Propionate

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

evidence_access

Primary preprint full text; not peer reviewed

experimental_model

Mouse KPC and human PDA cell assays; combined Ile/Val removal, twenty-four hours.

limitations

Preprint; deprivation of two amino acids cannot be attributed exclusively to one.

nutrient_topic

L-Isoleucine collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · L-Isoleucine

plain_language

Restoring one carbon product did not replace essential amino-acid supply.

primary_references

A nuclear branched-chain amino acid catabolism pathway controls histone propionylation in pancreatic cancer. · 2025 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40568091/ · DOI 10.1101/2025.04.23.650241

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

L-Isoleucine: transport, translation, catabolism and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-19) · lines 482–488

AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mouse KPC and human PDA cell assays; combined Ile/Val removal, twenty-four hours. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## isoleucine-pancreatic-preprint-rescue Restoring one carbon product did not replace essential amino-acid supply. In the preprint, propionate rescued propionyl-CoA and selected histone propionylation after combined isoleucine/valine deprivation, but did not restore proliferation. Model: Mouse KPC and human PDA cell assays; combined Ile/Val removal, twenty-four hours. Limitations: Preprint; deprivation of two amino acids cannot be attributed exclusively to one. Evidence access: Primary preprint full text; not peer reviewed A nuclear branched-chain amino acid catabolism pathway controls histone propionylation in pancreatic cancer. · 2025 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40568091/ · DOI 10.1101/2025.04.23.650241

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Mutant pathway analysis and enzyme characterization.

limitations

Whether this pathway changes human host exposure depends on community, substrate supply and environmental conditions.

nutrient_topic

L-Threonine collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · L-Threonine

plain_language

A microbial fermentation step releases energy as well as a short-chain fatty acid.

primary_references

Novel keto acid formate-lyase and propionate kinase enzymes are components of an anaerobic pathway in Escherichia coli that degrades L-threonine to propionate. · 1998 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9484901/ · DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.00696.x

L-Threonine: translation, intestinal barrier, metabolism and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-19) · lines 434–440

AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mutant pathway analysis and enzyme characterization. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## l-threonine-microbial-atp A microbial fermentation step releases energy as well as a short-chain fatty acid. E. coli TdcD or AckA converted propionyl phosphate to propionate with ATP generation in the anaerobic threonine-degradation pathway. Model: Mutant pathway analysis and enzyme characterization. Limitations: Whether this pathway changes human host exposure depends on community, substrate supply and environmental conditions. Evidence access: Primary abstract Novel keto acid formate-lyase and propionate kinase enzymes are components of an anaerobic pathway in Escherichia coli that degrades L-threonine to propionate. · 1998 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9484901/ · DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.00696.x

evidence_span

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experimental_model

M-SHIME simulated colons with four donor microbiotas

exposure

Carrot RG-I extract, 3 g/day for three weeks in the model

limitations

No human host received this regimen in this experiment. Donor-specific cultures and product composition limit extrapolation.

nutrient_topic

Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Pectin, structurally heterogeneous plant polysaccharides

organism

Human fecal microbial communities in vitro

plain_language

This particular extract supported microbial production of propionate in simulated colons.

primary_references

[pectin-p34683463] Consistent Prebiotic Effects of Carrot RG-I on the Gut Microbiota of Four Human Adult Donors in the SHIME® Model despite Baseline Individual Variability. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34683463/ DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102142

tissue_or_cell_type

Simulated colonic compartments

Pectin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 919–930

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · M-SHIME simulated colons with four donor microbiotas · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### pectin-crgi-propionate The carrot RG-I model intervention increased propionate by a reported 17.6 mM. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Pectin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This particular extract supported microbial production of propionate in simulated colons. organism: Human fecal microbial communities in vitro tissue_or_cell_type: Simulated colonic compartments experimental_model: M-SHIME simulated colons with four donor microbiotas limitations: No human host received this regimen in this experiment. Donor-specific cultures and product composition limit extrapolation. exposure: Carrot RG-I extract, 3 g/day for three weeks in the model evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/pectin-research/34683463.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "38a179d5d001092c0d9595bb3d93ae4fcf8780bb7ae6286e0edfd27971c2aabc", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1830, "text_sha256": "38a179d5d001092c0d9595bb3d93ae4fcf8780bb7ae6286e0edfd27971c2aabc"} [pectin-p34683463] Consistent Prebiotic Effects of Carrot RG-I on the Gut Microbiota of Four Human Adult Donors in the SHIME® Model despite Baseline Individual Variability. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34683463/ DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102142

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Fixed-sequence crossover intervention with three granolas over three days each

exposure

Granola containing low, medium or high cereal beta-glucan, given in that order

limitations

Fourteen completers, a fixed sequence rather than randomised order, and granolas that differed in other constituents including inulin. Short-chain fatty acids were measured in blood while faecal samples were used for the microbiota.

nutrient_topic

Beta-glucan research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and each preparation is recorded as its own entity with no family link joining any pair. · Beta-glucan

organism

Human

plain_language

Three days of a cereal glucan raised two of the three main fermentation acids in the blood.

primary_references

[bg-p35578615] A Three-Day Intervention With Granola Containing Cereal Beta-Glucan Improves Glycemic Response and Changes the Gut Microbiota in Healthy Individuals: A Crossover Study. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35578615/ DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.796362

tissue_or_cell_type

Blood and faecal microbiota

Beta-glucan: a structural family rather than an agent, what decides whether a bound glucan actually signals, the complement route that a cereal and a yeast preparation share, and the unequal human evidence behind each (2026-09-22) · lines 645–656

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Fixed-sequence crossover intervention with three granolas over three days each · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### bg-circulating-scfa-rise-with-granola A three-day intervention with granola containing cereal beta-glucan improved the glycemic response and changed the gut microbiota, with circulating acetate and butyrate increasing while propionate did not, in a study in which participants consumed granolas of differing beta-glucan content in fixed sequence and in which the granolas also differed in other constituents. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Beta-glucan research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and each preparation is recorded as its own entity with no family link joining any pair. plain_language: Three days of a cereal glucan raised two of the three main fermentation acids in the blood. organism: Human tissue_or_cell_type: Blood and faecal microbiota experimental_model: Fixed-sequence crossover intervention with three granolas over three days each limitations: Fourteen completers, a fixed sequence rather than randomised order, and granolas that differed in other constituents including inulin. Short-chain fatty acids were measured in blood while faecal samples were used for the microbiota. exposure: Granola containing low, medium or high cereal beta-glucan, given in that order evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/glucan-research/35578615.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "df79afd1ef3d79ffee2a9da5f5f7e487f296cca7e9ccfcda177266b08efed747", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2197, "text_sha256": "df79afd1ef3d79ffee2a9da5f5f7e487f296cca7e9ccfcda177266b08efed747"} [bg-p35578615] A Three-Day Intervention With Granola Containing Cereal Beta-Glucan Improves Glycemic Response and Changes the Gut Microbiota in Healthy Individuals: A Crossover Study. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35578615/ DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.796362

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Ligand bank screening in yeast, confirmed by calcium mobilisation, GTP-gamma-S binding and oocyte coexpression

exposure

Short chain carboxylic acid anions applied to recombinant GPR41 and GPR43

limitations

The deorphanising paper. Potencies come from recombinant systems, not from tissue, and the authors state plainly that the cognate physiological ligands are not clear.

nutrient_topic

Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid

organism

Human and mouse receptors

plain_language

Acetate is not only fuel; it is the signal that identified this receptor.

primary_references

[acetate-p12496283] The Orphan G protein-coupled receptors GPR41 and GPR43 are activated by propionate and other short chain carboxylic acids. (2003). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12496283/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m211609200

tissue_or_cell_type

Transfected mammalian cells and Xenopus oocytes

Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 225–236

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Ligand bank screening in yeast, confirmed by calcium mobilisation, GTP-gamma-S binding and oocyte coexpression · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### acetate-acetate-activates-ffar2 The acetate anion was identified as an agonist of human GPR43 during ligand bank screening in yeast and confirmed after transient transfection using calcium mobilisation and GTP-gamma-S binding assays and by coexpression with GIRK potassium channels in Xenopus oocytes, with formate, propionate, butyrate and pentanoate also showing agonist activity. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: Acetate is not only fuel; it is the signal that identified this receptor. organism: Human and mouse receptors tissue_or_cell_type: Transfected mammalian cells and Xenopus oocytes experimental_model: Ligand bank screening in yeast, confirmed by calcium mobilisation, GTP-gamma-S binding and oocyte coexpression limitations: The deorphanising paper. Potencies come from recombinant systems, not from tissue, and the authors state plainly that the cognate physiological ligands are not clear. exposure: Short chain carboxylic acid anions applied to recombinant GPR41 and GPR43 evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/12496283.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "83f7777cab02a7c69f063d21e26f895884724f46ad539ebc767d9e6f371bf64f", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1291, "text_sha256": "83f7777cab02a7c69f063d21e26f895884724f46ad539ebc767d9e6f371bf64f"} [acetate-p12496283] The Orphan G protein-coupled receptors GPR41 and GPR43 are activated by propionate and other short chain carboxylic acids. (2003). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12496283/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m211609200

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Isolated perfused rat colon with luminal and vascular short-chain fatty acid infusion and receptor pharmacology

exposure

Acetate, propionate and butyrate perfused luminally or vascularly, with FFAR2/FFAR3 agonists, an FFAR3 antagonist, nifedipine, diazoxide and 2,4-dinitrophenol

limitations

An isolated organ preparation with an intact blood supply. It reaches the opposite mechanistic conclusion from the knockout work in this collection and is why the receptor route is recorded as disputed.

nutrient_topic

Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid

organism

Rat

plain_language

Acetate and butyrate released the hormone from the isolated gut; propionate did not.

primary_references

[acetate-p29494208] The impact of short-chain fatty acids on GLP-1 and PYY secretion from the isolated perfused rat colon. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29494208/ DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00346.2017

tissue_or_cell_type

Colon

Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 329–340

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Isolated perfused rat colon with luminal and vascular short-chain fatty acid infusion and receptor pharmacology · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### acetate-acetate-glp1-perfused Luminal and especially vascular infusion of acetate and butyrate significantly increased colonic GLP-1 secretion and to a minor extent PYY secretion in the isolated perfused rat colon, but only after enhancement of intracellular cAMP, while propionate affected neither GLP-1 nor PYY by either route. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: Acetate and butyrate released the hormone from the isolated gut; propionate did not. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Colon experimental_model: Isolated perfused rat colon with luminal and vascular short-chain fatty acid infusion and receptor pharmacology limitations: An isolated organ preparation with an intact blood supply. It reaches the opposite mechanistic conclusion from the knockout work in this collection and is why the receptor route is recorded as disputed. exposure: Acetate, propionate and butyrate perfused luminally or vascularly, with FFAR2/FFAR3 agonists, an FFAR3 antagonist, nifedipine, diazoxide and 2,4-dinitrophenol evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/29494208.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9f8def7b832fdd5d5aed67891c84b18b597d558d9361a92412ccc44264b88126", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2445, "text_sha256": "9f8def7b832fdd5d5aed67891c84b18b597d558d9361a92412ccc44264b88126"} [acetate-p29494208] The impact of short-chain fatty acids on GLP-1 and PYY secretion from the isolated perfused rat colon. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29494208/ DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00346.2017

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Rat colonic epithelial cells with competing labelled substrates and ATP-citrate lyase inhibition

exposure

Labelled acetate, propionate, butyrate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, glucose and glutamine, with hydroxycitrate as an ATP-citrate lyase inhibitor

limitations

An isolated cell measurement. Its ATP-citrate lyase result anticipates by seventeen years the in vivo finding in this collection that lipogenic acetyl-CoA can arrive without that enzyme.

nutrient_topic

Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid

organism

Rat

plain_language

The cells lining the colon build their membranes mostly out of acetate, not out of glucose.

primary_references

[acetate-p14608066] Acetate and butyrate are the major substrates for de novo lipogenesis in rat colonic epithelial cells. (2003). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14608066/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/133.11.3509

tissue_or_cell_type

Colonic epithelium

Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 524–535

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rat colonic epithelial cells with competing labelled substrates and ATP-citrate lyase inhibition · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### acetate-colonocyte-prefers-acetate Acetate made a significantly larger carbon contribution to lipids than propionate, butyrate, glucose or glutamine in rat colonic epithelial cells, with butyrate and 3-hydroxybutyrate the other major contributors and glucose, glutamine and propionate making only minor contributions, and incorporation was significantly greater into phospholipids than into free fatty acids and triacylglycerides, suggesting the major role of this lipogenesis is membrane synthesis. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: The cells lining the colon build their membranes mostly out of acetate, not out of glucose. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Colonic epithelium experimental_model: Rat colonic epithelial cells with competing labelled substrates and ATP-citrate lyase inhibition limitations: An isolated cell measurement. Its ATP-citrate lyase result anticipates by seventeen years the in vivo finding in this collection that lipogenic acetyl-CoA can arrive without that enzyme. exposure: Labelled acetate, propionate, butyrate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, glucose and glutamine, with hydroxycitrate as an ATP-citrate lyase inhibitor evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/14608066.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b2c891f60d02b85a8f4e87f26751f1129b0445fe52fb35ca5e5e20a92d4ecc5a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1642, "text_sha256": "b2c891f60d02b85a8f4e87f26751f1129b0445fe52fb35ca5e5e20a92d4ecc5a"} [acetate-p14608066] Acetate and butyrate are the major substrates for de novo lipogenesis in rat colonic epithelial cells. (2003). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14608066/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/133.11.3509

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Wistar rats, C57BL6 mice and FFA2 knockout mice, with colonic crypt cultures and portal vein sampling

exposure

Propionate applied to colonic crypt cultures and infused into the colon, with FFA2 deletion as the test of mediation

limitations

Establishes the receptor-to-hormone step in rodents using propionate rather than acetate. The knockout is the strength of the design.

nutrient_topic

Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid

organism

Rat and mouse

plain_language

In rodents the receptor is what releases the two gut hormones; delete it and the response goes.

primary_references

[acetate-p25109781] The short chain fatty acid propionate stimulates GLP-1 and PYY secretion via free fatty acid receptor 2 in rodents. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25109781/ DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.153

tissue_or_cell_type

Colon

Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 316–327

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Wistar rats, C57BL6 mice and FFA2 knockout mice, with colonic crypt cultures and portal vein sampling · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### acetate-scfa-glp1-rodent Propionate stimulated secretion of both peptide YY and GLP-1 from wild-type murine colonic crypt cultures and this effect was significantly attenuated in cultures from FFA2 knockout mice, while intra-colonic infusion of propionate elevated both hormones in portal vein plasma in rats and mice but did not significantly stimulate their release in FFA2 knockout mice. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: In rodents the receptor is what releases the two gut hormones; delete it and the response goes. organism: Rat and mouse tissue_or_cell_type: Colon experimental_model: Wistar rats, C57BL6 mice and FFA2 knockout mice, with colonic crypt cultures and portal vein sampling limitations: Establishes the receptor-to-hormone step in rodents using propionate rather than acetate. The knockout is the strength of the design. exposure: Propionate applied to colonic crypt cultures and infused into the colon, with FFA2 deletion as the test of mediation evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/25109781.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "c3c934644f9308be7b2c26f969858debd0d1dbf19bee7e307e529d392fe135d6", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1621, "text_sha256": "c3c934644f9308be7b2c26f969858debd0d1dbf19bee7e307e529d392fe135d6"} [acetate-p25109781] The short chain fatty acid propionate stimulates GLP-1 and PYY secretion via free fatty acid receptor 2 in rodents. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25109781/ DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.153

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Isolated perfused rat colon with luminal and vascular short-chain fatty acid infusion and receptor pharmacology

exposure

Acetate, propionate and butyrate perfused luminally or vascularly, with FFAR2/FFAR3 agonists, an FFAR3 antagonist, nifedipine, diazoxide and 2,4-dinitrophenol

limitations

An isolated organ preparation with an intact blood supply. It reaches the opposite mechanistic conclusion from the knockout work in this collection and is why the receptor route is recorded as disputed.

nutrient_topic

Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid

organism

Rat

plain_language

The natural fatty acids are weak at this receptor; a synthetic drug is hundreds of times stronger.

primary_references

[acetate-p29494208] The impact of short-chain fatty acids on GLP-1 and PYY secretion from the isolated perfused rat colon. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29494208/ DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00346.2017

tissue_or_cell_type

Colon

Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 355–366

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Isolated perfused rat colon with luminal and vascular short-chain fatty acid infusion and receptor pharmacology · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### acetate-weak-partial-agonism Receptor studies confirmed acetate, propionate and butyrate to be low-potency partial agonists of FFAR2 compared with the synthetic agonist CFMB, which is a full agonist with roughly 750-fold higher potency than the short-chain fatty acids. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: The natural fatty acids are weak at this receptor; a synthetic drug is hundreds of times stronger. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Colon experimental_model: Isolated perfused rat colon with luminal and vascular short-chain fatty acid infusion and receptor pharmacology limitations: An isolated organ preparation with an intact blood supply. It reaches the opposite mechanistic conclusion from the knockout work in this collection and is why the receptor route is recorded as disputed. exposure: Acetate, propionate and butyrate perfused luminally or vascularly, with FFAR2/FFAR3 agonists, an FFAR3 antagonist, nifedipine, diazoxide and 2,4-dinitrophenol evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/29494208.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9f8def7b832fdd5d5aed67891c84b18b597d558d9361a92412ccc44264b88126", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2445, "text_sha256": "9f8def7b832fdd5d5aed67891c84b18b597d558d9361a92412ccc44264b88126"} [acetate-p29494208] The impact of short-chain fatty acids on GLP-1 and PYY secretion from the isolated perfused rat colon. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29494208/ DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00346.2017