Nutrient chapter

Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides

Pectin is a family of structurally heterogeneous plant cell-wall polysaccharides, not one small molecule. Homogalacturonan, RG-I, RG-II and side chains have separate identities. Methylesterification, its distribution, molecular size, source and processing affect behavior. No essential pectin intake or specific human pectin-deficiency syndrome is established. Modified citrus products are not interchangeable with food pectin.

83 recorded mechanisms · 3 availability situations · 2 preserved sources. Draft and verified records are labeled separately.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

The mechanisms

What the sources say this nutrient does, one relationship at a time. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Approximately 70-100% of added uronic acids were recovered at the ileostomy.
Citrus pectin, preparation specified by study → Pectin-derived uronic acids recovered in ileal effluent source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/6307932.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "fd45607a7ff1d1a20dd52d145134da591847919c3db47ef8a8cf5693fb9f80a1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1593, "text_sha256": "fd45607a7ff1d1a20dd52d145134da591847919c3db47ef8a8cf5693fb9f80a1"}
experimental_model
Within-person ileostomy balance study; six participants
exposure
15 g/day citrus pectin on days 5-7 of a 10-day low-fiber feeding protocol
limitations
Ileal apparent absorption and output are not whole-body status or clinical deficiency; the colon was bypassed.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
Much of this pectin passed through the small intestine.
primary_references
[pectin-p6307932] The effect of citrus pectin on the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. (1983). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6307932/
tissue_or_cell_type
Small intestine; ileal effluent
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 529–540
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Within-person ileostomy balance study; six participants · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-ileal-recovery Approximately 70-100% of added uronic acids were recovered at the ileostomy. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Much of this pectin passed through the small intestine. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Small intestine; ileal effluent experimental_model: Within-person ileostomy balance study; six participants limitations: Ileal apparent absorption and output are not whole-body status or clinical deficiency; the colon was bypassed. exposure: 15 g/day citrus pectin on days 5-7 of a 10-day low-fiber feeding protocol evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/6307932.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "fd45607a7ff1d1a20dd52d145134da591847919c3db47ef8a8cf5693fb9f80a1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1593, "text_sha256": "fd45607a7ff1d1a20dd52d145134da591847919c3db47ef8a8cf5693fb9f80a1"} [pectin-p6307932] The effect of citrus pectin on the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. (1983). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6307932/
Complete structured claim and evidence
Surface BT4116 cleaves HG; deleting it prevented growth on HG in the tested strain.
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron BT4116, surface HG lyase → Pectic homogalacturonan / HG source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29255254.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "514f1ffe2924a1c555e3ecea968fb7260d0f55aa1b22c057697dbc59676c5796", "start_char": 3594, "end_char": 6987, "text_sha256": "73cf8a91e0bec8b92fd78e4630a68e5b8f3e0fe9202fad389959e3de9259167c"}
experimental_model
Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions
exposure
Defined pectic substrates; growth media and recombinant-enzyme assays
limitations
Bacterial machinery, not human digestive enzymes. Gene dependence is substrate- and strain-specific; no clinical microbiome threshold follows.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
plain_language
A bacterial enzyme starts cutting the relatively simple pectin backbone.
primary_references
[pectin-p29255254] Dietary pectic glycans are degraded by coordinated enzyme pathways in human colonic Bacteroides. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29255254/ DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0079-1
tissue_or_cell_type
Cell surface and periplasm
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 74–85
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-hg-surface Surface BT4116 cleaves HG; deleting it prevented growth on HG in the tested strain. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A bacterial enzyme starts cutting the relatively simple pectin backbone. organism: Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron tissue_or_cell_type: Cell surface and periplasm experimental_model: Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions limitations: Bacterial machinery, not human digestive enzymes. Gene dependence is substrate- and strain-specific; no clinical microbiome threshold follows. exposure: Defined pectic substrates; growth media and recombinant-enzyme assays evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29255254.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "514f1ffe2924a1c555e3ecea968fb7260d0f55aa1b22c057697dbc59676c5796", "start_char": 3594, "end_char": 6987, "text_sha256": "73cf8a91e0bec8b92fd78e4630a68e5b8f3e0fe9202fad389959e3de9259167c"} [pectin-p29255254] Dietary pectic glycans are degraded by coordinated enzyme pathways in human colonic Bacteroides. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29255254/ DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0079-1
Complete structured claim and evidence
Deleting bt-bt4116 prevented growth on its corresponding pectic substrate in the tested bacterial strain.
Experimental B. thetaiotaomicron BT4116 deletion → B. thetaiotaomicron growth on homogalacturonan source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
availability_state
machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29255254.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "514f1ffe2924a1c555e3ecea968fb7260d0f55aa1b22c057697dbc59676c5796", "start_char": 3594, "end_char": 6987, "text_sha256": "73cf8a91e0bec8b92fd78e4630a68e5b8f3e0fe9202fad389959e3de9259167c"}
experimental_model
Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions
exposure
Defined pectic substrates; growth media and recombinant-enzyme assays
limitations
Bacterial machinery, not human digestive enzymes. Gene dependence is substrate- and strain-specific; no clinical microbiome threshold follows.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
plain_language
Removing the opening enzyme blocks use of this food source by this bacterium.
primary_references
[pectin-p29255254] Dietary pectic glycans are degraded by coordinated enzyme pathways in human colonic Bacteroides. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29255254/ DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0079-1
tissue_or_cell_type
Cell surface and periplasm
trigger_kind
machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 269–280
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-hg-loss Deleting bt-bt4116 prevented growth on its corresponding pectic substrate in the tested bacterial strain. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Removing the opening enzyme blocks use of this food source by this bacterium. organism: Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron tissue_or_cell_type: Cell surface and periplasm experimental_model: Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions limitations: Bacterial machinery, not human digestive enzymes. Gene dependence is substrate- and strain-specific; no clinical microbiome threshold follows. exposure: Defined pectic substrates; growth media and recombinant-enzyme assays evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29255254.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "514f1ffe2924a1c555e3ecea968fb7260d0f55aa1b22c057697dbc59676c5796", "start_char": 3594, "end_char": 6987, "text_sha256": "73cf8a91e0bec8b92fd78e4630a68e5b8f3e0fe9202fad389959e3de9259167c"} [pectin-p29255254] Dietary pectic glycans are degraded by coordinated enzyme pathways in human colonic Bacteroides. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29255254/ DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0079-1
Complete structured claim and evidence
Blood acetate began rising about six hours after pectin and remained around twice fasting levels for the following 18 hours.
Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides → Human venous plasma acetate concentration source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/3998144.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "027517b7db8dce720509f94d183d6ab4b9bb6aed84e6ace679e421a72c31c6a6", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1849, "text_sha256": "027517b7db8dce720509f94d183d6ab4b9bb6aed84e6ace679e421a72c31c6a6"}
experimental_model
Human oral substrate challenge with blood SCFA measurements
exposure
20 g pectin after a 16-hour fast
limitations
Blood acetate is a systemic appearance measure, not a complete measure of colonic production or benefit.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
Microbial products can appear in blood hours after eating pectin.
primary_references
[pectin-p3998144] Carbohydrate fermentation in the human colon and its relation to acetate concentrations in venous blood. (1985). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3998144/ DOI: 10.1172/jci111847
tissue_or_cell_type
Venous blood
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 893–904
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human oral substrate challenge with blood SCFA measurements · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-blood-acetate Blood acetate began rising about six hours after pectin and remained around twice fasting levels for the following 18 hours. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Microbial products can appear in blood hours after eating pectin. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Venous blood experimental_model: Human oral substrate challenge with blood SCFA measurements limitations: Blood acetate is a systemic appearance measure, not a complete measure of colonic production or benefit. exposure: 20 g pectin after a 16-hour fast evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/3998144.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "027517b7db8dce720509f94d183d6ab4b9bb6aed84e6ace679e421a72c31c6a6", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1849, "text_sha256": "027517b7db8dce720509f94d183d6ab4b9bb6aed84e6ace679e421a72c31c6a6"} [pectin-p3998144] Carbohydrate fermentation in the human colon and its relation to acetate concentrations in venous blood. (1985). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3998144/ DOI: 10.1172/jci111847
Complete structured claim and evidence
Pectin reduced inorganic iron fractional absorption in the hemochromatosis group, whereas cellulose did not show the same result.
Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides → Nonheme iron absorption source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/6247906.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "2c107283e705511284aaecb49a765185e48f825963c872c6306d76f9cf4565cf", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1307, "text_sha256": "2c107283e705511284aaecb49a765185e48f825963c872c6306d76f9cf4565cf"}
experimental_model
Tracer study in idiopathic hemochromatosis with in-vitro binding comparison
exposure
13 patients: pectin in eight, cellulose in five; 9 g/m2, own fasting controls; seven healthy basal comparators
limitations
Disease-specific small experiment; not a treatment recommendation or a universal effect of all fruit.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Homo sapiens; cell-free binding assay separately scoped
plain_language
Pectin can lower absorbed iron under these tested conditions.
primary_references
[pectin-p6247906] Evidence and mechanism for pectin-reduced intestinal inorganic iron absorption in idiopathic hemochromatosis. (1980). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6247906/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/33.6.1225
tissue_or_cell_type
Intestinal inorganic iron absorption
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 633–644
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Tracer study in idiopathic hemochromatosis with in-vitro binding comparison · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-iron-absorption Pectin reduced inorganic iron fractional absorption in the hemochromatosis group, whereas cellulose did not show the same result. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Pectin can lower absorbed iron under these tested conditions. organism: Homo sapiens; cell-free binding assay separately scoped tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal inorganic iron absorption experimental_model: Tracer study in idiopathic hemochromatosis with in-vitro binding comparison limitations: Disease-specific small experiment; not a treatment recommendation or a universal effect of all fruit. exposure: 13 patients: pectin in eight, cellulose in five; 9 g/m2, own fasting controls; seven healthy basal comparators evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/6247906.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "2c107283e705511284aaecb49a765185e48f825963c872c6306d76f9cf4565cf", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1307, "text_sha256": "2c107283e705511284aaecb49a765185e48f825963c872c6306d76f9cf4565cf"} [pectin-p6247906] Evidence and mechanism for pectin-reduced intestinal inorganic iron absorption in idiopathic hemochromatosis. (1980). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6247906/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/33.6.1225
Complete structured claim and evidence
The beta-carotene plasma rise was smaller at 30 and 192 hours after the pectin meal; the 30-hour rise was reduced by more than half.
Citrus pectin, preparation specified by study → Human post-meal plasma beta-carotene response source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/1309477.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "fd0dad35ab4b3d100f22763fd9f5493d4ee5cc4e36f6f959436157484bd3f2f7", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1044, "text_sha256": "fd0dad35ab4b3d100f22763fd9f5493d4ee5cc4e36f6f959436157484bd3f2f7"}
experimental_model
Crossover meal study in seven participants
exposure
12 g citrus pectin with 25 mg beta-carotene and a 500-kcal meal
limitations
Plasma response is an absorption-related endpoint, not a direct vitamin A deficiency measurement.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
The meal experiment found less beta-carotene appearing in blood.
primary_references
[pectin-p1309477] Plasma beta-carotene response in humans after meals supplemented with dietary pectin. (1992). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1309477/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/55.1.96
tissue_or_cell_type
Post-meal plasma
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 659–670
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Crossover meal study in seven participants · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-beta-carotene-meal The beta-carotene plasma rise was smaller at 30 and 192 hours after the pectin meal; the 30-hour rise was reduced by more than half. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The meal experiment found less beta-carotene appearing in blood. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Post-meal plasma experimental_model: Crossover meal study in seven participants limitations: Plasma response is an absorption-related endpoint, not a direct vitamin A deficiency measurement. exposure: 12 g citrus pectin with 25 mg beta-carotene and a 500-kcal meal evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/1309477.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "fd0dad35ab4b3d100f22763fd9f5493d4ee5cc4e36f6f959436157484bd3f2f7", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1044, "text_sha256": "fd0dad35ab4b3d100f22763fd9f5493d4ee5cc4e36f6f959436157484bd3f2f7"} [pectin-p1309477] Plasma beta-carotene response in humans after meals supplemented with dietary pectin. (1992). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1309477/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/55.1.96
Complete structured claim and evidence
Citrus DE70 pectin reduced LDL by approximately 7-10% in the 15-g/day comparison, outperforming several other preparations.
Citrus pectin, preparation specified by study → LDL cholesterol concentration source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/22190137.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "20212c2dcb0b2018c37d0eac06932c1ec9da0a9d514bb3bd905f476594b32611", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1601, "text_sha256": "20212c2dcb0b2018c37d0eac06932c1ec9da0a9d514bb3bd905f476594b32611"}
experimental_model
Randomized crossover comparisons of pectin preparations
exposure
15 g/day for four weeks; additional high-MW citrus preparation at 6 g/day for three weeks; cellulose comparator
limitations
Preparation-specific lipid surrogates; no cardiovascular event outcome. Methylesterification alone did not explain every preparation difference.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
The pectin preparation influenced the cholesterol result.
primary_references
[pectin-p22190137] Cholesterol-lowering properties of different pectin types in mildly hyper-cholesterolemic men and women. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22190137/ DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2011.208
tissue_or_cell_type
Circulating lipids
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 763–774
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized crossover comparisons of pectin preparations · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-ldl-citrus Citrus DE70 pectin reduced LDL by approximately 7-10% in the 15-g/day comparison, outperforming several other preparations. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The pectin preparation influenced the cholesterol result. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Circulating lipids experimental_model: Randomized crossover comparisons of pectin preparations limitations: Preparation-specific lipid surrogates; no cardiovascular event outcome. Methylesterification alone did not explain every preparation difference. exposure: 15 g/day for four weeks; additional high-MW citrus preparation at 6 g/day for three weeks; cellulose comparator evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/22190137.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "20212c2dcb0b2018c37d0eac06932c1ec9da0a9d514bb3bd905f476594b32611", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1601, "text_sha256": "20212c2dcb0b2018c37d0eac06932c1ec9da0a9d514bb3bd905f476594b32611"} [pectin-p22190137] Cholesterol-lowering properties of different pectin types in mildly hyper-cholesterolemic men and women. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22190137/ DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2011.208
Complete structured claim and evidence
Low-DM pectin inhibited stimulated TLR2-TLR1 signaling in the tested assays.
Low-methylesterified lemon pectin, DM7 preparation → TLR2-TLR1 receptor complex source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29545800.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c194f301d46822febd69d3bc9768bd31de73e5dd2ca87f0d3b0e64cd4726dc65", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1540, "text_sha256": "c194f301d46822febd69d3bc9768bd31de73e5dd2ca87f0d3b0e64cd4726dc65"}
experimental_model
Receptor binding, reporter cells, human dendritic cells and mouse ileitis model
exposure
Lemon pectin DM7 versus DM75; cell exposures 1-100 micrograms/mL; mice 3 mg/day before doxorubicin
limitations
Model-specific. Binding and cytokine experiments do not establish prevention of human inflammatory disease. Lack of increased measured SCFAs does not exclude every microbial contribution.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Human receptor/cell assays; Mus musculus separately scoped
plain_language
This pectin preparation reduced one receptor-pair signal.
primary_references
[pectin-p29545800] Dietary Fiber Pectin Directly Blocks Toll-Like Receptor 2-1 and Prevents Doxorubicin-Induced Ileitis. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29545800/ DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00383
tissue_or_cell_type
Innate immune receptors and intestine
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 360–371
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Receptor binding, reporter cells, human dendritic cells and mouse ileitis model · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-tlr21-inhibition Low-DM pectin inhibited stimulated TLR2-TLR1 signaling in the tested assays. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This pectin preparation reduced one receptor-pair signal. organism: Human receptor/cell assays; Mus musculus separately scoped tissue_or_cell_type: Innate immune receptors and intestine experimental_model: Receptor binding, reporter cells, human dendritic cells and mouse ileitis model limitations: Model-specific. Binding and cytokine experiments do not establish prevention of human inflammatory disease. Lack of increased measured SCFAs does not exclude every microbial contribution. exposure: Lemon pectin DM7 versus DM75; cell exposures 1-100 micrograms/mL; mice 3 mg/day before doxorubicin evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29545800.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c194f301d46822febd69d3bc9768bd31de73e5dd2ca87f0d3b0e64cd4726dc65", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1540, "text_sha256": "c194f301d46822febd69d3bc9768bd31de73e5dd2ca87f0d3b0e64cd4726dc65"} [pectin-p29545800] Dietary Fiber Pectin Directly Blocks Toll-Like Receptor 2-1 and Prevents Doxorubicin-Induced Ileitis. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29545800/ DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00383
Complete structured claim and evidence
Tested pectic preparations were weak or inactive canonical-site inhibitors; reported pectic IC50 values, where measurable, exceeded 10 mg/mL.
Modified citrus pectin, product-specific → Human galectin-3 canonical carbohydrate-site binding source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/27129206.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b9faed8d7344a109bfebf8e340281cc15375deb88a653cd129967a7084e9eb12", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1776, "text_sha256": "b9faed8d7344a109bfebf8e340281cc15375deb88a653cd129967a7084e9eb12"}
experimental_model
Fluorescence-anisotropy competition and cell assays
exposure
Panel of bioactive pectins including modified products; synthetic pectic fragments
limitations
Preparation- and assay-specific. This challenges a general canonical-site blockade explanation; it does not disprove all physical interactions or every proposed noncanonical mechanism.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Recombinant galectins and cultured cells
plain_language
Attaching to a protein does not necessarily block its usual sugar-binding function.
primary_references
[pectin-p27129206] Low or No Inhibitory Potency of the Canonical Galectin Carbohydrate-binding Site by Pectins and Galactomannans. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27129206/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.721464
tissue_or_cell_type
Canonical carbohydrate-binding site
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 464–475
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Fluorescence-anisotropy competition and cell assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-gal3-inhibition-limited Tested pectic preparations were weak or inactive canonical-site inhibitors; reported pectic IC50 values, where measurable, exceeded 10 mg/mL. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Attaching to a protein does not necessarily block its usual sugar-binding function. organism: Recombinant galectins and cultured cells tissue_or_cell_type: Canonical carbohydrate-binding site experimental_model: Fluorescence-anisotropy competition and cell assays limitations: Preparation- and assay-specific. This challenges a general canonical-site blockade explanation; it does not disprove all physical interactions or every proposed noncanonical mechanism. exposure: Panel of bioactive pectins including modified products; synthetic pectic fragments evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/27129206.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b9faed8d7344a109bfebf8e340281cc15375deb88a653cd129967a7084e9eb12", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1776, "text_sha256": "b9faed8d7344a109bfebf8e340281cc15375deb88a653cd129967a7084e9eb12"} [pectin-p27129206] Low or No Inhibitory Potency of the Canonical Galectin Carbohydrate-binding Site by Pectins and Galactomannans. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27129206/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.721464
Complete structured claim and evidence
Fecal SCFA profiles were not significantly changed.
Sugar beet pectin → Human fecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/31547291.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "cd2a4b1f6d299d573d8ea5077447bc45c8d8c6da58fa25c7835f01c5488d9db4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1451, "text_sha256": "cd2a4b1f6d299d573d8ea5077447bc45c8d8c6da58fa25c7835f01c5488d9db4"}
experimental_model
Randomized placebo-controlled feeding; young and older healthy adults
exposure
15 g/day sugar beet pectin versus maltodextrin for four weeks
limitations
Related analysis of the same cohort as PMID31324040, not an independent replication. Fecal concentration is not production flux.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
A stool SCFA concentration reflects production, use and absorption together.
primary_references
[pectin-p31547291] Sugar Beet Pectin Supplementation Did Not Alter Profiles of Fecal Microbiota and Exhaled Breath in Healthy Young Adults and Healthy Elderly. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31547291/ DOI: 10.3390/nu11092193
tissue_or_cell_type
Feces and microbial profiling
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1010–1021
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized placebo-controlled feeding; young and older healthy adults · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-human-scfa-null Fecal SCFA profiles were not significantly changed. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A stool SCFA concentration reflects production, use and absorption together. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Feces and microbial profiling experimental_model: Randomized placebo-controlled feeding; young and older healthy adults limitations: Related analysis of the same cohort as PMID31324040, not an independent replication. Fecal concentration is not production flux. exposure: 15 g/day sugar beet pectin versus maltodextrin for four weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/31547291.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "cd2a4b1f6d299d573d8ea5077447bc45c8d8c6da58fa25c7835f01c5488d9db4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1451, "text_sha256": "cd2a4b1f6d299d573d8ea5077447bc45c8d8c6da58fa25c7835f01c5488d9db4"} [pectin-p31547291] Sugar Beet Pectin Supplementation Did Not Alter Profiles of Fecal Microbiota and Exhaled Breath in Healthy Young Adults and Healthy Elderly. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31547291/ DOI: 10.3390/nu11092193
Complete structured claim and evidence
Surface BT4170 initiates RG-I backbone cleavage.
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron BT4170, RG-I lyase → Pectic rhamnogalacturonan I / RG-I source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29255254.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "514f1ffe2924a1c555e3ecea968fb7260d0f55aa1b22c057697dbc59676c5796", "start_char": 3594, "end_char": 6987, "text_sha256": "73cf8a91e0bec8b92fd78e4630a68e5b8f3e0fe9202fad389959e3de9259167c"}
experimental_model
Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions
exposure
Defined pectic substrates; growth media and recombinant-enzyme assays
limitations
Bacterial machinery, not human digestive enzymes. Gene dependence is substrate- and strain-specific; no clinical microbiome threshold follows.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
plain_language
A different bacterial enzyme opens the RG-I part of pectin.
primary_references
[pectin-p29255254] Dietary pectic glycans are degraded by coordinated enzyme pathways in human colonic Bacteroides. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29255254/ DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0079-1
tissue_or_cell_type
Cell surface and periplasm
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 87–98
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-rgi-surface Surface BT4170 initiates RG-I backbone cleavage. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A different bacterial enzyme opens the RG-I part of pectin. organism: Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron tissue_or_cell_type: Cell surface and periplasm experimental_model: Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions limitations: Bacterial machinery, not human digestive enzymes. Gene dependence is substrate- and strain-specific; no clinical microbiome threshold follows. exposure: Defined pectic substrates; growth media and recombinant-enzyme assays evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29255254.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "514f1ffe2924a1c555e3ecea968fb7260d0f55aa1b22c057697dbc59676c5796", "start_char": 3594, "end_char": 6987, "text_sha256": "73cf8a91e0bec8b92fd78e4630a68e5b8f3e0fe9202fad389959e3de9259167c"} [pectin-p29255254] Dietary pectic glycans are degraded by coordinated enzyme pathways in human colonic Bacteroides. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29255254/ DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0079-1
Complete structured claim and evidence
Surface BT4668 supports galactan utilization; its deletion prevented growth on this substrate.
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron BT4668, surface galactanase → Pectic galactan side chains source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29255254.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "514f1ffe2924a1c555e3ecea968fb7260d0f55aa1b22c057697dbc59676c5796", "start_char": 3594, "end_char": 6987, "text_sha256": "73cf8a91e0bec8b92fd78e4630a68e5b8f3e0fe9202fad389959e3de9259167c"}
experimental_model
Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions
exposure
Defined pectic substrates; growth media and recombinant-enzyme assays
limitations
Bacterial machinery, not human digestive enzymes. Gene dependence is substrate- and strain-specific; no clinical microbiome threshold follows.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
plain_language
Galactan side chains need their own cutting machinery.
primary_references
[pectin-p29255254] Dietary pectic glycans are degraded by coordinated enzyme pathways in human colonic Bacteroides. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29255254/ DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0079-1
tissue_or_cell_type
Cell surface and periplasm
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 100–111
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-galactan-surface Surface BT4668 supports galactan utilization; its deletion prevented growth on this substrate. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Galactan side chains need their own cutting machinery. organism: Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron tissue_or_cell_type: Cell surface and periplasm experimental_model: Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions limitations: Bacterial machinery, not human digestive enzymes. Gene dependence is substrate- and strain-specific; no clinical microbiome threshold follows. exposure: Defined pectic substrates; growth media and recombinant-enzyme assays evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29255254.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "514f1ffe2924a1c555e3ecea968fb7260d0f55aa1b22c057697dbc59676c5796", "start_char": 3594, "end_char": 6987, "text_sha256": "73cf8a91e0bec8b92fd78e4630a68e5b8f3e0fe9202fad389959e3de9259167c"} [pectin-p29255254] Dietary pectic glycans are degraded by coordinated enzyme pathways in human colonic Bacteroides. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29255254/ DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0079-1
Complete structured claim and evidence
BT0367 deletion abolished the arabinan utilization phenotype.
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron BT0367, surface arabinanase → Pectic arabinan side chains source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29255254.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "514f1ffe2924a1c555e3ecea968fb7260d0f55aa1b22c057697dbc59676c5796", "start_char": 3594, "end_char": 6987, "text_sha256": "73cf8a91e0bec8b92fd78e4630a68e5b8f3e0fe9202fad389959e3de9259167c"}
experimental_model
Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions
exposure
Defined pectic substrates; growth media and recombinant-enzyme assays
limitations
Bacterial machinery, not human digestive enzymes. Gene dependence is substrate- and strain-specific; no clinical microbiome threshold follows.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
plain_language
The ability to use arabinan is a separate bacterial capability.
primary_references
[pectin-p29255254] Dietary pectic glycans are degraded by coordinated enzyme pathways in human colonic Bacteroides. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29255254/ DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0079-1
tissue_or_cell_type
Cell surface and periplasm
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 113–124
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-arabinan-surface BT0367 deletion abolished the arabinan utilization phenotype. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The ability to use arabinan is a separate bacterial capability. organism: Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron tissue_or_cell_type: Cell surface and periplasm experimental_model: Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions limitations: Bacterial machinery, not human digestive enzymes. Gene dependence is substrate- and strain-specific; no clinical microbiome threshold follows. exposure: Defined pectic substrates; growth media and recombinant-enzyme assays evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29255254.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "514f1ffe2924a1c555e3ecea968fb7260d0f55aa1b22c057697dbc59676c5796", "start_char": 3594, "end_char": 6987, "text_sha256": "73cf8a91e0bec8b92fd78e4630a68e5b8f3e0fe9202fad389959e3de9259167c"} [pectin-p29255254] Dietary pectic glycans are degraded by coordinated enzyme pathways in human colonic Bacteroides. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29255254/ DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0079-1
Complete structured claim and evidence
The BT4170 catalytic apparatus contained Lys285 and calcium, with substrate specificity determined outside the immediate active site.
Calcium ion → Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron BT4170, RG-I lyase source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29255254.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "514f1ffe2924a1c555e3ecea968fb7260d0f55aa1b22c057697dbc59676c5796", "start_char": 3594, "end_char": 6987, "text_sha256": "73cf8a91e0bec8b92fd78e4630a68e5b8f3e0fe9202fad389959e3de9259167c"}
experimental_model
Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions
exposure
Defined pectic substrates; growth media and recombinant-enzyme assays
limitations
Bacterial machinery, not human digestive enzymes. Gene dependence is substrate- and strain-specific; no clinical microbiome threshold follows.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
plain_language
Calcium participates in this bacterial cutting mechanism; this does not establish a human calcium requirement for pectin fermentation.
primary_references
[pectin-p29255254] Dietary pectic glycans are degraded by coordinated enzyme pathways in human colonic Bacteroides. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29255254/ DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0079-1
tissue_or_cell_type
Cell surface and periplasm
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 126–137
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-lyase-calcium The BT4170 catalytic apparatus contained Lys285 and calcium, with substrate specificity determined outside the immediate active site. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Calcium participates in this bacterial cutting mechanism; this does not establish a human calcium requirement for pectin fermentation. organism: Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron tissue_or_cell_type: Cell surface and periplasm experimental_model: Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions limitations: Bacterial machinery, not human digestive enzymes. Gene dependence is substrate- and strain-specific; no clinical microbiome threshold follows. exposure: Defined pectic substrates; growth media and recombinant-enzyme assays evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29255254.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "514f1ffe2924a1c555e3ecea968fb7260d0f55aa1b22c057697dbc59676c5796", "start_char": 3594, "end_char": 6987, "text_sha256": "73cf8a91e0bec8b92fd78e4630a68e5b8f3e0fe9202fad389959e3de9259167c"} [pectin-p29255254] Dietary pectic glycans are degraded by coordinated enzyme pathways in human colonic Bacteroides. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29255254/ DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0079-1
Complete structured claim and evidence
Deleting the SusC-like BT4114 transporter eliminated growth on HG; the second encoded pair did not substitute under these conditions.
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron BT4114, SusC-like transporter → B. thetaiotaomicron growth on homogalacturonan source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29255254.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "514f1ffe2924a1c555e3ecea968fb7260d0f55aa1b22c057697dbc59676c5796", "start_char": 7053, "end_char": 7399, "text_sha256": "03145c9dea85bdf29ccff3c64d34d372f954dece7f37b89d00c7e20929843622"}
experimental_model
Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions
exposure
Defined pectic substrates; growth media and recombinant-enzyme assays
limitations
Bacterial machinery, not human digestive enzymes. Gene dependence is substrate- and strain-specific; no clinical microbiome threshold follows.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
plain_language
Cutting pectin is not enough: the bacterium must import the fragments.
primary_references
[pectin-p29255254] Dietary pectic glycans are degraded by coordinated enzyme pathways in human colonic Bacteroides. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29255254/ DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0079-1
tissue_or_cell_type
Cell surface and periplasm
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 139–150
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-hg-import Deleting the SusC-like BT4114 transporter eliminated growth on HG; the second encoded pair did not substitute under these conditions. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Cutting pectin is not enough: the bacterium must import the fragments. organism: Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron tissue_or_cell_type: Cell surface and periplasm experimental_model: Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions limitations: Bacterial machinery, not human digestive enzymes. Gene dependence is substrate- and strain-specific; no clinical microbiome threshold follows. exposure: Defined pectic substrates; growth media and recombinant-enzyme assays evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29255254.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "514f1ffe2924a1c555e3ecea968fb7260d0f55aa1b22c057697dbc59676c5796", "start_char": 7053, "end_char": 7399, "text_sha256": "03145c9dea85bdf29ccff3c64d34d372f954dece7f37b89d00c7e20929843622"} [pectin-p29255254] Dietary pectic glycans are degraded by coordinated enzyme pathways in human colonic Bacteroides. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29255254/ DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0079-1
Complete structured claim and evidence
BT4108 removes terminal unsaturated GalA from HG-derived fragments.
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron BT4108, GH105 hydrolase → Homogalacturonan-derived oligosaccharides source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29255254.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "514f1ffe2924a1c555e3ecea968fb7260d0f55aa1b22c057697dbc59676c5796", "start_char": 13259, "end_char": 14426, "text_sha256": "2e55a6b2c9c29b9f82f572f66f439f63e58c9619942be2ed1b35ee8e7a193938"}
experimental_model
Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions
exposure
Defined pectic substrates; growth media and recombinant-enzyme assays
limitations
Bacterial machinery, not human digestive enzymes. Gene dependence is substrate- and strain-specific; no clinical microbiome threshold follows.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
plain_language
Another enzyme prepares HG fragments for further digestion.
primary_references
[pectin-p29255254] Dietary pectic glycans are degraded by coordinated enzyme pathways in human colonic Bacteroides. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29255254/ DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0079-1
tissue_or_cell_type
Cell surface and periplasm
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 152–163
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-hg-unsaturated BT4108 removes terminal unsaturated GalA from HG-derived fragments. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Another enzyme prepares HG fragments for further digestion. organism: Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron tissue_or_cell_type: Cell surface and periplasm experimental_model: Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions limitations: Bacterial machinery, not human digestive enzymes. Gene dependence is substrate- and strain-specific; no clinical microbiome threshold follows. exposure: Defined pectic substrates; growth media and recombinant-enzyme assays evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29255254.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "514f1ffe2924a1c555e3ecea968fb7260d0f55aa1b22c057697dbc59676c5796", "start_char": 13259, "end_char": 14426, "text_sha256": "2e55a6b2c9c29b9f82f572f66f439f63e58c9619942be2ed1b35ee8e7a193938"} [pectin-p29255254] Dietary pectic glycans are degraded by coordinated enzyme pathways in human colonic Bacteroides. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29255254/ DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0079-1
Complete structured claim and evidence
BT4123 depolymerizes BT4108 products to galacturonic acid.
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron BT4123, exo-alpha-galacturonidase → D-Galacturonic acid source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29255254.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "514f1ffe2924a1c555e3ecea968fb7260d0f55aa1b22c057697dbc59676c5796", "start_char": 13259, "end_char": 14426, "text_sha256": "2e55a6b2c9c29b9f82f572f66f439f63e58c9619942be2ed1b35ee8e7a193938"}
experimental_model
Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions
exposure
Defined pectic substrates; growth media and recombinant-enzyme assays
limitations
Bacterial machinery, not human digestive enzymes. Gene dependence is substrate- and strain-specific; no clinical microbiome threshold follows.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
plain_language
The next enzyme releases individual sugar-acid units.
primary_references
[pectin-p29255254] Dietary pectic glycans are degraded by coordinated enzyme pathways in human colonic Bacteroides. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29255254/ DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0079-1
tissue_or_cell_type
Cell surface and periplasm
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 165–176
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-hg-monomer BT4123 depolymerizes BT4108 products to galacturonic acid. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The next enzyme releases individual sugar-acid units. organism: Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron tissue_or_cell_type: Cell surface and periplasm experimental_model: Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions limitations: Bacterial machinery, not human digestive enzymes. Gene dependence is substrate- and strain-specific; no clinical microbiome threshold follows. exposure: Defined pectic substrates; growth media and recombinant-enzyme assays evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29255254.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "514f1ffe2924a1c555e3ecea968fb7260d0f55aa1b22c057697dbc59676c5796", "start_char": 13259, "end_char": 14426, "text_sha256": "2e55a6b2c9c29b9f82f572f66f439f63e58c9619942be2ed1b35ee8e7a193938"} [pectin-p29255254] Dietary pectic glycans are degraded by coordinated enzyme pathways in human colonic Bacteroides. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29255254/ DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0079-1
Complete structured claim and evidence
BT4176 removes unsaturated terminal residues from RG-I fragments of degree of polymerization two.
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron BT4176, unsaturated RG-I hydrolase → Rhamnogalacturonan-I-derived oligosaccharides source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29255254.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "514f1ffe2924a1c555e3ecea968fb7260d0f55aa1b22c057697dbc59676c5796", "start_char": 13259, "end_char": 14426, "text_sha256": "2e55a6b2c9c29b9f82f572f66f439f63e58c9619942be2ed1b35ee8e7a193938"}
experimental_model
Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions
exposure
Defined pectic substrates; growth media and recombinant-enzyme assays
limitations
Bacterial machinery, not human digestive enzymes. Gene dependence is substrate- and strain-specific; no clinical microbiome threshold follows.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
plain_language
Very short RG-I fragments use a particular enzyme.
primary_references
[pectin-p29255254] Dietary pectic glycans are degraded by coordinated enzyme pathways in human colonic Bacteroides. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29255254/ DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0079-1
tissue_or_cell_type
Cell surface and periplasm
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 178–189
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-rgi-dimer BT4176 removes unsaturated terminal residues from RG-I fragments of degree of polymerization two. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Very short RG-I fragments use a particular enzyme. organism: Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron tissue_or_cell_type: Cell surface and periplasm experimental_model: Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions limitations: Bacterial machinery, not human digestive enzymes. Gene dependence is substrate- and strain-specific; no clinical microbiome threshold follows. exposure: Defined pectic substrates; growth media and recombinant-enzyme assays evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29255254.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "514f1ffe2924a1c555e3ecea968fb7260d0f55aa1b22c057697dbc59676c5796", "start_char": 13259, "end_char": 14426, "text_sha256": "2e55a6b2c9c29b9f82f572f66f439f63e58c9619942be2ed1b35ee8e7a193938"} [pectin-p29255254] Dietary pectic glycans are degraded by coordinated enzyme pathways in human colonic Bacteroides. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29255254/ DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0079-1
Complete structured claim and evidence
BT4174 processes the unsaturated terminal residue in RG-I fragments of degree of polymerization at least four.
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron BT4174, unsaturated RG-I hydrolase → Rhamnogalacturonan-I-derived oligosaccharides source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29255254.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "514f1ffe2924a1c555e3ecea968fb7260d0f55aa1b22c057697dbc59676c5796", "start_char": 13259, "end_char": 14426, "text_sha256": "2e55a6b2c9c29b9f82f572f66f439f63e58c9619942be2ed1b35ee8e7a193938"}
experimental_model
Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions
exposure
Defined pectic substrates; growth media and recombinant-enzyme assays
limitations
Bacterial machinery, not human digestive enzymes. Gene dependence is substrate- and strain-specific; no clinical microbiome threshold follows.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
plain_language
Longer fragments use a different enzyme.
primary_references
[pectin-p29255254] Dietary pectic glycans are degraded by coordinated enzyme pathways in human colonic Bacteroides. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29255254/ DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0079-1
tissue_or_cell_type
Cell surface and periplasm
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 191–202
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-rgi-long BT4174 processes the unsaturated terminal residue in RG-I fragments of degree of polymerization at least four. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Longer fragments use a different enzyme. organism: Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron tissue_or_cell_type: Cell surface and periplasm experimental_model: Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions limitations: Bacterial machinery, not human digestive enzymes. Gene dependence is substrate- and strain-specific; no clinical microbiome threshold follows. exposure: Defined pectic substrates; growth media and recombinant-enzyme assays evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29255254.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "514f1ffe2924a1c555e3ecea968fb7260d0f55aa1b22c057697dbc59676c5796", "start_char": 13259, "end_char": 14426, "text_sha256": "2e55a6b2c9c29b9f82f572f66f439f63e58c9619942be2ed1b35ee8e7a193938"} [pectin-p29255254] Dietary pectic glycans are degraded by coordinated enzyme pathways in human colonic Bacteroides. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29255254/ DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0079-1
Complete structured claim and evidence
BT4145 is an RG-I-specific GH106 alpha-L-rhamnosidase acting by inversion.
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron BT4145, GH106 alpha-rhamnosidase → Rhamnogalacturonan-I-derived oligosaccharides source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29255254.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "514f1ffe2924a1c555e3ecea968fb7260d0f55aa1b22c057697dbc59676c5796", "start_char": 13259, "end_char": 14426, "text_sha256": "2e55a6b2c9c29b9f82f572f66f439f63e58c9619942be2ed1b35ee8e7a193938"}
experimental_model
Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions
exposure
Defined pectic substrates; growth media and recombinant-enzyme assays
limitations
Bacterial machinery, not human digestive enzymes. Gene dependence is substrate- and strain-specific; no clinical microbiome threshold follows.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
plain_language
This enzyme removes rhamnose links in the RG-I sequence.
primary_references
[pectin-p29255254] Dietary pectic glycans are degraded by coordinated enzyme pathways in human colonic Bacteroides. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29255254/ DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0079-1
tissue_or_cell_type
Cell surface and periplasm
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 204–215
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-rgi-rhamnose BT4145 is an RG-I-specific GH106 alpha-L-rhamnosidase acting by inversion. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This enzyme removes rhamnose links in the RG-I sequence. organism: Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron tissue_or_cell_type: Cell surface and periplasm experimental_model: Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions limitations: Bacterial machinery, not human digestive enzymes. Gene dependence is substrate- and strain-specific; no clinical microbiome threshold follows. exposure: Defined pectic substrates; growth media and recombinant-enzyme assays evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29255254.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "514f1ffe2924a1c555e3ecea968fb7260d0f55aa1b22c057697dbc59676c5796", "start_char": 13259, "end_char": 14426, "text_sha256": "2e55a6b2c9c29b9f82f572f66f439f63e58c9619942be2ed1b35ee8e7a193938"} [pectin-p29255254] Dietary pectic glycans are degraded by coordinated enzyme pathways in human colonic Bacteroides. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29255254/ DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0079-1
Complete structured claim and evidence
BT4146 targets the tested GalA-Rha backbone substrate at degree of polymerization two.
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron BT4146, GH28 rhamnogalacturonidase → Rhamnogalacturonan-I-derived oligosaccharides source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29255254.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "514f1ffe2924a1c555e3ecea968fb7260d0f55aa1b22c057697dbc59676c5796", "start_char": 13259, "end_char": 14426, "text_sha256": "2e55a6b2c9c29b9f82f572f66f439f63e58c9619942be2ed1b35ee8e7a193938"}
experimental_model
Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions
exposure
Defined pectic substrates; growth media and recombinant-enzyme assays
limitations
Bacterial machinery, not human digestive enzymes. Gene dependence is substrate- and strain-specific; no clinical microbiome threshold follows.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
plain_language
One galacturonidase specializes in the shortest tested fragments.
primary_references
[pectin-p29255254] Dietary pectic glycans are degraded by coordinated enzyme pathways in human colonic Bacteroides. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29255254/ DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0079-1
tissue_or_cell_type
Cell surface and periplasm
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 217–228
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-rgi-gala2 BT4146 targets the tested GalA-Rha backbone substrate at degree of polymerization two. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: One galacturonidase specializes in the shortest tested fragments. organism: Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron tissue_or_cell_type: Cell surface and periplasm experimental_model: Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions limitations: Bacterial machinery, not human digestive enzymes. Gene dependence is substrate- and strain-specific; no clinical microbiome threshold follows. exposure: Defined pectic substrates; growth media and recombinant-enzyme assays evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29255254.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "514f1ffe2924a1c555e3ecea968fb7260d0f55aa1b22c057697dbc59676c5796", "start_char": 13259, "end_char": 14426, "text_sha256": "2e55a6b2c9c29b9f82f572f66f439f63e58c9619942be2ed1b35ee8e7a193938"} [pectin-p29255254] Dietary pectic glycans are degraded by coordinated enzyme pathways in human colonic Bacteroides. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29255254/ DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0079-1
Complete structured claim and evidence
BT4153 targets the tested GalA-Rha backbone substrates with degree of polymerization at least two.
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron BT4153, GH28 rhamnogalacturonidase → Rhamnogalacturonan-I-derived oligosaccharides source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29255254.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "514f1ffe2924a1c555e3ecea968fb7260d0f55aa1b22c057697dbc59676c5796", "start_char": 13259, "end_char": 14426, "text_sha256": "2e55a6b2c9c29b9f82f572f66f439f63e58c9619942be2ed1b35ee8e7a193938"}
experimental_model
Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions
exposure
Defined pectic substrates; growth media and recombinant-enzyme assays
limitations
Bacterial machinery, not human digestive enzymes. Gene dependence is substrate- and strain-specific; no clinical microbiome threshold follows.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
plain_language
A related enzyme accepts a broader fragment-length range.
primary_references
[pectin-p29255254] Dietary pectic glycans are degraded by coordinated enzyme pathways in human colonic Bacteroides. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29255254/ DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0079-1
tissue_or_cell_type
Cell surface and periplasm
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 230–241
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-rgi-gala2plus BT4153 targets the tested GalA-Rha backbone substrates with degree of polymerization at least two. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A related enzyme accepts a broader fragment-length range. organism: Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron tissue_or_cell_type: Cell surface and periplasm experimental_model: Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions limitations: Bacterial machinery, not human digestive enzymes. Gene dependence is substrate- and strain-specific; no clinical microbiome threshold follows. exposure: Defined pectic substrates; growth media and recombinant-enzyme assays evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29255254.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "514f1ffe2924a1c555e3ecea968fb7260d0f55aa1b22c057697dbc59676c5796", "start_char": 13259, "end_char": 14426, "text_sha256": "2e55a6b2c9c29b9f82f572f66f439f63e58c9619942be2ed1b35ee8e7a193938"} [pectin-p29255254] Dietary pectic glycans are degraded by coordinated enzyme pathways in human colonic Bacteroides. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29255254/ DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0079-1
Complete structured claim and evidence
BT4149 targets the tested GalA-Rha backbone substrates with degree of polymerization at least four.
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron BT4149, GH28 rhamnogalacturonidase → Rhamnogalacturonan-I-derived oligosaccharides source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29255254.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "514f1ffe2924a1c555e3ecea968fb7260d0f55aa1b22c057697dbc59676c5796", "start_char": 13259, "end_char": 14426, "text_sha256": "2e55a6b2c9c29b9f82f572f66f439f63e58c9619942be2ed1b35ee8e7a193938"}
experimental_model
Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions
exposure
Defined pectic substrates; growth media and recombinant-enzyme assays
limitations
Bacterial machinery, not human digestive enzymes. Gene dependence is substrate- and strain-specific; no clinical microbiome threshold follows.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
plain_language
A third enzyme processes longer fragments.
primary_references
[pectin-p29255254] Dietary pectic glycans are degraded by coordinated enzyme pathways in human colonic Bacteroides. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29255254/ DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0079-1
tissue_or_cell_type
Cell surface and periplasm
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 243–254
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-rgi-gala4plus BT4149 targets the tested GalA-Rha backbone substrates with degree of polymerization at least four. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A third enzyme processes longer fragments. organism: Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron tissue_or_cell_type: Cell surface and periplasm experimental_model: Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions limitations: Bacterial machinery, not human digestive enzymes. Gene dependence is substrate- and strain-specific; no clinical microbiome threshold follows. exposure: Defined pectic substrates; growth media and recombinant-enzyme assays evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29255254.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "514f1ffe2924a1c555e3ecea968fb7260d0f55aa1b22c057697dbc59676c5796", "start_char": 13259, "end_char": 14426, "text_sha256": "2e55a6b2c9c29b9f82f572f66f439f63e58c9619942be2ed1b35ee8e7a193938"} [pectin-p29255254] Dietary pectic glycans are degraded by coordinated enzyme pathways in human colonic Bacteroides. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29255254/ DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0079-1
Complete structured claim and evidence
The unsaturated RG-I tetrasaccharide bound the BT4178 sensor; saturated RG-I fragments did not.
Delta4,5GalA-Rha-GalA-Rha, unsaturated RG-I tetrasaccharide → Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron BT4178, RG-I HTCS sensor source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29255254.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "514f1ffe2924a1c555e3ecea968fb7260d0f55aa1b22c057697dbc59676c5796", "start_char": 14845, "end_char": 15199, "text_sha256": "6af6e192247ed527ced72713a03d25db19bee458af7f782eac78aff2db47e20d"}
experimental_model
Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions
exposure
Defined pectic substrates; growth media and recombinant-enzyme assays
limitations
Bacterial machinery, not human digestive enzymes. Gene dependence is substrate- and strain-specific; no clinical microbiome threshold follows.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
plain_language
A particular digestion fragment signals that the relevant pectin is present.
primary_references
[pectin-p29255254] Dietary pectic glycans are degraded by coordinated enzyme pathways in human colonic Bacteroides. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29255254/ DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0079-1
tissue_or_cell_type
Cell surface and periplasm
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 256–267
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-rgi-sensing The unsaturated RG-I tetrasaccharide bound the BT4178 sensor; saturated RG-I fragments did not. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A particular digestion fragment signals that the relevant pectin is present. organism: Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron tissue_or_cell_type: Cell surface and periplasm experimental_model: Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions limitations: Bacterial machinery, not human digestive enzymes. Gene dependence is substrate- and strain-specific; no clinical microbiome threshold follows. exposure: Defined pectic substrates; growth media and recombinant-enzyme assays evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29255254.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "514f1ffe2924a1c555e3ecea968fb7260d0f55aa1b22c057697dbc59676c5796", "start_char": 14845, "end_char": 15199, "text_sha256": "6af6e192247ed527ced72713a03d25db19bee458af7f782eac78aff2db47e20d"} [pectin-p29255254] Dietary pectic glycans are degraded by coordinated enzyme pathways in human colonic Bacteroides. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29255254/ DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0079-1
Complete structured claim and evidence
Deleting bt-bt4170 prevented growth on its corresponding pectic substrate in the tested bacterial strain.
Experimental B. thetaiotaomicron BT4170 deletion → B. thetaiotaomicron growth on RG-I source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
availability_state
machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29255254.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "514f1ffe2924a1c555e3ecea968fb7260d0f55aa1b22c057697dbc59676c5796", "start_char": 3594, "end_char": 6987, "text_sha256": "73cf8a91e0bec8b92fd78e4630a68e5b8f3e0fe9202fad389959e3de9259167c"}
experimental_model
Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions
exposure
Defined pectic substrates; growth media and recombinant-enzyme assays
limitations
Bacterial machinery, not human digestive enzymes. Gene dependence is substrate- and strain-specific; no clinical microbiome threshold follows.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
plain_language
Removing the opening enzyme blocks use of this food source by this bacterium.
primary_references
[pectin-p29255254] Dietary pectic glycans are degraded by coordinated enzyme pathways in human colonic Bacteroides. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29255254/ DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0079-1
tissue_or_cell_type
Cell surface and periplasm
trigger_kind
machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 282–293
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-rgi-loss Deleting bt-bt4170 prevented growth on its corresponding pectic substrate in the tested bacterial strain. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Removing the opening enzyme blocks use of this food source by this bacterium. organism: Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron tissue_or_cell_type: Cell surface and periplasm experimental_model: Purified enzymes, structural biology and targeted bacterial deletions limitations: Bacterial machinery, not human digestive enzymes. Gene dependence is substrate- and strain-specific; no clinical microbiome threshold follows. exposure: Defined pectic substrates; growth media and recombinant-enzyme assays evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29255254.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "514f1ffe2924a1c555e3ecea968fb7260d0f55aa1b22c057697dbc59676c5796", "start_char": 3594, "end_char": 6987, "text_sha256": "73cf8a91e0bec8b92fd78e4630a68e5b8f3e0fe9202fad389959e3de9259167c"} [pectin-p29255254] Dietary pectic glycans are degraded by coordinated enzyme pathways in human colonic Bacteroides. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29255254/ DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0079-1
Complete structured claim and evidence
BT0996 contains a beta-D-glucuronidase module targeting RG-II chain A.
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron BT0996, dual RG-II glycosidase → B. thetaiotaomicron RG-II chain-A glucuronide cleavage source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/28329766.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e0298d5bf6cef49e211cd0230c691566f2a68a0b7c6642040c50687ac8dcd55f", "start_char": 3702, "end_char": 4301, "text_sha256": "b0577db49fd5f5b6c8a42a003ad49148b31012228ed996430885de1d4fbd6fe0"}
experimental_model
Recombinant enzyme dissection and structures
exposure
Purified plant RG-II and defined enzymatic substrates
limitations
The linked corrigendum DOI 10.1038/nature23659 corrects attribution of glycan symbols to SNFG; it does not reverse these enzyme results. This is microbial biochemistry.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
plain_language
A two-part bacterial protein removes one decoration from complex RG-II.
primary_references
[pectin-p28329766] Complex pectin metabolism by gut bacteria reveals novel catalytic functions. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28329766/ DOI: 10.1038/nature21725
tissue_or_cell_type
RG-II degradation system
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 295–306
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Recombinant enzyme dissection and structures · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-rgii-a BT0996 contains a beta-D-glucuronidase module targeting RG-II chain A. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A two-part bacterial protein removes one decoration from complex RG-II. organism: Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron tissue_or_cell_type: RG-II degradation system experimental_model: Recombinant enzyme dissection and structures limitations: The linked corrigendum DOI 10.1038/nature23659 corrects attribution of glycan symbols to SNFG; it does not reverse these enzyme results. This is microbial biochemistry. exposure: Purified plant RG-II and defined enzymatic substrates evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/28329766.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e0298d5bf6cef49e211cd0230c691566f2a68a0b7c6642040c50687ac8dcd55f", "start_char": 3702, "end_char": 4301, "text_sha256": "b0577db49fd5f5b6c8a42a003ad49148b31012228ed996430885de1d4fbd6fe0"} [pectin-p28329766] Complex pectin metabolism by gut bacteria reveals novel catalytic functions. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28329766/ DOI: 10.1038/nature21725
Complete structured claim and evidence
A separate beta-L-arabinofuranosidase module in BT0996 targets RG-II chain B.
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron BT0996, dual RG-II glycosidase → B. thetaiotaomicron RG-II chain-B arabinofuranoside cleavage source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/28329766.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e0298d5bf6cef49e211cd0230c691566f2a68a0b7c6642040c50687ac8dcd55f", "start_char": 3702, "end_char": 4301, "text_sha256": "b0577db49fd5f5b6c8a42a003ad49148b31012228ed996430885de1d4fbd6fe0"}
experimental_model
Recombinant enzyme dissection and structures
exposure
Purified plant RG-II and defined enzymatic substrates
limitations
The linked corrigendum DOI 10.1038/nature23659 corrects attribution of glycan symbols to SNFG; it does not reverse these enzyme results. This is microbial biochemistry.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
plain_language
The other part of the same protein performs a different cut.
primary_references
[pectin-p28329766] Complex pectin metabolism by gut bacteria reveals novel catalytic functions. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28329766/ DOI: 10.1038/nature21725
tissue_or_cell_type
RG-II degradation system
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 308–319
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Recombinant enzyme dissection and structures · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-rgii-b A separate beta-L-arabinofuranosidase module in BT0996 targets RG-II chain B. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The other part of the same protein performs a different cut. organism: Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron tissue_or_cell_type: RG-II degradation system experimental_model: Recombinant enzyme dissection and structures limitations: The linked corrigendum DOI 10.1038/nature23659 corrects attribution of glycan symbols to SNFG; it does not reverse these enzyme results. This is microbial biochemistry. exposure: Purified plant RG-II and defined enzymatic substrates evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/28329766.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e0298d5bf6cef49e211cd0230c691566f2a68a0b7c6642040c50687ac8dcd55f", "start_char": 3702, "end_char": 4301, "text_sha256": "b0577db49fd5f5b6c8a42a003ad49148b31012228ed996430885de1d4fbd6fe0"} [pectin-p28329766] Complex pectin metabolism by gut bacteria reveals novel catalytic functions. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28329766/ DOI: 10.1038/nature21725
Complete structured claim and evidence
BT1020 combines an N-terminal Dha hydrolase with a C-terminal beta-L-arabinofuranosidase for chain-D processing.
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron BT1020, dual RG-II chain-D hydrolase → B. thetaiotaomicron RG-II chain-D hydrolysis source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/28329766.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e0298d5bf6cef49e211cd0230c691566f2a68a0b7c6642040c50687ac8dcd55f", "start_char": 3702, "end_char": 4301, "text_sha256": "b0577db49fd5f5b6c8a42a003ad49148b31012228ed996430885de1d4fbd6fe0"}
experimental_model
Recombinant enzyme dissection and structures
exposure
Purified plant RG-II and defined enzymatic substrates
limitations
The linked corrigendum DOI 10.1038/nature23659 corrects attribution of glycan symbols to SNFG; it does not reverse these enzyme results. This is microbial biochemistry.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
plain_language
Complex pectin requires coordinated, chemically distinct cuts.
primary_references
[pectin-p28329766] Complex pectin metabolism by gut bacteria reveals novel catalytic functions. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28329766/ DOI: 10.1038/nature21725
tissue_or_cell_type
RG-II degradation system
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 321–332
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Recombinant enzyme dissection and structures · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-rgii-d BT1020 combines an N-terminal Dha hydrolase with a C-terminal beta-L-arabinofuranosidase for chain-D processing. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Complex pectin requires coordinated, chemically distinct cuts. organism: Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron tissue_or_cell_type: RG-II degradation system experimental_model: Recombinant enzyme dissection and structures limitations: The linked corrigendum DOI 10.1038/nature23659 corrects attribution of glycan symbols to SNFG; it does not reverse these enzyme results. This is microbial biochemistry. exposure: Purified plant RG-II and defined enzymatic substrates evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/28329766.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e0298d5bf6cef49e211cd0230c691566f2a68a0b7c6642040c50687ac8dcd55f", "start_char": 3702, "end_char": 4301, "text_sha256": "b0577db49fd5f5b6c8a42a003ad49148b31012228ed996430885de1d4fbd6fe0"} [pectin-p28329766] Complex pectin metabolism by gut bacteria reveals novel catalytic functions. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28329766/ DOI: 10.1038/nature21725
Complete structured claim and evidence
A borate ester bridges two RG-II molecules in the isolated plant-wall dimer.
Tetrahydroxyborate / B(OH)4− → Borate-diester-linked RG-II dimer source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/8798473.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4435a2ce2789d98a56c321a69ee20acbcafbff021acf2543a0b9126ebaa375fe", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1643, "text_sha256": "4435a2ce2789d98a56c321a69ee20acbcafbff021acf2543a0b9126ebaa375fe"}
experimental_model
Plant cell-wall isolation and in-vitro dimer chemistry
exposure
Isolated RG-II, boric acid and controlled pH
limitations
Plant structural chemistry is not a human pectin or boron supplementation mechanism.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Sycamore cell cultures and pea stems; purified plant polysaccharide
plain_language
Boron is part of a plant pectin cross-link.
primary_references
[pectin-p8798473] Rhamnogalacturonan-II, a pectic polysaccharide in the walls of growing plant cell, forms a dimer that is covalently cross-linked by a borate ester. In vitro conditions for the formation and hydrolysis of the dimer. (1996). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8798473/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.37.22923
tissue_or_cell_type
Plant cell wall
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 334–345
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Plant cell-wall isolation and in-vitro dimer chemistry · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-borate-crosslink A borate ester bridges two RG-II molecules in the isolated plant-wall dimer. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Boron is part of a plant pectin cross-link. organism: Sycamore cell cultures and pea stems; purified plant polysaccharide tissue_or_cell_type: Plant cell wall experimental_model: Plant cell-wall isolation and in-vitro dimer chemistry limitations: Plant structural chemistry is not a human pectin or boron supplementation mechanism. exposure: Isolated RG-II, boric acid and controlled pH evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/8798473.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4435a2ce2789d98a56c321a69ee20acbcafbff021acf2543a0b9126ebaa375fe", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1643, "text_sha256": "4435a2ce2789d98a56c321a69ee20acbcafbff021acf2543a0b9126ebaa375fe"} [pectin-p8798473] Rhamnogalacturonan-II, a pectic polysaccharide in the walls of growing plant cell, forms a dimer that is covalently cross-linked by a borate ester. In vitro conditions for the formation and hydrolysis of the dimer. (1996). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8798473/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.37.22923
Complete structured claim and evidence
Low-DM pectin bound TLR2 with results consistent with electrostatic interaction of free galacturonate groups and positively charged receptor regions.
Low-methylesterified lemon pectin, DM7 preparation → Human Toll-like receptor 2 / TLR2 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29545800.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c194f301d46822febd69d3bc9768bd31de73e5dd2ca87f0d3b0e64cd4726dc65", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1540, "text_sha256": "c194f301d46822febd69d3bc9768bd31de73e5dd2ca87f0d3b0e64cd4726dc65"}
experimental_model
Receptor binding, reporter cells, human dendritic cells and mouse ileitis model
exposure
Lemon pectin DM7 versus DM75; cell exposures 1-100 micrograms/mL; mice 3 mg/day before doxorubicin
limitations
Model-specific. Binding and cytokine experiments do not establish prevention of human inflammatory disease. Lack of increased measured SCFAs does not exclude every microbial contribution.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Human receptor/cell assays; Mus musculus separately scoped
plain_language
Exposed acidic groups can interact directly with an immune receptor.
primary_references
[pectin-p29545800] Dietary Fiber Pectin Directly Blocks Toll-Like Receptor 2-1 and Prevents Doxorubicin-Induced Ileitis. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29545800/ DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00383
tissue_or_cell_type
Innate immune receptors and intestine
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 347–358
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Receptor binding, reporter cells, human dendritic cells and mouse ileitis model · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-tlr2-binding Low-DM pectin bound TLR2 with results consistent with electrostatic interaction of free galacturonate groups and positively charged receptor regions. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Exposed acidic groups can interact directly with an immune receptor. organism: Human receptor/cell assays; Mus musculus separately scoped tissue_or_cell_type: Innate immune receptors and intestine experimental_model: Receptor binding, reporter cells, human dendritic cells and mouse ileitis model limitations: Model-specific. Binding and cytokine experiments do not establish prevention of human inflammatory disease. Lack of increased measured SCFAs does not exclude every microbial contribution. exposure: Lemon pectin DM7 versus DM75; cell exposures 1-100 micrograms/mL; mice 3 mg/day before doxorubicin evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29545800.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c194f301d46822febd69d3bc9768bd31de73e5dd2ca87f0d3b0e64cd4726dc65", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1540, "text_sha256": "c194f301d46822febd69d3bc9768bd31de73e5dd2ca87f0d3b0e64cd4726dc65"} [pectin-p29545800] Dietary Fiber Pectin Directly Blocks Toll-Like Receptor 2-1 and Prevents Doxorubicin-Induced Ileitis. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29545800/ DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00383
Complete structured claim and evidence
TLR2-TLR6 signaling was not inhibited under the corresponding assay conditions.
Low-methylesterified lemon pectin, DM7 preparation → Human TLR2-TLR6 receptor complex source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29545800.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c194f301d46822febd69d3bc9768bd31de73e5dd2ca87f0d3b0e64cd4726dc65", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1540, "text_sha256": "c194f301d46822febd69d3bc9768bd31de73e5dd2ca87f0d3b0e64cd4726dc65"}
experimental_model
Receptor binding, reporter cells, human dendritic cells and mouse ileitis model
exposure
Lemon pectin DM7 versus DM75; cell exposures 1-100 micrograms/mL; mice 3 mg/day before doxorubicin
limitations
Model-specific. Binding and cytokine experiments do not establish prevention of human inflammatory disease. Lack of increased measured SCFAs does not exclude every microbial contribution.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Human receptor/cell assays; Mus musculus separately scoped
plain_language
The effect did not extend to every TLR2 receptor partnership.
primary_references
[pectin-p29545800] Dietary Fiber Pectin Directly Blocks Toll-Like Receptor 2-1 and Prevents Doxorubicin-Induced Ileitis. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29545800/ DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00383
tissue_or_cell_type
Innate immune receptors and intestine
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 373–384
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Receptor binding, reporter cells, human dendritic cells and mouse ileitis model · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-tlr26-null TLR2-TLR6 signaling was not inhibited under the corresponding assay conditions. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The effect did not extend to every TLR2 receptor partnership. organism: Human receptor/cell assays; Mus musculus separately scoped tissue_or_cell_type: Innate immune receptors and intestine experimental_model: Receptor binding, reporter cells, human dendritic cells and mouse ileitis model limitations: Model-specific. Binding and cytokine experiments do not establish prevention of human inflammatory disease. Lack of increased measured SCFAs does not exclude every microbial contribution. exposure: Lemon pectin DM7 versus DM75; cell exposures 1-100 micrograms/mL; mice 3 mg/day before doxorubicin evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29545800.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c194f301d46822febd69d3bc9768bd31de73e5dd2ca87f0d3b0e64cd4726dc65", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1540, "text_sha256": "c194f301d46822febd69d3bc9768bd31de73e5dd2ca87f0d3b0e64cd4726dc65"} [pectin-p29545800] Dietary Fiber Pectin Directly Blocks Toll-Like Receptor 2-1 and Prevents Doxorubicin-Induced Ileitis. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29545800/ DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00383
Complete structured claim and evidence
DM7 reduced stimulus-dependent IL-6 release from human dendritic cells; at lower tested concentrations DM75 did not reproduce this effect.
Low-methylesterified lemon pectin, DM7 preparation → Human dendritic-cell IL-6 release source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29545800.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4b9e856ec2420c457b98f455ec243b742525b63d9382b69ef087456e0136cb42", "start_char": 38875, "end_char": 39612, "text_sha256": "8b75517328dfdbdd5a4290c5523e8136762b0456a8fd69af5e0e172edb168bda"}
experimental_model
Receptor binding, reporter cells, human dendritic cells and mouse ileitis model
exposure
Lemon pectin DM7 versus DM75; cell exposures 1-100 micrograms/mL; mice 3 mg/day before doxorubicin
limitations
Model-specific. Binding and cytokine experiments do not establish prevention of human inflammatory disease. Lack of increased measured SCFAs does not exclude every microbial contribution.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
Preparation structure affected how much the cells released an inflammatory messenger.
primary_references
[pectin-p29545800] Dietary Fiber Pectin Directly Blocks Toll-Like Receptor 2-1 and Prevents Doxorubicin-Induced Ileitis. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29545800/ DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00383
tissue_or_cell_type
Dendritic cells
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 386–397
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Receptor binding, reporter cells, human dendritic cells and mouse ileitis model · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-dc-il6 DM7 reduced stimulus-dependent IL-6 release from human dendritic cells; at lower tested concentrations DM75 did not reproduce this effect. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Preparation structure affected how much the cells released an inflammatory messenger. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Dendritic cells experimental_model: Receptor binding, reporter cells, human dendritic cells and mouse ileitis model limitations: Model-specific. Binding and cytokine experiments do not establish prevention of human inflammatory disease. Lack of increased measured SCFAs does not exclude every microbial contribution. exposure: Lemon pectin DM7 versus DM75; cell exposures 1-100 micrograms/mL; mice 3 mg/day before doxorubicin evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29545800.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4b9e856ec2420c457b98f455ec243b742525b63d9382b69ef087456e0136cb42", "start_char": 38875, "end_char": 39612, "text_sha256": "8b75517328dfdbdd5a4290c5523e8136762b0456a8fd69af5e0e172edb168bda"} [pectin-p29545800] Dietary Fiber Pectin Directly Blocks Toll-Like Receptor 2-1 and Prevents Doxorubicin-Induced Ileitis. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29545800/ DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00383
Complete structured claim and evidence
DM7 also reduced stimulus-dependent IL-10 release in human dendritic cells.
Low-methylesterified lemon pectin, DM7 preparation → Human dendritic-cell IL-10 release source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29545800.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4b9e856ec2420c457b98f455ec243b742525b63d9382b69ef087456e0136cb42", "start_char": 38875, "end_char": 39612, "text_sha256": "8b75517328dfdbdd5a4290c5523e8136762b0456a8fd69af5e0e172edb168bda"}
experimental_model
Receptor binding, reporter cells, human dendritic cells and mouse ileitis model
exposure
Lemon pectin DM7 versus DM75; cell exposures 1-100 micrograms/mL; mice 3 mg/day before doxorubicin
limitations
Model-specific. Binding and cytokine experiments do not establish prevention of human inflammatory disease. Lack of increased measured SCFAs does not exclude every microbial contribution.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
The cell result includes IL-10; it should not be simplified to selective suppression of only harmful signals.
primary_references
[pectin-p29545800] Dietary Fiber Pectin Directly Blocks Toll-Like Receptor 2-1 and Prevents Doxorubicin-Induced Ileitis. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29545800/ DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00383
tissue_or_cell_type
Dendritic cells
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 399–410
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Receptor binding, reporter cells, human dendritic cells and mouse ileitis model · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-dc-il10 DM7 also reduced stimulus-dependent IL-10 release in human dendritic cells. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The cell result includes IL-10; it should not be simplified to selective suppression of only harmful signals. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Dendritic cells experimental_model: Receptor binding, reporter cells, human dendritic cells and mouse ileitis model limitations: Model-specific. Binding and cytokine experiments do not establish prevention of human inflammatory disease. Lack of increased measured SCFAs does not exclude every microbial contribution. exposure: Lemon pectin DM7 versus DM75; cell exposures 1-100 micrograms/mL; mice 3 mg/day before doxorubicin evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29545800.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4b9e856ec2420c457b98f455ec243b742525b63d9382b69ef087456e0136cb42", "start_char": 38875, "end_char": 39612, "text_sha256": "8b75517328dfdbdd5a4290c5523e8136762b0456a8fd69af5e0e172edb168bda"} [pectin-p29545800] Dietary Fiber Pectin Directly Blocks Toll-Like Receptor 2-1 and Prevents Doxorubicin-Induced Ileitis. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29545800/ DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00383
Complete structured claim and evidence
DM7 binding was lower to R315Q/R316Q/R321Q/K347Q TLR2 than to the R321Q/K347Q construct.
Human TLR2 R315Q/R316Q/R321Q/K347Q construct → Low-methylesterified lemon pectin, DM7 preparation source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
availability_state
machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29545800.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4b9e856ec2420c457b98f455ec243b742525b63d9382b69ef087456e0136cb42", "start_char": 37198, "end_char": 38286, "text_sha256": "1e7101498d68b59ef3b4b7d5ad57ce9d4aa25f535bc5000e421099adc8720b19"}
experimental_model
Receptor binding, reporter cells, human dendritic cells and mouse ileitis model
exposure
Lemon pectin DM7 versus DM75; cell exposures 1-100 micrograms/mL; mice 3 mg/day before doxorubicin
limitations
Model-specific. Binding and cytokine experiments do not establish prevention of human inflammatory disease. Lack of increased measured SCFAs does not exclude every microbial contribution.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Human receptor/cell assays; Mus musculus separately scoped
plain_language
Changing the receptor charges weakens the measured interaction.
primary_references
[pectin-p29545800] Dietary Fiber Pectin Directly Blocks Toll-Like Receptor 2-1 and Prevents Doxorubicin-Induced Ileitis. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29545800/ DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00383
tissue_or_cell_type
Innate immune receptors and intestine
trigger_kind
machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 412–423
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Receptor binding, reporter cells, human dendritic cells and mouse ileitis model · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-tlr2-mutant DM7 binding was lower to R315Q/R316Q/R321Q/K347Q TLR2 than to the R321Q/K347Q construct. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Changing the receptor charges weakens the measured interaction. organism: Human receptor/cell assays; Mus musculus separately scoped tissue_or_cell_type: Innate immune receptors and intestine experimental_model: Receptor binding, reporter cells, human dendritic cells and mouse ileitis model limitations: Model-specific. Binding and cytokine experiments do not establish prevention of human inflammatory disease. Lack of increased measured SCFAs does not exclude every microbial contribution. exposure: Lemon pectin DM7 versus DM75; cell exposures 1-100 micrograms/mL; mice 3 mg/day before doxorubicin evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29545800.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4b9e856ec2420c457b98f455ec243b742525b63d9382b69ef087456e0136cb42", "start_char": 37198, "end_char": 38286, "text_sha256": "1e7101498d68b59ef3b4b7d5ad57ce9d4aa25f535bc5000e421099adc8720b19"} [pectin-p29545800] Dietary Fiber Pectin Directly Blocks Toll-Like Receptor 2-1 and Prevents Doxorubicin-Induced Ileitis. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29545800/ DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00383
Complete structured claim and evidence
DM7 reduced inflammatory features in the doxorubicin mouse ileitis model.
Low-methylesterified lemon pectin, DM7 preparation → Mouse doxorubicin-induced ileitis source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29545800.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4b9e856ec2420c457b98f455ec243b742525b63d9382b69ef087456e0136cb42", "start_char": 40658, "end_char": 42820, "text_sha256": "8fbd4579844713a0928cb551165880b3ad5d4b1b345b812e096ab830d0a1a0e3"}
experimental_model
Receptor binding, reporter cells, human dendritic cells and mouse ileitis model
exposure
Lemon pectin DM7 versus DM75; cell exposures 1-100 micrograms/mL; mice 3 mg/day before doxorubicin
limitations
Model-specific. Binding and cytokine experiments do not establish prevention of human inflammatory disease. Lack of increased measured SCFAs does not exclude every microbial contribution.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Mus musculus
plain_language
The animal experiment found less intestinal inflammation.
primary_references
[pectin-p29545800] Dietary Fiber Pectin Directly Blocks Toll-Like Receptor 2-1 and Prevents Doxorubicin-Induced Ileitis. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29545800/ DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00383
tissue_or_cell_type
Ileum
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 425–436
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Receptor binding, reporter cells, human dendritic cells and mouse ileitis model · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-mouse-ileitis DM7 reduced inflammatory features in the doxorubicin mouse ileitis model. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The animal experiment found less intestinal inflammation. organism: Mus musculus tissue_or_cell_type: Ileum experimental_model: Receptor binding, reporter cells, human dendritic cells and mouse ileitis model limitations: Model-specific. Binding and cytokine experiments do not establish prevention of human inflammatory disease. Lack of increased measured SCFAs does not exclude every microbial contribution. exposure: Lemon pectin DM7 versus DM75; cell exposures 1-100 micrograms/mL; mice 3 mg/day before doxorubicin evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29545800.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4b9e856ec2420c457b98f455ec243b742525b63d9382b69ef087456e0136cb42", "start_char": 40658, "end_char": 42820, "text_sha256": "8fbd4579844713a0928cb551165880b3ad5d4b1b345b812e096ab830d0a1a0e3"} [pectin-p29545800] Dietary Fiber Pectin Directly Blocks Toll-Like Receptor 2-1 and Prevents Doxorubicin-Induced Ileitis. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29545800/ DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00383
Complete structured claim and evidence
DM7 reduced the number of apoptotic ileal crypt cells after doxorubicin.
Low-methylesterified lemon pectin, DM7 preparation → Mouse ileal crypt apoptosis source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29545800.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4b9e856ec2420c457b98f455ec243b742525b63d9382b69ef087456e0136cb42", "start_char": 40658, "end_char": 42820, "text_sha256": "8fbd4579844713a0928cb551165880b3ad5d4b1b345b812e096ab830d0a1a0e3"}
experimental_model
Receptor binding, reporter cells, human dendritic cells and mouse ileitis model
exposure
Lemon pectin DM7 versus DM75; cell exposures 1-100 micrograms/mL; mice 3 mg/day before doxorubicin
limitations
Model-specific. Binding and cytokine experiments do not establish prevention of human inflammatory disease. Lack of increased measured SCFAs does not exclude every microbial contribution.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Mus musculus
plain_language
Less intestinal cell death was measured in these mice.
primary_references
[pectin-p29545800] Dietary Fiber Pectin Directly Blocks Toll-Like Receptor 2-1 and Prevents Doxorubicin-Induced Ileitis. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29545800/ DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00383
tissue_or_cell_type
Ileum
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 438–449
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Receptor binding, reporter cells, human dendritic cells and mouse ileitis model · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-mouse-apoptosis DM7 reduced the number of apoptotic ileal crypt cells after doxorubicin. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Less intestinal cell death was measured in these mice. organism: Mus musculus tissue_or_cell_type: Ileum experimental_model: Receptor binding, reporter cells, human dendritic cells and mouse ileitis model limitations: Model-specific. Binding and cytokine experiments do not establish prevention of human inflammatory disease. Lack of increased measured SCFAs does not exclude every microbial contribution. exposure: Lemon pectin DM7 versus DM75; cell exposures 1-100 micrograms/mL; mice 3 mg/day before doxorubicin evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/29545800.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4b9e856ec2420c457b98f455ec243b742525b63d9382b69ef087456e0136cb42", "start_char": 40658, "end_char": 42820, "text_sha256": "8fbd4579844713a0928cb551165880b3ad5d4b1b345b812e096ab830d0a1a0e3"} [pectin-p29545800] Dietary Fiber Pectin Directly Blocks Toll-Like Receptor 2-1 and Prevents Doxorubicin-Induced Ileitis. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29545800/ DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00383
Complete structured claim and evidence
A pectic galactan preparation bound recombinant human galectin-3 in the reported physical assays.
Pectic galactan side chains → Human galectin-3 / LGALS3 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/18832596.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "bd1dead4c36e1222c90f5b8f29c8ea36c5641b9875e0e9d0f2a43be9f4ffe3b6", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 911, "text_sha256": "bd1dead4c36e1222c90f5b8f29c8ea36c5641b9875e0e9d0f2a43be9f4ffe3b6"}
experimental_model
Fluorescence, flow cytometry and force spectroscopy
exposure
Pectic galactan preparation
limitations
Binding is not equivalent to inhibition of the canonical carbohydrate site, oral systemic availability or anticancer efficacy.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Recombinant human galectin-3
plain_language
A pectin side chain can attach to purified galectin-3.
primary_references
[pectin-p18832596] Recognition of galactan components of pectin by galectin-3. (2009). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18832596/ DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-106617
tissue_or_cell_type
Purified-protein binding assays
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 451–462
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Fluorescence, flow cytometry and force spectroscopy · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-gal3-binding A pectic galactan preparation bound recombinant human galectin-3 in the reported physical assays. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A pectin side chain can attach to purified galectin-3. organism: Recombinant human galectin-3 tissue_or_cell_type: Purified-protein binding assays experimental_model: Fluorescence, flow cytometry and force spectroscopy limitations: Binding is not equivalent to inhibition of the canonical carbohydrate site, oral systemic availability or anticancer efficacy. exposure: Pectic galactan preparation evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/18832596.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "bd1dead4c36e1222c90f5b8f29c8ea36c5641b9875e0e9d0f2a43be9f4ffe3b6", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 911, "text_sha256": "bd1dead4c36e1222c90f5b8f29c8ea36c5641b9875e0e9d0f2a43be9f4ffe3b6"} [pectin-p18832596] Recognition of galactan components of pectin by galectin-3. (2009). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18832596/ DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-106617
Complete structured claim and evidence
Synthetic fragments representing the common pectic galactan configuration did not inhibit the tested galectins in this competition assay.
Pectic galactan side chains → Human galectin-3 canonical carbohydrate-site binding source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/27129206.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b9faed8d7344a109bfebf8e340281cc15375deb88a653cd129967a7084e9eb12", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1776, "text_sha256": "b9faed8d7344a109bfebf8e340281cc15375deb88a653cd129967a7084e9eb12"}
experimental_model
Fluorescence-anisotropy competition and cell assays
exposure
Panel of bioactive pectins including modified products; synthetic pectic fragments
limitations
Preparation- and assay-specific. This challenges a general canonical-site blockade explanation; it does not disprove all physical interactions or every proposed noncanonical mechanism.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Recombinant galectins and cultured cells
plain_language
The expected side-chain motif did not function as a strong blocking agent in this assay.
primary_references
[pectin-p27129206] Low or No Inhibitory Potency of the Canonical Galectin Carbohydrate-binding Site by Pectins and Galactomannans. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27129206/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.721464
tissue_or_cell_type
Canonical carbohydrate-binding site
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 477–488
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Fluorescence-anisotropy competition and cell assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-galactan-site-null Synthetic fragments representing the common pectic galactan configuration did not inhibit the tested galectins in this competition assay. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The expected side-chain motif did not function as a strong blocking agent in this assay. organism: Recombinant galectins and cultured cells tissue_or_cell_type: Canonical carbohydrate-binding site experimental_model: Fluorescence-anisotropy competition and cell assays limitations: Preparation- and assay-specific. This challenges a general canonical-site blockade explanation; it does not disprove all physical interactions or every proposed noncanonical mechanism. exposure: Panel of bioactive pectins including modified products; synthetic pectic fragments evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/27129206.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b9faed8d7344a109bfebf8e340281cc15375deb88a653cd129967a7084e9eb12", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1776, "text_sha256": "b9faed8d7344a109bfebf8e340281cc15375deb88a653cd129967a7084e9eb12"} [pectin-p27129206] Low or No Inhibitory Potency of the Canonical Galectin Carbohydrate-binding Site by Pectins and Galactomannans. (2016). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27129206/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.721464
Complete structured claim and evidence
Lower methylesterification and greater blockiness favored zinc binding.
Citrus pectin, preparation specified by study → Zinc source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/celus2018.publisher-abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary publisher abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "2ac4b4f67d7dfb4d68a06455691f949be93304d25c3475bd8caf4d618d96f472", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1681, "text_sha256": "2ac4b4f67d7dfb4d68a06455691f949be93304d25c3475bd8caf4d618d96f472"}
experimental_model
Adsorption isotherms and simulated digestion
exposure
Citrus pectin with varied methylesterification and blockiness
limitations
In-vitro accessibility is not human mineral status.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
No organism; in-vitro food chemistry
plain_language
Pectin structure changes mineral binding.
primary_references
[pectin-pcelus2018] Interactions between citrus pectin and Zn2+ or Ca2+ and associated in vitro Zn2+ bioaccessibility as affected by degree of methylesterification and blockiness (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.01.003 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.01.003
tissue_or_cell_type
Pectin-mineral solutions
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 490–501
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Adsorption isotherms and simulated digestion · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-zinc-binding Lower methylesterification and greater blockiness favored zinc binding. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Pectin structure changes mineral binding. organism: No organism; in-vitro food chemistry tissue_or_cell_type: Pectin-mineral solutions experimental_model: Adsorption isotherms and simulated digestion limitations: In-vitro accessibility is not human mineral status. exposure: Citrus pectin with varied methylesterification and blockiness evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/celus2018.publisher-abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary publisher abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "2ac4b4f67d7dfb4d68a06455691f949be93304d25c3475bd8caf4d618d96f472", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1681, "text_sha256": "2ac4b4f67d7dfb4d68a06455691f949be93304d25c3475bd8caf4d618d96f472"} [pectin-pcelus2018] Interactions between citrus pectin and Zn2+ or Ca2+ and associated in vitro Zn2+ bioaccessibility as affected by degree of methylesterification and blockiness (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.01.003 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.01.003
Complete structured claim and evidence
Calcium binding also increased with the tested structural changes.
Citrus pectin, preparation specified by study → Calcium ion source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/celus2018.publisher-abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary publisher abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "2ac4b4f67d7dfb4d68a06455691f949be93304d25c3475bd8caf4d618d96f472", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1681, "text_sha256": "2ac4b4f67d7dfb4d68a06455691f949be93304d25c3475bd8caf4d618d96f472"}
experimental_model
Adsorption isotherms and simulated digestion
exposure
Citrus pectin with varied methylesterification and blockiness
limitations
In-vitro accessibility is not human mineral status.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
No organism; in-vitro food chemistry
plain_language
Calcium interacts with the polymer.
primary_references
[pectin-pcelus2018] Interactions between citrus pectin and Zn2+ or Ca2+ and associated in vitro Zn2+ bioaccessibility as affected by degree of methylesterification and blockiness (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.01.003 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.01.003
tissue_or_cell_type
Pectin-mineral solutions
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 503–514
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Adsorption isotherms and simulated digestion · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-calcium-binding Calcium binding also increased with the tested structural changes. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Calcium interacts with the polymer. organism: No organism; in-vitro food chemistry tissue_or_cell_type: Pectin-mineral solutions experimental_model: Adsorption isotherms and simulated digestion limitations: In-vitro accessibility is not human mineral status. exposure: Citrus pectin with varied methylesterification and blockiness evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/celus2018.publisher-abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary publisher abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "2ac4b4f67d7dfb4d68a06455691f949be93304d25c3475bd8caf4d618d96f472", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1681, "text_sha256": "2ac4b4f67d7dfb4d68a06455691f949be93304d25c3475bd8caf4d618d96f472"} [pectin-pcelus2018] Interactions between citrus pectin and Zn2+ or Ca2+ and associated in vitro Zn2+ bioaccessibility as affected by degree of methylesterification and blockiness (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.01.003 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.01.003
Complete structured claim and evidence
Stronger zinc binding accompanied lower simulated-digestion bioaccessibility.
Citrus pectin, preparation specified by study → Zinc bioaccessibility in simulated digestion source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/celus2018.publisher-abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary publisher abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "2ac4b4f67d7dfb4d68a06455691f949be93304d25c3475bd8caf4d618d96f472", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1681, "text_sha256": "2ac4b4f67d7dfb4d68a06455691f949be93304d25c3475bd8caf4d618d96f472"}
experimental_model
Adsorption isotherms and simulated digestion
exposure
Citrus pectin with varied methylesterification and blockiness
limitations
In-vitro accessibility is not human mineral status.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
No organism; in-vitro food chemistry
plain_language
Laboratory accessibility can fall.
primary_references
[pectin-pcelus2018] Interactions between citrus pectin and Zn2+ or Ca2+ and associated in vitro Zn2+ bioaccessibility as affected by degree of methylesterification and blockiness (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.01.003 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.01.003
tissue_or_cell_type
Pectin-mineral solutions
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 516–527
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Adsorption isotherms and simulated digestion · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-zinc-accessibility Stronger zinc binding accompanied lower simulated-digestion bioaccessibility. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Laboratory accessibility can fall. organism: No organism; in-vitro food chemistry tissue_or_cell_type: Pectin-mineral solutions experimental_model: Adsorption isotherms and simulated digestion limitations: In-vitro accessibility is not human mineral status. exposure: Citrus pectin with varied methylesterification and blockiness evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/celus2018.publisher-abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary publisher abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "2ac4b4f67d7dfb4d68a06455691f949be93304d25c3475bd8caf4d618d96f472", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1681, "text_sha256": "2ac4b4f67d7dfb4d68a06455691f949be93304d25c3475bd8caf4d618d96f472"} [pectin-pcelus2018] Interactions between citrus pectin and Zn2+ or Ca2+ and associated in vitro Zn2+ bioaccessibility as affected by degree of methylesterification and blockiness (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.01.003 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.01.003
Complete structured claim and evidence
Apparent iron absorption fell in this ileostomy experiment.
Citrus pectin, preparation specified by study → Nonheme iron absorption source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/6307932.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "fd45607a7ff1d1a20dd52d145134da591847919c3db47ef8a8cf5693fb9f80a1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1593, "text_sha256": "fd45607a7ff1d1a20dd52d145134da591847919c3db47ef8a8cf5693fb9f80a1"}
experimental_model
Within-person ileostomy balance study; six participants
exposure
15 g/day citrus pectin on days 5-7 of a 10-day low-fiber feeding protocol
limitations
Ileal apparent absorption and output are not whole-body status or clinical deficiency; the colon was bypassed.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
Less iron disappeared before the end of the small intestine.
primary_references
[pectin-p6307932] The effect of citrus pectin on the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. (1983). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6307932/
tissue_or_cell_type
Small intestine; ileal effluent
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 542–553
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Within-person ileostomy balance study; six participants · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-ileal-iron Apparent iron absorption fell in this ileostomy experiment. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Less iron disappeared before the end of the small intestine. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Small intestine; ileal effluent experimental_model: Within-person ileostomy balance study; six participants limitations: Ileal apparent absorption and output are not whole-body status or clinical deficiency; the colon was bypassed. exposure: 15 g/day citrus pectin on days 5-7 of a 10-day low-fiber feeding protocol evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/6307932.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "fd45607a7ff1d1a20dd52d145134da591847919c3db47ef8a8cf5693fb9f80a1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1593, "text_sha256": "fd45607a7ff1d1a20dd52d145134da591847919c3db47ef8a8cf5693fb9f80a1"} [pectin-p6307932] The effect of citrus pectin on the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. (1983). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6307932/
Complete structured claim and evidence
Pectin increased sodium output in ileal effluent.
Citrus pectin, preparation specified by study → Human ileal sodium output source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/6307932.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "fd45607a7ff1d1a20dd52d145134da591847919c3db47ef8a8cf5693fb9f80a1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1593, "text_sha256": "fd45607a7ff1d1a20dd52d145134da591847919c3db47ef8a8cf5693fb9f80a1"}
experimental_model
Within-person ileostomy balance study; six participants
exposure
15 g/day citrus pectin on days 5-7 of a 10-day low-fiber feeding protocol
limitations
Ileal apparent absorption and output are not whole-body status or clinical deficiency; the colon was bypassed.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
More sodium left through the ileostomy; this is not proof of low blood sodium.
primary_references
[pectin-p6307932] The effect of citrus pectin on the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. (1983). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6307932/
tissue_or_cell_type
Small intestine; ileal effluent
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 555–566
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Within-person ileostomy balance study; six participants · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-ileal-sodium Pectin increased sodium output in ileal effluent. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: More sodium left through the ileostomy; this is not proof of low blood sodium. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Small intestine; ileal effluent experimental_model: Within-person ileostomy balance study; six participants limitations: Ileal apparent absorption and output are not whole-body status or clinical deficiency; the colon was bypassed. exposure: 15 g/day citrus pectin on days 5-7 of a 10-day low-fiber feeding protocol evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/6307932.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "fd45607a7ff1d1a20dd52d145134da591847919c3db47ef8a8cf5693fb9f80a1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1593, "text_sha256": "fd45607a7ff1d1a20dd52d145134da591847919c3db47ef8a8cf5693fb9f80a1"} [pectin-p6307932] The effect of citrus pectin on the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. (1983). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6307932/
Complete structured claim and evidence
Pectin increased potassium output in ileal effluent.
Citrus pectin, preparation specified by study → Human ileal potassium output source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/6307932.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "fd45607a7ff1d1a20dd52d145134da591847919c3db47ef8a8cf5693fb9f80a1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1593, "text_sha256": "fd45607a7ff1d1a20dd52d145134da591847919c3db47ef8a8cf5693fb9f80a1"}
experimental_model
Within-person ileostomy balance study; six participants
exposure
15 g/day citrus pectin on days 5-7 of a 10-day low-fiber feeding protocol
limitations
Ileal apparent absorption and output are not whole-body status or clinical deficiency; the colon was bypassed.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
The potassium finding belongs to people with an ileostomy in this study.
primary_references
[pectin-p6307932] The effect of citrus pectin on the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. (1983). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6307932/
tissue_or_cell_type
Small intestine; ileal effluent
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 568–579
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Within-person ileostomy balance study; six participants · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-ileal-potassium Pectin increased potassium output in ileal effluent. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The potassium finding belongs to people with an ileostomy in this study. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Small intestine; ileal effluent experimental_model: Within-person ileostomy balance study; six participants limitations: Ileal apparent absorption and output are not whole-body status or clinical deficiency; the colon was bypassed. exposure: 15 g/day citrus pectin on days 5-7 of a 10-day low-fiber feeding protocol evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/6307932.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "fd45607a7ff1d1a20dd52d145134da591847919c3db47ef8a8cf5693fb9f80a1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1593, "text_sha256": "fd45607a7ff1d1a20dd52d145134da591847919c3db47ef8a8cf5693fb9f80a1"} [pectin-p6307932] The effect of citrus pectin on the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. (1983). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6307932/
Complete structured claim and evidence
Pectin increased ileal fat output.
Citrus pectin, preparation specified by study → Human ileal fat output source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/6307932.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "fd45607a7ff1d1a20dd52d145134da591847919c3db47ef8a8cf5693fb9f80a1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1593, "text_sha256": "fd45607a7ff1d1a20dd52d145134da591847919c3db47ef8a8cf5693fb9f80a1"}
experimental_model
Within-person ileostomy balance study; six participants
exposure
15 g/day citrus pectin on days 5-7 of a 10-day low-fiber feeding protocol
limitations
Ileal apparent absorption and output are not whole-body status or clinical deficiency; the colon was bypassed.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
More dietary fat reached the collection bag.
primary_references
[pectin-p6307932] The effect of citrus pectin on the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. (1983). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6307932/
tissue_or_cell_type
Small intestine; ileal effluent
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 581–592
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Within-person ileostomy balance study; six participants · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-ileal-fat Pectin increased ileal fat output. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: More dietary fat reached the collection bag. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Small intestine; ileal effluent experimental_model: Within-person ileostomy balance study; six participants limitations: Ileal apparent absorption and output are not whole-body status or clinical deficiency; the colon was bypassed. exposure: 15 g/day citrus pectin on days 5-7 of a 10-day low-fiber feeding protocol evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/6307932.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "fd45607a7ff1d1a20dd52d145134da591847919c3db47ef8a8cf5693fb9f80a1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1593, "text_sha256": "fd45607a7ff1d1a20dd52d145134da591847919c3db47ef8a8cf5693fb9f80a1"} [pectin-p6307932] The effect of citrus pectin on the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. (1983). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6307932/
Complete structured claim and evidence
Pectin increased ileal nitrogen output.
Citrus pectin, preparation specified by study → Human ileal nitrogen output source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/6307932.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "fd45607a7ff1d1a20dd52d145134da591847919c3db47ef8a8cf5693fb9f80a1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1593, "text_sha256": "fd45607a7ff1d1a20dd52d145134da591847919c3db47ef8a8cf5693fb9f80a1"}
experimental_model
Within-person ileostomy balance study; six participants
exposure
15 g/day citrus pectin on days 5-7 of a 10-day low-fiber feeding protocol
limitations
Ileal apparent absorption and output are not whole-body status or clinical deficiency; the colon was bypassed.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
More nitrogen-containing material was recovered; this is not a diagnosis of protein deficiency.
primary_references
[pectin-p6307932] The effect of citrus pectin on the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. (1983). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6307932/
tissue_or_cell_type
Small intestine; ileal effluent
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 594–605
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Within-person ileostomy balance study; six participants · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-ileal-nitrogen Pectin increased ileal nitrogen output. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: More nitrogen-containing material was recovered; this is not a diagnosis of protein deficiency. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Small intestine; ileal effluent experimental_model: Within-person ileostomy balance study; six participants limitations: Ileal apparent absorption and output are not whole-body status or clinical deficiency; the colon was bypassed. exposure: 15 g/day citrus pectin on days 5-7 of a 10-day low-fiber feeding protocol evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/6307932.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "fd45607a7ff1d1a20dd52d145134da591847919c3db47ef8a8cf5693fb9f80a1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1593, "text_sha256": "fd45607a7ff1d1a20dd52d145134da591847919c3db47ef8a8cf5693fb9f80a1"} [pectin-p6307932] The effect of citrus pectin on the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. (1983). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6307932/
Complete structured claim and evidence
Apparent calcium absorption was unchanged in the ileostomy study.
Citrus pectin, preparation specified by study → Intestinal calcium absorption source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/6307932.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "fd45607a7ff1d1a20dd52d145134da591847919c3db47ef8a8cf5693fb9f80a1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1593, "text_sha256": "fd45607a7ff1d1a20dd52d145134da591847919c3db47ef8a8cf5693fb9f80a1"}
experimental_model
Within-person ileostomy balance study; six participants
exposure
15 g/day citrus pectin on days 5-7 of a 10-day low-fiber feeding protocol
limitations
Ileal apparent absorption and output are not whole-body status or clinical deficiency; the colon was bypassed.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
The effect on iron did not extend to every mineral.
primary_references
[pectin-p6307932] The effect of citrus pectin on the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. (1983). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6307932/
tissue_or_cell_type
Small intestine; ileal effluent
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 607–618
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Within-person ileostomy balance study; six participants · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-ileal-calcium-null Apparent calcium absorption was unchanged in the ileostomy study. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The effect on iron did not extend to every mineral. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Small intestine; ileal effluent experimental_model: Within-person ileostomy balance study; six participants limitations: Ileal apparent absorption and output are not whole-body status or clinical deficiency; the colon was bypassed. exposure: 15 g/day citrus pectin on days 5-7 of a 10-day low-fiber feeding protocol evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/6307932.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "fd45607a7ff1d1a20dd52d145134da591847919c3db47ef8a8cf5693fb9f80a1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1593, "text_sha256": "fd45607a7ff1d1a20dd52d145134da591847919c3db47ef8a8cf5693fb9f80a1"} [pectin-p6307932] The effect of citrus pectin on the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. (1983). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6307932/
Complete structured claim and evidence
Apparent zinc absorption was unchanged in this study.
Citrus pectin, preparation specified by study → Intestinal zinc absorption source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/6307932.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "fd45607a7ff1d1a20dd52d145134da591847919c3db47ef8a8cf5693fb9f80a1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1593, "text_sha256": "fd45607a7ff1d1a20dd52d145134da591847919c3db47ef8a8cf5693fb9f80a1"}
experimental_model
Within-person ileostomy balance study; six participants
exposure
15 g/day citrus pectin on days 5-7 of a 10-day low-fiber feeding protocol
limitations
Ileal apparent absorption and output are not whole-body status or clinical deficiency; the colon was bypassed.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
An in-vitro zinc-binding result cannot simply be substituted for a human absorption result.
primary_references
[pectin-p6307932] The effect of citrus pectin on the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. (1983). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6307932/
tissue_or_cell_type
Small intestine; ileal effluent
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 620–631
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Within-person ileostomy balance study; six participants · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-ileal-zinc-null Apparent zinc absorption was unchanged in this study. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: An in-vitro zinc-binding result cannot simply be substituted for a human absorption result. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Small intestine; ileal effluent experimental_model: Within-person ileostomy balance study; six participants limitations: Ileal apparent absorption and output are not whole-body status or clinical deficiency; the colon was bypassed. exposure: 15 g/day citrus pectin on days 5-7 of a 10-day low-fiber feeding protocol evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/6307932.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "fd45607a7ff1d1a20dd52d145134da591847919c3db47ef8a8cf5693fb9f80a1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1593, "text_sha256": "fd45607a7ff1d1a20dd52d145134da591847919c3db47ef8a8cf5693fb9f80a1"} [pectin-p6307932] The effect of citrus pectin on the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. (1983). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6307932/
Complete structured claim and evidence
In-vitro pectin iron-binding capacity increased with pectin exposure; cellulose lacked the comparable binding response.
Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides → Pectin binding to inorganic iron in vitro source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/6247906.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "2c107283e705511284aaecb49a765185e48f825963c872c6306d76f9cf4565cf", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1307, "text_sha256": "2c107283e705511284aaecb49a765185e48f825963c872c6306d76f9cf4565cf"}
experimental_model
Tracer study in idiopathic hemochromatosis with in-vitro binding comparison
exposure
13 patients: pectin in eight, cellulose in five; 9 g/m2, own fasting controls; seven healthy basal comparators
limitations
Disease-specific small experiment; not a treatment recommendation or a universal effect of all fruit.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Cell-free assay
plain_language
Binding provides a candidate explanation for the absorption finding.
primary_references
[pectin-p6247906] Evidence and mechanism for pectin-reduced intestinal inorganic iron absorption in idiopathic hemochromatosis. (1980). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6247906/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/33.6.1225
tissue_or_cell_type
In-vitro binding system
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 646–657
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Tracer study in idiopathic hemochromatosis with in-vitro binding comparison · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-iron-complex In-vitro pectin iron-binding capacity increased with pectin exposure; cellulose lacked the comparable binding response. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Binding provides a candidate explanation for the absorption finding. organism: Cell-free assay tissue_or_cell_type: In-vitro binding system experimental_model: Tracer study in idiopathic hemochromatosis with in-vitro binding comparison limitations: Disease-specific small experiment; not a treatment recommendation or a universal effect of all fruit. exposure: 13 patients: pectin in eight, cellulose in five; 9 g/m2, own fasting controls; seven healthy basal comparators evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/6247906.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "2c107283e705511284aaecb49a765185e48f825963c872c6306d76f9cf4565cf", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1307, "text_sha256": "2c107283e705511284aaecb49a765185e48f825963c872c6306d76f9cf4565cf"} [pectin-p6247906] Evidence and mechanism for pectin-reduced intestinal inorganic iron absorption in idiopathic hemochromatosis. (1980). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6247906/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/33.6.1225
Complete structured claim and evidence
Pectin was among soluble fibers that lowered beta-carotene AUC; the 33-43% range covered the soluble fibers tested.
Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides → Human post-meal plasma beta-carotene response source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/10573545.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f0828162b0e41d10d79784cea5cc96e55409b4ee80be3afc399132a7ad087332", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1340, "text_sha256": "f0828162b0e41d10d79784cea5cc96e55409b4ee80be3afc399132a7ad087332"}
experimental_model
Crossover mixed-carotenoid meal study in six healthy women
exposure
Pectin or other fibers at 0.15 g/kg with a carotenoid and alpha-tocopherol mixture
limitations
Reported effect-size ranges cover multiple fibers, not one pectin-specific estimate. Plasma exposure does not establish long-term deficiency.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
Fiber type affected beta-carotene exposure.
primary_references
[pectin-p10573545] Some dietary fibers reduce the absorption of carotenoids in women. (1999). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10573545/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/129.12.2170
tissue_or_cell_type
Plasma 24-hour area under the curve
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 672–683
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Crossover mixed-carotenoid meal study in six healthy women · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-carotene-auc Pectin was among soluble fibers that lowered beta-carotene AUC; the 33-43% range covered the soluble fibers tested. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Fiber type affected beta-carotene exposure. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma 24-hour area under the curve experimental_model: Crossover mixed-carotenoid meal study in six healthy women limitations: Reported effect-size ranges cover multiple fibers, not one pectin-specific estimate. Plasma exposure does not establish long-term deficiency. exposure: Pectin or other fibers at 0.15 g/kg with a carotenoid and alpha-tocopherol mixture evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/10573545.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f0828162b0e41d10d79784cea5cc96e55409b4ee80be3afc399132a7ad087332", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1340, "text_sha256": "f0828162b0e41d10d79784cea5cc96e55409b4ee80be3afc399132a7ad087332"} [pectin-p10573545] Some dietary fibers reduce the absorption of carotenoids in women. (1999). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10573545/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/129.12.2170
Complete structured claim and evidence
Lycopene AUC was reduced with the tested fibers, including pectin; the multi-fiber effect range is not a pectin-specific number.
Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides → Human post-meal plasma lycopene response source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/10573545.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f0828162b0e41d10d79784cea5cc96e55409b4ee80be3afc399132a7ad087332", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1340, "text_sha256": "f0828162b0e41d10d79784cea5cc96e55409b4ee80be3afc399132a7ad087332"}
experimental_model
Crossover mixed-carotenoid meal study in six healthy women
exposure
Pectin or other fibers at 0.15 g/kg with a carotenoid and alpha-tocopherol mixture
limitations
Reported effect-size ranges cover multiple fibers, not one pectin-specific estimate. Plasma exposure does not establish long-term deficiency.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
Pectin was associated with a smaller lycopene response.
primary_references
[pectin-p10573545] Some dietary fibers reduce the absorption of carotenoids in women. (1999). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10573545/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/129.12.2170
tissue_or_cell_type
Plasma 24-hour area under the curve
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 685–696
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Crossover mixed-carotenoid meal study in six healthy women · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-lycopene-auc Lycopene AUC was reduced with the tested fibers, including pectin; the multi-fiber effect range is not a pectin-specific number. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Pectin was associated with a smaller lycopene response. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma 24-hour area under the curve experimental_model: Crossover mixed-carotenoid meal study in six healthy women limitations: Reported effect-size ranges cover multiple fibers, not one pectin-specific estimate. Plasma exposure does not establish long-term deficiency. exposure: Pectin or other fibers at 0.15 g/kg with a carotenoid and alpha-tocopherol mixture evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/10573545.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f0828162b0e41d10d79784cea5cc96e55409b4ee80be3afc399132a7ad087332", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1340, "text_sha256": "f0828162b0e41d10d79784cea5cc96e55409b4ee80be3afc399132a7ad087332"} [pectin-p10573545] Some dietary fibers reduce the absorption of carotenoids in women. (1999). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10573545/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/129.12.2170
Complete structured claim and evidence
Lutein AUC was reduced with the tested fibers, including pectin.
Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides → Human post-meal plasma lutein response source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/10573545.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f0828162b0e41d10d79784cea5cc96e55409b4ee80be3afc399132a7ad087332", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1340, "text_sha256": "f0828162b0e41d10d79784cea5cc96e55409b4ee80be3afc399132a7ad087332"}
experimental_model
Crossover mixed-carotenoid meal study in six healthy women
exposure
Pectin or other fibers at 0.15 g/kg with a carotenoid and alpha-tocopherol mixture
limitations
Reported effect-size ranges cover multiple fibers, not one pectin-specific estimate. Plasma exposure does not establish long-term deficiency.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
The finding also involved lutein.
primary_references
[pectin-p10573545] Some dietary fibers reduce the absorption of carotenoids in women. (1999). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10573545/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/129.12.2170
tissue_or_cell_type
Plasma 24-hour area under the curve
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 698–709
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Crossover mixed-carotenoid meal study in six healthy women · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-lutein-auc Lutein AUC was reduced with the tested fibers, including pectin. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The finding also involved lutein. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma 24-hour area under the curve experimental_model: Crossover mixed-carotenoid meal study in six healthy women limitations: Reported effect-size ranges cover multiple fibers, not one pectin-specific estimate. Plasma exposure does not establish long-term deficiency. exposure: Pectin or other fibers at 0.15 g/kg with a carotenoid and alpha-tocopherol mixture evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/10573545.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f0828162b0e41d10d79784cea5cc96e55409b4ee80be3afc399132a7ad087332", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1340, "text_sha256": "f0828162b0e41d10d79784cea5cc96e55409b4ee80be3afc399132a7ad087332"} [pectin-p10573545] Some dietary fibers reduce the absorption of carotenoids in women. (1999). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10573545/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/129.12.2170
Complete structured claim and evidence
Alpha-tocopherol AUC was not significantly affected by the tested fibers.
Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides → Human post-meal plasma alpha-tocopherol response source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/10573545.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f0828162b0e41d10d79784cea5cc96e55409b4ee80be3afc399132a7ad087332", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1340, "text_sha256": "f0828162b0e41d10d79784cea5cc96e55409b4ee80be3afc399132a7ad087332"}
experimental_model
Crossover mixed-carotenoid meal study in six healthy women
exposure
Pectin or other fibers at 0.15 g/kg with a carotenoid and alpha-tocopherol mixture
limitations
Reported effect-size ranges cover multiple fibers, not one pectin-specific estimate. Plasma exposure does not establish long-term deficiency.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
This study did not show the same reduction for vitamin E.
primary_references
[pectin-p10573545] Some dietary fibers reduce the absorption of carotenoids in women. (1999). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10573545/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/129.12.2170
tissue_or_cell_type
Plasma 24-hour area under the curve
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 711–722
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Crossover mixed-carotenoid meal study in six healthy women · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-vitamin-e-null Alpha-tocopherol AUC was not significantly affected by the tested fibers. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This study did not show the same reduction for vitamin E. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma 24-hour area under the curve experimental_model: Crossover mixed-carotenoid meal study in six healthy women limitations: Reported effect-size ranges cover multiple fibers, not one pectin-specific estimate. Plasma exposure does not establish long-term deficiency. exposure: Pectin or other fibers at 0.15 g/kg with a carotenoid and alpha-tocopherol mixture evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/10573545.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f0828162b0e41d10d79784cea5cc96e55409b4ee80be3afc399132a7ad087332", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1340, "text_sha256": "f0828162b0e41d10d79784cea5cc96e55409b4ee80be3afc399132a7ad087332"} [pectin-p10573545] Some dietary fibers reduce the absorption of carotenoids in women. (1999). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10573545/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/129.12.2170
Complete structured claim and evidence
Stool wet weight rose by 33% during pectin feeding.
Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides → Human stool wet weight source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/37887.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ad5427835e84a210b32e8ceea45baeece0bc1e4488d5852a5b4244f51dc32a69", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1141, "text_sha256": "ad5427835e84a210b32e8ceea45baeece0bc1e4488d5852a5b4244f51dc32a69"}
experimental_model
Controlled feeding and balance study in five healthy men
exposure
Nine-week protocol; 36 g/day pectin during last six weeks
limitations
Small older study. Disappearance from stool supported fermentation but did not assign a particular enzyme or metabolic flux.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
More material and water were passed in stool.
primary_references
[pectin-p37887] The digestion of pectin in the human gut and its effect on calcium absorption and large bowel function. (1979). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37887/ DOI: 10.1079/bjn19790062
tissue_or_cell_type
Whole-gut balance and stool
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 724–735
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Controlled feeding and balance study in five healthy men · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-stool-weight Stool wet weight rose by 33% during pectin feeding. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: More material and water were passed in stool. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Whole-gut balance and stool experimental_model: Controlled feeding and balance study in five healthy men limitations: Small older study. Disappearance from stool supported fermentation but did not assign a particular enzyme or metabolic flux. exposure: Nine-week protocol; 36 g/day pectin during last six weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/37887.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ad5427835e84a210b32e8ceea45baeece0bc1e4488d5852a5b4244f51dc32a69", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1141, "text_sha256": "ad5427835e84a210b32e8ceea45baeece0bc1e4488d5852a5b4244f51dc32a69"} [pectin-p37887] The digestion of pectin in the human gut and its effect on calcium absorption and large bowel function. (1979). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37887/ DOI: 10.1079/bjn19790062
Complete structured claim and evidence
Fecal bile-acid excretion rose by 35%.
Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides → Human fecal bile-acid excretion source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/37887.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ad5427835e84a210b32e8ceea45baeece0bc1e4488d5852a5b4244f51dc32a69", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1141, "text_sha256": "ad5427835e84a210b32e8ceea45baeece0bc1e4488d5852a5b4244f51dc32a69"}
experimental_model
Controlled feeding and balance study in five healthy men
exposure
Nine-week protocol; 36 g/day pectin during last six weeks
limitations
Small older study. Disappearance from stool supported fermentation but did not assign a particular enzyme or metabolic flux.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
More bile acids left the body in stool; this study did not directly test hepatic CYP7A1.
primary_references
[pectin-p37887] The digestion of pectin in the human gut and its effect on calcium absorption and large bowel function. (1979). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37887/ DOI: 10.1079/bjn19790062
tissue_or_cell_type
Whole-gut balance and stool
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 737–748
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Controlled feeding and balance study in five healthy men · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-bile-excretion Fecal bile-acid excretion rose by 35%. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: More bile acids left the body in stool; this study did not directly test hepatic CYP7A1. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Whole-gut balance and stool experimental_model: Controlled feeding and balance study in five healthy men limitations: Small older study. Disappearance from stool supported fermentation but did not assign a particular enzyme or metabolic flux. exposure: Nine-week protocol; 36 g/day pectin during last six weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/37887.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ad5427835e84a210b32e8ceea45baeece0bc1e4488d5852a5b4244f51dc32a69", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1141, "text_sha256": "ad5427835e84a210b32e8ceea45baeece0bc1e4488d5852a5b4244f51dc32a69"} [pectin-p37887] The digestion of pectin in the human gut and its effect on calcium absorption and large bowel function. (1979). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37887/ DOI: 10.1079/bjn19790062
Complete structured claim and evidence
Calcium balance was unchanged during the tested pectin feeding period.
Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides → Human calcium balance source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/37887.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ad5427835e84a210b32e8ceea45baeece0bc1e4488d5852a5b4244f51dc32a69", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1141, "text_sha256": "ad5427835e84a210b32e8ceea45baeece0bc1e4488d5852a5b4244f51dc32a69"}
experimental_model
Controlled feeding and balance study in five healthy men
exposure
Nine-week protocol; 36 g/day pectin during last six weeks
limitations
Small older study. Disappearance from stool supported fermentation but did not assign a particular enzyme or metabolic flux.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
Mineral binding in a test tube did not imply a calcium deficit here.
primary_references
[pectin-p37887] The digestion of pectin in the human gut and its effect on calcium absorption and large bowel function. (1979). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37887/ DOI: 10.1079/bjn19790062
tissue_or_cell_type
Whole-gut balance and stool
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 750–761
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Controlled feeding and balance study in five healthy men · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-calcium-balance-null Calcium balance was unchanged during the tested pectin feeding period. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Mineral binding in a test tube did not imply a calcium deficit here. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Whole-gut balance and stool experimental_model: Controlled feeding and balance study in five healthy men limitations: Small older study. Disappearance from stool supported fermentation but did not assign a particular enzyme or metabolic flux. exposure: Nine-week protocol; 36 g/day pectin during last six weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/37887.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ad5427835e84a210b32e8ceea45baeece0bc1e4488d5852a5b4244f51dc32a69", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1141, "text_sha256": "ad5427835e84a210b32e8ceea45baeece0bc1e4488d5852a5b4244f51dc32a69"} [pectin-p37887] The digestion of pectin in the human gut and its effect on calcium absorption and large bowel function. (1979). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37887/ DOI: 10.1079/bjn19790062
Complete structured claim and evidence
Apple DE70 pectin also reduced LDL in the 15-g/day study.
Apple pectin, preparation specified by study → LDL cholesterol concentration source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/22190137.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "20212c2dcb0b2018c37d0eac06932c1ec9da0a9d514bb3bd905f476594b32611", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1601, "text_sha256": "20212c2dcb0b2018c37d0eac06932c1ec9da0a9d514bb3bd905f476594b32611"}
experimental_model
Randomized crossover comparisons of pectin preparations
exposure
15 g/day for four weeks; additional high-MW citrus preparation at 6 g/day for three weeks; cellulose comparator
limitations
Preparation-specific lipid surrogates; no cardiovascular event outcome. Methylesterification alone did not explain every preparation difference.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
The response was not unique to citrus pectin.
primary_references
[pectin-p22190137] Cholesterol-lowering properties of different pectin types in mildly hyper-cholesterolemic men and women. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22190137/ DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2011.208
tissue_or_cell_type
Circulating lipids
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 776–787
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized crossover comparisons of pectin preparations · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-ldl-apple Apple DE70 pectin also reduced LDL in the 15-g/day study. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The response was not unique to citrus pectin. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Circulating lipids experimental_model: Randomized crossover comparisons of pectin preparations limitations: Preparation-specific lipid surrogates; no cardiovascular event outcome. Methylesterification alone did not explain every preparation difference. exposure: 15 g/day for four weeks; additional high-MW citrus preparation at 6 g/day for three weeks; cellulose comparator evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/22190137.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "20212c2dcb0b2018c37d0eac06932c1ec9da0a9d514bb3bd905f476594b32611", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1601, "text_sha256": "20212c2dcb0b2018c37d0eac06932c1ec9da0a9d514bb3bd905f476594b32611"} [pectin-p22190137] Cholesterol-lowering properties of different pectin types in mildly hyper-cholesterolemic men and women. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22190137/ DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2011.208
Complete structured claim and evidence
The tested high-molecular-weight DE70 citrus pectins at 6 g/day lowered LDL by approximately 6-7%.
Citrus pectin, preparation specified by study → LDL cholesterol concentration source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/22190137.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "20212c2dcb0b2018c37d0eac06932c1ec9da0a9d514bb3bd905f476594b32611", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1601, "text_sha256": "20212c2dcb0b2018c37d0eac06932c1ec9da0a9d514bb3bd905f476594b32611"}
experimental_model
Randomized crossover comparisons of pectin preparations
exposure
15 g/day for four weeks; additional high-MW citrus preparation at 6 g/day for three weeks; cellulose comparator
limitations
Preparation-specific lipid surrogates; no cardiovascular event outcome. Methylesterification alone did not explain every preparation difference.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
The trial also found an LDL response at its lower tested regimen.
primary_references
[pectin-p22190137] Cholesterol-lowering properties of different pectin types in mildly hyper-cholesterolemic men and women. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22190137/ DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2011.208
tissue_or_cell_type
Circulating lipids
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 789–800
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized crossover comparisons of pectin preparations · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-ldl-low-dose The tested high-molecular-weight DE70 citrus pectins at 6 g/day lowered LDL by approximately 6-7%. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The trial also found an LDL response at its lower tested regimen. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Circulating lipids experimental_model: Randomized crossover comparisons of pectin preparations limitations: Preparation-specific lipid surrogates; no cardiovascular event outcome. Methylesterification alone did not explain every preparation difference. exposure: 15 g/day for four weeks; additional high-MW citrus preparation at 6 g/day for three weeks; cellulose comparator evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/22190137.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "20212c2dcb0b2018c37d0eac06932c1ec9da0a9d514bb3bd905f476594b32611", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1601, "text_sha256": "20212c2dcb0b2018c37d0eac06932c1ec9da0a9d514bb3bd905f476594b32611"} [pectin-p22190137] Cholesterol-lowering properties of different pectin types in mildly hyper-cholesterolemic men and women. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22190137/ DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2011.208
Complete structured claim and evidence
The pectin meal delayed estimated gastric emptying relative to control.
Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides → Human gastric emptying time source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/17880369.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c07bb2fe0617daf1d3a1af1725b351e19fbfec477851697c7b575d905aa1b1c7", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2164, "text_sha256": "c07bb2fe0617daf1d3a1af1725b351e19fbfec477851697c7b575d905aa1b1c7"}
experimental_model
Three-meal comparison in ten healthy men
exposure
450-kcal, 500-mL meal with 5.2 g pectin, agar, or control; 13C-acetate breath test
limitations
A gastric-emptying breath-test estimate is not direct proof of a specific glucose-enzyme inhibition.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
Food left the stomach more slowly in this experiment.
primary_references
[pectin-p17880369] Effects of agar and pectin on gastric emptying and post-prandial glycaemic profiles in healthy human volunteers. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17880369/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2007.04706.x
tissue_or_cell_type
Gastric emptying and post-meal glucose
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 802–813
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Three-meal comparison in ten healthy men · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-gastric-delay The pectin meal delayed estimated gastric emptying relative to control. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Food left the stomach more slowly in this experiment. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Gastric emptying and post-meal glucose experimental_model: Three-meal comparison in ten healthy men limitations: A gastric-emptying breath-test estimate is not direct proof of a specific glucose-enzyme inhibition. exposure: 450-kcal, 500-mL meal with 5.2 g pectin, agar, or control; 13C-acetate breath test evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/17880369.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c07bb2fe0617daf1d3a1af1725b351e19fbfec477851697c7b575d905aa1b1c7", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2164, "text_sha256": "c07bb2fe0617daf1d3a1af1725b351e19fbfec477851697c7b575d905aa1b1c7"} [pectin-p17880369] Effects of agar and pectin on gastric emptying and post-prandial glycaemic profiles in healthy human volunteers. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17880369/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2007.04706.x
Complete structured claim and evidence
Despite slower estimated emptying, the post-meal glucose profile was not significantly changed.
Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides → Human post-meal glucose profile source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/17880369.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c07bb2fe0617daf1d3a1af1725b351e19fbfec477851697c7b575d905aa1b1c7", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2164, "text_sha256": "c07bb2fe0617daf1d3a1af1725b351e19fbfec477851697c7b575d905aa1b1c7"}
experimental_model
Three-meal comparison in ten healthy men
exposure
450-kcal, 500-mL meal with 5.2 g pectin, agar, or control; 13C-acetate breath test
limitations
A gastric-emptying breath-test estimate is not direct proof of a specific glucose-enzyme inhibition.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
A slower stomach did not automatically produce a lower glucose response.
primary_references
[pectin-p17880369] Effects of agar and pectin on gastric emptying and post-prandial glycaemic profiles in healthy human volunteers. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17880369/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2007.04706.x
tissue_or_cell_type
Gastric emptying and post-meal glucose
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 815–826
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Three-meal comparison in ten healthy men · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-glucose-null Despite slower estimated emptying, the post-meal glucose profile was not significantly changed. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A slower stomach did not automatically produce a lower glucose response. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Gastric emptying and post-meal glucose experimental_model: Three-meal comparison in ten healthy men limitations: A gastric-emptying breath-test estimate is not direct proof of a specific glucose-enzyme inhibition. exposure: 450-kcal, 500-mL meal with 5.2 g pectin, agar, or control; 13C-acetate breath test evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/17880369.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c07bb2fe0617daf1d3a1af1725b351e19fbfec477851697c7b575d905aa1b1c7", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2164, "text_sha256": "c07bb2fe0617daf1d3a1af1725b351e19fbfec477851697c7b575d905aa1b1c7"} [pectin-p17880369] Effects of agar and pectin on gastric emptying and post-prandial glycaemic profiles in healthy human volunteers. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17880369/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2007.04706.x
Complete structured claim and evidence
Pectin was associated with increased reported satiety in this experiment.
Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides → Human subjective satiety source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/2689931.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5f3b008530bce6948a60fde1f68eff60e2bbec7ba0cc46b4bce2e56cd8313513", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 277, "text_sha256": "5f3b008530bce6948a60fde1f68eff60e2bbec7ba0cc46b4bce2e56cd8313513"}
experimental_model
Meal study with scintigraphic gastric emptying
exposure
Pectin compared with methylcellulose; dose not resolved in indexed abstract
limitations
Small context-specific study; subjective satiety does not establish durable weight loss.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
Participants reported feeling fuller.
primary_references
[pectin-p2689931] Pectin delays gastric emptying. (1989). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2689931/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1989.tb02860.x
tissue_or_cell_type
Stomach, satiety and plasma hormones in obesity
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 828–839
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Meal study with scintigraphic gastric emptying · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-satiety Pectin was associated with increased reported satiety in this experiment. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Participants reported feeling fuller. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Stomach, satiety and plasma hormones in obesity experimental_model: Meal study with scintigraphic gastric emptying limitations: Small context-specific study; subjective satiety does not establish durable weight loss. exposure: Pectin compared with methylcellulose; dose not resolved in indexed abstract evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/2689931.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5f3b008530bce6948a60fde1f68eff60e2bbec7ba0cc46b4bce2e56cd8313513", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 277, "text_sha256": "5f3b008530bce6948a60fde1f68eff60e2bbec7ba0cc46b4bce2e56cd8313513"} [pectin-p2689931] Pectin delays gastric emptying. (1989). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2689931/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1989.tb02860.x
Complete structured claim and evidence
The satiety finding was not accompanied by a significant CCK change.
Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides → Human plasma cholecystokinin response source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/2689931.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5f3b008530bce6948a60fde1f68eff60e2bbec7ba0cc46b4bce2e56cd8313513", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 277, "text_sha256": "5f3b008530bce6948a60fde1f68eff60e2bbec7ba0cc46b4bce2e56cd8313513"}
experimental_model
Meal study with scintigraphic gastric emptying
exposure
Pectin compared with methylcellulose; dose not resolved in indexed abstract
limitations
Small context-specific study; subjective satiety does not establish durable weight loss.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
The study did not identify CCK as the explanation.
primary_references
[pectin-p2689931] Pectin delays gastric emptying. (1989). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2689931/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1989.tb02860.x
tissue_or_cell_type
Stomach, satiety and plasma hormones in obesity
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 841–852
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Meal study with scintigraphic gastric emptying · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-cck-null The satiety finding was not accompanied by a significant CCK change. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The study did not identify CCK as the explanation. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Stomach, satiety and plasma hormones in obesity experimental_model: Meal study with scintigraphic gastric emptying limitations: Small context-specific study; subjective satiety does not establish durable weight loss. exposure: Pectin compared with methylcellulose; dose not resolved in indexed abstract evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/2689931.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5f3b008530bce6948a60fde1f68eff60e2bbec7ba0cc46b4bce2e56cd8313513", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 277, "text_sha256": "5f3b008530bce6948a60fde1f68eff60e2bbec7ba0cc46b4bce2e56cd8313513"} [pectin-p2689931] Pectin delays gastric emptying. (1989). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2689931/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1989.tb02860.x
Complete structured claim and evidence
Pancreatic polypeptide was not significantly changed.
Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides → Human plasma pancreatic polypeptide response source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/2689931.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5f3b008530bce6948a60fde1f68eff60e2bbec7ba0cc46b4bce2e56cd8313513", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 277, "text_sha256": "5f3b008530bce6948a60fde1f68eff60e2bbec7ba0cc46b4bce2e56cd8313513"}
experimental_model
Meal study with scintigraphic gastric emptying
exposure
Pectin compared with methylcellulose; dose not resolved in indexed abstract
limitations
Small context-specific study; subjective satiety does not establish durable weight loss.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
This second measured hormone did not explain the satiety result.
primary_references
[pectin-p2689931] Pectin delays gastric emptying. (1989). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2689931/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1989.tb02860.x
tissue_or_cell_type
Stomach, satiety and plasma hormones in obesity
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 854–865
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Meal study with scintigraphic gastric emptying · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-pp-null Pancreatic polypeptide was not significantly changed. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This second measured hormone did not explain the satiety result. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Stomach, satiety and plasma hormones in obesity experimental_model: Meal study with scintigraphic gastric emptying limitations: Small context-specific study; subjective satiety does not establish durable weight loss. exposure: Pectin compared with methylcellulose; dose not resolved in indexed abstract evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/2689931.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "5f3b008530bce6948a60fde1f68eff60e2bbec7ba0cc46b4bce2e56cd8313513", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 277, "text_sha256": "5f3b008530bce6948a60fde1f68eff60e2bbec7ba0cc46b4bce2e56cd8313513"} [pectin-p2689931] Pectin delays gastric emptying. (1989). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2689931/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1989.tb02860.x
Complete structured claim and evidence
Added pectin increased SCFA generation in human fecal incubations; acetate was the major measured SCFA.
Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides → Short-chain fatty acid production in human fecal cultures source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/2317475.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "86aae760cc52aeca6f270420e20dabaffa8167770fa30c7fa8e35b1f67b7d9b4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1642, "text_sha256": "86aae760cc52aeca6f270420e20dabaffa8167770fa30c7fa8e35b1f67b7d9b4"}
experimental_model
Anaerobic human fecal incubations before and after carbohydrate pre-feeding
exposure
Pectin and comparator carbohydrates; 48-hour incubations, up to two weeks of pre-feeding
limitations
Cultures lack intestinal absorption and host metabolism; results do not quantify systemic exposure.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Human fecal microbiota ex vivo
plain_language
Gut microbes can turn pectin into small organic acids.
primary_references
[pectin-p2317475] The effect of lactulose, pectin, arabinogalactan and cellulose on the production of organic acids and metabolism of ammonia by intestinal bacteria in a faecal incubation system. (1990). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2317475/ DOI: 10.1079/bjn19900088
tissue_or_cell_type
Batch cultures
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 867–878
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Anaerobic human fecal incubations before and after carbohydrate pre-feeding · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-fermentation-scfa Added pectin increased SCFA generation in human fecal incubations; acetate was the major measured SCFA. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Gut microbes can turn pectin into small organic acids. organism: Human fecal microbiota ex vivo tissue_or_cell_type: Batch cultures experimental_model: Anaerobic human fecal incubations before and after carbohydrate pre-feeding limitations: Cultures lack intestinal absorption and host metabolism; results do not quantify systemic exposure. exposure: Pectin and comparator carbohydrates; 48-hour incubations, up to two weeks of pre-feeding evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/2317475.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "86aae760cc52aeca6f270420e20dabaffa8167770fa30c7fa8e35b1f67b7d9b4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1642, "text_sha256": "86aae760cc52aeca6f270420e20dabaffa8167770fa30c7fa8e35b1f67b7d9b4"} [pectin-p2317475] The effect of lactulose, pectin, arabinogalactan and cellulose on the production of organic acids and metabolism of ammonia by intestinal bacteria in a faecal incubation system. (1990). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2317475/ DOI: 10.1079/bjn19900088
Complete structured claim and evidence
Pectin significantly reduced net ammonia generation in incubations after subjects had been pre-fed pectin; the reduction without pre-feeding was not significant.
Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides → Net ammonia generation in human fecal cultures source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/2317475.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "86aae760cc52aeca6f270420e20dabaffa8167770fa30c7fa8e35b1f67b7d9b4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1642, "text_sha256": "86aae760cc52aeca6f270420e20dabaffa8167770fa30c7fa8e35b1f67b7d9b4"}
experimental_model
Anaerobic human fecal incubations before and after carbohydrate pre-feeding
exposure
Pectin and comparator carbohydrates; 48-hour incubations, up to two weeks of pre-feeding
limitations
Cultures lack intestinal absorption and host metabolism; results do not quantify systemic exposure.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Human fecal microbiota ex vivo
plain_language
Previous exposure changed the measured nitrogen-metabolism response.
primary_references
[pectin-p2317475] The effect of lactulose, pectin, arabinogalactan and cellulose on the production of organic acids and metabolism of ammonia by intestinal bacteria in a faecal incubation system. (1990). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2317475/ DOI: 10.1079/bjn19900088
tissue_or_cell_type
Batch cultures
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 880–891
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Anaerobic human fecal incubations before and after carbohydrate pre-feeding · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-ammonia Pectin significantly reduced net ammonia generation in incubations after subjects had been pre-fed pectin; the reduction without pre-feeding was not significant. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Previous exposure changed the measured nitrogen-metabolism response. organism: Human fecal microbiota ex vivo tissue_or_cell_type: Batch cultures experimental_model: Anaerobic human fecal incubations before and after carbohydrate pre-feeding limitations: Cultures lack intestinal absorption and host metabolism; results do not quantify systemic exposure. exposure: Pectin and comparator carbohydrates; 48-hour incubations, up to two weeks of pre-feeding evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/2317475.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "86aae760cc52aeca6f270420e20dabaffa8167770fa30c7fa8e35b1f67b7d9b4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1642, "text_sha256": "86aae760cc52aeca6f270420e20dabaffa8167770fa30c7fa8e35b1f67b7d9b4"} [pectin-p2317475] The effect of lactulose, pectin, arabinogalactan and cellulose on the production of organic acids and metabolism of ammonia by intestinal bacteria in a faecal incubation system. (1990). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2317475/ DOI: 10.1079/bjn19900088
Complete structured claim and evidence
The carrot RG-I model intervention increased acetate by a reported 21.1 mM.
Carrot pectin extract enriched in RG-I → Acetate source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/34683463.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "38a179d5d001092c0d9595bb3d93ae4fcf8780bb7ae6286e0edfd27971c2aabc", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1830, "text_sha256": "38a179d5d001092c0d9595bb3d93ae4fcf8780bb7ae6286e0edfd27971c2aabc"}
experimental_model
M-SHIME simulated colons with four donor microbiotas
exposure
Carrot RG-I extract, 3 g/day for three weeks in the model
limitations
No human host received this regimen in this experiment. Donor-specific cultures and product composition limit extrapolation.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Human fecal microbial communities in vitro
plain_language
This particular extract supported microbial production of acetate in simulated colons.
primary_references
[pectin-p34683463] Consistent Prebiotic Effects of Carrot RG-I on the Gut Microbiota of Four Human Adult Donors in the SHIME® Model despite Baseline Individual Variability. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34683463/ DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102142
tissue_or_cell_type
Simulated colonic compartments
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 906–917
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · M-SHIME simulated colons with four donor microbiotas · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-crgi-acetate The carrot RG-I model intervention increased acetate by a reported 21.1 mM. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This particular extract supported microbial production of acetate in simulated colons. organism: Human fecal microbial communities in vitro tissue_or_cell_type: Simulated colonic compartments experimental_model: M-SHIME simulated colons with four donor microbiotas limitations: No human host received this regimen in this experiment. Donor-specific cultures and product composition limit extrapolation. exposure: Carrot RG-I extract, 3 g/day for three weeks in the model evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/34683463.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "38a179d5d001092c0d9595bb3d93ae4fcf8780bb7ae6286e0edfd27971c2aabc", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1830, "text_sha256": "38a179d5d001092c0d9595bb3d93ae4fcf8780bb7ae6286e0edfd27971c2aabc"} [pectin-p34683463] Consistent Prebiotic Effects of Carrot RG-I on the Gut Microbiota of Four Human Adult Donors in the SHIME® Model despite Baseline Individual Variability. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34683463/ DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102142
Complete structured claim and evidence
The carrot RG-I model intervention increased propionate by a reported 17.6 mM.
Carrot pectin extract enriched in RG-I → Propionate source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/34683463.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "38a179d5d001092c0d9595bb3d93ae4fcf8780bb7ae6286e0edfd27971c2aabc", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1830, "text_sha256": "38a179d5d001092c0d9595bb3d93ae4fcf8780bb7ae6286e0edfd27971c2aabc"}
experimental_model
M-SHIME simulated colons with four donor microbiotas
exposure
Carrot RG-I extract, 3 g/day for three weeks in the model
limitations
No human host received this regimen in this experiment. Donor-specific cultures and product composition limit extrapolation.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Human fecal microbial communities in vitro
plain_language
This particular extract supported microbial production of propionate in simulated colons.
primary_references
[pectin-p34683463] Consistent Prebiotic Effects of Carrot RG-I on the Gut Microbiota of Four Human Adult Donors in the SHIME® Model despite Baseline Individual Variability. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34683463/ DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102142
tissue_or_cell_type
Simulated colonic compartments
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 919–930
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · M-SHIME simulated colons with four donor microbiotas · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-crgi-propionate The carrot RG-I model intervention increased propionate by a reported 17.6 mM. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This particular extract supported microbial production of propionate in simulated colons. organism: Human fecal microbial communities in vitro tissue_or_cell_type: Simulated colonic compartments experimental_model: M-SHIME simulated colons with four donor microbiotas limitations: No human host received this regimen in this experiment. Donor-specific cultures and product composition limit extrapolation. exposure: Carrot RG-I extract, 3 g/day for three weeks in the model evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/34683463.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "38a179d5d001092c0d9595bb3d93ae4fcf8780bb7ae6286e0edfd27971c2aabc", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1830, "text_sha256": "38a179d5d001092c0d9595bb3d93ae4fcf8780bb7ae6286e0edfd27971c2aabc"} [pectin-p34683463] Consistent Prebiotic Effects of Carrot RG-I on the Gut Microbiota of Four Human Adult Donors in the SHIME® Model despite Baseline Individual Variability. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34683463/ DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102142
Complete structured claim and evidence
The carrot RG-I model intervention increased butyrate by a reported 4.1 mM.
Carrot pectin extract enriched in RG-I → Butyrate source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/34683463.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "38a179d5d001092c0d9595bb3d93ae4fcf8780bb7ae6286e0edfd27971c2aabc", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1830, "text_sha256": "38a179d5d001092c0d9595bb3d93ae4fcf8780bb7ae6286e0edfd27971c2aabc"}
experimental_model
M-SHIME simulated colons with four donor microbiotas
exposure
Carrot RG-I extract, 3 g/day for three weeks in the model
limitations
No human host received this regimen in this experiment. Donor-specific cultures and product composition limit extrapolation.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Human fecal microbial communities in vitro
plain_language
This particular extract supported microbial production of butyrate in simulated colons.
primary_references
[pectin-p34683463] Consistent Prebiotic Effects of Carrot RG-I on the Gut Microbiota of Four Human Adult Donors in the SHIME® Model despite Baseline Individual Variability. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34683463/ DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102142
tissue_or_cell_type
Simulated colonic compartments
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 932–943
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · M-SHIME simulated colons with four donor microbiotas · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-crgi-butyrate The carrot RG-I model intervention increased butyrate by a reported 4.1 mM. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This particular extract supported microbial production of butyrate in simulated colons. organism: Human fecal microbial communities in vitro tissue_or_cell_type: Simulated colonic compartments experimental_model: M-SHIME simulated colons with four donor microbiotas limitations: No human host received this regimen in this experiment. Donor-specific cultures and product composition limit extrapolation. exposure: Carrot RG-I extract, 3 g/day for three weeks in the model evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/34683463.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "38a179d5d001092c0d9595bb3d93ae4fcf8780bb7ae6286e0edfd27971c2aabc", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1830, "text_sha256": "38a179d5d001092c0d9595bb3d93ae4fcf8780bb7ae6286e0edfd27971c2aabc"} [pectin-p34683463] Consistent Prebiotic Effects of Carrot RG-I on the Gut Microbiota of Four Human Adult Donors in the SHIME® Model despite Baseline Individual Variability. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34683463/ DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102142
Complete structured claim and evidence
L. eligens DSM3376 outcompeted P. vulgatus DSM1447 in the tested pectin co-cultures.
Lachnospira eligens DSM 3376 → Phocaeicola vulgatus DSM 1447 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/40439696.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "40b7f781968c7c518a5e367801c9d2b71aee4cf5c57d04bc51178e57c4bc8bf8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1667, "text_sha256": "40b7f781968c7c518a5e367801c9d2b71aee4cf5c57d04bc51178e57c4bc8bf8"}
experimental_model
23 human gut bacterial isolates and synthetic co-cultures
exposure
Pectins from different plant sources
limitations
Growth and inferred cross-feeding do not measure clinical benefit; strain competition depends on culture and substrate.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Specified bacterial strains isolated from humans
plain_language
Sharing the same food does not mean all pectin users increase together.
primary_references
[pectin-p40439696] Roles of human colonic bacteria in pectin utilization and associated cross-feeding networks revealed using synthetic co-cultures. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40439696/ DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001559
tissue_or_cell_type
Anaerobic culture
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 945–956
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · 23 human gut bacterial isolates and synthetic co-cultures · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-competition-vulgatus L. eligens DSM3376 outcompeted P. vulgatus DSM1447 in the tested pectin co-cultures. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Sharing the same food does not mean all pectin users increase together. organism: Specified bacterial strains isolated from humans tissue_or_cell_type: Anaerobic culture experimental_model: 23 human gut bacterial isolates and synthetic co-cultures limitations: Growth and inferred cross-feeding do not measure clinical benefit; strain competition depends on culture and substrate. exposure: Pectins from different plant sources evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/40439696.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "40b7f781968c7c518a5e367801c9d2b71aee4cf5c57d04bc51178e57c4bc8bf8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1667, "text_sha256": "40b7f781968c7c518a5e367801c9d2b71aee4cf5c57d04bc51178e57c4bc8bf8"} [pectin-p40439696] Roles of human colonic bacteria in pectin utilization and associated cross-feeding networks revealed using synthetic co-cultures. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40439696/ DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001559
Complete structured claim and evidence
S. copri DSM18205 appeared more dependent on cross-feeding in the presence of L. eligens DSM3376.
Lachnospira eligens DSM 3376 → Segatella copri DSM 18205 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/40439696.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "40b7f781968c7c518a5e367801c9d2b71aee4cf5c57d04bc51178e57c4bc8bf8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1667, "text_sha256": "40b7f781968c7c518a5e367801c9d2b71aee4cf5c57d04bc51178e57c4bc8bf8"}
experimental_model
23 human gut bacterial isolates and synthetic co-cultures
exposure
Pectins from different plant sources
limitations
Growth and inferred cross-feeding do not measure clinical benefit; strain competition depends on culture and substrate.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Specified bacterial strains isolated from humans
plain_language
One organism may shift from opening pectin to using another organism's products.
primary_references
[pectin-p40439696] Roles of human colonic bacteria in pectin utilization and associated cross-feeding networks revealed using synthetic co-cultures. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40439696/ DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001559
tissue_or_cell_type
Anaerobic culture
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 958–969
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · 23 human gut bacterial isolates and synthetic co-cultures · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-competition-copri S. copri DSM18205 appeared more dependent on cross-feeding in the presence of L. eligens DSM3376. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: One organism may shift from opening pectin to using another organism's products. organism: Specified bacterial strains isolated from humans tissue_or_cell_type: Anaerobic culture experimental_model: 23 human gut bacterial isolates and synthetic co-cultures limitations: Growth and inferred cross-feeding do not measure clinical benefit; strain competition depends on culture and substrate. exposure: Pectins from different plant sources evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/40439696.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "40b7f781968c7c518a5e367801c9d2b71aee4cf5c57d04bc51178e57c4bc8bf8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1667, "text_sha256": "40b7f781968c7c518a5e367801c9d2b71aee4cf5c57d04bc51178e57c4bc8bf8"} [pectin-p40439696] Roles of human colonic bacteria in pectin utilization and associated cross-feeding networks revealed using synthetic co-cultures. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40439696/ DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001559
Complete structured claim and evidence
The growth patterns suggested use of both backbone- and side-chain-derived products by R. intestinalis M50/1.
Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides → Roseburia intestinalis M50/1 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/40439696.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "40b7f781968c7c518a5e367801c9d2b71aee4cf5c57d04bc51178e57c4bc8bf8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1667, "text_sha256": "40b7f781968c7c518a5e367801c9d2b71aee4cf5c57d04bc51178e57c4bc8bf8"}
experimental_model
23 human gut bacterial isolates and synthetic co-cultures
exposure
Pectins from different plant sources
limitations
Growth and inferred cross-feeding do not measure clinical benefit; strain competition depends on culture and substrate.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Specified bacterial strains isolated from humans
plain_language
Some bacteria benefit from fragments released by other bacteria.
primary_references
[pectin-p40439696] Roles of human colonic bacteria in pectin utilization and associated cross-feeding networks revealed using synthetic co-cultures. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40439696/ DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001559
tissue_or_cell_type
Anaerobic culture
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 971–982
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · 23 human gut bacterial isolates and synthetic co-cultures · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-roseburia-crossfeeding The growth patterns suggested use of both backbone- and side-chain-derived products by R. intestinalis M50/1. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Some bacteria benefit from fragments released by other bacteria. organism: Specified bacterial strains isolated from humans tissue_or_cell_type: Anaerobic culture experimental_model: 23 human gut bacterial isolates and synthetic co-cultures limitations: Growth and inferred cross-feeding do not measure clinical benefit; strain competition depends on culture and substrate. exposure: Pectins from different plant sources evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/40439696.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "40b7f781968c7c518a5e367801c9d2b71aee4cf5c57d04bc51178e57c4bc8bf8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1667, "text_sha256": "40b7f781968c7c518a5e367801c9d2b71aee4cf5c57d04bc51178e57c4bc8bf8"} [pectin-p40439696] Roles of human colonic bacteria in pectin utilization and associated cross-feeding networks revealed using synthetic co-cultures. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40439696/ DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001559
Complete structured claim and evidence
F. duncaniae A2-165 grew better in co-cultures supplied with HG-rich pectins.
Pectic homogalacturonan / HG → Faecalibacterium duncaniae A2-165 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/40439696.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "40b7f781968c7c518a5e367801c9d2b71aee4cf5c57d04bc51178e57c4bc8bf8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1667, "text_sha256": "40b7f781968c7c518a5e367801c9d2b71aee4cf5c57d04bc51178e57c4bc8bf8"}
experimental_model
23 human gut bacterial isolates and synthetic co-cultures
exposure
Pectins from different plant sources
limitations
Growth and inferred cross-feeding do not measure clinical benefit; strain competition depends on culture and substrate.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Specified bacterial strains isolated from humans
plain_language
The backbone composition affected which cross-feeder benefited.
primary_references
[pectin-p40439696] Roles of human colonic bacteria in pectin utilization and associated cross-feeding networks revealed using synthetic co-cultures. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40439696/ DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001559
tissue_or_cell_type
Anaerobic culture
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 984–995
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · 23 human gut bacterial isolates and synthetic co-cultures · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-faecali-crossfeeding F. duncaniae A2-165 grew better in co-cultures supplied with HG-rich pectins. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The backbone composition affected which cross-feeder benefited. organism: Specified bacterial strains isolated from humans tissue_or_cell_type: Anaerobic culture experimental_model: 23 human gut bacterial isolates and synthetic co-cultures limitations: Growth and inferred cross-feeding do not measure clinical benefit; strain competition depends on culture and substrate. exposure: Pectins from different plant sources evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/40439696.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "40b7f781968c7c518a5e367801c9d2b71aee4cf5c57d04bc51178e57c4bc8bf8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1667, "text_sha256": "40b7f781968c7c518a5e367801c9d2b71aee4cf5c57d04bc51178e57c4bc8bf8"} [pectin-p40439696] Roles of human colonic bacteria in pectin utilization and associated cross-feeding networks revealed using synthetic co-cultures. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40439696/ DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001559
Complete structured claim and evidence
The intervention did not significantly alter the measured fecal microbiota profiles.
Sugar beet pectin → Human fecal microbiota composition source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/31547291.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "cd2a4b1f6d299d573d8ea5077447bc45c8d8c6da58fa25c7835f01c5488d9db4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1451, "text_sha256": "cd2a4b1f6d299d573d8ea5077447bc45c8d8c6da58fa25c7835f01c5488d9db4"}
experimental_model
Randomized placebo-controlled feeding; young and older healthy adults
exposure
15 g/day sugar beet pectin versus maltodextrin for four weeks
limitations
Related analysis of the same cohort as PMID31324040, not an independent replication. Fecal concentration is not production flux.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
Laboratory cross-feeding does not guarantee a detectable stool-community change.
primary_references
[pectin-p31547291] Sugar Beet Pectin Supplementation Did Not Alter Profiles of Fecal Microbiota and Exhaled Breath in Healthy Young Adults and Healthy Elderly. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31547291/ DOI: 10.3390/nu11092193
tissue_or_cell_type
Feces and microbial profiling
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 997–1008
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized placebo-controlled feeding; young and older healthy adults · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-human-microbiota-null The intervention did not significantly alter the measured fecal microbiota profiles. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Laboratory cross-feeding does not guarantee a detectable stool-community change. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Feces and microbial profiling experimental_model: Randomized placebo-controlled feeding; young and older healthy adults limitations: Related analysis of the same cohort as PMID31324040, not an independent replication. Fecal concentration is not production flux. exposure: 15 g/day sugar beet pectin versus maltodextrin for four weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/31547291.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "cd2a4b1f6d299d573d8ea5077447bc45c8d8c6da58fa25c7835f01c5488d9db4", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1451, "text_sha256": "cd2a4b1f6d299d573d8ea5077447bc45c8d8c6da58fa25c7835f01c5488d9db4"} [pectin-p31547291] Sugar Beet Pectin Supplementation Did Not Alter Profiles of Fecal Microbiota and Exhaled Breath in Healthy Young Adults and Healthy Elderly. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31547291/ DOI: 10.3390/nu11092193
Complete structured claim and evidence
Measured gastroduodenal, small-intestinal, colonic and whole-gut permeability did not improve significantly.
Sugar beet pectin → Human intestinal permeability measured by sugar probes source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/31324040.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4794205aa64876bf788ee1195c9a68a69c3090a0d334eaf6fc2dbf201c02858e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1425, "text_sha256": "4794205aa64876bf788ee1195c9a68a69c3090a0d334eaf6fc2dbf201c02858e"}
experimental_model
Randomized controlled feeding; 52 young and 48 older adults enrolled
exposure
15 g/day pectin versus placebo for four weeks
limitations
Same intervention cohort as PMID31547291; healthy baseline participants. A null result here does not settle disease-specific effects.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
The trial did not show improved measured gut permeability.
primary_references
[pectin-p31324040] The Impact of Pectin Supplementation on Intestinal Barrier Function in Healthy Young Adults and Healthy Elderly. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31324040/ DOI: 10.3390/nu11071554
tissue_or_cell_type
Intestinal sugar permeability probes and colonic biopsies
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1023–1034
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized controlled feeding; 52 young and 48 older adults enrolled · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-barrier-null Measured gastroduodenal, small-intestinal, colonic and whole-gut permeability did not improve significantly. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The trial did not show improved measured gut permeability. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal sugar permeability probes and colonic biopsies experimental_model: Randomized controlled feeding; 52 young and 48 older adults enrolled limitations: Same intervention cohort as PMID31547291; healthy baseline participants. A null result here does not settle disease-specific effects. exposure: 15 g/day pectin versus placebo for four weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/31324040.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4794205aa64876bf788ee1195c9a68a69c3090a0d334eaf6fc2dbf201c02858e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1425, "text_sha256": "4794205aa64876bf788ee1195c9a68a69c3090a0d334eaf6fc2dbf201c02858e"} [pectin-p31324040] The Impact of Pectin Supplementation on Intestinal Barrier Function in Healthy Young Adults and Healthy Elderly. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31324040/ DOI: 10.3390/nu11071554
Complete structured claim and evidence
Colonic biopsy electrical resistance was not significantly changed.
Sugar beet pectin → Human colonic biopsy transepithelial electrical resistance source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/31324040.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4794205aa64876bf788ee1195c9a68a69c3090a0d334eaf6fc2dbf201c02858e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1425, "text_sha256": "4794205aa64876bf788ee1195c9a68a69c3090a0d334eaf6fc2dbf201c02858e"}
experimental_model
Randomized controlled feeding; 52 young and 48 older adults enrolled
exposure
15 g/day pectin versus placebo for four weeks
limitations
Same intervention cohort as PMID31547291; healthy baseline participants. A null result here does not settle disease-specific effects.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
A second barrier measurement was also unchanged.
primary_references
[pectin-p31324040] The Impact of Pectin Supplementation on Intestinal Barrier Function in Healthy Young Adults and Healthy Elderly. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31324040/ DOI: 10.3390/nu11071554
tissue_or_cell_type
Intestinal sugar permeability probes and colonic biopsies
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1036–1047
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized controlled feeding; 52 young and 48 older adults enrolled · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-teer-null Colonic biopsy electrical resistance was not significantly changed. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A second barrier measurement was also unchanged. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Intestinal sugar permeability probes and colonic biopsies experimental_model: Randomized controlled feeding; 52 young and 48 older adults enrolled limitations: Same intervention cohort as PMID31547291; healthy baseline participants. A null result here does not settle disease-specific effects. exposure: 15 g/day pectin versus placebo for four weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/31324040.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4794205aa64876bf788ee1195c9a68a69c3090a0d334eaf6fc2dbf201c02858e", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1425, "text_sha256": "4794205aa64876bf788ee1195c9a68a69c3090a0d334eaf6fc2dbf201c02858e"} [pectin-p31324040] The Impact of Pectin Supplementation on Intestinal Barrier Function in Healthy Young Adults and Healthy Elderly. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31324040/ DOI: 10.3390/nu11071554
Complete structured claim and evidence
MCP did not produce the proposed improvement in collagen turnover markers; the borderline PIIINP between-group difference (p=0.05) was driven mainly by an increase in the MCP group.
Modified citrus pectin, product-specific → Human circulating collagen turnover markers source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/33532663.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9600257cc318b4b6bdb0c2d95c4b42f8644220c06bb0581dc604ca4e7d7ba051", "start_char": 14495, "end_char": 19456, "text_sha256": "7914ef3745e7ff82580f8ed02f013628d44c7461d6ce4dbc254b273561c8a732"}
experimental_model
Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled proof-of-concept trial
exposure
68 randomized participants with hypertension and elevated galectin-3; Pectasol-C 4.8 g three times/day for six months; 52 had complete biomarker data
limitations
Target inhibition was not established by dosing alone. Surrogate endpoints and incomplete follow-up; no demonstrated heart-failure treatment benefit.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
The human trial did not confirm the proposed antifibrotic marker benefit.
primary_references
[pectin-p33532663] Galectin-3 Inhibition With Modified Citrus Pectin in Hypertension. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33532663/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.10.006
tissue_or_cell_type
Blood collagen markers, cardiac and vascular assessments
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1049–1060
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled proof-of-concept trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-mcp-collagen-null MCP did not produce the proposed improvement in collagen turnover markers; the borderline PIIINP between-group difference (p=0.05) was driven mainly by an increase in the MCP group. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The human trial did not confirm the proposed antifibrotic marker benefit. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Blood collagen markers, cardiac and vascular assessments experimental_model: Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled proof-of-concept trial limitations: Target inhibition was not established by dosing alone. Surrogate endpoints and incomplete follow-up; no demonstrated heart-failure treatment benefit. exposure: 68 randomized participants with hypertension and elevated galectin-3; Pectasol-C 4.8 g three times/day for six months; 52 had complete biomarker data evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/33532663.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9600257cc318b4b6bdb0c2d95c4b42f8644220c06bb0581dc604ca4e7d7ba051", "start_char": 14495, "end_char": 19456, "text_sha256": "7914ef3745e7ff82580f8ed02f013628d44c7461d6ce4dbc254b273561c8a732"} [pectin-p33532663] Galectin-3 Inhibition With Modified Citrus Pectin in Hypertension. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33532663/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.10.006
Complete structured claim and evidence
No significant treatment benefit in measured diastolic function was found.
Modified citrus pectin, product-specific → Human cardiac diastolic function source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/33532663.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9600257cc318b4b6bdb0c2d95c4b42f8644220c06bb0581dc604ca4e7d7ba051", "start_char": 14495, "end_char": 19456, "text_sha256": "7914ef3745e7ff82580f8ed02f013628d44c7461d6ce4dbc254b273561c8a732"}
experimental_model
Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled proof-of-concept trial
exposure
68 randomized participants with hypertension and elevated galectin-3; Pectasol-C 4.8 g three times/day for six months; 52 had complete biomarker data
limitations
Target inhibition was not established by dosing alone. Surrogate endpoints and incomplete follow-up; no demonstrated heart-failure treatment benefit.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
A measurable improvement in heart relaxation was not established.
primary_references
[pectin-p33532663] Galectin-3 Inhibition With Modified Citrus Pectin in Hypertension. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33532663/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.10.006
tissue_or_cell_type
Blood collagen markers, cardiac and vascular assessments
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1062–1073
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled proof-of-concept trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-mcp-cardiac-null No significant treatment benefit in measured diastolic function was found. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A measurable improvement in heart relaxation was not established. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Blood collagen markers, cardiac and vascular assessments experimental_model: Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled proof-of-concept trial limitations: Target inhibition was not established by dosing alone. Surrogate endpoints and incomplete follow-up; no demonstrated heart-failure treatment benefit. exposure: 68 randomized participants with hypertension and elevated galectin-3; Pectasol-C 4.8 g three times/day for six months; 52 had complete biomarker data evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/33532663.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9600257cc318b4b6bdb0c2d95c4b42f8644220c06bb0581dc604ca4e7d7ba051", "start_char": 14495, "end_char": 19456, "text_sha256": "7914ef3745e7ff82580f8ed02f013628d44c7461d6ce4dbc254b273561c8a732"} [pectin-p33532663] Galectin-3 Inhibition With Modified Citrus Pectin in Hypertension. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33532663/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.10.006
Complete structured claim and evidence
No significant treatment benefit in measured arterial stiffness was found.
Modified citrus pectin, product-specific → Arterial stiffness source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/33532663.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9600257cc318b4b6bdb0c2d95c4b42f8644220c06bb0581dc604ca4e7d7ba051", "start_char": 14495, "end_char": 19456, "text_sha256": "7914ef3745e7ff82580f8ed02f013628d44c7461d6ce4dbc254b273561c8a732"}
experimental_model
Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled proof-of-concept trial
exposure
68 randomized participants with hypertension and elevated galectin-3; Pectasol-C 4.8 g three times/day for six months; 52 had complete biomarker data
limitations
Target inhibition was not established by dosing alone. Surrogate endpoints and incomplete follow-up; no demonstrated heart-failure treatment benefit.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
The vascular surrogate also did not establish benefit.
primary_references
[pectin-p33532663] Galectin-3 Inhibition With Modified Citrus Pectin in Hypertension. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33532663/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.10.006
tissue_or_cell_type
Blood collagen markers, cardiac and vascular assessments
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1075–1086
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled proof-of-concept trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-mcp-stiffness-null No significant treatment benefit in measured arterial stiffness was found. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The vascular surrogate also did not establish benefit. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Blood collagen markers, cardiac and vascular assessments experimental_model: Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled proof-of-concept trial limitations: Target inhibition was not established by dosing alone. Surrogate endpoints and incomplete follow-up; no demonstrated heart-failure treatment benefit. exposure: 68 randomized participants with hypertension and elevated galectin-3; Pectasol-C 4.8 g three times/day for six months; 52 had complete biomarker data evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/33532663.fulltext.txt", "locator": "Primary full-text span; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9600257cc318b4b6bdb0c2d95c4b42f8644220c06bb0581dc604ca4e7d7ba051", "start_char": 14495, "end_char": 19456, "text_sha256": "7914ef3745e7ff82580f8ed02f013628d44c7461d6ce4dbc254b273561c8a732"} [pectin-p33532663] Galectin-3 Inhibition With Modified Citrus Pectin in Hypertension. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33532663/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.10.006
Complete structured claim and evidence
Urinary arsenic was 130% higher on the first collection day, with reported p<0.05.
Modified citrus pectin, product-specific → Human urinary arsenic excretion source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/16835878.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ba618bbf53b858a6295bf517eb175d297b6632e62e6f067acb97f7e032e1d935", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1337, "text_sha256": "ba618bbf53b858a6295bf517eb175d297b6632e62e6f067acb97f7e032e1d935"}
experimental_model
Uncontrolled exploratory urinary element excretion study
exposure
PectaSol MCP: mean molecular weight 15400, DE3.8%; 15 g/day five days and 20 g on day six
limitations
No randomized comparator, whole-body burden endpoint or demonstrated systemic chelation mechanism. Urinary excretion is not proof of clinical detoxification.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
An uncontrolled pilot measured more arsenic in urine.
primary_references
[pectin-p16835878] The effect of modified citrus pectin on urinary excretion of toxic elements. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16835878/ DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1953
tissue_or_cell_type
24-hour urine
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1088–1099
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Uncontrolled exploratory urinary element excretion study · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-arsenic-urine Urinary arsenic was 130% higher on the first collection day, with reported p<0.05. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: An uncontrolled pilot measured more arsenic in urine. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: 24-hour urine experimental_model: Uncontrolled exploratory urinary element excretion study limitations: No randomized comparator, whole-body burden endpoint or demonstrated systemic chelation mechanism. Urinary excretion is not proof of clinical detoxification. exposure: PectaSol MCP: mean molecular weight 15400, DE3.8%; 15 g/day five days and 20 g on day six evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/16835878.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ba618bbf53b858a6295bf517eb175d297b6632e62e6f067acb97f7e032e1d935", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1337, "text_sha256": "ba618bbf53b858a6295bf517eb175d297b6632e62e6f067acb97f7e032e1d935"} [pectin-p16835878] The effect of modified citrus pectin on urinary excretion of toxic elements. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16835878/ DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1953
Complete structured claim and evidence
Urinary cadmium was 150% higher on day six, with reported p<0.05.
Modified citrus pectin, product-specific → Human urinary cadmium excretion source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/16835878.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ba618bbf53b858a6295bf517eb175d297b6632e62e6f067acb97f7e032e1d935", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1337, "text_sha256": "ba618bbf53b858a6295bf517eb175d297b6632e62e6f067acb97f7e032e1d935"}
experimental_model
Uncontrolled exploratory urinary element excretion study
exposure
PectaSol MCP: mean molecular weight 15400, DE3.8%; 15 g/day five days and 20 g on day six
limitations
No randomized comparator, whole-body burden endpoint or demonstrated systemic chelation mechanism. Urinary excretion is not proof of clinical detoxification.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
The pilot also reported more cadmium excretion.
primary_references
[pectin-p16835878] The effect of modified citrus pectin on urinary excretion of toxic elements. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16835878/ DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1953
tissue_or_cell_type
24-hour urine
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1101–1112
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Uncontrolled exploratory urinary element excretion study · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-cadmium-urine Urinary cadmium was 150% higher on day six, with reported p<0.05. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The pilot also reported more cadmium excretion. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: 24-hour urine experimental_model: Uncontrolled exploratory urinary element excretion study limitations: No randomized comparator, whole-body burden endpoint or demonstrated systemic chelation mechanism. Urinary excretion is not proof of clinical detoxification. exposure: PectaSol MCP: mean molecular weight 15400, DE3.8%; 15 g/day five days and 20 g on day six evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/16835878.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ba618bbf53b858a6295bf517eb175d297b6632e62e6f067acb97f7e032e1d935", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1337, "text_sha256": "ba618bbf53b858a6295bf517eb175d297b6632e62e6f067acb97f7e032e1d935"} [pectin-p16835878] The effect of modified citrus pectin on urinary excretion of toxic elements. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16835878/ DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1953
Complete structured claim and evidence
The reported 560% lead-excretion increase had p<0.08, not a reported conventional p<0.05 result.
Modified citrus pectin, product-specific → Human urinary lead excretion source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/16835878.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ba618bbf53b858a6295bf517eb175d297b6632e62e6f067acb97f7e032e1d935", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1337, "text_sha256": "ba618bbf53b858a6295bf517eb175d297b6632e62e6f067acb97f7e032e1d935"}
experimental_model
Uncontrolled exploratory urinary element excretion study
exposure
PectaSol MCP: mean molecular weight 15400, DE3.8%; 15 g/day five days and 20 g on day six
limitations
No randomized comparator, whole-body burden endpoint or demonstrated systemic chelation mechanism. Urinary excretion is not proof of clinical detoxification.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
The dramatic percentage should not be described as a demonstrated significant lead-removal benefit.
primary_references
[pectin-p16835878] The effect of modified citrus pectin on urinary excretion of toxic elements. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16835878/ DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1953
tissue_or_cell_type
24-hour urine
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1114–1125
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Uncontrolled exploratory urinary element excretion study · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-lead-uncertain The reported 560% lead-excretion increase had p<0.08, not a reported conventional p<0.05 result. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The dramatic percentage should not be described as a demonstrated significant lead-removal benefit. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: 24-hour urine experimental_model: Uncontrolled exploratory urinary element excretion study limitations: No randomized comparator, whole-body burden endpoint or demonstrated systemic chelation mechanism. Urinary excretion is not proof of clinical detoxification. exposure: PectaSol MCP: mean molecular weight 15400, DE3.8%; 15 g/day five days and 20 g on day six evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/16835878.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ba618bbf53b858a6295bf517eb175d297b6632e62e6f067acb97f7e032e1d935", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1337, "text_sha256": "ba618bbf53b858a6295bf517eb175d297b6632e62e6f067acb97f7e032e1d935"} [pectin-p16835878] The effect of modified citrus pectin on urinary excretion of toxic elements. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16835878/ DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1953
Complete structured claim and evidence
Recovery in the pectin group was 59% versus 15% control on day three and 82% versus 23% on day four.
Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides → Recovery from persistent diarrhea in the specified pediatric trial source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/11522739.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "955d993768cd772b8a0a137cc97e04a6e83d892f7dd430ce38b27063841b83b2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1414, "text_sha256": "955d993768cd772b8a0a137cc97e04a6e83d892f7dd430ce38b27063841b83b2"}
experimental_model
Randomized double-blind dietary trial in hospitalized infants
exposure
62 total: pectin19, cooked banana22, rice-control21; seven-day diets; abstract reports pectin 4 g/kg
limitations
Historical supervised treatment context with rehydration available. Not an instruction for infant self-treatment, an ORS replacement or proof of a particular molecular mechanism.
nutrient_topic
Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides
organism
Homo sapiens
plain_language
This supervised dietary trial found faster recovery in the pectin group.
primary_references
[pectin-p11522739] Clinical studies in persistent diarrhea: dietary management with green banana or pectin in Bangladeshi children. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11522739/ DOI: 10.1053/gast.2001.27178
tissue_or_cell_type
Persistent diarrhea; boys aged 5-12 months
Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1127–1138
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized double-blind dietary trial in hospitalized infants · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### pectin-diarrhea-trial Recovery in the pectin group was 59% versus 15% control on day three and 82% versus 23% on day four. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This supervised dietary trial found faster recovery in the pectin group. organism: Homo sapiens tissue_or_cell_type: Persistent diarrhea; boys aged 5-12 months experimental_model: Randomized double-blind dietary trial in hospitalized infants limitations: Historical supervised treatment context with rehydration available. Not an instruction for infant self-treatment, an ORS replacement or proof of a particular molecular mechanism. exposure: 62 total: pectin19, cooked banana22, rice-control21; seven-day diets; abstract reports pectin 4 g/kg evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/11522739.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "955d993768cd772b8a0a137cc97e04a6e83d892f7dd430ce38b27063841b83b2", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1414, "text_sha256": "955d993768cd772b8a0a137cc97e04a6e83d892f7dd430ce38b27063841b83b2"} [pectin-p11522739] Clinical studies in persistent diarrhea: dietary management with green banana or pectin in Bangladeshi children. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11522739/ DOI: 10.1053/gast.2001.27178
Complete structured claim and evidence
Purified human BCO1 cleaved all-trans-beta-carotene centrally to all-trans-retinal.
Beta-carotene oxygenase 1 / BCO1 → All-trans-retinal source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_location
Figure 3
experimental_model
Purified human BCO1 expressed in E. coli; substrate incubations and HPLC.
exposure
20 micromolar beta-carotene, 500 ng enzyme/200 microliters, 37 C, 15 minutes.
limitations
Purified-enzyme rates do not determine dietary conversion efficiency.
nutrient_topic
Vitamin A research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Vitamin A
organism
Homo sapiens protein expressed in Escherichia coli
outcome
Purified human BCO1 cleaved all-trans-beta-carotene centrally to all-trans-retinal.
plain_language
BCO1 turns a carotenoid precursor into retinal.
primary_references
[va-delasena-2013] Substrate specificity of purified recombinant human beta-carotene 15,15'-oxygenase (BCO1) (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24187135/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M113.507160
tissue_or_cell_type
Cell-free enzyme
Vitamin A: forms, mechanisms, deficiency and excess (2026-09-17) · lines 131–143
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified human BCO1 expressed in E. coli; substrate incubations and HPLC. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### va-bco1-central-cleavage Purified human BCO1 cleaved all-trans-beta-carotene centrally to all-trans-retinal. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Vitamin A research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: BCO1 turns a carotenoid precursor into retinal. organism: Homo sapiens protein expressed in Escherichia coli tissue_or_cell_type: Cell-free enzyme experimental_model: Purified human BCO1 expressed in E. coli; substrate incubations and HPLC. limitations: Purified-enzyme rates do not determine dietary conversion efficiency. exposure: 20 micromolar beta-carotene, 500 ng enzyme/200 microliters, 37 C, 15 minutes. outcome: Purified human BCO1 cleaved all-trans-beta-carotene centrally to all-trans-retinal. evidence_location: Figure 3 [va-delasena-2013] Substrate specificity of purified recombinant human beta-carotene 15,15'-oxygenase (BCO1) (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24187135/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M113.507160
Complete structured claim and evidence

Availability and dependencies

Each situation shows the normal role first, then what the sources report under a specific condition. A shortfall in the diet, a fault in the machinery, and a low blood reading are kept separate because they are not the same thing.

When the bacterial opening enzyme is absent

Condition: machinery_impairment · Experimental deletion of bt-bt4116.

Normal role: bt-bt4116 begins breakdown of pectic-homogalacturonan.

Recorded consequence: The tested bacterium no longer grows on the corresponding intact substrate.

Scope: B. thetaiotaomicron defined-substrate culture

When the bacterial opening enzyme is absent

Condition: machinery_impairment · Experimental deletion of bt-bt4170.

Normal role: bt-bt4170 begins breakdown of pectic-rhamnogalacturonan-i.

Recorded consequence: The tested bacterium no longer grows on the corresponding intact substrate.

Scope: B. thetaiotaomicron defined-substrate culture

When receptor charge is experimentally changed

Condition: machinery_impairment · Four residues were replaced by glutamine instead of two.

Normal role: Low-DM pectin interacts with positively charged TLR2 regions.

Recorded consequence: DM7 binding was lower for QQQQ than RRQQ.

Scope: Engineered human receptor constructs

The sources

Every document behind this chapter is preserved word for word. Open one to read it in full with its recorded conflicts marked in place.

Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17)AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · unverified_draftRead preserved source
Vitamin A: forms, mechanisms, deficiency and excess (2026-09-17)AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · unverified_draftRead preserved source

Recorded disagreements

Where two sources say different things, both are kept and the difference is explained. You can discuss a disagreement or propose a mechanism that might account for it.

Open questions in this collection

Questions the curators could not answer from the sources in front of them, kept here with the reason each one is still open. These are gaps in this collection, not findings or proof that no one has studied them.

How much each bacterial enzyme limits pectin use in a particular person remains unresolved.Single-strain knockouts do not measure compensation by the complete microbiota.
Does pectin-driven fermentation improve a specific disease through a particular SCFA receptor?The bacterial, simulated-colon and human endpoint experiments do not complete every causal link; no receptor-mediated clinical claim is inferred from proximity in the graph.
Are modified citrus pectin products effective cancer treatments or substitutes for established metal-poisoning care?The selected binding and urinary pilot data do not establish these treatment outcomes, tissue exposure or a safe clinical replacement strategy.
Is there a specific pectin-deficiency syndrome or a universal ideal intake?Pectin is a dietary fiber family, not an established essential nutrient with an individual deficiency threshold. General low-fiber intake and loss of particular bacterial machinery are different questions.
Does ordinary long-term pectin intake cause clinically important mineral or vitamin depletion?Selected meal and ileostomy experiments do not establish a deficiency syndrome. Formulation, meal composition, adaptation and the intact colon matter.
What pectin-specific medicine interactions are clinically established for each preparation?Binding or delayed gastric emptying alone cannot specify the direction or magnitude of a drug interaction; no blanket drug-level claims or spacing rule are imported.
Which modified pectin preparations engage which galectin-3 sites at achievable human exposures?Physical binding, canonical-site inhibition and clinical benefit are different endpoints. These records do not assert a resolved molecular explanation or fabricate an orange conflict between non-equivalent assays.

Chapters are assembled from supplied drafts and curated literature summaries. Statements remain unverified against the primary studies, and the ledger is not medical advice.

Evidence, AI assistance and curation standards

Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides

The mechanisms

Approximately 70-100% of added uronic acids were recovered at the ileostomy.

Surface BT4116 cleaves HG; deleting it prevented growth on HG in the tested strain.

Deleting bt-bt4116 prevented growth on its corresponding pectic substrate in the tested bacterial strain.

Blood acetate began rising about six hours after pectin and remained around twice fasting levels for the following 18 hours.

Pectin reduced inorganic iron fractional absorption in the hemochromatosis group, whereas cellulose did not show the same result.

The beta-carotene plasma rise was smaller at 30 and 192 hours after the pectin meal; the 30-hour rise was reduced by more than half.

Citrus DE70 pectin reduced LDL by approximately 7-10% in the 15-g/day comparison, outperforming several other preparations.

Low-DM pectin inhibited stimulated TLR2-TLR1 signaling in the tested assays.

Tested pectic preparations were weak or inactive canonical-site inhibitors; reported pectic IC50 values, where measurable, exceeded 10 mg/mL.

Fecal SCFA profiles were not significantly changed.

Surface BT4170 initiates RG-I backbone cleavage.

Surface BT4668 supports galactan utilization; its deletion prevented growth on this substrate.

BT0367 deletion abolished the arabinan utilization phenotype.

The BT4170 catalytic apparatus contained Lys285 and calcium, with substrate specificity determined outside the immediate active site.

Deleting the SusC-like BT4114 transporter eliminated growth on HG; the second encoded pair did not substitute under these conditions.

BT4108 removes terminal unsaturated GalA from HG-derived fragments.

BT4123 depolymerizes BT4108 products to galacturonic acid.

BT4176 removes unsaturated terminal residues from RG-I fragments of degree of polymerization two.

BT4174 processes the unsaturated terminal residue in RG-I fragments of degree of polymerization at least four.

BT4145 is an RG-I-specific GH106 alpha-L-rhamnosidase acting by inversion.

BT4146 targets the tested GalA-Rha backbone substrate at degree of polymerization two.

BT4153 targets the tested GalA-Rha backbone substrates with degree of polymerization at least two.

BT4149 targets the tested GalA-Rha backbone substrates with degree of polymerization at least four.

The unsaturated RG-I tetrasaccharide bound the BT4178 sensor; saturated RG-I fragments did not.

Deleting bt-bt4170 prevented growth on its corresponding pectic substrate in the tested bacterial strain.

BT0996 contains a beta-D-glucuronidase module targeting RG-II chain A.

A separate beta-L-arabinofuranosidase module in BT0996 targets RG-II chain B.

BT1020 combines an N-terminal Dha hydrolase with a C-terminal beta-L-arabinofuranosidase for chain-D processing.

A borate ester bridges two RG-II molecules in the isolated plant-wall dimer.

Low-DM pectin bound TLR2 with results consistent with electrostatic interaction of free galacturonate groups and positively charged receptor regions.

TLR2-TLR6 signaling was not inhibited under the corresponding assay conditions.

DM7 reduced stimulus-dependent IL-6 release from human dendritic cells; at lower tested concentrations DM75 did not reproduce this effect.

DM7 also reduced stimulus-dependent IL-10 release in human dendritic cells.

DM7 binding was lower to R315Q/R316Q/R321Q/K347Q TLR2 than to the R321Q/K347Q construct.

DM7 reduced inflammatory features in the doxorubicin mouse ileitis model.

DM7 reduced the number of apoptotic ileal crypt cells after doxorubicin.

A pectic galactan preparation bound recombinant human galectin-3 in the reported physical assays.

Synthetic fragments representing the common pectic galactan configuration did not inhibit the tested galectins in this competition assay.

Lower methylesterification and greater blockiness favored zinc binding.

Calcium binding also increased with the tested structural changes.

Stronger zinc binding accompanied lower simulated-digestion bioaccessibility.

Apparent iron absorption fell in this ileostomy experiment.

Pectin increased sodium output in ileal effluent.

Pectin increased potassium output in ileal effluent.

Pectin increased ileal fat output.

Pectin increased ileal nitrogen output.

Apparent calcium absorption was unchanged in the ileostomy study.

Apparent zinc absorption was unchanged in this study.

In-vitro pectin iron-binding capacity increased with pectin exposure; cellulose lacked the comparable binding response.

Pectin was among soluble fibers that lowered beta-carotene AUC; the 33-43% range covered the soluble fibers tested.

Lycopene AUC was reduced with the tested fibers, including pectin; the multi-fiber effect range is not a pectin-specific number.

Lutein AUC was reduced with the tested fibers, including pectin.

Alpha-tocopherol AUC was not significantly affected by the tested fibers.

Stool wet weight rose by 33% during pectin feeding.

Fecal bile-acid excretion rose by 35%.

Calcium balance was unchanged during the tested pectin feeding period.

Apple DE70 pectin also reduced LDL in the 15-g/day study.

The tested high-molecular-weight DE70 citrus pectins at 6 g/day lowered LDL by approximately 6-7%.

The pectin meal delayed estimated gastric emptying relative to control.

Despite slower estimated emptying, the post-meal glucose profile was not significantly changed.

Pectin was associated with increased reported satiety in this experiment.

The satiety finding was not accompanied by a significant CCK change.

Pancreatic polypeptide was not significantly changed.

Added pectin increased SCFA generation in human fecal incubations; acetate was the major measured SCFA.

Pectin significantly reduced net ammonia generation in incubations after subjects had been pre-fed pectin; the reduction without pre-feeding was not significant.

The carrot RG-I model intervention increased acetate by a reported 21.1 mM.

The carrot RG-I model intervention increased propionate by a reported 17.6 mM.

The carrot RG-I model intervention increased butyrate by a reported 4.1 mM.

L. eligens DSM3376 outcompeted P. vulgatus DSM1447 in the tested pectin co-cultures.

S. copri DSM18205 appeared more dependent on cross-feeding in the presence of L. eligens DSM3376.

The growth patterns suggested use of both backbone- and side-chain-derived products by R. intestinalis M50/1.

F. duncaniae A2-165 grew better in co-cultures supplied with HG-rich pectins.

The intervention did not significantly alter the measured fecal microbiota profiles.

Measured gastroduodenal, small-intestinal, colonic and whole-gut permeability did not improve significantly.

Colonic biopsy electrical resistance was not significantly changed.

MCP did not produce the proposed improvement in collagen turnover markers; the borderline PIIINP between-group difference (p=0.05) was driven mainly by an increase in the MCP group.

No significant treatment benefit in measured diastolic function was found.

No significant treatment benefit in measured arterial stiffness was found.