Component

De novo lipogenesis

De novo lipogenesis. Species, exposure and limitations are retained in each linked claim.

7 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What acts on it

  1. Using in vivo isotope tracing, liver-specific deletion of Acly in mice was unable to suppress fructose-induced lipogenesis.

    Liver-specific ATP citrate lyase knockout mouse genotype → De novo lipogenesis source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/32214246.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "302837a9fc88030dce2c74e65053f8baae65863245d2d811ccbb3231b95a99e1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1782, "text_sha256": "302837a9fc88030dce2c74e65053f8baae65863245d2d811ccbb3231b95a99e1"}
    experimental_model
    In vivo isotope tracing in mice with liver-specific Acly deletion, microbiota depletion and hepatic ACSS2 silencing
    exposure
    Bolus or gradual dietary fructose, with genetic, microbial and dose-rate manipulation
    limitations
    Three independent manipulations converge on the same route. Its dominance depends on how fast the fructose is eaten, and the human contribution is not established here.
    nutrient_topic
    Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid
    organism
    Mouse
    plain_language
    Deleting the enzyme everyone assumed was responsible did not stop the fat being made.
    primary_references
    [acetate-p32214246] Dietary fructose feeds hepatic lipogenesis via microbiota-derived acetate. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32214246/ DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2101-7
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Liver and gut
    trigger_kind
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 550–561

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · In vivo isotope tracing in mice with liver-specific Acly deletion, microbiota depletion and hepatic ACSS2 silencing · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### acetate-acly-deletion-insufficient Using in vivo isotope tracing, liver-specific deletion of Acly in mice was unable to suppress fructose-induced lipogenesis. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: Deleting the enzyme everyone assumed was responsible did not stop the fat being made. organism: Mouse tissue_or_cell_type: Liver and gut experimental_model: In vivo isotope tracing in mice with liver-specific Acly deletion, microbiota depletion and hepatic ACSS2 silencing limitations: Three independent manipulations converge on the same route. Its dominance depends on how fast the fructose is eaten, and the human contribution is not established here. exposure: Bolus or gradual dietary fructose, with genetic, microbial and dose-rate manipulation evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/32214246.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "302837a9fc88030dce2c74e65053f8baae65863245d2d811ccbb3231b95a99e1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1782, "text_sha256": "302837a9fc88030dce2c74e65053f8baae65863245d2d811ccbb3231b95a99e1"} [acetate-p32214246] Dietary fructose feeds hepatic lipogenesis via microbiota-derived acetate. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32214246/ DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2101-7
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. Hydroxycitrate did not affect the incorporation of acetate or butyrate carbon into lipids even though it inhibited colonic ATP-citrate lyase, suggesting that the short-chain fatty acid carbon used in lipid synthesis by colonocytes is not transported to the cytosol as citrate, and that colonocytes synthesise lipids by a pathway distinct from the liver.

    Human ATP-citrate lyase / ACLY → De novo lipogenesis source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/14608066.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b2c891f60d02b85a8f4e87f26751f1129b0445fe52fb35ca5e5e20a92d4ecc5a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1642, "text_sha256": "b2c891f60d02b85a8f4e87f26751f1129b0445fe52fb35ca5e5e20a92d4ecc5a"}
    experimental_model
    Rat colonic epithelial cells with competing labelled substrates and ATP-citrate lyase inhibition
    exposure
    Labelled acetate, propionate, butyrate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, glucose and glutamine, with hydroxycitrate as an ATP-citrate lyase inhibitor
    limitations
    An isolated cell measurement. Its ATP-citrate lyase result anticipates by seventeen years the in vivo finding in this collection that lipogenic acetyl-CoA can arrive without that enzyme.
    nutrient_topic
    Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid
    organism
    Rat
    plain_language
    Blocking the usual enzyme changed nothing, so the carbon was arriving another way.
    primary_references
    [acetate-p14608066] Acetate and butyrate are the major substrates for de novo lipogenesis in rat colonic epithelial cells. (2003). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14608066/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/133.11.3509
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Colonic epithelium

    Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 537–548

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rat colonic epithelial cells with competing labelled substrates and ATP-citrate lyase inhibition · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### acetate-citrate-route-not-used Hydroxycitrate did not affect the incorporation of acetate or butyrate carbon into lipids even though it inhibited colonic ATP-citrate lyase, suggesting that the short-chain fatty acid carbon used in lipid synthesis by colonocytes is not transported to the cytosol as citrate, and that colonocytes synthesise lipids by a pathway distinct from the liver. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: Blocking the usual enzyme changed nothing, so the carbon was arriving another way. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Colonic epithelium experimental_model: Rat colonic epithelial cells with competing labelled substrates and ATP-citrate lyase inhibition limitations: An isolated cell measurement. Its ATP-citrate lyase result anticipates by seventeen years the in vivo finding in this collection that lipogenic acetyl-CoA can arrive without that enzyme. exposure: Labelled acetate, propionate, butyrate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, glucose and glutamine, with hydroxycitrate as an ATP-citrate lyase inhibitor evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/14608066.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b2c891f60d02b85a8f4e87f26751f1129b0445fe52fb35ca5e5e20a92d4ecc5a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1642, "text_sha256": "b2c891f60d02b85a8f4e87f26751f1129b0445fe52fb35ca5e5e20a92d4ecc5a"} [acetate-p14608066] Acetate and butyrate are the major substrates for de novo lipogenesis in rat colonic epithelial cells. (2003). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14608066/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/133.11.3509
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. Acetate made a significantly larger carbon contribution to lipids than propionate, butyrate, glucose or glutamine in rat colonic epithelial cells, with butyrate and 3-hydroxybutyrate the other major contributors and glucose, glutamine and propionate making only minor contributions, and incorporation was significantly greater into phospholipids than into free fatty acids and triacylglycerides, suggesting the major role of this lipogenesis is membrane synthesis.

    Acetate → De novo lipogenesis source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/14608066.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b2c891f60d02b85a8f4e87f26751f1129b0445fe52fb35ca5e5e20a92d4ecc5a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1642, "text_sha256": "b2c891f60d02b85a8f4e87f26751f1129b0445fe52fb35ca5e5e20a92d4ecc5a"}
    experimental_model
    Rat colonic epithelial cells with competing labelled substrates and ATP-citrate lyase inhibition
    exposure
    Labelled acetate, propionate, butyrate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, glucose and glutamine, with hydroxycitrate as an ATP-citrate lyase inhibitor
    limitations
    An isolated cell measurement. Its ATP-citrate lyase result anticipates by seventeen years the in vivo finding in this collection that lipogenic acetyl-CoA can arrive without that enzyme.
    nutrient_topic
    Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid
    organism
    Rat
    plain_language
    The cells lining the colon build their membranes mostly out of acetate, not out of glucose.
    primary_references
    [acetate-p14608066] Acetate and butyrate are the major substrates for de novo lipogenesis in rat colonic epithelial cells. (2003). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14608066/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/133.11.3509
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Colonic epithelium

    Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 524–535

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rat colonic epithelial cells with competing labelled substrates and ATP-citrate lyase inhibition · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### acetate-colonocyte-prefers-acetate Acetate made a significantly larger carbon contribution to lipids than propionate, butyrate, glucose or glutamine in rat colonic epithelial cells, with butyrate and 3-hydroxybutyrate the other major contributors and glucose, glutamine and propionate making only minor contributions, and incorporation was significantly greater into phospholipids than into free fatty acids and triacylglycerides, suggesting the major role of this lipogenesis is membrane synthesis. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: The cells lining the colon build their membranes mostly out of acetate, not out of glucose. organism: Rat tissue_or_cell_type: Colonic epithelium experimental_model: Rat colonic epithelial cells with competing labelled substrates and ATP-citrate lyase inhibition limitations: An isolated cell measurement. Its ATP-citrate lyase result anticipates by seventeen years the in vivo finding in this collection that lipogenic acetyl-CoA can arrive without that enzyme. exposure: Labelled acetate, propionate, butyrate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, glucose and glutamine, with hydroxycitrate as an ATP-citrate lyase inhibitor evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/14608066.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b2c891f60d02b85a8f4e87f26751f1129b0445fe52fb35ca5e5e20a92d4ecc5a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1642, "text_sha256": "b2c891f60d02b85a8f4e87f26751f1129b0445fe52fb35ca5e5e20a92d4ecc5a"} [acetate-p14608066] Acetate and butyrate are the major substrates for de novo lipogenesis in rat colonic epithelial cells. (2003). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14608066/ DOI: 10.1093/jn/133.11.3509
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  4. When fructose is consumed more gradually to facilitate its absorption in the small intestine, both citrate cleavage in hepatocytes and microorganism-derived acetate contribute to lipogenesis, whereas the lipogenic transcriptional program is activated in response to fructose independently of acetyl-CoA metabolism, revealing a two-pronged mechanism in which fructolysis within hepatocytes provides the signal to express lipogenic genes while microbial acetate feeds the lipogenic acetyl-CoA pools.

    Fructose consumed as a single bolus rather than gradually → De novo lipogenesis source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/32214246.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "302837a9fc88030dce2c74e65053f8baae65863245d2d811ccbb3231b95a99e1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1782, "text_sha256": "302837a9fc88030dce2c74e65053f8baae65863245d2d811ccbb3231b95a99e1"}
    experimental_model
    In vivo isotope tracing in mice with liver-specific Acly deletion, microbiota depletion and hepatic ACSS2 silencing
    exposure
    Bolus or gradual dietary fructose, with genetic, microbial and dose-rate manipulation
    limitations
    Three independent manipulations converge on the same route. Its dominance depends on how fast the fructose is eaten, and the human contribution is not established here.
    nutrient_topic
    Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid
    organism
    Mouse
    plain_language
    How fast the sugar is eaten decides which of the two routes supplies the carbon; the signal that switches the genes on is separate from either.
    primary_references
    [acetate-p32214246] Dietary fructose feeds hepatic lipogenesis via microbiota-derived acetate. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32214246/ DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2101-7
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Liver and gut

    Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 576–587

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · In vivo isotope tracing in mice with liver-specific Acly deletion, microbiota depletion and hepatic ACSS2 silencing · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### acetate-intake-rate-decides When fructose is consumed more gradually to facilitate its absorption in the small intestine, both citrate cleavage in hepatocytes and microorganism-derived acetate contribute to lipogenesis, whereas the lipogenic transcriptional program is activated in response to fructose independently of acetyl-CoA metabolism, revealing a two-pronged mechanism in which fructolysis within hepatocytes provides the signal to express lipogenic genes while microbial acetate feeds the lipogenic acetyl-CoA pools. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: How fast the sugar is eaten decides which of the two routes supplies the carbon; the signal that switches the genes on is separate from either. organism: Mouse tissue_or_cell_type: Liver and gut experimental_model: In vivo isotope tracing in mice with liver-specific Acly deletion, microbiota depletion and hepatic ACSS2 silencing limitations: Three independent manipulations converge on the same route. Its dominance depends on how fast the fructose is eaten, and the human contribution is not established here. exposure: Bolus or gradual dietary fructose, with genetic, microbial and dose-rate manipulation evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/32214246.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "302837a9fc88030dce2c74e65053f8baae65863245d2d811ccbb3231b95a99e1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1782, "text_sha256": "302837a9fc88030dce2c74e65053f8baae65863245d2d811ccbb3231b95a99e1"} [acetate-p32214246] Dietary fructose feeds hepatic lipogenesis via microbiota-derived acetate. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32214246/ DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2101-7
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  5. In postabsorptive volunteers 81.2% of infused label was recovered as labelled carbon dioxide from carbon-1 labelled acetate against 53.1% from carbon-2 labelled acetate, and in dogs recovery was 75.9% against 40.8%, leading to the conclusion that the position of the label in acetyl-CoA determines the extent to which oxidation of labelled acetyl-CoA is reflected in labelled carbon dioxide excretion.

    Recovery of infused carbon label as expired carbon dioxide → De novo lipogenesis source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/2106256.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "fc8e7ceab96e74e4664a17fce6b32ff0b498204a2c2c0df7437a4f6bfe1c5105", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1005, "text_sha256": "fc8e7ceab96e74e4664a17fce6b32ff0b498204a2c2c0df7437a4f6bfe1c5105"}
    experimental_model
    Carbon-labelled acetate infusion in four to six human volunteers and in anaesthetised dogs
    exposure
    Infusion of acetate labelled at carbon 1 or carbon 2, with recovery measured as labelled carbon dioxide
    limitations
    A methodological result. It applies to every tracer study of substrate oxidation in this collection and elsewhere, and it means such studies underestimate oxidation unless corrected.
    nutrient_topic
    Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid
    organism
    Human and dog
    plain_language
    Where the label sits on the molecule changes how much comes back out as carbon dioxide, so tracer studies of acetate need correcting.
    primary_references
    [acetate-p2106256] Recovery of labeled CO2 during the infusion of C-1- vs C-2-labeled acetate: implications for tracer studies of substrate oxidation. (1990). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2106256/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/51.2.248
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Whole body

    Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 511–522

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Carbon-labelled acetate infusion in four to six human volunteers and in anaesthetised dogs · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### acetate-label-position-matters In postabsorptive volunteers 81.2% of infused label was recovered as labelled carbon dioxide from carbon-1 labelled acetate against 53.1% from carbon-2 labelled acetate, and in dogs recovery was 75.9% against 40.8%, leading to the conclusion that the position of the label in acetyl-CoA determines the extent to which oxidation of labelled acetyl-CoA is reflected in labelled carbon dioxide excretion. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: Where the label sits on the molecule changes how much comes back out as carbon dioxide, so tracer studies of acetate need correcting. organism: Human and dog tissue_or_cell_type: Whole body experimental_model: Carbon-labelled acetate infusion in four to six human volunteers and in anaesthetised dogs limitations: A methodological result. It applies to every tracer study of substrate oxidation in this collection and elsewhere, and it means such studies underestimate oxidation unless corrected. exposure: Infusion of acetate labelled at carbon 1 or carbon 2, with recovery measured as labelled carbon dioxide evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/2106256.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "fc8e7ceab96e74e4664a17fce6b32ff0b498204a2c2c0df7437a4f6bfe1c5105", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1005, "text_sha256": "fc8e7ceab96e74e4664a17fce6b32ff0b498204a2c2c0df7437a4f6bfe1c5105"} [acetate-p2106256] Recovery of labeled CO2 during the infusion of C-1- vs C-2-labeled acetate: implications for tracer studies of substrate oxidation. (1990). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2106256/ DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/51.2.248
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  6. Dietary fructose is converted to acetate by the gut microbiota and this supplies lipogenic acetyl-CoA independently of ACLY, with depletion of the microbiota or silencing of hepatic ACSS2, which generates acetyl-CoA from acetate, potently suppressing the conversion of bolus fructose into hepatic acetyl-CoA and fatty acids.

    Acetate produced from dietary fructose by the gut microbiota → De novo lipogenesis source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/32214246.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "302837a9fc88030dce2c74e65053f8baae65863245d2d811ccbb3231b95a99e1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1782, "text_sha256": "302837a9fc88030dce2c74e65053f8baae65863245d2d811ccbb3231b95a99e1"}
    experimental_model
    In vivo isotope tracing in mice with liver-specific Acly deletion, microbiota depletion and hepatic ACSS2 silencing
    exposure
    Bolus or gradual dietary fructose, with genetic, microbial and dose-rate manipulation
    limitations
    Three independent manipulations converge on the same route. Its dominance depends on how fast the fructose is eaten, and the human contribution is not established here.
    nutrient_topic
    Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid
    organism
    Mouse
    plain_language
    The sugar becomes acetate in the gut, and the liver builds fat out of that.
    primary_references
    [acetate-p32214246] Dietary fructose feeds hepatic lipogenesis via microbiota-derived acetate. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32214246/ DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2101-7
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Liver and gut
    trigger_kind
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 563–574

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · In vivo isotope tracing in mice with liver-specific Acly deletion, microbiota depletion and hepatic ACSS2 silencing · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### acetate-microbial-acetate-route Dietary fructose is converted to acetate by the gut microbiota and this supplies lipogenic acetyl-CoA independently of ACLY, with depletion of the microbiota or silencing of hepatic ACSS2, which generates acetyl-CoA from acetate, potently suppressing the conversion of bolus fructose into hepatic acetyl-CoA and fatty acids. Condition category: machinery_impairment nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: The sugar becomes acetate in the gut, and the liver builds fat out of that. organism: Mouse tissue_or_cell_type: Liver and gut experimental_model: In vivo isotope tracing in mice with liver-specific Acly deletion, microbiota depletion and hepatic ACSS2 silencing limitations: Three independent manipulations converge on the same route. Its dominance depends on how fast the fructose is eaten, and the human contribution is not established here. exposure: Bolus or gradual dietary fructose, with genetic, microbial and dose-rate manipulation evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/32214246.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "302837a9fc88030dce2c74e65053f8baae65863245d2d811ccbb3231b95a99e1", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1782, "text_sha256": "302837a9fc88030dce2c74e65053f8baae65863245d2d811ccbb3231b95a99e1"} [acetate-p32214246] Dietary fructose feeds hepatic lipogenesis via microbiota-derived acetate. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32214246/ DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2101-7
    Complete structured claim and evidence

Where it participates (unsigned role)

  1. Exogenous acetate uptake is controlled by expression of both ACSS2 and the mitochondrial ACSS1, and the mitochondrial and lipogenic demand for two-carbon acetyl units considerably exceeds the uptake of exogenous acetate, leaving it to only sparingly contribute to histone acetylation.

    Uptake of acetate from outside the cell → Core histone lysine acetylation source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/28099844.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6df5e8ccde04ad8a222db774f6a8b1e8838ad6a1d918ff84b667d6dde57de188", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1134, "text_sha256": "6df5e8ccde04ad8a222db774f6a8b1e8838ad6a1d918ff84b667d6dde57de188"}
    experimental_model
    Quantitative analysis of acetate metabolism in cultured cells under oxygen and serum limitation
    exposure
    Exogenous acetate with ACSS2 and ACSS1 manipulation under oxygen and serum limitation
    limitations
    The quantitative accounting here is the important part and it is a limiting result: demand for two-carbon units far exceeds what exogenous acetate supplies. Cultured cells at a given acetate concentration, which is not a fed human.
    nutrient_topic
    Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. · Acetic acid
    organism
    Cultured cells
    plain_language
    Acetate taken in from outside is mostly burned or built into fat; very little of it reaches the histones.
    primary_references
    [acetate-p28099844] Acetate Recapturing by Nuclear Acetyl-CoA Synthetase 2 Prevents Loss of Histone Acetylation during Oxygen and Serum Limitation. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28099844/ DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.12.055
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Nucleus and cytosol

    Acetic acid: the ingested acid, the receptors acetate binds, the acetyl-CoA it becomes, and the acetyl groups that reach histones (2026-09-21) · lines 589–600

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Quantitative analysis of acetate metabolism in cultured cells under oxygen and serum limitation · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### acetate-exogenous-acetate-sparing Exogenous acetate uptake is controlled by expression of both ACSS2 and the mitochondrial ACSS1, and the mitochondrial and lipogenic demand for two-carbon acetyl units considerably exceeds the uptake of exogenous acetate, leaving it to only sparingly contribute to histone acetylation. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Acetic acid research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct clinical effect, and the ingested acid is recorded separately from the circulating acetate anion. plain_language: Acetate taken in from outside is mostly burned or built into fat; very little of it reaches the histones. organism: Cultured cells tissue_or_cell_type: Nucleus and cytosol experimental_model: Quantitative analysis of acetate metabolism in cultured cells under oxygen and serum limitation limitations: The quantitative accounting here is the important part and it is a limiting result: demand for two-carbon units far exceeds what exogenous acetate supplies. Cultured cells at a given acetate concentration, which is not a fed human. exposure: Exogenous acetate with ACSS2 and ACSS1 manipulation under oxygen and serum limitation evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/acetate-research/28099844.abstract.txt", "locator": "Indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "6df5e8ccde04ad8a222db774f6a8b1e8838ad6a1d918ff84b667d6dde57de188", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1134, "text_sha256": "6df5e8ccde04ad8a222db774f6a8b1e8838ad6a1d918ff84b667d6dde57de188"} [acetate-p28099844] Acetate Recapturing by Nuclear Acetyl-CoA Synthetase 2 Prevents Loss of Histone Acetylation during Oxygen and Serum Limitation. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28099844/ DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.12.055
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