomized controlled crossover trials limitations: Coffee is a mixture. Parallel metabolite timing is not proof that a specific metabolite caused dilation. The pure-compound P=0.06 result did not meet the conventional P<0.05 threshold. exposure: Coffee with 89 or 310 mg CGAs, matched caffeine, n=15; pure 5-CQA 450/900 mg, n=24 evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/28012692.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "78c6f096f5e1ec58c1a1c2a7aacda48cadf220053e0f7bff5962c93188429d03", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1766, "text_sha256": "78c6f096f5e1ec58c1a1c2a7aacda48cadf220053e0f7bff5962c93188429d03"} [chlorogenic_acid-p28012692] Mediation of coffee-induced improvements in human vascular function by chlorogenic acids and its metabolites: Two randomized, controlled, crossover intervention trials. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28012692/ DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.11.013
Complete structured claim and evidence
The 450 mg pure 5-CQA comparison at one hour had P=0.06.
Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid → Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/28012692.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "78c6f096f5e1ec58c1a1c2a7aacda48cadf220053e0f7bff5962c93188429d03", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1766, "text_sha256": "78c6f096f5e1ec58c1a1c2a7aacda48cadf220053e0f7bff5962c93188429d03"}
experimental_model
Two acute randomized controlled crossover trials
exposure
Coffee with 89 or 310 mg CGAs, matched caffeine, n=15; pure 5-CQA 450/900 mg, n=24
limitations
Coffee is a mixture. Parallel metabolite timing is not proof that a specific metabolite caused dilation. The pure-compound P=0.06 result did not meet the conventional P<0.05 threshold.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human healthy men
plain_language
A suggestive trend is retained without calling it a confirmed improvement.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p28012692] Mediation of coffee-induced improvements in human vascular function by chlorogenic acids and its metabolites: Two randomized, controlled, crossover intervention trials. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28012692/ DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.11.013
tissue_or_cell_type
Brachial FMD and plasma metabolites
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1010–1021
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Two acute randomized controlled crossover trials · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-pure-fmd-borderline The 450 mg pure 5-CQA comparison at one hour had P=0.06. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A suggestive trend is retained without calling it a confirmed improvement. organism: Human healthy men tissue_or_cell_type: Brachial FMD and plasma metabolites experimental_model: Two acute randomized controlled crossover trials limitations: Coffee is a mixture. Parallel metabolite timing is not proof that a specific metabolite caused dilation. The pure-compound P=0.06 result did not meet the conventional P<0.05 threshold. exposure: Coffee with 89 or 310 mg CGAs, matched caffeine, n=15; pure 5-CQA 450/900 mg, n=24 evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/28012692.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "78c6f096f5e1ec58c1a1c2a7aacda48cadf220053e0f7bff5962c93188429d03", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1766, "text_sha256": "78c6f096f5e1ec58c1a1c2a7aacda48cadf220053e0f7bff5962c93188429d03"} [chlorogenic_acid-p28012692] Mediation of coffee-induced improvements in human vascular function by chlorogenic acids and its metabolites: Two randomized, controlled, crossover intervention trials. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28012692/ DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.11.013
Complete structured claim and evidence
Blood pressure declined significantly within the extract group but not within placebo in the abstract report.
Green coffee bean extract, composition study-specific → Arterial blood pressure source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/16820341.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "47326bb2b286adb85689ebeb57d99f79bde7d2a62cf8dcedc1a6e349aac986f9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 906, "text_sha256": "47326bb2b286adb85689ebeb57d99f79bde7d2a62cf8dcedc1a6e349aac986f9"}
experimental_model
Placebo-controlled randomized trial in 28 participants with mild hypertension
exposure
Green coffee extract delivering 140 mg/day chlorogenic acids
limitations
The abstract reports within-group BP significance, not an explicit between-group effect estimate. Small-sample absence of apparent side effects does not establish universal safety or isolate a single isomer.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human
plain_language
This result concerns a measured extract, with limited comparative statistics available.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p16820341] The blood pressure-lowering effect and safety of chlorogenic acid from green coffee bean extract in essential hypertension. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16820341/ DOI: 10.1080/10641960600798655
tissue_or_cell_type
Blood pressure, pulse, BMI and safety observations
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1023–1034
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Placebo-controlled randomized trial in 28 participants with mild hypertension · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-extract-bp Blood pressure declined significantly within the extract group but not within placebo in the abstract report. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This result concerns a measured extract, with limited comparative statistics available. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Blood pressure, pulse, BMI and safety observations experimental_model: Placebo-controlled randomized trial in 28 participants with mild hypertension limitations: The abstract reports within-group BP significance, not an explicit between-group effect estimate. Small-sample absence of apparent side effects does not establish universal safety or isolate a single isomer. exposure: Green coffee extract delivering 140 mg/day chlorogenic acids evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/16820341.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "47326bb2b286adb85689ebeb57d99f79bde7d2a62cf8dcedc1a6e349aac986f9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 906, "text_sha256": "47326bb2b286adb85689ebeb57d99f79bde7d2a62cf8dcedc1a6e349aac986f9"} [chlorogenic_acid-p16820341] The blood pressure-lowering effect and safety of chlorogenic acid from green coffee bean extract in essential hypertension. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16820341/ DOI: 10.1080/10641960600798655
Complete structured claim and evidence
CGA did not outperform placebo for liver stiffness.
Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid → Liver stiffness measured by elastography source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/33838673.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "749cbe05e73aeb9c4a69c8c00e8a3839241f343b5c0eb9662b64f4127506f319", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2205, "text_sha256": "749cbe05e73aeb9c4a69c8c00e8a3839241f343b5c0eb9662b64f4127506f319"}
experimental_model
Six-month double-blind randomized four-arm trial
exposure
Daily 200 mg CGA, 200 mg caffeine, both, or starch placebo
limitations
Chronic human liver disease differs from surgical mouse regeneration. The trial does not isolate all possible formulations, but its null hepatic result must remain visible.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human participants with type 2 diabetes and NAFLD
plain_language
A separate fibrosis-related measurement was also null.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p33838673] Effects of supplementation with main coffee components including caffeine and/or chlorogenic acid on hepatic, metabolic, and inflammatory indices in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33838673/ DOI: 10.1186/s12937-021-00694-5
tissue_or_cell_type
FibroScan, hepatic blood tests, metabolic and inflammatory markers
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1049–1060
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Six-month double-blind randomized four-arm trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-liver-stiffness-null CGA did not outperform placebo for liver stiffness. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A separate fibrosis-related measurement was also null. organism: Human participants with type 2 diabetes and NAFLD tissue_or_cell_type: FibroScan, hepatic blood tests, metabolic and inflammatory markers experimental_model: Six-month double-blind randomized four-arm trial limitations: Chronic human liver disease differs from surgical mouse regeneration. The trial does not isolate all possible formulations, but its null hepatic result must remain visible. exposure: Daily 200 mg CGA, 200 mg caffeine, both, or starch placebo evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/33838673.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "749cbe05e73aeb9c4a69c8c00e8a3839241f343b5c0eb9662b64f4127506f319", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2205, "text_sha256": "749cbe05e73aeb9c4a69c8c00e8a3839241f343b5c0eb9662b64f4127506f319"} [chlorogenic_acid-p33838673] Effects of supplementation with main coffee components including caffeine and/or chlorogenic acid on hepatic, metabolic, and inflammatory indices in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33838673/ DOI: 10.1186/s12937-021-00694-5
Complete structured claim and evidence
The combined beverage increased postprandial GLP-1 relative to its caffeine control.
Green tea catechins plus coffee chlorogenic acids and caffeine → Plasma GLP-1 response in the specified meal or glucose challenge source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/36501092.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "dcd5f0afb16bd6f9c61c91be9220e18751e0e34c8eac1aeeb5613649ed2d001b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1425, "text_sha256": "dcd5f0afb16bd6f9c61c91be9220e18751e0e34c8eac1aeeb5613649ed2d001b"}
experimental_model
Randomized crossover beverage intervention in 11 men
exposure
Three weeks: 620 mg green tea catechins plus 373 mg CGAs plus 119 mg caffeine; control 119 mg caffeine
limitations
A multi-ingredient formulation with a small sample. Effects cannot be assigned to CGA alone or treated as a contradiction of an acute isolated-CGA experiment.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human
plain_language
The complete tested combination is the exposure.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p36501092] Effects of Ingesting Both Catechins and Chlorogenic Acids on Glucose, Incretin, and Insulin Sensitivity in Healthy Men: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36501092/ DOI: 10.3390/nu14235063
tissue_or_cell_type
Postprandial glucose, insulin and incretin measurements
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1062–1073
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized crossover beverage intervention in 11 men · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-mixture-glp1 The combined beverage increased postprandial GLP-1 relative to its caffeine control. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The complete tested combination is the exposure. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Postprandial glucose, insulin and incretin measurements experimental_model: Randomized crossover beverage intervention in 11 men limitations: A multi-ingredient formulation with a small sample. Effects cannot be assigned to CGA alone or treated as a contradiction of an acute isolated-CGA experiment. exposure: Three weeks: 620 mg green tea catechins plus 373 mg CGAs plus 119 mg caffeine; control 119 mg caffeine evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/36501092.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "dcd5f0afb16bd6f9c61c91be9220e18751e0e34c8eac1aeeb5613649ed2d001b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1425, "text_sha256": "dcd5f0afb16bd6f9c61c91be9220e18751e0e34c8eac1aeeb5613649ed2d001b"} [chlorogenic_acid-p36501092] Effects of Ingesting Both Catechins and Chlorogenic Acids on Glucose, Incretin, and Insulin Sensitivity in Healthy Men: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36501092/ DOI: 10.3390/nu14235063
Complete structured claim and evidence
The combined beverage reduced postprandial GIP.
Green tea catechins plus coffee chlorogenic acids and caffeine → Plasma GIP response in the specified meal or glucose challenge source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/36501092.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "dcd5f0afb16bd6f9c61c91be9220e18751e0e34c8eac1aeeb5613649ed2d001b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1425, "text_sha256": "dcd5f0afb16bd6f9c61c91be9220e18751e0e34c8eac1aeeb5613649ed2d001b"}
experimental_model
Randomized crossover beverage intervention in 11 men
exposure
Three weeks: 620 mg green tea catechins plus 373 mg CGAs plus 119 mg caffeine; control 119 mg caffeine
limitations
A multi-ingredient formulation with a small sample. Effects cannot be assigned to CGA alone or treated as a contradiction of an acute isolated-CGA experiment.
nutrient_topic
Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid
organism
Human
plain_language
Different incretins responded in different directions.
primary_references
[chlorogenic_acid-p36501092] Effects of Ingesting Both Catechins and Chlorogenic Acids on Glucose, Incretin, and Insulin Sensitivity in Healthy Men: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36501092/ DOI: 10.3390/nu14235063
tissue_or_cell_type
Postprandial glucose, insulin and incretin measurements
Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1075–1086
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized crossover beverage intervention in 11 men · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### chlorogenic_acid-mixture-gip The combined beverage reduced postprandial GIP. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chlorogenic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Different incretins responded in different directions. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Postprandial glucose, insulin and incretin measurements experimental_model: Randomized crossover beverage intervention in 11 men limitations: A multi-ingredient formulation with a small sample. Effects cannot be assigned to CGA alone or treated as a contradiction of an acute isolated-CGA experiment. exposure: Three weeks: 620 mg green tea catechins plus 373 mg CGAs plus 119 mg caffeine; control 119 mg caffeine evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chlorogenic_acid-research/36501092.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "dcd5f0afb16bd6f9c61c91be9220e18751e0e34c8eac1aeeb5613649ed2d001b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1425, "text_sha256": "dcd5f0afb16bd6f9c61c91be9220e18751e0e34c8eac1aeeb5613649ed2d001b"} [chlorogenic_acid-p36501092] Effects of Ingesting Both Catechins and Chlorogenic Acids on Glucose, Incretin, and Insulin Sensitivity in Healthy Men: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36501092/ DOI: 10.3390/nu14235063
Complete structured claim and evidence
Purified PHGPX (GPX4) with glutathione reduced phospholipid hydroperoxides within photooxidized human erythrocyte ghost membranes to alcohol products without prior phospholipase cleavage.
GPX4 → Phospholipid hydroperoxides source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
cross_nutrient
true
evidence_location
Primary abstract
experimental_model
Rose-bengal photoperoxidation followed by enzyme treatment
exposure
GSH/PHGPX after photooxidation.
limitations
Purified-enzyme preparation; distinguishes peroxide removal from vitamin E radical trapping.
nutrient_topic
Vitamin E research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin E
organism
Human-derived cell-free membranes
plain_language
GPX4 removed peroxide groups from membrane phospholipids using glutathione.
primary_references
[ver-thomas1990] Protective action of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase against membrane-damaging lipid peroxidation. In situ reduction of phospholipid and cholesterol hydroperoxides. (1990). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2294113/ DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)40252-4
tissue_or_cell_type
Erythrocyte ghosts
Vitamin E: transport, membrane protection and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 550–562
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rose-bengal photoperoxidation followed by enzyme treatment · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ver-gpx4-pl-hydroperoxide-reduction Purified PHGPX (GPX4) with glutathione reduced phospholipid hydroperoxides within photooxidized human erythrocyte ghost membranes to alcohol products without prior phospholipase cleavage. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Vitamin E research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: GPX4 removed peroxide groups from membrane phospholipids using glutathione. organism: Human-derived cell-free membranes tissue_or_cell_type: Erythrocyte ghosts experimental_model: Rose-bengal photoperoxidation followed by enzyme treatment limitations: Purified-enzyme preparation; distinguishes peroxide removal from vitamin E radical trapping. exposure: GSH/PHGPX after photooxidation. cross_nutrient: true evidence_location: Primary abstract [ver-thomas1990] Protective action of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase against membrane-damaging lipid peroxidation. In situ reduction of phospholipid and cholesterol hydroperoxides. (1990). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2294113/ DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)40252-4
Complete structured claim and evidence
At a physiological vitamin E-to-phospholipid ratio, inhibition of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes and dispersed microsomal lipids was observed only when PHGPX (GPX4) and glutathione were also present.
Alpha-tocopherol → Lipid peroxidation source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
cross_nutrient
true
evidence_location
Primary abstract
experimental_model
Microsomes and Triton-dispersed lipid micelles
exposure
Iron-dependent peroxidation; physiological vitamin E:phospholipid ratio as reported in abstract.
limitations
Exact concentrations are not available in the inspected abstract. Model-specific dependence does not imply every membrane requires added GPX4 to show E protection.
nutrient_topic
Vitamin E research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin E
organism
Rattus norvegicus
plain_language
Vitamin E protection depended on peroxide removal by the GPX4/glutathione system in these preparations.
primary_references
[ver-maiorino1989] Microsomal lipid peroxidation: effect of vitamin E and its functional interaction with phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase. (1989). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2586229/ DOI: 10.1007/bf02535211
tissue_or_cell_type
Liver microsomal lipids
Vitamin E: transport, membrane protection and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 592–604
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Microsomes and Triton-dispersed lipid micelles · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### ver-gpx4-gsh-tocopherol-cooperation At a physiological vitamin E-to-phospholipid ratio, inhibition of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes and dispersed microsomal lipids was observed only when PHGPX (GPX4) and glutathione were also present. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Vitamin E research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Vitamin E protection depended on peroxide removal by the GPX4/glutathione system in these preparations. organism: Rattus norvegicus tissue_or_cell_type: Liver microsomal lipids experimental_model: Microsomes and Triton-dispersed lipid micelles limitations: Exact concentrations are not available in the inspected abstract. Model-specific dependence does not imply every membrane requires added GPX4 to show E protection. exposure: Iron-dependent peroxidation; physiological vitamin E:phospholipid ratio as reported in abstract. cross_nutrient: true evidence_location: Primary abstract [ver-maiorino1989] Microsomal lipid peroxidation: effect of vitamin E and its functional interaction with phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase. (1989). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2586229/ DOI: 10.1007/bf02535211
Complete structured claim and evidence
GSR reduces one glutathione-disulfide molecule to two reduced glutathione molecules using the NADPH/FAD catalytic relay.
Glutathione reductase / GSR → GSSG source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
cross_nutrient
B2-FAD supports GSH recycling; selenium-dependent GPX use of GSH is a separate reaction.
evidence_location
Results: NADPH binding; Fig 1 consensus cycle; GSH/GSSG complexes
experimental_model
Purified human glutathione reductase crystals with natural substrates, 0.95-1.1-A resolution, chemically reduced controls.
exposure
Purified-enzyme assay
limitations
GSR is not glutathione peroxidase; this record does not show that B2 improves selenium repletion.
nutrient_topic
Riboflavin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Riboflavin (vitamin B2)
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
This enzyme recycles glutathione after oxidation.
primary_references
[berkholz2008] Catalytic cycle of human glutathione reductase near 1 A resolution. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18638483/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.06.083
tissue_or_cell_type
Purified human GSR
Riboflavin: mechanisms, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1332–1344
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified human glutathione reductase crystals with natural substrates, 0.95-1.1-A resolution, chemically reduced controls. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### b2-gsr-gssg-to-gsh GSR reduces one glutathione-disulfide molecule to two reduced glutathione molecules using the NADPH/FAD catalytic relay. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Riboflavin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This enzyme recycles glutathione after oxidation. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Purified human GSR experimental_model: Purified human glutathione reductase crystals with natural substrates, 0.95-1.1-A resolution, chemically reduced controls. limitations: GSR is not glutathione peroxidase; this record does not show that B2 improves selenium repletion. exposure: Purified-enzyme assay cross_nutrient: B2-FAD supports GSH recycling; selenium-dependent GPX use of GSH is a separate reaction. evidence_location: Results: NADPH binding; Fig 1 consensus cycle; GSH/GSSG complexes [berkholz2008] Catalytic cycle of human glutathione reductase near 1 A resolution. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18638483/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.06.083
Complete structured claim and evidence
Reconstituted human MTR transfers methylfolate-derived methyl groups through cobalamin to homocysteine, producing methionine and THF.
Cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase / MTR → L-Methionine source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
cross_nutrient
Folate methyl transfer requires B12.
experimental_model
Human MTR/MTRR expressed in insect cells; purified enzymes and extracts.
limitations
Chemistry, not dietary response.
nutrient_topic
Folate and folic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Folate (vitamin B9)
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
B12-dependent MTR recycles both homocysteine and folate.
primary_references
[yamada-2006] Human methionine synthase reductase is a molecular chaperone for human methionine synthase (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16769880/ DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0603694103
tissue_or_cell_type
Purified protein
Folate and folic acid: mechanisms, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 482–492
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human MTR/MTRR expressed in insect cells; purified enzymes and extracts. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### folate-methyl-mtr-methyl-transfer Reconstituted human MTR transfers methylfolate-derived methyl groups through cobalamin to homocysteine, producing methionine and THF. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Folate and folic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: B12-dependent MTR recycles both homocysteine and folate. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Purified protein experimental_model: Human MTR/MTRR expressed in insect cells; purified enzymes and extracts. limitations: Chemistry, not dietary response. cross_nutrient: Folate methyl transfer requires B12. [yamada-2006] Human methionine synthase reductase is a molecular chaperone for human methionine synthase (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16769880/ DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0603694103
Complete structured claim and evidence
PLP-dependent human CBS condenses serine with homocysteine to produce cystathionine.
Human cystathionine beta-synthase / CBS → Cystathionine source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
cross_nutrient
Methionine-derived sulfur enters cysteine synthesis.
experimental_model
Recombinant truncated human CBS crystallography
limitations
Enzyme chemistry alone does not predict whole-body homocysteine during mild deficiency.
nutrient_topic
Vitamin B6 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin B6
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
This B6-dependent step channels homocysteine into transsulfuration.
primary_references
[b6-cbs-2001] Structure of human cystathionine beta-synthase: a unique pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent heme protein. (2001). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC149156/ DOI: 10.1093/emboj/20.15.3910
tissue_or_cell_type
Purified recombinant protein; no intact tissue
Vitamin B6: mechanisms, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 517–527
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Recombinant truncated human CBS crystallography · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### b6-met-cbs-condensation PLP-dependent human CBS condenses serine with homocysteine to produce cystathionine. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Vitamin B6 research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This B6-dependent step channels homocysteine into transsulfuration. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Purified recombinant protein; no intact tissue experimental_model: Recombinant truncated human CBS crystallography limitations: Enzyme chemistry alone does not predict whole-body homocysteine during mild deficiency. cross_nutrient: Methionine-derived sulfur enters cysteine synthesis. [b6-cbs-2001] Structure of human cystathionine beta-synthase: a unique pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent heme protein. (2001). https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC149156/ DOI: 10.1093/emboj/20.15.3910
Complete structured claim and evidence
Methionine adenosylation supplies SAM, the methyl donor consumed when guanidinoacetate is converted to creatine.
L-Methionine → S-Adenosyl-L-methionine source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/creatine-research/11595668.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b195a8b17815bf7d9223831374e2f85ae2f90d8d74117ad7aa8d94af7a9e94b0", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1687, "text_sha256": "b195a8b17815bf7d9223831374e2f85ae2f90d8d74117ad7aa8d94af7a9e94b0"}
experimental_model
Rat methyl-demand feeding and hepatocyte experiments; reaction context from the primary report
exposure
Guanidinoacetate, creatine and methionine exposures
limitations
The reaction record preserves the biochemical context of this primary experiment; it does not establish a universal fraction of human methylation demand.
nutrient_topic
Creatine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Creatine
organism
Rats
plain_language
Methionine must first be activated into SAM before its methyl group can finish creatine synthesis.
primary_references
[creatine-p11595668] Methylation demand and homocysteine metabolism: effects of dietary provision of creatine and guanidinoacetate. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11595668/ DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.2001.281.5.e1095
tissue_or_cell_type
Liver and isolated hepatocytes
Creatine: synthesis, transport, phosphocreatine energetics and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 217–228
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rat methyl-demand feeding and hepatocyte experiments; reaction context from the primary report · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### creatine-methionine-sam-supply Methionine adenosylation supplies SAM, the methyl donor consumed when guanidinoacetate is converted to creatine. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Creatine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Methionine must first be activated into SAM before its methyl group can finish creatine synthesis. organism: Rats tissue_or_cell_type: Liver and isolated hepatocytes experimental_model: Rat methyl-demand feeding and hepatocyte experiments; reaction context from the primary report limitations: The reaction record preserves the biochemical context of this primary experiment; it does not establish a universal fraction of human methylation demand. exposure: Guanidinoacetate, creatine and methionine exposures evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/creatine-research/11595668.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b195a8b17815bf7d9223831374e2f85ae2f90d8d74117ad7aa8d94af7a9e94b0", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1687, "text_sha256": "b195a8b17815bf7d9223831374e2f85ae2f90d8d74117ad7aa8d94af7a9e94b0"} [creatine-p11595668] Methylation demand and homocysteine metabolism: effects of dietary provision of creatine and guanidinoacetate. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11595668/ DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.2001.281.5.e1095
Complete structured claim and evidence
GAMT transfers a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to guanidinoacetate, producing creatine and S-adenosylhomocysteine.
Rat guanidinoacetate methyltransferase / Gamt → Guanidinoacetate source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/creatine-research/12079381.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4f63981cbaa4b7614a24f0a637893d05f9eff2c2143991404b0a7af1ea6667c6", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1161, "text_sha256": "4f63981cbaa4b7614a24f0a637893d05f9eff2c2143991404b0a7af1ea6667c6"}
experimental_model
SAH-bound crystal structure and mutagenesis
exposure
SAH-bound structure at 2.5 angstrom resolution
limitations
The crystallized construct lacks 36 N-terminal residues; its dimer arrangement is not assigned universally to native human GAMT.
nutrient_topic
Creatine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Creatine
organism
Rat GAMT
plain_language
The second synthesis step spends one SAM methyl group to finish each creatine molecule.
primary_references
[creatine-p12079381] Crystal structure of guanidinoacetate methyltransferase from rat liver: a model structure of protein arginine methyltransferase. (2002). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12079381/ DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(02)00448-5 [creatine-p11595668] Methylation demand and homocysteine metabolism: effects of dietary provision of creatine and guanidinoacetate. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11595668/ DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.2001.281.5.e1095
tissue_or_cell_type
Purified, N-terminally truncated enzyme
Creatine: synthesis, transport, phosphocreatine energetics and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 203–215
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · SAH-bound crystal structure and mutagenesis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### creatine-gamt-methyl-transfer GAMT transfers a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to guanidinoacetate, producing creatine and S-adenosylhomocysteine. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Creatine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The second synthesis step spends one SAM methyl group to finish each creatine molecule. organism: Rat GAMT tissue_or_cell_type: Purified, N-terminally truncated enzyme experimental_model: SAH-bound crystal structure and mutagenesis limitations: The crystallized construct lacks 36 N-terminal residues; its dimer arrangement is not assigned universally to native human GAMT. exposure: SAH-bound structure at 2.5 angstrom resolution evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/creatine-research/12079381.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4f63981cbaa4b7614a24f0a637893d05f9eff2c2143991404b0a7af1ea6667c6", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1161, "text_sha256": "4f63981cbaa4b7614a24f0a637893d05f9eff2c2143991404b0a7af1ea6667c6"} [creatine-p12079381] Crystal structure of guanidinoacetate methyltransferase from rat liver: a model structure of protein arginine methyltransferase. (2002). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12079381/ DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(02)00448-5 [creatine-p11595668] Methylation demand and homocysteine metabolism: effects of dietary provision of creatine and guanidinoacetate. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11595668/ DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.2001.281.5.e1095
Complete structured claim and evidence
NNMT transfers a methyl group from SAM to nicotinamide, yielding N1-methylnicotinamide and S-adenosylhomocysteine.
Human NNMT → N1-Methylnicotinamide source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
cross_nutrient
true
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/niacin-consumption-sources/nnmt2013.txt", "locator": "Full text, normalized paragraph 8", "start_char": 2396, "end_char": 4508, "file_sha256": "7d88fd656ba772962185234a9bd021e40a9b83f9156db836f723eba06b68acca", "text_sha256": "fc5cdd48751fa59656f5c16e70c31ab3f36788c265267d7cb57f269bb1848fc6"}
experimental_model
Human cancer-cell enzyme activity and metabolomics study
exposure
Nicotinamide substrate and NNMT expression/activity comparisons
limitations
Engineered human cancer-cell culture, not healthy-human niacin repletion. SAM consumption does not establish systemic methyl depletion or a need for folate/B12 supplements.
nutrient_topic
Niacin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Niacin (vitamin B3)
organism
Human
plain_language
Nicotinamide methylation uses a methyl group from SAM.
primary_references
[b3-cons-nnmt2013] NNMT promotes epigenetic remodeling in cancer by creating a metabolic methylation sink. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23455543/ DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1204
tissue_or_cell_type
769P, OVCAR3, MUM2C and comparison cell models
Niacin: NAD metabolism, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 747–759
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human cancer-cell enzyme activity and metabolomics study · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### b3-cons-nnmt-methyl-transfer NNMT transfers a methyl group from SAM to nicotinamide, yielding N1-methylnicotinamide and S-adenosylhomocysteine. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Niacin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Nicotinamide methylation uses a methyl group from SAM. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: 769P, OVCAR3, MUM2C and comparison cell models experimental_model: Human cancer-cell enzyme activity and metabolomics study limitations: Engineered human cancer-cell culture, not healthy-human niacin repletion. SAM consumption does not establish systemic methyl depletion or a need for folate/B12 supplements. exposure: Nicotinamide substrate and NNMT expression/activity comparisons cross_nutrient: true evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/niacin-consumption-sources/nnmt2013.txt", "locator": "Full text, normalized paragraph 8", "start_char": 2396, "end_char": 4508, "file_sha256": "7d88fd656ba772962185234a9bd021e40a9b83f9156db836f723eba06b68acca", "text_sha256": "fc5cdd48751fa59656f5c16e70c31ab3f36788c265267d7cb57f269bb1848fc6"} [b3-cons-nnmt2013] NNMT promotes epigenetic remodeling in cancer by creating a metabolic methylation sink. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23455543/ DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1204
Complete structured claim and evidence
Ascorbate enhanced ferric-NTA iron uptake; ascorbate oxidase and Fe(II) chelators inhibited the enhancement, supporting a required Fe(III)-to-Fe(II) reduction step in this cell model.
L-Ascorbate → Caco-2 apical iron uptake source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
cross_nutrient
Vitamin C changes availability of iron for uptake; not proof that all iron absorption requires added vitamin C.
experimental_model
Differentiated human Caco-2 monolayers; apical ferric nitrilotriacetate and transepithelial transport assays.
exposure
Apical 10 micromolar Fe(III) as 1 Fe:2 NTA, varied ascorbic acid, ascorbate oxidase and Fe(II) chelators.
limitations
Chelator/oxidase interventions support redox dependence; the experiment does not identify every human intestinal transport step.
nutrient_topic
Vitamin C research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin C
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
Changing iron’s chemical state helped the intestinal-model cells acquire it.
primary_references
[c-han1995] Reduction of Fe(III) is required for uptake of nonheme iron by Caco-2 cells (1995). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7738689/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/125.5.1291
tissue_or_cell_type
Human Caco-2 apical cell surface and culture medium
Vitamin C: mechanisms, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1554–1565
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Differentiated human Caco-2 monolayers; apical ferric nitrilotriacetate and transepithelial transport assays. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### c-iron-ferric-reduction-uptake Ascorbate enhanced ferric-NTA iron uptake; ascorbate oxidase and Fe(II) chelators inhibited the enhancement, supporting a required Fe(III)-to-Fe(II) reduction step in this cell model. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Vitamin C research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Changing iron’s chemical state helped the intestinal-model cells acquire it. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Human Caco-2 apical cell surface and culture medium experimental_model: Differentiated human Caco-2 monolayers; apical ferric nitrilotriacetate and transepithelial transport assays. limitations: Chelator/oxidase interventions support redox dependence; the experiment does not identify every human intestinal transport step. exposure: Apical 10 micromolar Fe(III) as 1 Fe:2 NTA, varied ascorbic acid, ascorbate oxidase and Fe(II) chelators. cross_nutrient: Vitamin C changes availability of iron for uptake; not proof that all iron absorption requires added vitamin C. [c-han1995] Reduction of Fe(III) is required for uptake of nonheme iron by Caco-2 cells (1995). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7738689/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/125.5.1291
Complete structured claim and evidence
Added ascorbic acid significantly counteracted the inhibition of radiolabeled nonheme iron absorption caused by sodium phytate in wheat-roll meals.
L-Ascorbic acid → Nonheme iron absorption source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
cross_nutrient
Meal composition modifies the vitamin C/iron interaction.
experimental_model
Human alternate-day paired radiolabeled wheat-roll experiments.
exposure
Seven sodium phytate levels spanning 2–250 mg expressed as phytate phosphorus, with and without ascorbic acid; 55Fe/59Fe labels. Exact C dose and participant count are not extracted from the abstract.
limitations
Single-meal tracer result; does not prove full cancellation of inhibition or long-term correction of anemia.
nutrient_topic
Vitamin C research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin C
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
Vitamin C helped offset an iron-absorption inhibitor in the tested meals.
primary_references
[c-hallberg1989] Iron absorption in man: ascorbic acid and dose-dependent inhibition by phytate (1989). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2911999/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/49.1.140
tissue_or_cell_type
Human blood or whole-person endpoints
Vitamin C: mechanisms, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1580–1591
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human alternate-day paired radiolabeled wheat-roll experiments. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### c-phytate-iron-inhibition-counteraction Added ascorbic acid significantly counteracted the inhibition of radiolabeled nonheme iron absorption caused by sodium phytate in wheat-roll meals. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Vitamin C research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Vitamin C helped offset an iron-absorption inhibitor in the tested meals. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Human blood or whole-person endpoints experimental_model: Human alternate-day paired radiolabeled wheat-roll experiments. limitations: Single-meal tracer result; does not prove full cancellation of inhibition or long-term correction of anemia. exposure: Seven sodium phytate levels spanning 2–250 mg expressed as phytate phosphorus, with and without ascorbic acid; 55Fe/59Fe labels. Exact C dose and participant count are not extracted from the abstract. cross_nutrient: Meal composition modifies the vitamin C/iron interaction. [c-hallberg1989] Iron absorption in man: ascorbic acid and dose-dependent inhibition by phytate (1989). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2911999/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/49.1.140
Complete structured claim and evidence

Availability and dependencies

Each situation shows the normal role first, then what the sources report under a specific condition. A shortfall in the diet, a fault in the machinery, and a low blood reading are kept separate because they are not the same thing.

When normal colonic processing is absent

Condition: machinery_impairment · Ileostomy bypasses the usual colonic processing route.

Normal role: The intact colon supports additional microbial metabolism.

Recorded consequence: Urinary recovery and metabolite composition differ.

Scope: Human ileostomy study compared with a separate intact-colon study.

When the G6P transporter loses function

Condition: machinery_impairment · Pathogenic SLC37A4 loss-of-function variants.

Normal role: SLC37A4 supplies ER glucose-6-phosphate transport.

Recorded consequence: Transport is impaired in glycogen storage disease Ib.

Scope: Human transporter genetics and structural study.

When AMPK signaling is experimentally reduced

Condition: machinery_impairment · AMPK alpha1/alpha2 siRNA in L6 cells.

Normal role: AMPK supports the observed CGA-stimulated glucose-uptake response.

Recorded consequence: The stimulated glucose-transport response is abrogated.

Scope: Rat L6 myotubes; experimental gene knockdown.

The sources

Every document behind this chapter is preserved word for word. Open one to read it in full with its recorded conflicts marked in place.

Chlorogenic acid: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17)AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · unverified_draftRead preserved source
Creatine: synthesis, transport, phosphocreatine energetics and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17)AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · unverified_draftRead preserved source
Folate and folic acid: mechanisms, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17)AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · unverified_draftRead preserved source
Niacin: NAD metabolism, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17)AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · unverified_draftRead preserved source
Riboflavin: mechanisms, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17)AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · unverified_draftRead preserved source
Vitamin B6: mechanisms, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17)AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · unverified_draftRead preserved source
Vitamin C: mechanisms, deficiency and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17)AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · unverified_draftRead preserved source
Vitamin E: transport, membrane protection and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17)AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · unverified_draftRead preserved source

Recorded disagreements

Where two sources say different things, both are kept and the difference is explained. You can discuss a disagreement or propose a mechanism that might account for it.

Open questions in this collection

Questions the curators could not answer from the sources in front of them, kept here with the reason each one is still open. These are gaps in this collection, not findings or proof that no one has studied them.

Which circulating parent compounds and conjugates reach a given human tissue at an active concentration?Meal composition, isomer identity, microbial processing and conjugation affect exposure; high-concentration cell treatments cannot supply the answer.
Which named transporters and bacterial esterase genes control an individual response?The included permeability and isolate studies do not resolve every protein isoform or the relevant strain abundance in a person.
Does isolated CGA prevent diabetes, cardiovascular events or chronic liver disease over years?The included clinical studies predominantly test short-term biomarkers; the chronic fatty-liver trial did not establish benefit.
Is there a reproducible clinical synergy between CGA and catechins, caffeine or nutrient supplements?A positive multi-ingredient comparison cannot identify which ingredient, interaction or dose caused the result without an appropriate factorial design.
Is there a chlorogenic-acid deficiency syndrome or a validated target blood concentration?No essential requirement, diagnostic shortage threshold or deficiency-repletion pathway is established by this evidence set. Conditional pages describe transport, microbiome anatomy or signaling machinery instead.
Can a particular vitamin C dose offset CGA inhibition of meal iron absorption?The retained vitamin C experiments involve specified iron preparations or phytate. Direct combination evidence is needed for a CGA-specific offset ratio.
Does ordinary dietary CGA materially change B6, folate, B12 or magnesium requirements?Shared enzymes, SAM/SAH chemistry and high-dose homocysteine results do not establish depletion or a need for compensatory supplements.
Which direct protein targets matter at concentrations reached after food intake?Transporter structures, purified enzyme inhibition and cell signaling require exposure-response translation before ranking clinical importance.
Does CGA meaningfully alter drug levels or interact with berberine, metformin or other AMPK-related interventions?Shared pathways and cell assays do not establish human combination efficacy, drug clearance changes or a dosing rule.

Chapters are assembled from supplied drafts and curated literature summaries. Statements remain unverified against the primary studies, and the ledger is not medical advice.

Evidence, AI assistance and curation standards

Chlorogenic acid / 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid

The mechanisms

Chlorogenic acid contains a caffeic-acid moiety esterified to quinic acid.

CGA inhibited meal iron absorption, less strongly than the galloyl compounds tested.

O-methylation of the dietary catechols increased SAH formation.

At 4-5 hours after dosing, plasma total homocysteine was 12% higher than placebo, a 1.2 micromol/L difference (95% CI 0.6-1.7).

Cryo-EM resolved chlorogenic acid at a cytosolic site in inward-facing human SLC37A4.

CGA increased AMPK phosphorylation and measured AMPK activity in L6 myotubes.

AMPK alpha1/alpha2 knockdown abrogated CGA-stimulated glucose transport.

Ileal compounds accounted for 71 +/- 7% of intake; 78% of recovered material was parent compounds and 22% metabolites.

Isolated CGA did not significantly alter the overall GLP-1 response.

CGA did not outperform placebo for the measured hepatic-fat endpoint.

Quinic acid supplies the other component of the chlorogenic-acid ester.

Apparent small-intestinal disappearance was 33 +/- 17% of the chlorogenic-acid dose.

Caffeic-acid disappearance was 95 +/- 4% in the same crossover design.

The analytical method separately quantified 5-CQA and 3-CQA.

The assay also resolved 4-CQA separately from 5-CQA.

5-CQA was the major measured isomer in the studied leaf extracts; quantities varied by species and harvest.

Chlorogenic-acid hydrolysis was detected in selected E. coli, B. lactis and L. gasseri isolates; activity was mainly intracellular.

Bidirectional permeability measurements supported active efflux of chlorogenic acid.

The Caco-2 experiments also supported active efflux of quinic acid.

Urine contained ferulic acid 4-O-sulfate after the coffee intervention.

Urine contained caffeic acid 3-O-sulfate after the coffee intervention.

Urine contained isoferulic acid 3-O-glucuronide after the coffee intervention.

Urine contained dihydrocaffeic acid 3-O-sulfate after the coffee intervention.

Urinary recovery was 8 +/- 1% in ileostomy participants versus 29 +/- 4% in the intact-colon comparison; dihydroferulic acid and feruloylglycine were higher with an intact colon.

Urinary CGA/metabolite recovery fell from 14.6% to 12.1% to 8.0% of intake across increasing doses.

SLC37A4 exchanges cytosolic glucose-6-phosphate for luminal inorganic phosphate.

The bound compound stabilizes an arrested state that prevents the transitions needed for G6P/Pi exchange.

Loss-of-function SLC37A4 variants impair the transport machinery associated with glycogen storage disease Ib.

Parent chlorogenic acid inhibited the translocase component in intact rat liver microsomes.

Synthetic derivative 29i inhibited gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in perfused rat liver.

ACC phosphorylation increased alongside the AMPK response.

CGA increased GLUT4 delivery to the L6 plasma membrane.

L6 2-deoxyglucose uptake increased with CGA concentration and exposure time.

Akt activation was observed during the L6 response.

CGA did not enhance IRS1-p85 association in the reported assay.

Injected CGA acutely lowered fasting glucose in db/db mice.

CGA showed noncompetitive PTP1B inhibition in the combined kinetic and NMR investigation.

The observed CGA binding site was the second aryl-phosphate site, rather than the previously docked benzofuran pocket.

The mouse regeneration study linked CGA-Keap1 interaction to Nrf2 activation.

Nrf2 activation increased E2F1 mRNA in the regeneration model.

E2F1 induction was linked to faster cell-cycle progression during liver regeneration.

Nrf2 activation increased PGC-1alpha mRNA in the regeneration model.

PGC-1alpha induction was linked to greater ATP production supporting regeneration.

CGA promoted regeneration after partial hepatectomy in mice.

PODXL upregulation was confirmed by immunoblotting.

Lamin A/C upregulation was confirmed by immunoblotting.

ZO-1 expression increased in the treated cells.

Transendothelial electrical resistance increased after treatment.

Angiopoietin-2 secretion increased.

Capillary-like tube formation increased in the endothelial assay.

Spectroscopy, ESR and NMR supported formation of a CGA-iron complex.

The ferric CGA complex did not support Fenton-type hydroxyl-radical generation under the tested conditions.

CGA reduced iron-induced bovine microsomal lipid peroxidation in a concentration-dependent manner.

CGA at 0.5 micromolar inhibited copper-induced LDL oxidation during initiation.

CGA at 0.1 micromolar or more enhanced LDL oxidation during propagation.

COMT-mediated O-methylation of CGA contributed to the coupled-assay response.

Increased SAH largely explained the observed inhibition of DNA methylation.

CGA inhibited human DNMT1-mediated methylation with an assay IC50 of 0.9 micromolar.

The cancer-cell experiments reported partial inhibition of RARB promoter methylation.

Human soluble COMT structures resolve bound SAM.

The human COMT structure 3BWM includes bound magnesium alongside SAM and the catechol analog.

At 20 hours, fasting total homocysteine was 4% higher, a 0.4 micromol/L difference (95% CI 0.0-0.8).

Isolated CGA did not significantly alter the overall GIP response.

Mean systolic/diastolic changes versus control were -2.41/-1.53 mmHg (P=0.05/0.04).

The measured NO-status markers were not significantly changed.

The reported endothelial-function outcome was not significantly affected (P=0.60).

Neither 450 nor 900 mg significantly changed peak FMD versus control.

At one hour, continuous mean FMD increased by 0.47 and 0.65 percentage points with 450 and 900 mg, respectively.

Neither purified 5-CGA dose significantly altered blood pressure.

Both coffee formulations produced biphasic FMD increases accompanied by circulating CGA metabolites.

The 450 mg pure 5-CQA comparison at one hour had P=0.06.

Blood pressure declined significantly within the extract group but not within placebo in the abstract report.

CGA did not outperform placebo for liver stiffness.

The combined beverage increased postprandial GLP-1 relative to its caffeine control.

The combined beverage reduced postprandial GIP.

Purified PHGPX (GPX4) with glutathione reduced phospholipid hydroperoxides within photooxidized human erythrocyte ghost membranes to alcohol products without prior phospholipase cleavage.

At a physiological vitamin E-to-phospholipid ratio, inhibition of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes and dispersed microsomal lipids was observed only when PHGPX (GPX4) and glutathione were also present.

GSR reduces one glutathione-disulfide molecule to two reduced glutathione molecules using the NADPH/FAD catalytic relay.