Nutrient chapter

Gingerols

Dietary phenolic compounds of ginger, including 6-, 8- and 10-gingerol. This collection separates purified gingerols, the dehydration product 6-shogaol, position-specific glucuronides and whole-ginger preparations. It covers TRPV1, 5-HT3 signaling, calcium/AMPK/glucose uptake, airway beta-agonist responses, neutrophil PDE/cAMP/PKA signaling and metabolism. Nonessential phytochemicals with no established human deficiency syndrome; laboratory effects are not a dosing recommendation.

53 recorded mechanisms · 1 availability situations · 3 preserved sources. Draft and verified records are labeled separately.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

The mechanisms

What the sources say this nutrient does, one relationship at a time. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Heating 6-gingerol in aqueous solutions produced 6-shogaol by a pH-dependent dehydration reaction.
6-Gingerol → 6-Shogaol source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
6-Gingerol; 37-100 degrees C, pH 1, 4 or 7
duration
Kinetic measurements; equilibrium within 2 h at 100 degrees C and pH 1
evidence_access
Primary PubMed abstract.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
Cell-free aqueous solution
limitations
Processing chemistry is not proof of conversion after human ingestion.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
Cell-free aqueous solution
plain_language
Heating 6-gingerol in aqueous solutions produced 6-shogaol by a pH-dependent dehydration reaction.
primary_references
The stability of gingerol and shogaol in aqueous solutions. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11745724/ DOI: 10.1002/jps.1116
route
In vitro chemical incubation
tissue
Aqueous chemical preparation
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 19–28
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cell-free aqueous solution · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-6-dehydration Heating 6-gingerol in aqueous solutions produced 6-shogaol by a pH-dependent dehydration reaction. Model/species: Cell-free aqueous solution Tissue: Aqueous chemical preparation Exposure: 6-Gingerol; 37-100 degrees C, pH 1, 4 or 7 Route: In vitro chemical incubation Duration: Kinetic measurements; equilibrium within 2 h at 100 degrees C and pH 1 Limits: Processing chemistry is not proof of conversion after human ingestion. Primary reference: The stability of gingerol and shogaol in aqueous solutions. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11745724/ DOI: 10.1002/jps.1116 Access: Primary PubMed abstract.
Complete structured claim and evidence
The aqueous 6-gingerol/6-shogaol system also supported the reverse hydration reaction.
6-Shogaol → 6-Gingerol source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
6-Gingerol; 37-100 degrees C, pH 1, 4 or 7
duration
Kinetic measurements; equilibrium within 2 h at 100 degrees C and pH 1
evidence_access
Primary PubMed abstract.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
Cell-free aqueous solution
limitations
Processing chemistry is not proof of conversion after human ingestion.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
Cell-free aqueous solution
plain_language
The aqueous 6-gingerol/6-shogaol system also supported the reverse hydration reaction.
primary_references
The stability of gingerol and shogaol in aqueous solutions. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11745724/ DOI: 10.1002/jps.1116
route
In vitro chemical incubation
tissue
Aqueous chemical preparation
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 30–39
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cell-free aqueous solution · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-6-hydration The aqueous 6-gingerol/6-shogaol system also supported the reverse hydration reaction. Model/species: Cell-free aqueous solution Tissue: Aqueous chemical preparation Exposure: 6-Gingerol; 37-100 degrees C, pH 1, 4 or 7 Route: In vitro chemical incubation Duration: Kinetic measurements; equilibrium within 2 h at 100 degrees C and pH 1 Limits: Processing chemistry is not proof of conversion after human ingestion. Primary reference: The stability of gingerol and shogaol in aqueous solutions. (2001). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11745724/ DOI: 10.1002/jps.1116 Access: Primary PubMed abstract.
Complete structured claim and evidence
Adding 6-gingerol activated mouse TRPV1 channels in electrophysiological experiments.
6-Gingerol → Mouse transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 / Trpv1 source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
6-Gingerol concentration-response; reported EC50 2.9 +/- 0.3 micromolar
duration
Acute electrophysiological recordings
evidence_access
Primary PubMed abstract. Publisher/PMC results inspected for channel species and concentration-response.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
Mouse TRPV1 expressed in a heterologous-cell system
limitations
Mouse channel data; docking and mutagenesis do not constitute a solved gingerol-bound structure or clinical analgesic efficacy.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
Mouse TRPV1 expressed in a heterologous-cell system
plain_language
Adding 6-gingerol activated mouse TRPV1 channels in electrophysiological experiments.
primary_references
Structural mechanisms underlying activation of TRPV1 channels by pungent compounds in gingers. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31207668/ DOI: 10.1111/bph.14766
route
In vitro application
tissue
Membrane ion channels
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 41–50
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mouse TRPV1 expressed in a heterologous-cell system · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-6-trpv1 Adding 6-gingerol activated mouse TRPV1 channels in electrophysiological experiments. Model/species: Mouse TRPV1 expressed in a heterologous-cell system Tissue: Membrane ion channels Exposure: 6-Gingerol concentration-response; reported EC50 2.9 +/- 0.3 micromolar Route: In vitro application Duration: Acute electrophysiological recordings Limits: Mouse channel data; docking and mutagenesis do not constitute a solved gingerol-bound structure or clinical analgesic efficacy. Primary reference: Structural mechanisms underlying activation of TRPV1 channels by pungent compounds in gingers. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31207668/ DOI: 10.1111/bph.14766 Access: Primary PubMed abstract. Publisher/PMC results inspected for channel species and concentration-response.
Complete structured claim and evidence
6-Gingerol inhibited 5-HT3-mediated cation influx in N1E-115 cells.
6-Gingerol → Mouse 5-HT3 receptor-channel complex source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
Concentration-dependent gingerol application; exact range not in accessed abstract
duration
Not specified in accessed abstract
evidence_access
Primary PubMed abstract.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
Mouse N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells
limitations
Cation flux is a functional assay, not a demonstrated orthosteric binding site or clinical antiemetic response.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
Mouse N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells
plain_language
6-Gingerol inhibited 5-HT3-mediated cation influx in N1E-115 cells.
primary_references
Mode of action of gingerols and shogaols on 5-HT3 receptors: binding studies, cation uptake by the receptor channel and contraction of isolated guinea-pig ileum. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16364290/ DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.10.049
route
In vitro addition
tissue
Native 5-HT3 receptor-channel complex
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 52–61
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mouse N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-6-5ht3-flux 6-Gingerol inhibited 5-HT3-mediated cation influx in N1E-115 cells. Model/species: Mouse N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells Tissue: Native 5-HT3 receptor-channel complex Exposure: Concentration-dependent gingerol application; exact range not in accessed abstract Route: In vitro addition Duration: Not specified in accessed abstract Limits: Cation flux is a functional assay, not a demonstrated orthosteric binding site or clinical antiemetic response. Primary reference: Mode of action of gingerols and shogaols on 5-HT3 receptors: binding studies, cation uptake by the receptor channel and contraction of isolated guinea-pig ileum. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16364290/ DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.10.049 Access: Primary PubMed abstract.
Complete structured claim and evidence
6-Gingerol did not displace GR65630 from the human 5-HT3 receptor preparation.
6-Gingerol → Human 5-HT3 receptor preparation in HEK293 membranes source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
Gingerols with tritiated GR65630; exact concentration range not in accessed abstract
duration
Equilibrium assay; duration not specified in accessed abstract
evidence_access
Primary PubMed abstract.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
Human 5-HT3 receptors in HEK293 membrane preparations
limitations
Failure to displace this radioligand supports a distinct mechanism but does not locate an allosteric site.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
Human 5-HT3 receptors in HEK293 membrane preparations
plain_language
6-Gingerol did not displace GR65630 from the human 5-HT3 receptor preparation.
primary_references
Mode of action of gingerols and shogaols on 5-HT3 receptors: binding studies, cation uptake by the receptor channel and contraction of isolated guinea-pig ileum. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16364290/ DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.10.049
route
In vitro competition binding
tissue
Receptor preparation
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 63–72
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human 5-HT3 receptors in HEK293 membrane preparations · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-6-5ht3-binding-null 6-Gingerol did not displace GR65630 from the human 5-HT3 receptor preparation. Model/species: Human 5-HT3 receptors in HEK293 membrane preparations Tissue: Receptor preparation Exposure: Gingerols with tritiated GR65630; exact concentration range not in accessed abstract Route: In vitro competition binding Duration: Equilibrium assay; duration not specified in accessed abstract Limits: Failure to displace this radioligand supports a distinct mechanism but does not locate an allosteric site. Primary reference: Mode of action of gingerols and shogaols on 5-HT3 receptors: binding studies, cation uptake by the receptor channel and contraction of isolated guinea-pig ileum. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16364290/ DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.10.049 Access: Primary PubMed abstract.
Complete structured claim and evidence
6-Gingerol reduced contractions elicited by the selective 5-HT3 agonist in isolated guinea-pig ileum.
6-Gingerol → 5-HT3-agonist-induced contraction of guinea-pig ileum source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
Gingerols with selective 5-HT3 agonist SR57227A; exact range not in accessed abstract
duration
Not specified in accessed abstract
evidence_access
Primary PubMed abstract.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
Isolated guinea-pig ileum
limitations
Muscarinic and substance-P-dependent downstream effects may contribute; no human antiemetic efficacy is measured.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
Isolated guinea-pig ileum
plain_language
6-Gingerol reduced contractions elicited by the selective 5-HT3 agonist in isolated guinea-pig ileum.
primary_references
Mode of action of gingerols and shogaols on 5-HT3 receptors: binding studies, cation uptake by the receptor channel and contraction of isolated guinea-pig ileum. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16364290/ DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.10.049
route
Ex vivo addition
tissue
Intestinal smooth muscle preparation
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 74–83
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Isolated guinea-pig ileum · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-6-ileum 6-Gingerol reduced contractions elicited by the selective 5-HT3 agonist in isolated guinea-pig ileum. Model/species: Isolated guinea-pig ileum Tissue: Intestinal smooth muscle preparation Exposure: Gingerols with selective 5-HT3 agonist SR57227A; exact range not in accessed abstract Route: Ex vivo addition Duration: Not specified in accessed abstract Limits: Muscarinic and substance-P-dependent downstream effects may contribute; no human antiemetic efficacy is measured. Primary reference: Mode of action of gingerols and shogaols on 5-HT3 receptors: binding studies, cation uptake by the receptor channel and contraction of isolated guinea-pig ileum. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16364290/ DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.10.049 Access: Primary PubMed abstract.
Complete structured claim and evidence
8-Gingerol inhibited 5-HT3-mediated cation influx in N1E-115 cells.
8-Gingerol → Mouse 5-HT3 receptor-channel complex source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
Concentration-dependent gingerol application; exact range not in accessed abstract
duration
Not specified in accessed abstract
evidence_access
Primary PubMed abstract.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
Mouse N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells
limitations
Cation flux is a functional assay, not a demonstrated orthosteric binding site or clinical antiemetic response.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
Mouse N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells
plain_language
8-Gingerol inhibited 5-HT3-mediated cation influx in N1E-115 cells.
primary_references
Mode of action of gingerols and shogaols on 5-HT3 receptors: binding studies, cation uptake by the receptor channel and contraction of isolated guinea-pig ileum. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16364290/ DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.10.049
route
In vitro addition
tissue
Native 5-HT3 receptor-channel complex
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 85–94
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mouse N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-8-5ht3-flux 8-Gingerol inhibited 5-HT3-mediated cation influx in N1E-115 cells. Model/species: Mouse N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells Tissue: Native 5-HT3 receptor-channel complex Exposure: Concentration-dependent gingerol application; exact range not in accessed abstract Route: In vitro addition Duration: Not specified in accessed abstract Limits: Cation flux is a functional assay, not a demonstrated orthosteric binding site or clinical antiemetic response. Primary reference: Mode of action of gingerols and shogaols on 5-HT3 receptors: binding studies, cation uptake by the receptor channel and contraction of isolated guinea-pig ileum. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16364290/ DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.10.049 Access: Primary PubMed abstract.
Complete structured claim and evidence
8-Gingerol did not displace GR65630 from the human 5-HT3 receptor preparation.
8-Gingerol → Human 5-HT3 receptor preparation in HEK293 membranes source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
Gingerols with tritiated GR65630; exact concentration range not in accessed abstract
duration
Equilibrium assay; duration not specified in accessed abstract
evidence_access
Primary PubMed abstract.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
Human 5-HT3 receptors in HEK293 membrane preparations
limitations
Failure to displace this radioligand supports a distinct mechanism but does not locate an allosteric site.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
Human 5-HT3 receptors in HEK293 membrane preparations
plain_language
8-Gingerol did not displace GR65630 from the human 5-HT3 receptor preparation.
primary_references
Mode of action of gingerols and shogaols on 5-HT3 receptors: binding studies, cation uptake by the receptor channel and contraction of isolated guinea-pig ileum. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16364290/ DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.10.049
route
In vitro competition binding
tissue
Receptor preparation
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 96–105
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human 5-HT3 receptors in HEK293 membrane preparations · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-8-5ht3-binding-null 8-Gingerol did not displace GR65630 from the human 5-HT3 receptor preparation. Model/species: Human 5-HT3 receptors in HEK293 membrane preparations Tissue: Receptor preparation Exposure: Gingerols with tritiated GR65630; exact concentration range not in accessed abstract Route: In vitro competition binding Duration: Equilibrium assay; duration not specified in accessed abstract Limits: Failure to displace this radioligand supports a distinct mechanism but does not locate an allosteric site. Primary reference: Mode of action of gingerols and shogaols on 5-HT3 receptors: binding studies, cation uptake by the receptor channel and contraction of isolated guinea-pig ileum. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16364290/ DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.10.049 Access: Primary PubMed abstract.
Complete structured claim and evidence
8-Gingerol reduced contractions elicited by the selective 5-HT3 agonist in isolated guinea-pig ileum.
8-Gingerol → 5-HT3-agonist-induced contraction of guinea-pig ileum source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
Gingerols with selective 5-HT3 agonist SR57227A; exact range not in accessed abstract
duration
Not specified in accessed abstract
evidence_access
Primary PubMed abstract.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
Isolated guinea-pig ileum
limitations
Muscarinic and substance-P-dependent downstream effects may contribute; no human antiemetic efficacy is measured.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
Isolated guinea-pig ileum
plain_language
8-Gingerol reduced contractions elicited by the selective 5-HT3 agonist in isolated guinea-pig ileum.
primary_references
Mode of action of gingerols and shogaols on 5-HT3 receptors: binding studies, cation uptake by the receptor channel and contraction of isolated guinea-pig ileum. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16364290/ DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.10.049
route
Ex vivo addition
tissue
Intestinal smooth muscle preparation
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 107–116
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Isolated guinea-pig ileum · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-8-ileum 8-Gingerol reduced contractions elicited by the selective 5-HT3 agonist in isolated guinea-pig ileum. Model/species: Isolated guinea-pig ileum Tissue: Intestinal smooth muscle preparation Exposure: Gingerols with selective 5-HT3 agonist SR57227A; exact range not in accessed abstract Route: Ex vivo addition Duration: Not specified in accessed abstract Limits: Muscarinic and substance-P-dependent downstream effects may contribute; no human antiemetic efficacy is measured. Primary reference: Mode of action of gingerols and shogaols on 5-HT3 receptors: binding studies, cation uptake by the receptor channel and contraction of isolated guinea-pig ileum. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16364290/ DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.10.049 Access: Primary PubMed abstract.
Complete structured claim and evidence
10-Gingerol inhibited 5-HT3-mediated cation influx in N1E-115 cells.
10-Gingerol → Mouse 5-HT3 receptor-channel complex source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
Concentration-dependent gingerol application; exact range not in accessed abstract
duration
Not specified in accessed abstract
evidence_access
Primary PubMed abstract.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
Mouse N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells
limitations
Cation flux is a functional assay, not a demonstrated orthosteric binding site or clinical antiemetic response.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
Mouse N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells
plain_language
10-Gingerol inhibited 5-HT3-mediated cation influx in N1E-115 cells.
primary_references
Mode of action of gingerols and shogaols on 5-HT3 receptors: binding studies, cation uptake by the receptor channel and contraction of isolated guinea-pig ileum. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16364290/ DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.10.049
route
In vitro addition
tissue
Native 5-HT3 receptor-channel complex
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 118–127
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mouse N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-10-5ht3-flux 10-Gingerol inhibited 5-HT3-mediated cation influx in N1E-115 cells. Model/species: Mouse N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells Tissue: Native 5-HT3 receptor-channel complex Exposure: Concentration-dependent gingerol application; exact range not in accessed abstract Route: In vitro addition Duration: Not specified in accessed abstract Limits: Cation flux is a functional assay, not a demonstrated orthosteric binding site or clinical antiemetic response. Primary reference: Mode of action of gingerols and shogaols on 5-HT3 receptors: binding studies, cation uptake by the receptor channel and contraction of isolated guinea-pig ileum. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16364290/ DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.10.049 Access: Primary PubMed abstract.
Complete structured claim and evidence
10-Gingerol did not displace GR65630 from the human 5-HT3 receptor preparation.
10-Gingerol → Human 5-HT3 receptor preparation in HEK293 membranes source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
Gingerols with tritiated GR65630; exact concentration range not in accessed abstract
duration
Equilibrium assay; duration not specified in accessed abstract
evidence_access
Primary PubMed abstract.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
Human 5-HT3 receptors in HEK293 membrane preparations
limitations
Failure to displace this radioligand supports a distinct mechanism but does not locate an allosteric site.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
Human 5-HT3 receptors in HEK293 membrane preparations
plain_language
10-Gingerol did not displace GR65630 from the human 5-HT3 receptor preparation.
primary_references
Mode of action of gingerols and shogaols on 5-HT3 receptors: binding studies, cation uptake by the receptor channel and contraction of isolated guinea-pig ileum. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16364290/ DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.10.049
route
In vitro competition binding
tissue
Receptor preparation
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 129–138
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human 5-HT3 receptors in HEK293 membrane preparations · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-10-5ht3-binding-null 10-Gingerol did not displace GR65630 from the human 5-HT3 receptor preparation. Model/species: Human 5-HT3 receptors in HEK293 membrane preparations Tissue: Receptor preparation Exposure: Gingerols with tritiated GR65630; exact concentration range not in accessed abstract Route: In vitro competition binding Duration: Equilibrium assay; duration not specified in accessed abstract Limits: Failure to displace this radioligand supports a distinct mechanism but does not locate an allosteric site. Primary reference: Mode of action of gingerols and shogaols on 5-HT3 receptors: binding studies, cation uptake by the receptor channel and contraction of isolated guinea-pig ileum. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16364290/ DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.10.049 Access: Primary PubMed abstract.
Complete structured claim and evidence
10-Gingerol reduced contractions elicited by the selective 5-HT3 agonist in isolated guinea-pig ileum.
10-Gingerol → 5-HT3-agonist-induced contraction of guinea-pig ileum source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
Gingerols with selective 5-HT3 agonist SR57227A; exact range not in accessed abstract
duration
Not specified in accessed abstract
evidence_access
Primary PubMed abstract.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
Isolated guinea-pig ileum
limitations
Muscarinic and substance-P-dependent downstream effects may contribute; no human antiemetic efficacy is measured.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
Isolated guinea-pig ileum
plain_language
10-Gingerol reduced contractions elicited by the selective 5-HT3 agonist in isolated guinea-pig ileum.
primary_references
Mode of action of gingerols and shogaols on 5-HT3 receptors: binding studies, cation uptake by the receptor channel and contraction of isolated guinea-pig ileum. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16364290/ DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.10.049
route
Ex vivo addition
tissue
Intestinal smooth muscle preparation
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 140–149
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Isolated guinea-pig ileum · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-10-ileum 10-Gingerol reduced contractions elicited by the selective 5-HT3 agonist in isolated guinea-pig ileum. Model/species: Isolated guinea-pig ileum Tissue: Intestinal smooth muscle preparation Exposure: Gingerols with selective 5-HT3 agonist SR57227A; exact range not in accessed abstract Route: Ex vivo addition Duration: Not specified in accessed abstract Limits: Muscarinic and substance-P-dependent downstream effects may contribute; no human antiemetic efficacy is measured. Primary reference: Mode of action of gingerols and shogaols on 5-HT3 receptors: binding studies, cation uptake by the receptor channel and contraction of isolated guinea-pig ileum. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16364290/ DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.10.049 Access: Primary PubMed abstract.
Complete structured claim and evidence
Adding (S)-6-gingerol increased intracellular calcium in rat L6 myotubes.
6-Gingerol → Cytosolic calcium in rat L6 myotubes source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
(S)-6-Gingerol; dose-response, exact range not in accessed abstract
duration
Time-dependent response; exact times not in accessed abstract
evidence_access
Primary PubMed abstract.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
Rat L6 skeletal muscle myotubes
limitations
Calcium/CaMKK-associated signaling does not demonstrate dietary calcium depletion or calcium-supplement synergy; no human glycemic outcome was tested.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
Rat L6 skeletal muscle myotubes
plain_language
Adding (S)-6-gingerol increased intracellular calcium in rat L6 myotubes.
primary_references
(S)-[6]-Gingerol enhances glucose uptake in L6 myotubes by activation of AMPK in response to [Ca2+]i. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23958199/ DOI: 10.18433/j34g7p
route
In vitro addition
tissue
Skeletal muscle cell model
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 151–160
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rat L6 skeletal muscle myotubes · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-6-l6-calcium Adding (S)-6-gingerol increased intracellular calcium in rat L6 myotubes. Model/species: Rat L6 skeletal muscle myotubes Tissue: Skeletal muscle cell model Exposure: (S)-6-Gingerol; dose-response, exact range not in accessed abstract Route: In vitro addition Duration: Time-dependent response; exact times not in accessed abstract Limits: Calcium/CaMKK-associated signaling does not demonstrate dietary calcium depletion or calcium-supplement synergy; no human glycemic outcome was tested. Primary reference: (S)-[6]-Gingerol enhances glucose uptake in L6 myotubes by activation of AMPK in response to [Ca2+]i. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23958199/ DOI: 10.18433/j34g7p Access: Primary PubMed abstract.
Complete structured claim and evidence
Adding (S)-6-gingerol increased AMPK alpha Thr172 phosphorylation in rat L6 cells, with CaMKK-associated signaling.
6-Gingerol → Rat AMP-activated protein kinase complexes source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
(S)-6-Gingerol; dose-response, exact range not in accessed abstract
duration
Time-dependent response; exact times not in accessed abstract
evidence_access
Primary PubMed abstract.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
Rat L6 skeletal muscle myotubes
limitations
Calcium/CaMKK-associated signaling does not demonstrate dietary calcium depletion or calcium-supplement synergy; no human glycemic outcome was tested. The accessed abstract does not identify a CaMKK isoform or establish genetic necessity.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
Rat L6 skeletal muscle myotubes
plain_language
Adding (S)-6-gingerol increased AMPK alpha Thr172 phosphorylation in rat L6 cells, with CaMKK-associated signaling.
primary_references
(S)-[6]-Gingerol enhances glucose uptake in L6 myotubes by activation of AMPK in response to [Ca2+]i. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23958199/ DOI: 10.18433/j34g7p
route
In vitro addition
tissue
Skeletal muscle cell model
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 162–171
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rat L6 skeletal muscle myotubes · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-6-l6-ampk Adding (S)-6-gingerol increased AMPK alpha Thr172 phosphorylation in rat L6 cells, with CaMKK-associated signaling. Model/species: Rat L6 skeletal muscle myotubes Tissue: Skeletal muscle cell model Exposure: (S)-6-Gingerol; dose-response, exact range not in accessed abstract Route: In vitro addition Duration: Time-dependent response; exact times not in accessed abstract Limits: Calcium/CaMKK-associated signaling does not demonstrate dietary calcium depletion or calcium-supplement synergy; no human glycemic outcome was tested. The accessed abstract does not identify a CaMKK isoform or establish genetic necessity. Primary reference: (S)-[6]-Gingerol enhances glucose uptake in L6 myotubes by activation of AMPK in response to [Ca2+]i. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23958199/ DOI: 10.18433/j34g7p Access: Primary PubMed abstract.
Complete structured claim and evidence
Adding (S)-6-gingerol increased glucose uptake in rat L6 myotubes.
6-Gingerol → Rat myotube glucose uptake source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
(S)-6-Gingerol; dose-response, exact range not in accessed abstract
duration
Time-dependent response; exact times not in accessed abstract
evidence_access
Primary PubMed abstract.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
Rat L6 skeletal muscle myotubes
limitations
Calcium/CaMKK-associated signaling does not demonstrate dietary calcium depletion or calcium-supplement synergy; no human glycemic outcome was tested.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
Rat L6 skeletal muscle myotubes
plain_language
Adding (S)-6-gingerol increased glucose uptake in rat L6 myotubes.
primary_references
(S)-[6]-Gingerol enhances glucose uptake in L6 myotubes by activation of AMPK in response to [Ca2+]i. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23958199/ DOI: 10.18433/j34g7p
route
In vitro addition
tissue
Skeletal muscle cell model
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 173–182
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rat L6 skeletal muscle myotubes · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-6-l6-glucose Adding (S)-6-gingerol increased glucose uptake in rat L6 myotubes. Model/species: Rat L6 skeletal muscle myotubes Tissue: Skeletal muscle cell model Exposure: (S)-6-Gingerol; dose-response, exact range not in accessed abstract Route: In vitro addition Duration: Time-dependent response; exact times not in accessed abstract Limits: Calcium/CaMKK-associated signaling does not demonstrate dietary calcium depletion or calcium-supplement synergy; no human glycemic outcome was tested. Primary reference: (S)-[6]-Gingerol enhances glucose uptake in L6 myotubes by activation of AMPK in response to [Ca2+]i. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23958199/ DOI: 10.18433/j34g7p Access: Primary PubMed abstract.
Complete structured claim and evidence
Co-applying 6-gingerol enhanced isoproterenol-induced relaxation of isolated human airway smooth muscle.
6-Gingerol → Isoproterenol-induced relaxation of human airway smooth muscle source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
6- or 8-gingerol 100 micromolar with isoproterenol concentration-response
duration
Acute relaxation assay; exact duration not in accessed abstract
evidence_access
Primary PubMed abstract.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
Human airway smooth muscle tissue in organ baths
limitations
High experimental parent-compound exposure; not clinical inhaler potentiation or a recommended co-treatment.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
Human airway smooth muscle tissue in organ baths
plain_language
Co-applying 6-gingerol enhanced isoproterenol-induced relaxation of isolated human airway smooth muscle.
primary_references
Active components of ginger potentiate β-agonist-induced relaxation of airway smooth muscle by modulating cytoskeletal regulatory proteins. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23962082/ DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0133OC
route
Ex vivo tissue bath
tissue
Airway smooth muscle
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 184–193
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human airway smooth muscle tissue in organ baths · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-6-isoproterenol Co-applying 6-gingerol enhanced isoproterenol-induced relaxation of isolated human airway smooth muscle. Model/species: Human airway smooth muscle tissue in organ baths Tissue: Airway smooth muscle Exposure: 6- or 8-gingerol 100 micromolar with isoproterenol concentration-response Route: Ex vivo tissue bath Duration: Acute relaxation assay; exact duration not in accessed abstract Limits: High experimental parent-compound exposure; not clinical inhaler potentiation or a recommended co-treatment. Primary reference: Active components of ginger potentiate β-agonist-induced relaxation of airway smooth muscle by modulating cytoskeletal regulatory proteins. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23962082/ DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0133OC Access: Primary PubMed abstract.
Complete structured claim and evidence
6-Gingerol inhibited the purified PDE4D preparation in the airway-mechanism study.
6-Gingerol → Purified PDE4D preparation in the Townsend airway study source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
Ginger constituent enzyme assay; study used 100 micromolar in tissue experiments, enzyme-assay exposure details not resolved here
duration
Not specified in accessed abstract
evidence_access
Primary PubMed abstract.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
Purified PDE4D and PLC beta enzyme preparations
limitations
Preparation species and PLC beta isoform are unresolved; do not label these as a proven specific human tissue target.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
Purified PDE4D and PLC beta enzyme preparations
plain_language
6-Gingerol inhibited the purified PDE4D preparation in the airway-mechanism study.
primary_references
Active components of ginger potentiate β-agonist-induced relaxation of airway smooth muscle by modulating cytoskeletal regulatory proteins. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23962082/ DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0133OC
route
In vitro addition
tissue
Cell-free enzyme assays
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 195–204
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified PDE4D and PLC beta enzyme preparations · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-6-pde4d 6-Gingerol inhibited the purified PDE4D preparation in the airway-mechanism study. Model/species: Purified PDE4D and PLC beta enzyme preparations Tissue: Cell-free enzyme assays Exposure: Ginger constituent enzyme assay; study used 100 micromolar in tissue experiments, enzyme-assay exposure details not resolved here Route: In vitro addition Duration: Not specified in accessed abstract Limits: Preparation species and PLC beta isoform are unresolved; do not label these as a proven specific human tissue target. Primary reference: Active components of ginger potentiate β-agonist-induced relaxation of airway smooth muscle by modulating cytoskeletal regulatory proteins. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23962082/ DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0133OC Access: Primary PubMed abstract.
Complete structured claim and evidence
Co-applying 8-gingerol enhanced isoproterenol-induced relaxation of isolated human airway smooth muscle.
8-Gingerol → Isoproterenol-induced relaxation of human airway smooth muscle source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
6- or 8-gingerol 100 micromolar with isoproterenol concentration-response
duration
Acute relaxation assay; exact duration not in accessed abstract
evidence_access
Primary PubMed abstract.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
Human airway smooth muscle tissue in organ baths
limitations
High experimental parent-compound exposure; not clinical inhaler potentiation or a recommended co-treatment.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
Human airway smooth muscle tissue in organ baths
plain_language
Co-applying 8-gingerol enhanced isoproterenol-induced relaxation of isolated human airway smooth muscle.
primary_references
Active components of ginger potentiate β-agonist-induced relaxation of airway smooth muscle by modulating cytoskeletal regulatory proteins. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23962082/ DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0133OC
route
Ex vivo tissue bath
tissue
Airway smooth muscle
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 206–215
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human airway smooth muscle tissue in organ baths · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-8-isoproterenol Co-applying 8-gingerol enhanced isoproterenol-induced relaxation of isolated human airway smooth muscle. Model/species: Human airway smooth muscle tissue in organ baths Tissue: Airway smooth muscle Exposure: 6- or 8-gingerol 100 micromolar with isoproterenol concentration-response Route: Ex vivo tissue bath Duration: Acute relaxation assay; exact duration not in accessed abstract Limits: High experimental parent-compound exposure; not clinical inhaler potentiation or a recommended co-treatment. Primary reference: Active components of ginger potentiate β-agonist-induced relaxation of airway smooth muscle by modulating cytoskeletal regulatory proteins. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23962082/ DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0133OC Access: Primary PubMed abstract.
Complete structured claim and evidence
8-Gingerol inhibited the purified PDE4D preparation in the airway-mechanism study.
8-Gingerol → Purified PDE4D preparation in the Townsend airway study source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
Ginger constituent enzyme assay; study used 100 micromolar in tissue experiments, enzyme-assay exposure details not resolved here
duration
Not specified in accessed abstract
evidence_access
Primary PubMed abstract.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
Purified PDE4D and PLC beta enzyme preparations
limitations
Preparation species and PLC beta isoform are unresolved; do not label these as a proven specific human tissue target.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
Purified PDE4D and PLC beta enzyme preparations
plain_language
8-Gingerol inhibited the purified PDE4D preparation in the airway-mechanism study.
primary_references
Active components of ginger potentiate β-agonist-induced relaxation of airway smooth muscle by modulating cytoskeletal regulatory proteins. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23962082/ DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0133OC
route
In vitro addition
tissue
Cell-free enzyme assays
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 217–226
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified PDE4D and PLC beta enzyme preparations · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-8-pde4d 8-Gingerol inhibited the purified PDE4D preparation in the airway-mechanism study. Model/species: Purified PDE4D and PLC beta enzyme preparations Tissue: Cell-free enzyme assays Exposure: Ginger constituent enzyme assay; study used 100 micromolar in tissue experiments, enzyme-assay exposure details not resolved here Route: In vitro addition Duration: Not specified in accessed abstract Limits: Preparation species and PLC beta isoform are unresolved; do not label these as a proven specific human tissue target. Primary reference: Active components of ginger potentiate β-agonist-induced relaxation of airway smooth muscle by modulating cytoskeletal regulatory proteins. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23962082/ DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0133OC Access: Primary PubMed abstract.
Complete structured claim and evidence
8-Gingerol inhibited the purified phospholipase C beta preparation.
8-Gingerol → Purified phospholipase C beta preparation in the Townsend study source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
Ginger constituent enzyme assay; study used 100 micromolar in tissue experiments, enzyme-assay exposure details not resolved here
duration
Not specified in accessed abstract
evidence_access
Primary PubMed abstract.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
Purified PDE4D and PLC beta enzyme preparations
limitations
Preparation species and PLC beta isoform are unresolved; do not label these as a proven specific human tissue target.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
Purified PDE4D and PLC beta enzyme preparations
plain_language
8-Gingerol inhibited the purified phospholipase C beta preparation.
primary_references
Active components of ginger potentiate β-agonist-induced relaxation of airway smooth muscle by modulating cytoskeletal regulatory proteins. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23962082/ DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0133OC
route
In vitro addition
tissue
Cell-free enzyme assays
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 228–237
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified PDE4D and PLC beta enzyme preparations · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-8-plcb 8-Gingerol inhibited the purified phospholipase C beta preparation. Model/species: Purified PDE4D and PLC beta enzyme preparations Tissue: Cell-free enzyme assays Exposure: Ginger constituent enzyme assay; study used 100 micromolar in tissue experiments, enzyme-assay exposure details not resolved here Route: In vitro addition Duration: Not specified in accessed abstract Limits: Preparation species and PLC beta isoform are unresolved; do not label these as a proven specific human tissue target. Primary reference: Active components of ginger potentiate β-agonist-induced relaxation of airway smooth muscle by modulating cytoskeletal regulatory proteins. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23962082/ DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0133OC Access: Primary PubMed abstract.
Complete structured claim and evidence
6-Gingerol did not share the PLC beta inhibition reported for 8-gingerol and 6-shogaol in this comparison.
6-Gingerol → Purified phospholipase C beta preparation in the Townsend study source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
Ginger constituent enzyme assay; study used 100 micromolar in tissue experiments, enzyme-assay exposure details not resolved here
duration
Not specified in accessed abstract
evidence_access
Primary PubMed abstract.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
Purified PDE4D and PLC beta enzyme preparations
limitations
Preparation species and PLC beta isoform are unresolved; do not label these as a proven specific human tissue target. Comparative enzyme response; not a universal absence of PLC-related cellular effects.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
Purified PDE4D and PLC beta enzyme preparations
plain_language
6-Gingerol did not share the PLC beta inhibition reported for 8-gingerol and 6-shogaol in this comparison.
primary_references
Active components of ginger potentiate β-agonist-induced relaxation of airway smooth muscle by modulating cytoskeletal regulatory proteins. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23962082/ DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0133OC
route
In vitro addition
tissue
Cell-free enzyme assays
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 239–248
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified PDE4D and PLC beta enzyme preparations · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-6-plcb-null 6-Gingerol did not share the PLC beta inhibition reported for 8-gingerol and 6-shogaol in this comparison. Model/species: Purified PDE4D and PLC beta enzyme preparations Tissue: Cell-free enzyme assays Exposure: Ginger constituent enzyme assay; study used 100 micromolar in tissue experiments, enzyme-assay exposure details not resolved here Route: In vitro addition Duration: Not specified in accessed abstract Limits: Preparation species and PLC beta isoform are unresolved; do not label these as a proven specific human tissue target. Comparative enzyme response; not a universal absence of PLC-related cellular effects. Primary reference: Active components of ginger potentiate β-agonist-induced relaxation of airway smooth muscle by modulating cytoskeletal regulatory proteins. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23962082/ DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0133OC Access: Primary PubMed abstract.
Complete structured claim and evidence
Adding 8-gingerol reduced myosin light-chain phosphorylation in human airway smooth muscle cells.
8-Gingerol → Myosin light-chain phosphorylation in human airway smooth muscle cells source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
8-Gingerol; study tissue exposure 100 micromolar, cell-assay details not resolved in accessed abstract
duration
Not specified in accessed abstract
evidence_access
Primary PubMed abstract.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
Primary human airway smooth muscle cells
limitations
Reduced phosphorylation does not establish direct binding to myosin or a clinical bronchodilator response.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
Primary human airway smooth muscle cells
plain_language
Adding 8-gingerol reduced myosin light-chain phosphorylation in human airway smooth muscle cells.
primary_references
Active components of ginger potentiate β-agonist-induced relaxation of airway smooth muscle by modulating cytoskeletal regulatory proteins. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23962082/ DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0133OC
route
In vitro addition
tissue
Cultured airway smooth muscle
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 250–259
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Primary human airway smooth muscle cells · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-8-mlc Adding 8-gingerol reduced myosin light-chain phosphorylation in human airway smooth muscle cells. Model/species: Primary human airway smooth muscle cells Tissue: Cultured airway smooth muscle Exposure: 8-Gingerol; study tissue exposure 100 micromolar, cell-assay details not resolved in accessed abstract Route: In vitro addition Duration: Not specified in accessed abstract Limits: Reduced phosphorylation does not establish direct binding to myosin or a clinical bronchodilator response. Primary reference: Active components of ginger potentiate β-agonist-induced relaxation of airway smooth muscle by modulating cytoskeletal regulatory proteins. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23962082/ DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0133OC Access: Primary PubMed abstract.
Complete structured claim and evidence
NADPH-fortified rat hepatic microsomes converted 6-gingerol into a mixture of tentatively identified metabolites.
6-Gingerol → Rat microsomal 6-gingerol metabolite mixture source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
6-Gingerol with NADPH; exact concentrations not in accessed abstract
duration
Not specified in accessed abstract
evidence_access
Primary PubMed abstract.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
Rat hepatic microsomes
limitations
Metabolite assignments were tentative; neither a specific human CYP nor dietary NADPH depletion is established.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
Rat hepatic microsomes
plain_language
NADPH-fortified rat hepatic microsomes converted 6-gingerol into a mixture of tentatively identified metabolites.
primary_references
Microsomal hydroxylation and glucuronidation of [6]-gingerol. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17090120/ DOI: 10.1021/jf062235l
route
In vitro microsomal incubation
tissue
Liver microsomal preparation
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 261–270
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rat hepatic microsomes · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-6-rat-metabolism NADPH-fortified rat hepatic microsomes converted 6-gingerol into a mixture of tentatively identified metabolites. Model/species: Rat hepatic microsomes Tissue: Liver microsomal preparation Exposure: 6-Gingerol with NADPH; exact concentrations not in accessed abstract Route: In vitro microsomal incubation Duration: Not specified in accessed abstract Limits: Metabolite assignments were tentative; neither a specific human CYP nor dietary NADPH depletion is established. Primary reference: Microsomal hydroxylation and glucuronidation of [6]-gingerol. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17090120/ DOI: 10.1021/jf062235l Access: Primary PubMed abstract.
Complete structured claim and evidence
UDP-glucuronic-acid-fortified human intestinal microsomes formed the phenolic 6-gingerol glucuronide.
6-Gingerol → 6-Gingerol 4-prime-O-glucuronide source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
6-Gingerol with UDP-glucuronic acid; exact concentrations not in accessed abstract
duration
Not specified in accessed abstract
evidence_access
Primary PubMed abstract.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
Human intestinal microsomes
limitations
Phenolic product formation in this preparation is not absolute oral bioavailability or a proven clinical interaction.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
Human intestinal microsomes
plain_language
UDP-glucuronic-acid-fortified human intestinal microsomes formed the phenolic 6-gingerol glucuronide.
primary_references
Microsomal hydroxylation and glucuronidation of [6]-gingerol. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17090120/ DOI: 10.1021/jf062235l
route
In vitro microsomal incubation
tissue
Intestinal microsomal preparation
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 272–281
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human intestinal microsomes · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-6-intestinal-glucuronide UDP-glucuronic-acid-fortified human intestinal microsomes formed the phenolic 6-gingerol glucuronide. Model/species: Human intestinal microsomes Tissue: Intestinal microsomal preparation Exposure: 6-Gingerol with UDP-glucuronic acid; exact concentrations not in accessed abstract Route: In vitro microsomal incubation Duration: Not specified in accessed abstract Limits: Phenolic product formation in this preparation is not absolute oral bioavailability or a proven clinical interaction. Primary reference: Microsomal hydroxylation and glucuronidation of [6]-gingerol. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17090120/ DOI: 10.1021/jf062235l Access: Primary PubMed abstract.
Complete structured claim and evidence
Human UGT2B7 was a principal contributor to 6-gingerol 4-prime-O-glucuronide formation in the enzyme comparison.
6-Gingerol → 6-Gingerol 4-prime-O-glucuronide source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
Individual 6-, 8- or 10-gingerol with UDP-glucuronic acid; exact concentration series not in accessed abstract
duration
Not specified in accessed abstract
evidence_access
Primary PubMed abstract.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
Human liver microsomes and expressed human UGT enzymes
limitations
UGT2B7 favors but is not exclusive to 4-prime conjugation; UGT1A9 mainly forms 5-O conjugates. Shared UGT substrates do not prove competition in people.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
Human liver microsomes and expressed human UGT enzymes
plain_language
Human UGT2B7 was a principal contributor to 6-gingerol 4-prime-O-glucuronide formation in the enzyme comparison.
primary_references
Regioselective glucuronidation of gingerols by human liver microsomes and expressed UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes: reaction kinetics and activity correlation analyses for UGT1A9 and UGT2B7. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25496264/ DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12351
route
In vitro incubation
tissue
Hepatic and recombinant enzyme preparations
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 283–292
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human liver microsomes and expressed human UGT enzymes · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-6-ugt2b7 Human UGT2B7 was a principal contributor to 6-gingerol 4-prime-O-glucuronide formation in the enzyme comparison. Model/species: Human liver microsomes and expressed human UGT enzymes Tissue: Hepatic and recombinant enzyme preparations Exposure: Individual 6-, 8- or 10-gingerol with UDP-glucuronic acid; exact concentration series not in accessed abstract Route: In vitro incubation Duration: Not specified in accessed abstract Limits: UGT2B7 favors but is not exclusive to 4-prime conjugation; UGT1A9 mainly forms 5-O conjugates. Shared UGT substrates do not prove competition in people. Primary reference: Regioselective glucuronidation of gingerols by human liver microsomes and expressed UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes: reaction kinetics and activity correlation analyses for UGT1A9 and UGT2B7. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25496264/ DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12351 Access: Primary PubMed abstract.
Complete structured claim and evidence
Human UGT1A9 was a principal contributor to 6-gingerol 5-O-glucuronide formation in the enzyme comparison.
6-Gingerol → 6-Gingerol 5-O-glucuronide source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
Individual 6-, 8- or 10-gingerol with UDP-glucuronic acid; exact concentration series not in accessed abstract
duration
Not specified in accessed abstract
evidence_access
Primary PubMed abstract.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
Human liver microsomes and expressed human UGT enzymes
limitations
UGT2B7 favors but is not exclusive to 4-prime conjugation; UGT1A9 mainly forms 5-O conjugates. Shared UGT substrates do not prove competition in people.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
Human liver microsomes and expressed human UGT enzymes
plain_language
Human UGT1A9 was a principal contributor to 6-gingerol 5-O-glucuronide formation in the enzyme comparison.
primary_references
Regioselective glucuronidation of gingerols by human liver microsomes and expressed UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes: reaction kinetics and activity correlation analyses for UGT1A9 and UGT2B7. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25496264/ DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12351
route
In vitro incubation
tissue
Hepatic and recombinant enzyme preparations
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 294–303
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human liver microsomes and expressed human UGT enzymes · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-6-ugt1a9 Human UGT1A9 was a principal contributor to 6-gingerol 5-O-glucuronide formation in the enzyme comparison. Model/species: Human liver microsomes and expressed human UGT enzymes Tissue: Hepatic and recombinant enzyme preparations Exposure: Individual 6-, 8- or 10-gingerol with UDP-glucuronic acid; exact concentration series not in accessed abstract Route: In vitro incubation Duration: Not specified in accessed abstract Limits: UGT2B7 favors but is not exclusive to 4-prime conjugation; UGT1A9 mainly forms 5-O conjugates. Shared UGT substrates do not prove competition in people. Primary reference: Regioselective glucuronidation of gingerols by human liver microsomes and expressed UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes: reaction kinetics and activity correlation analyses for UGT1A9 and UGT2B7. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25496264/ DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12351 Access: Primary PubMed abstract.
Complete structured claim and evidence
Human UGT2B7 was a principal contributor to 8-gingerol 4-prime-O-glucuronide formation in the enzyme comparison.
8-Gingerol → 8-Gingerol 4-prime-O-glucuronide source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
Individual 6-, 8- or 10-gingerol with UDP-glucuronic acid; exact concentration series not in accessed abstract
duration
Not specified in accessed abstract
evidence_access
Primary PubMed abstract.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
Human liver microsomes and expressed human UGT enzymes
limitations
UGT2B7 favors but is not exclusive to 4-prime conjugation; UGT1A9 mainly forms 5-O conjugates. Shared UGT substrates do not prove competition in people.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
Human liver microsomes and expressed human UGT enzymes
plain_language
Human UGT2B7 was a principal contributor to 8-gingerol 4-prime-O-glucuronide formation in the enzyme comparison.
primary_references
Regioselective glucuronidation of gingerols by human liver microsomes and expressed UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes: reaction kinetics and activity correlation analyses for UGT1A9 and UGT2B7. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25496264/ DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12351
route
In vitro incubation
tissue
Hepatic and recombinant enzyme preparations
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 305–314
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human liver microsomes and expressed human UGT enzymes · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-8-ugt2b7 Human UGT2B7 was a principal contributor to 8-gingerol 4-prime-O-glucuronide formation in the enzyme comparison. Model/species: Human liver microsomes and expressed human UGT enzymes Tissue: Hepatic and recombinant enzyme preparations Exposure: Individual 6-, 8- or 10-gingerol with UDP-glucuronic acid; exact concentration series not in accessed abstract Route: In vitro incubation Duration: Not specified in accessed abstract Limits: UGT2B7 favors but is not exclusive to 4-prime conjugation; UGT1A9 mainly forms 5-O conjugates. Shared UGT substrates do not prove competition in people. Primary reference: Regioselective glucuronidation of gingerols by human liver microsomes and expressed UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes: reaction kinetics and activity correlation analyses for UGT1A9 and UGT2B7. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25496264/ DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12351 Access: Primary PubMed abstract.
Complete structured claim and evidence
Human UGT1A9 was a principal contributor to 8-gingerol 5-O-glucuronide formation in the enzyme comparison.
8-Gingerol → 8-Gingerol 5-O-glucuronide source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
Individual 6-, 8- or 10-gingerol with UDP-glucuronic acid; exact concentration series not in accessed abstract
duration
Not specified in accessed abstract
evidence_access
Primary PubMed abstract.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
Human liver microsomes and expressed human UGT enzymes
limitations
UGT2B7 favors but is not exclusive to 4-prime conjugation; UGT1A9 mainly forms 5-O conjugates. Shared UGT substrates do not prove competition in people.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
Human liver microsomes and expressed human UGT enzymes
plain_language
Human UGT1A9 was a principal contributor to 8-gingerol 5-O-glucuronide formation in the enzyme comparison.
primary_references
Regioselective glucuronidation of gingerols by human liver microsomes and expressed UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes: reaction kinetics and activity correlation analyses for UGT1A9 and UGT2B7. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25496264/ DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12351
route
In vitro incubation
tissue
Hepatic and recombinant enzyme preparations
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 316–325
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human liver microsomes and expressed human UGT enzymes · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-8-ugt1a9 Human UGT1A9 was a principal contributor to 8-gingerol 5-O-glucuronide formation in the enzyme comparison. Model/species: Human liver microsomes and expressed human UGT enzymes Tissue: Hepatic and recombinant enzyme preparations Exposure: Individual 6-, 8- or 10-gingerol with UDP-glucuronic acid; exact concentration series not in accessed abstract Route: In vitro incubation Duration: Not specified in accessed abstract Limits: UGT2B7 favors but is not exclusive to 4-prime conjugation; UGT1A9 mainly forms 5-O conjugates. Shared UGT substrates do not prove competition in people. Primary reference: Regioselective glucuronidation of gingerols by human liver microsomes and expressed UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes: reaction kinetics and activity correlation analyses for UGT1A9 and UGT2B7. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25496264/ DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12351 Access: Primary PubMed abstract.
Complete structured claim and evidence
Human UGT2B7 was a principal contributor to 10-gingerol 4-prime-O-glucuronide formation in the enzyme comparison.
10-Gingerol → 10-Gingerol 4-prime-O-glucuronide source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
Individual 6-, 8- or 10-gingerol with UDP-glucuronic acid; exact concentration series not in accessed abstract
duration
Not specified in accessed abstract
evidence_access
Primary PubMed abstract.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
Human liver microsomes and expressed human UGT enzymes
limitations
UGT2B7 favors but is not exclusive to 4-prime conjugation; UGT1A9 mainly forms 5-O conjugates. Shared UGT substrates do not prove competition in people.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
Human liver microsomes and expressed human UGT enzymes
plain_language
Human UGT2B7 was a principal contributor to 10-gingerol 4-prime-O-glucuronide formation in the enzyme comparison.
primary_references
Regioselective glucuronidation of gingerols by human liver microsomes and expressed UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes: reaction kinetics and activity correlation analyses for UGT1A9 and UGT2B7. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25496264/ DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12351
route
In vitro incubation
tissue
Hepatic and recombinant enzyme preparations
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 327–336
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human liver microsomes and expressed human UGT enzymes · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-10-ugt2b7 Human UGT2B7 was a principal contributor to 10-gingerol 4-prime-O-glucuronide formation in the enzyme comparison. Model/species: Human liver microsomes and expressed human UGT enzymes Tissue: Hepatic and recombinant enzyme preparations Exposure: Individual 6-, 8- or 10-gingerol with UDP-glucuronic acid; exact concentration series not in accessed abstract Route: In vitro incubation Duration: Not specified in accessed abstract Limits: UGT2B7 favors but is not exclusive to 4-prime conjugation; UGT1A9 mainly forms 5-O conjugates. Shared UGT substrates do not prove competition in people. Primary reference: Regioselective glucuronidation of gingerols by human liver microsomes and expressed UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes: reaction kinetics and activity correlation analyses for UGT1A9 and UGT2B7. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25496264/ DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12351 Access: Primary PubMed abstract.
Complete structured claim and evidence
Human UGT1A9 was a principal contributor to 10-gingerol 5-O-glucuronide formation in the enzyme comparison.
10-Gingerol → 10-Gingerol 5-O-glucuronide source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
Individual 6-, 8- or 10-gingerol with UDP-glucuronic acid; exact concentration series not in accessed abstract
duration
Not specified in accessed abstract
evidence_access
Primary PubMed abstract.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
Human liver microsomes and expressed human UGT enzymes
limitations
UGT2B7 favors but is not exclusive to 4-prime conjugation; UGT1A9 mainly forms 5-O conjugates. Shared UGT substrates do not prove competition in people.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
Human liver microsomes and expressed human UGT enzymes
plain_language
Human UGT1A9 was a principal contributor to 10-gingerol 5-O-glucuronide formation in the enzyme comparison.
primary_references
Regioselective glucuronidation of gingerols by human liver microsomes and expressed UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes: reaction kinetics and activity correlation analyses for UGT1A9 and UGT2B7. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25496264/ DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12351
route
In vitro incubation
tissue
Hepatic and recombinant enzyme preparations
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 338–347
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human liver microsomes and expressed human UGT enzymes · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-10-ugt1a9 Human UGT1A9 was a principal contributor to 10-gingerol 5-O-glucuronide formation in the enzyme comparison. Model/species: Human liver microsomes and expressed human UGT enzymes Tissue: Hepatic and recombinant enzyme preparations Exposure: Individual 6-, 8- or 10-gingerol with UDP-glucuronic acid; exact concentration series not in accessed abstract Route: In vitro incubation Duration: Not specified in accessed abstract Limits: UGT2B7 favors but is not exclusive to 4-prime conjugation; UGT1A9 mainly forms 5-O conjugates. Shared UGT substrates do not prove competition in people. Primary reference: Regioselective glucuronidation of gingerols by human liver microsomes and expressed UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes: reaction kinetics and activity correlation analyses for UGT1A9 and UGT2B7. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25496264/ DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12351 Access: Primary PubMed abstract.
Complete structured claim and evidence
After oral ginger, plasma 6-gingerol glucuronides were detected through enzymatic hydrolysis; unconjugated 6-gingerol was not detected in this study.
Ginger preparation in the 2008 human pharmacokinetic study → 6-Gingerol plasma glucuronides, attachment position unresolved source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
Single ginger-product dose 100 mg to 2 g
duration
Blood sampling 15 min to 72 h
evidence_access
Primary PubMed abstract.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
27 healthy human volunteers
limitations
Conjugates assessed after hydrolysis; measured total/conjugated exposure is not free parent concentration or tissue target engagement.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
27 healthy human volunteers
plain_language
After oral ginger, plasma 6-gingerol glucuronides were detected through enzymatic hydrolysis; unconjugated 6-gingerol was not detected in this study.
primary_references
Pharmacokinetics of 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol, and 6-shogaol and conjugate metabolites in healthy human subjects. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18708382/ DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-2934
route
Oral mixed ginger product
tissue
Plasma
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 349–358
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · 27 healthy human volunteers · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-6-human-glucuronides After oral ginger, plasma 6-gingerol glucuronides were detected through enzymatic hydrolysis; unconjugated 6-gingerol was not detected in this study. Model/species: 27 healthy human volunteers Tissue: Plasma Exposure: Single ginger-product dose 100 mg to 2 g Route: Oral mixed ginger product Duration: Blood sampling 15 min to 72 h Limits: Conjugates assessed after hydrolysis; measured total/conjugated exposure is not free parent concentration or tissue target engagement. Primary reference: Pharmacokinetics of 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol, and 6-shogaol and conjugate metabolites in healthy human subjects. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18708382/ DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-2934 Access: Primary PubMed abstract.
Complete structured claim and evidence
After oral ginger, plasma 8-gingerol glucuronides were detected through enzymatic hydrolysis; unconjugated 8-gingerol was not detected in this study.
Ginger preparation in the 2008 human pharmacokinetic study → 8-Gingerol plasma glucuronides, attachment position unresolved source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
Single ginger-product dose 100 mg to 2 g
duration
Blood sampling 15 min to 72 h
evidence_access
Primary PubMed abstract.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
27 healthy human volunteers
limitations
Conjugates assessed after hydrolysis; measured total/conjugated exposure is not free parent concentration or tissue target engagement.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
27 healthy human volunteers
plain_language
After oral ginger, plasma 8-gingerol glucuronides were detected through enzymatic hydrolysis; unconjugated 8-gingerol was not detected in this study.
primary_references
Pharmacokinetics of 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol, and 6-shogaol and conjugate metabolites in healthy human subjects. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18708382/ DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-2934
route
Oral mixed ginger product
tissue
Plasma
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 360–369
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · 27 healthy human volunteers · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-8-human-glucuronides After oral ginger, plasma 8-gingerol glucuronides were detected through enzymatic hydrolysis; unconjugated 8-gingerol was not detected in this study. Model/species: 27 healthy human volunteers Tissue: Plasma Exposure: Single ginger-product dose 100 mg to 2 g Route: Oral mixed ginger product Duration: Blood sampling 15 min to 72 h Limits: Conjugates assessed after hydrolysis; measured total/conjugated exposure is not free parent concentration or tissue target engagement. Primary reference: Pharmacokinetics of 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol, and 6-shogaol and conjugate metabolites in healthy human subjects. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18708382/ DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-2934 Access: Primary PubMed abstract.
Complete structured claim and evidence
After oral ginger, plasma 10-gingerol glucuronides were detected through enzymatic hydrolysis; unconjugated 10-gingerol was not detected in this study.
Ginger preparation in the 2008 human pharmacokinetic study → 10-Gingerol plasma glucuronides, attachment position unresolved source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
Single ginger-product dose 100 mg to 2 g
duration
Blood sampling 15 min to 72 h
evidence_access
Primary PubMed abstract.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
27 healthy human volunteers
limitations
Conjugates assessed after hydrolysis; measured total/conjugated exposure is not free parent concentration or tissue target engagement.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
27 healthy human volunteers
plain_language
After oral ginger, plasma 10-gingerol glucuronides were detected through enzymatic hydrolysis; unconjugated 10-gingerol was not detected in this study.
primary_references
Pharmacokinetics of 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol, and 6-shogaol and conjugate metabolites in healthy human subjects. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18708382/ DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-2934
route
Oral mixed ginger product
tissue
Plasma
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 371–380
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · 27 healthy human volunteers · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-10-human-glucuronides After oral ginger, plasma 10-gingerol glucuronides were detected through enzymatic hydrolysis; unconjugated 10-gingerol was not detected in this study. Model/species: 27 healthy human volunteers Tissue: Plasma Exposure: Single ginger-product dose 100 mg to 2 g Route: Oral mixed ginger product Duration: Blood sampling 15 min to 72 h Limits: Conjugates assessed after hydrolysis; measured total/conjugated exposure is not free parent concentration or tissue target engagement. Primary reference: Pharmacokinetics of 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol, and 6-shogaol and conjugate metabolites in healthy human subjects. (2008). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18708382/ DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-2934 Access: Primary PubMed abstract.
Complete structured claim and evidence
The sensitive 2011 assay did not detect free 6-gingerol in plasma after the 2 g ginger dose.
Ginger extract in the 2011 human pharmacokinetic study → Unconjugated 6-gingerol in human plasma source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
Ginger extract 2 g; LC-MS/MS lower quantification limit 2-5 ng/mL
duration
Sampling 0.25-24 h for parent analytes
evidence_access
Primary PubMed abstract.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
Healthy human volunteers
limitations
Food/product and analytical sensitivity differ from the 2008 study. Non-detection is not proof of zero absorption.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
Healthy human volunteers
plain_language
The sensitive 2011 assay did not detect free 6-gingerol in plasma after the 2 g ginger dose.
primary_references
Examination of the pharmacokinetics of active ingredients of ginger in humans. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21638149/ DOI: 10.1208/s12248-011-9286-5
route
Oral mixed ginger extract
tissue
Plasma
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 382–391
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Healthy human volunteers · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-6-human-free-null The sensitive 2011 assay did not detect free 6-gingerol in plasma after the 2 g ginger dose. Model/species: Healthy human volunteers Tissue: Plasma Exposure: Ginger extract 2 g; LC-MS/MS lower quantification limit 2-5 ng/mL Route: Oral mixed ginger extract Duration: Sampling 0.25-24 h for parent analytes Limits: Food/product and analytical sensitivity differ from the 2008 study. Non-detection is not proof of zero absorption. Primary reference: Examination of the pharmacokinetics of active ingredients of ginger in humans. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21638149/ DOI: 10.1208/s12248-011-9286-5 Access: Primary PubMed abstract.
Complete structured claim and evidence
The sensitive 2011 assay did not detect free 8-gingerol in plasma after the 2 g ginger dose.
Ginger extract in the 2011 human pharmacokinetic study → Unconjugated 8-gingerol in human plasma source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
Ginger extract 2 g; LC-MS/MS lower quantification limit 2-5 ng/mL
duration
Sampling 0.25-24 h for parent analytes
evidence_access
Primary PubMed abstract.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
Healthy human volunteers
limitations
Food/product and analytical sensitivity differ from the 2008 study. Non-detection is not proof of zero absorption.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
Healthy human volunteers
plain_language
The sensitive 2011 assay did not detect free 8-gingerol in plasma after the 2 g ginger dose.
primary_references
Examination of the pharmacokinetics of active ingredients of ginger in humans. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21638149/ DOI: 10.1208/s12248-011-9286-5
route
Oral mixed ginger extract
tissue
Plasma
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 393–402
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Healthy human volunteers · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-8-human-free-null The sensitive 2011 assay did not detect free 8-gingerol in plasma after the 2 g ginger dose. Model/species: Healthy human volunteers Tissue: Plasma Exposure: Ginger extract 2 g; LC-MS/MS lower quantification limit 2-5 ng/mL Route: Oral mixed ginger extract Duration: Sampling 0.25-24 h for parent analytes Limits: Food/product and analytical sensitivity differ from the 2008 study. Non-detection is not proof of zero absorption. Primary reference: Examination of the pharmacokinetics of active ingredients of ginger in humans. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21638149/ DOI: 10.1208/s12248-011-9286-5 Access: Primary PubMed abstract.
Complete structured claim and evidence
Free 10-gingerol peaked at 9.5 +/- 2.2 ng/mL approximately one hour after ginger extract ingestion.
Ginger extract in the 2011 human pharmacokinetic study → Unconjugated 10-gingerol in human plasma source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
Ginger extract 2 g; LC-MS/MS lower quantification limit 2-5 ng/mL
duration
Sampling 0.25-24 h for parent analytes
evidence_access
Primary PubMed abstract.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
Healthy human volunteers
limitations
Food/product and analytical sensitivity differ from the 2008 study. Non-detection is not proof of zero absorption.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
Healthy human volunteers
plain_language
Free 10-gingerol peaked at 9.5 +/- 2.2 ng/mL approximately one hour after ginger extract ingestion.
primary_references
Examination of the pharmacokinetics of active ingredients of ginger in humans. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21638149/ DOI: 10.1208/s12248-011-9286-5
route
Oral mixed ginger extract
tissue
Plasma
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 404–413
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Healthy human volunteers · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-10-human-free Free 10-gingerol peaked at 9.5 +/- 2.2 ng/mL approximately one hour after ginger extract ingestion. Model/species: Healthy human volunteers Tissue: Plasma Exposure: Ginger extract 2 g; LC-MS/MS lower quantification limit 2-5 ng/mL Route: Oral mixed ginger extract Duration: Sampling 0.25-24 h for parent analytes Limits: Food/product and analytical sensitivity differ from the 2008 study. Non-detection is not proof of zero absorption. Primary reference: Examination of the pharmacokinetics of active ingredients of ginger in humans. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21638149/ DOI: 10.1208/s12248-011-9286-5 Access: Primary PubMed abstract.
Complete structured claim and evidence
Adding 6-gingerol suppressed RNP-immune-complex-induced NET formation by human neutrophils.
6-Gingerol → NET formation by human neutrophils source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
Individual gingerols 10 micromolar with RNP/anti-RNP immune complexes 10 micrograms/mL
duration
3 h
evidence_access
Primary open full text, results, figure legends and methods, plus PubMed metadata.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
Neutrophils isolated from healthy human donors
limitations
Selected disease-relevant stimulus in isolated cells; not established treatment of lupus or antiphospholipid syndrome.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
Neutrophils isolated from healthy human donors
plain_language
Adding 6-gingerol suppressed RNP-immune-complex-induced NET formation by human neutrophils.
primary_references
Antineutrophil properties of natural gingerols in models of lupus. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33373329/ DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138385
route
Ex vivo co-incubation
tissue
Human neutrophils
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 415–424
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Neutrophils isolated from healthy human donors · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-6-netosis Adding 6-gingerol suppressed RNP-immune-complex-induced NET formation by human neutrophils. Model/species: Neutrophils isolated from healthy human donors Tissue: Human neutrophils Exposure: Individual gingerols 10 micromolar with RNP/anti-RNP immune complexes 10 micrograms/mL Route: Ex vivo co-incubation Duration: 3 h Limits: Selected disease-relevant stimulus in isolated cells; not established treatment of lupus or antiphospholipid syndrome. Primary reference: Antineutrophil properties of natural gingerols in models of lupus. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33373329/ DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138385 Access: Primary open full text, results, figure legends and methods, plus PubMed metadata.
Complete structured claim and evidence
Adding 8-gingerol suppressed RNP-immune-complex-induced NET formation by human neutrophils.
8-Gingerol → NET formation by human neutrophils source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
Individual gingerols 10 micromolar with RNP/anti-RNP immune complexes 10 micrograms/mL
duration
3 h
evidence_access
Primary open full text, results, figure legends and methods, plus PubMed metadata.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
Neutrophils isolated from healthy human donors
limitations
Selected disease-relevant stimulus in isolated cells; not established treatment of lupus or antiphospholipid syndrome.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
Neutrophils isolated from healthy human donors
plain_language
Adding 8-gingerol suppressed RNP-immune-complex-induced NET formation by human neutrophils.
primary_references
Antineutrophil properties of natural gingerols in models of lupus. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33373329/ DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138385
route
Ex vivo co-incubation
tissue
Human neutrophils
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 426–435
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Neutrophils isolated from healthy human donors · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-8-netosis Adding 8-gingerol suppressed RNP-immune-complex-induced NET formation by human neutrophils. Model/species: Neutrophils isolated from healthy human donors Tissue: Human neutrophils Exposure: Individual gingerols 10 micromolar with RNP/anti-RNP immune complexes 10 micrograms/mL Route: Ex vivo co-incubation Duration: 3 h Limits: Selected disease-relevant stimulus in isolated cells; not established treatment of lupus or antiphospholipid syndrome. Primary reference: Antineutrophil properties of natural gingerols in models of lupus. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33373329/ DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138385 Access: Primary open full text, results, figure legends and methods, plus PubMed metadata.
Complete structured claim and evidence
Adding 10-gingerol suppressed RNP-immune-complex-induced NET formation by human neutrophils.
10-Gingerol → NET formation by human neutrophils source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
Individual gingerols 10 micromolar with RNP/anti-RNP immune complexes 10 micrograms/mL
duration
3 h
evidence_access
Primary open full text, results, figure legends and methods, plus PubMed metadata.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
Neutrophils isolated from healthy human donors
limitations
Selected disease-relevant stimulus in isolated cells; not established treatment of lupus or antiphospholipid syndrome.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
Neutrophils isolated from healthy human donors
plain_language
Adding 10-gingerol suppressed RNP-immune-complex-induced NET formation by human neutrophils.
primary_references
Antineutrophil properties of natural gingerols in models of lupus. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33373329/ DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138385
route
Ex vivo co-incubation
tissue
Human neutrophils
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 437–446
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Neutrophils isolated from healthy human donors · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-10-netosis Adding 10-gingerol suppressed RNP-immune-complex-induced NET formation by human neutrophils. Model/species: Neutrophils isolated from healthy human donors Tissue: Human neutrophils Exposure: Individual gingerols 10 micromolar with RNP/anti-RNP immune complexes 10 micrograms/mL Route: Ex vivo co-incubation Duration: 3 h Limits: Selected disease-relevant stimulus in isolated cells; not established treatment of lupus or antiphospholipid syndrome. Primary reference: Antineutrophil properties of natural gingerols in models of lupus. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33373329/ DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138385 Access: Primary open full text, results, figure legends and methods, plus PubMed metadata.
Complete structured claim and evidence
Adding 6-gingerol reduced human neutrophil lysate cAMP-PDE activity by about 40 percent.
6-Gingerol → cAMP phosphodiesterase activity in human neutrophil lysates source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
6-Gingerol 10 micromolar; rolipram 0.1 micromolar comparator
duration
1 h at 37 degrees C
evidence_access
Primary open full text, results, figure legends and methods, plus PubMed metadata.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
Lysates of human donor neutrophils
limitations
Mixed cAMP-PDE activity was measured; similarity to rolipram does not establish isoform selectivity.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
Lysates of human donor neutrophils
plain_language
Adding 6-gingerol reduced human neutrophil lysate cAMP-PDE activity by about 40 percent.
primary_references
Antineutrophil properties of natural gingerols in models of lupus. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33373329/ DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138385
route
Ex vivo lysate assay
tissue
Neutrophil enzyme preparation
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 448–457
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Lysates of human donor neutrophils · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-6-neutrophil-pde Adding 6-gingerol reduced human neutrophil lysate cAMP-PDE activity by about 40 percent. Model/species: Lysates of human donor neutrophils Tissue: Neutrophil enzyme preparation Exposure: 6-Gingerol 10 micromolar; rolipram 0.1 micromolar comparator Route: Ex vivo lysate assay Duration: 1 h at 37 degrees C Limits: Mixed cAMP-PDE activity was measured; similarity to rolipram does not establish isoform selectivity. Primary reference: Antineutrophil properties of natural gingerols in models of lupus. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33373329/ DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138385 Access: Primary open full text, results, figure legends and methods, plus PubMed metadata.
Complete structured claim and evidence
6-Gingerol pretreatment increased the forskolin-stimulated intracellular cAMP response in human neutrophils.
6-Gingerol → Intracellular cAMP in human neutrophils source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
6-Gingerol 10 micromolar followed by forskolin 100 micromolar
duration
30 min gingerol followed by 10 min forskolin
evidence_access
Primary open full text, results, figure legends and methods, plus PubMed metadata.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
Neutrophils isolated from healthy human donors
limitations
Potentiation of a forskolin-stimulated signal is not proof of the same magnitude under basal conditions.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
Neutrophils isolated from healthy human donors
plain_language
6-Gingerol pretreatment increased the forskolin-stimulated intracellular cAMP response in human neutrophils.
primary_references
Antineutrophil properties of natural gingerols in models of lupus. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33373329/ DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138385
route
Ex vivo exposure
tissue
Human neutrophil cytosol
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 459–468
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Neutrophils isolated from healthy human donors · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-6-neutrophil-camp 6-Gingerol pretreatment increased the forskolin-stimulated intracellular cAMP response in human neutrophils. Model/species: Neutrophils isolated from healthy human donors Tissue: Human neutrophil cytosol Exposure: 6-Gingerol 10 micromolar followed by forskolin 100 micromolar Route: Ex vivo exposure Duration: 30 min gingerol followed by 10 min forskolin Limits: Potentiation of a forskolin-stimulated signal is not proof of the same magnitude under basal conditions. Primary reference: Antineutrophil properties of natural gingerols in models of lupus. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33373329/ DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138385 Access: Primary open full text, results, figure legends and methods, plus PubMed metadata.
Complete structured claim and evidence
6-Gingerol enhanced measured PKA activity in the stimulated human-neutrophil experiments.
6-Gingerol → Protein kinase A activity in human neutrophils source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
6-Gingerol 10 micromolar with forskolin or cAMP stimulation
duration
Kinase assay incubation 90 min; cellular pretreatment interval not resolved here
evidence_access
Primary open full text, results, figure legends and methods, plus PubMed metadata.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
Neutrophils isolated from healthy human donors
limitations
Activity response, not demonstrated direct binding of gingerol to PKA.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
Neutrophils isolated from healthy human donors
plain_language
6-Gingerol enhanced measured PKA activity in the stimulated human-neutrophil experiments.
primary_references
Antineutrophil properties of natural gingerols in models of lupus. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33373329/ DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138385
route
Ex vivo exposure and lysate kinase assay
tissue
Human neutrophil PKA activity assay
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 470–479
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Neutrophils isolated from healthy human donors · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-6-neutrophil-pka 6-Gingerol enhanced measured PKA activity in the stimulated human-neutrophil experiments. Model/species: Neutrophils isolated from healthy human donors Tissue: Human neutrophil PKA activity assay Exposure: 6-Gingerol 10 micromolar with forskolin or cAMP stimulation Route: Ex vivo exposure and lysate kinase assay Duration: Kinase assay incubation 90 min; cellular pretreatment interval not resolved here Limits: Activity response, not demonstrated direct binding of gingerol to PKA. Primary reference: Antineutrophil properties of natural gingerols in models of lupus. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33373329/ DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138385 Access: Primary open full text, results, figure legends and methods, plus PubMed metadata.
Complete structured claim and evidence
Adding a PKA inhibitor weakened 6-gingerol suppression of APS-IgG-triggered NETosis in human neutrophils.
Pharmacologically PKA-inhibited human neutrophil state → NET formation by human neutrophils source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
availability_state
machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
dose
6-Gingerol with APS IgG and PKA inhibitor; exact inhibitor dose not specified in inspected text
duration
3 h NETosis assay
evidence_access
Primary open full text, results, figure legends and methods, plus PubMed metadata.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
Human donor neutrophils with pharmacologically inhibited PKA
limitations
Supports a PKA-sensitive component; pharmacological inhibition is not selective genetic deletion or a nutrient deficiency.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
Human donor neutrophils with pharmacologically inhibited PKA
plain_language
Adding a PKA inhibitor weakened 6-gingerol suppression of APS-IgG-triggered NETosis in human neutrophils.
primary_references
Antineutrophil properties of natural gingerols in models of lupus. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33373329/ DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138385
route
Ex vivo co-exposure
tissue
Human neutrophils
trigger_kind
machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 481–490
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human donor neutrophils with pharmacologically inhibited PKA · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-pka-blockade Adding a PKA inhibitor weakened 6-gingerol suppression of APS-IgG-triggered NETosis in human neutrophils. Model/species: Human donor neutrophils with pharmacologically inhibited PKA Tissue: Human neutrophils Exposure: 6-Gingerol with APS IgG and PKA inhibitor; exact inhibitor dose not specified in inspected text Route: Ex vivo co-exposure Duration: 3 h NETosis assay Limits: Supports a PKA-sensitive component; pharmacological inhibition is not selective genetic deletion or a nutrient deficiency. Primary reference: Antineutrophil properties of natural gingerols in models of lupus. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33373329/ DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138385 Access: Primary open full text, results, figure legends and methods, plus PubMed metadata.
Complete structured claim and evidence
Seven days of whole-ginger extract intake was associated with higher neutrophil cAMP in the healthy-volunteer cohorts.
Ginger extract in the 2023 human neutrophil pilot study → Intracellular cAMP in human neutrophils source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
100 mg whole-ginger extract, approximately 20 mg gingerols daily
duration
7 days; sampling baseline, day 7 and day 14
evidence_access
Primary open full text, results, figure legends and methods, plus PubMed metadata.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
Healthy volunteers: 9 Michigan participants and 8 Colorado participants
limitations
Small before/after cohorts without placebo; shared research program, not two independent laboratory replications. Individual gingerol attribution and clinical disease benefit are unproven.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
Healthy volunteers: 9 Michigan participants and 8 Colorado participants
plain_language
Seven days of whole-ginger extract intake was associated with higher neutrophil cAMP in the healthy-volunteer cohorts.
primary_references
Ginger intake suppresses neutrophil extracellular trap formation in autoimmune mice and healthy humans. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37737262/ DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.172011
route
Oral mixed extract
tissue
Blood neutrophils, PBMCs and plasma
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 492–501
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Healthy volunteers: 9 Michigan participants and 8 Colorado participants · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-human-extract-camp Seven days of whole-ginger extract intake was associated with higher neutrophil cAMP in the healthy-volunteer cohorts. Model/species: Healthy volunteers: 9 Michigan participants and 8 Colorado participants Tissue: Blood neutrophils, PBMCs and plasma Exposure: 100 mg whole-ginger extract, approximately 20 mg gingerols daily Route: Oral mixed extract Duration: 7 days; sampling baseline, day 7 and day 14 Limits: Small before/after cohorts without placebo; shared research program, not two independent laboratory replications. Individual gingerol attribution and clinical disease benefit are unproven. Primary reference: Ginger intake suppresses neutrophil extracellular trap formation in autoimmune mice and healthy humans. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37737262/ DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.172011 Access: Primary open full text, results, figure legends and methods, plus PubMed metadata.
Complete structured claim and evidence
The ginger pilot study did not find a significant increase in PBMC cAMP.
Ginger extract in the 2023 human neutrophil pilot study → Intracellular cAMP in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
100 mg whole-ginger extract, approximately 20 mg gingerols daily
duration
7 days; sampling baseline, day 7 and day 14
evidence_access
Primary open full text, results, figure legends and methods, plus PubMed metadata.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
Healthy volunteers: 9 Michigan participants and 8 Colorado participants
limitations
Small before/after cohorts without placebo; shared research program, not two independent laboratory replications. Individual gingerol attribution and clinical disease benefit are unproven.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
Healthy volunteers: 9 Michigan participants and 8 Colorado participants
plain_language
The ginger pilot study did not find a significant increase in PBMC cAMP.
primary_references
Ginger intake suppresses neutrophil extracellular trap formation in autoimmune mice and healthy humans. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37737262/ DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.172011
route
Oral mixed extract
tissue
Blood neutrophils, PBMCs and plasma
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 503–512
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Healthy volunteers: 9 Michigan participants and 8 Colorado participants · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-human-extract-pbmc-null The ginger pilot study did not find a significant increase in PBMC cAMP. Model/species: Healthy volunteers: 9 Michigan participants and 8 Colorado participants Tissue: Blood neutrophils, PBMCs and plasma Exposure: 100 mg whole-ginger extract, approximately 20 mg gingerols daily Route: Oral mixed extract Duration: 7 days; sampling baseline, day 7 and day 14 Limits: Small before/after cohorts without placebo; shared research program, not two independent laboratory replications. Individual gingerol attribution and clinical disease benefit are unproven. Primary reference: Ginger intake suppresses neutrophil extracellular trap formation in autoimmune mice and healthy humans. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37737262/ DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.172011 Access: Primary open full text, results, figure legends and methods, plus PubMed metadata.
Complete structured claim and evidence
Neutrophils collected after ginger intake showed reduced ex vivo NET responses to disease-relevant stimuli.
Ginger extract in the 2023 human neutrophil pilot study → NET formation by human neutrophils source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
100 mg whole-ginger extract, approximately 20 mg gingerols daily
duration
7 days; sampling baseline, day 7 and day 14
evidence_access
Primary open full text, results, figure legends and methods, plus PubMed metadata.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
Healthy volunteers: 9 Michigan participants and 8 Colorado participants
limitations
Small before/after cohorts without placebo; shared research program, not two independent laboratory replications. Individual gingerol attribution and clinical disease benefit are unproven.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
Healthy volunteers: 9 Michigan participants and 8 Colorado participants
plain_language
Neutrophils collected after ginger intake showed reduced ex vivo NET responses to disease-relevant stimuli.
primary_references
Ginger intake suppresses neutrophil extracellular trap formation in autoimmune mice and healthy humans. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37737262/ DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.172011
route
Oral mixed extract
tissue
Blood neutrophils, PBMCs and plasma
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 514–523
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Healthy volunteers: 9 Michigan participants and 8 Colorado participants · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-human-extract-netosis Neutrophils collected after ginger intake showed reduced ex vivo NET responses to disease-relevant stimuli. Model/species: Healthy volunteers: 9 Michigan participants and 8 Colorado participants Tissue: Blood neutrophils, PBMCs and plasma Exposure: 100 mg whole-ginger extract, approximately 20 mg gingerols daily Route: Oral mixed extract Duration: 7 days; sampling baseline, day 7 and day 14 Limits: Small before/after cohorts without placebo; shared research program, not two independent laboratory replications. Individual gingerol attribution and clinical disease benefit are unproven. Primary reference: Ginger intake suppresses neutrophil extracellular trap formation in autoimmune mice and healthy humans. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37737262/ DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.172011 Access: Primary open full text, results, figure legends and methods, plus PubMed metadata.
Complete structured claim and evidence
Ginger intake was associated with lower circulating NET-associated markers in the pilot cohorts.
Ginger extract in the 2023 human neutrophil pilot study → Human plasma NET-associated markers source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
100 mg whole-ginger extract, approximately 20 mg gingerols daily
duration
7 days; sampling baseline, day 7 and day 14
evidence_access
Primary open full text, results, figure legends and methods, plus PubMed metadata.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
Healthy volunteers: 9 Michigan participants and 8 Colorado participants
limitations
Small before/after cohorts without placebo; shared research program, not two independent laboratory replications. Individual gingerol attribution and clinical disease benefit are unproven.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
Healthy volunteers: 9 Michigan participants and 8 Colorado participants
plain_language
Ginger intake was associated with lower circulating NET-associated markers in the pilot cohorts.
primary_references
Ginger intake suppresses neutrophil extracellular trap formation in autoimmune mice and healthy humans. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37737262/ DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.172011
route
Oral mixed extract
tissue
Blood neutrophils, PBMCs and plasma
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 525–534
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Healthy volunteers: 9 Michigan participants and 8 Colorado participants · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-human-extract-net-markers Ginger intake was associated with lower circulating NET-associated markers in the pilot cohorts. Model/species: Healthy volunteers: 9 Michigan participants and 8 Colorado participants Tissue: Blood neutrophils, PBMCs and plasma Exposure: 100 mg whole-ginger extract, approximately 20 mg gingerols daily Route: Oral mixed extract Duration: 7 days; sampling baseline, day 7 and day 14 Limits: Small before/after cohorts without placebo; shared research program, not two independent laboratory replications. Individual gingerol attribution and clinical disease benefit are unproven. Primary reference: Ginger intake suppresses neutrophil extracellular trap formation in autoimmune mice and healthy humans. (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37737262/ DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.172011 Access: Primary open full text, results, figure legends and methods, plus PubMed metadata.
Complete structured claim and evidence
Gavage with 6-gingerol reduced kaolin ingestion after cisplatin administration in rats.
6-Gingerol → Cisplatin-associated kaolin ingestion in rats source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
6-Gingerol 50 or 100 mg/kg twice; cisplatin 6 mg/kg once, 1 h after first gingerol dose
duration
Gingerol at 07:00 and 19:00; assessment 24 h after cisplatin
evidence_access
Primary PubMed abstract.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
Rats in a cisplatin-induced pica model
limitations
Rats do not vomit; pica is a surrogate. This experiment does not establish human antiemetic efficacy or preserved anticancer efficacy.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
Rats in a cisplatin-induced pica model
plain_language
Gavage with 6-gingerol reduced kaolin ingestion after cisplatin administration in rats.
primary_references
[6]-Gingerol Ameliorates Cisplatin-Induced Pica by Regulating the TPH/MAO-A/SERT/5-HT/5-HT3 Receptor System in Rats. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33061309/ DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S270185
route
Gingerol gavage; cisplatin intraperitoneal injection
tissue
Kaolin intake, ileum, medulla oblongata and serum
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 536–545
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rats in a cisplatin-induced pica model · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-6-cisplatin-pica Gavage with 6-gingerol reduced kaolin ingestion after cisplatin administration in rats. Model/species: Rats in a cisplatin-induced pica model Tissue: Kaolin intake, ileum, medulla oblongata and serum Exposure: 6-Gingerol 50 or 100 mg/kg twice; cisplatin 6 mg/kg once, 1 h after first gingerol dose Route: Gingerol gavage; cisplatin intraperitoneal injection Duration: Gingerol at 07:00 and 19:00; assessment 24 h after cisplatin Limits: Rats do not vomit; pica is a surrogate. This experiment does not establish human antiemetic efficacy or preserved anticancer efficacy. Primary reference: [6]-Gingerol Ameliorates Cisplatin-Induced Pica by Regulating the TPH/MAO-A/SERT/5-HT/5-HT3 Receptor System in Rats. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33061309/ DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S270185 Access: Primary PubMed abstract.
Complete structured claim and evidence
6-Gingerol treatment attenuated the cisplatin-associated rise in measured serotonin in rats.
6-Gingerol → Serotonin elevation in cisplatin-exposed rats source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
6-Gingerol 50 or 100 mg/kg twice; cisplatin 6 mg/kg once, 1 h after first gingerol dose
duration
Gingerol at 07:00 and 19:00; assessment 24 h after cisplatin
evidence_access
Primary PubMed abstract.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
Rats in a cisplatin-induced pica model
limitations
Rats do not vomit; pica is a surrogate. This experiment does not establish human antiemetic efficacy or preserved anticancer efficacy.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
Rats in a cisplatin-induced pica model
plain_language
6-Gingerol treatment attenuated the cisplatin-associated rise in measured serotonin in rats.
primary_references
[6]-Gingerol Ameliorates Cisplatin-Induced Pica by Regulating the TPH/MAO-A/SERT/5-HT/5-HT3 Receptor System in Rats. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33061309/ DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S270185
route
Gingerol gavage; cisplatin intraperitoneal injection
tissue
Kaolin intake, ileum, medulla oblongata and serum
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 547–556
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rats in a cisplatin-induced pica model · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-6-cisplatin-serotonin 6-Gingerol treatment attenuated the cisplatin-associated rise in measured serotonin in rats. Model/species: Rats in a cisplatin-induced pica model Tissue: Kaolin intake, ileum, medulla oblongata and serum Exposure: 6-Gingerol 50 or 100 mg/kg twice; cisplatin 6 mg/kg once, 1 h after first gingerol dose Route: Gingerol gavage; cisplatin intraperitoneal injection Duration: Gingerol at 07:00 and 19:00; assessment 24 h after cisplatin Limits: Rats do not vomit; pica is a surrogate. This experiment does not establish human antiemetic efficacy or preserved anticancer efficacy. Primary reference: [6]-Gingerol Ameliorates Cisplatin-Induced Pica by Regulating the TPH/MAO-A/SERT/5-HT/5-HT3 Receptor System in Rats. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33061309/ DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S270185 Access: Primary PubMed abstract.
Complete structured claim and evidence
Co-administered ginger product did not significantly change the INR response to a single warfarin dose in healthy men.
Ginger product in the 2005 warfarin crossover study → Anticoagulant response to warfarin source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
Warfarin 25 mg once; ginger product at recommended study dose, exact herbal amount not in accessed abstract
duration
Ginger for 7 days before and 7 days after warfarin
evidence_access
Primary PubMed abstract.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
12 healthy men in an open randomized three-way crossover study
limitations
Whole ginger rather than purified gingerols; a small healthy-volunteer null result cannot exclude interactions during chronic anticoagulation.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
12 healthy men in an open randomized three-way crossover study
plain_language
Co-administered ginger product did not significantly change the INR response to a single warfarin dose in healthy men.
primary_references
Effect of ginkgo and ginger on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15801937/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2005.02322.x
route
Oral co-exposure
tissue
Plasma and coagulation measurements
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 558–567
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · 12 healthy men in an open randomized three-way crossover study · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-ginger-warfarin-inr-null Co-administered ginger product did not significantly change the INR response to a single warfarin dose in healthy men. Model/species: 12 healthy men in an open randomized three-way crossover study Tissue: Plasma and coagulation measurements Exposure: Warfarin 25 mg once; ginger product at recommended study dose, exact herbal amount not in accessed abstract Route: Oral co-exposure Duration: Ginger for 7 days before and 7 days after warfarin Limits: Whole ginger rather than purified gingerols; a small healthy-volunteer null result cannot exclude interactions during chronic anticoagulation. Primary reference: Effect of ginkgo and ginger on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15801937/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2005.02322.x Access: Primary PubMed abstract.
Complete structured claim and evidence
Co-administered ginger product did not significantly change apparent clearance of either warfarin enantiomer in the crossover study.
Ginger product in the 2005 warfarin crossover study → Apparent oral clearance of warfarin enantiomers in humans source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
dose
Warfarin 25 mg once; ginger product at recommended study dose, exact herbal amount not in accessed abstract
duration
Ginger for 7 days before and 7 days after warfarin
evidence_access
Primary PubMed abstract.
evidence_scope
literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation, not universally established human effects
experimental_model
12 healthy men in an open randomized three-way crossover study
limitations
Whole ginger rather than purified gingerols; a small healthy-volunteer null result cannot exclude interactions during chronic anticoagulation.
nutrient_topic
Gingerols collection; each molecular form and experimental preparation remains explicit. · Gingerols
organism
12 healthy men in an open randomized three-way crossover study
plain_language
Co-administered ginger product did not significantly change apparent clearance of either warfarin enantiomer in the crossover study.
primary_references
Effect of ginkgo and ginger on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15801937/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2005.02322.x
route
Oral co-exposure
tissue
Plasma and coagulation measurements
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 569–578
Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · 12 healthy men in an open randomized three-way crossover study · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## gingerols-ginger-warfarin-pk-null Co-administered ginger product did not significantly change apparent clearance of either warfarin enantiomer in the crossover study. Model/species: 12 healthy men in an open randomized three-way crossover study Tissue: Plasma and coagulation measurements Exposure: Warfarin 25 mg once; ginger product at recommended study dose, exact herbal amount not in accessed abstract Route: Oral co-exposure Duration: Ginger for 7 days before and 7 days after warfarin Limits: Whole ginger rather than purified gingerols; a small healthy-volunteer null result cannot exclude interactions during chronic anticoagulation. Primary reference: Effect of ginkgo and ginger on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15801937/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2005.02322.x Access: Primary PubMed abstract.
Complete structured claim and evidence
UGT2B7 supported curcumin glucuronidation in the experimental system.
Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 / UGT2B7 → Curcumin source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_span
{"source_cache": "artifacts/curcumin-research/38522299.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "84f7b5a7112090e4cc09dfd8b0bfce03908e6dd800773861d42815d71caf261c", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1005, "text_sha256": "84f7b5a7112090e4cc09dfd8b0bfce03908e6dd800773861d42815d71caf261c"}
experimental_model
Glucuronidation assays with human liver microsomes and UGT2B7
exposure
Curcumin compared with tetrahydrocurcumin; pH-dependent structural analysis
limitations
Kinetic and structural comparisons do not establish comparative clinical efficacy; docking hypotheses are not imported as proven steps.
nutrient_topic
Curcumin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Curcumin
organism
Human tissue and enzyme systems
plain_language
A named enzyme contributes to curcumin conjugation.
primary_references
[curcumin-p38522299] Glucuronidation dynamics of curcumin and tetrahydrocurcumin for differential structures and chemical reactivities in human liver microsome and uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 2B7. (2024). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38522299/ DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138929
tissue_or_cell_type
Microsomes and recombinant UGT2B7
Curcumin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 177–188
AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Glucuronidation assays with human liver microsomes and UGT2B7 · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
### curcumin-ugt2b7-cur UGT2B7 supported curcumin glucuronidation in the experimental system. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Curcumin research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A named enzyme contributes to curcumin conjugation. organism: Human tissue and enzyme systems tissue_or_cell_type: Microsomes and recombinant UGT2B7 experimental_model: Glucuronidation assays with human liver microsomes and UGT2B7 limitations: Kinetic and structural comparisons do not establish comparative clinical efficacy; docking hypotheses are not imported as proven steps. exposure: Curcumin compared with tetrahydrocurcumin; pH-dependent structural analysis evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/curcumin-research/38522299.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "84f7b5a7112090e4cc09dfd8b0bfce03908e6dd800773861d42815d71caf261c", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1005, "text_sha256": "84f7b5a7112090e4cc09dfd8b0bfce03908e6dd800773861d42815d71caf261c"} [curcumin-p38522299] Glucuronidation dynamics of curcumin and tetrahydrocurcumin for differential structures and chemical reactivities in human liver microsome and uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 2B7. (2024). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38522299/ DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138929
Complete structured claim and evidence
Recombinant enzyme and microsomal assays identified UGT2B7 as the main contributor to steviol glucuronidation at low substrate concentration.
Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 / UGT2B7 → Steviol source_derived_draftungraded
Experimental context and source evidence
evidence_access
Primary abstract
experimental_model
Human and rat microsomes with recombinant human UGT assays.
limitations
Organ-specific clearance differed; in vitro enzyme contribution is not a measured whole-body clearance fraction.
nutrient_topic
Stevia collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · Stevia
plain_language
A liver clearance enzyme changes the circulating chemical form.
primary_references
Steviol glucuronidation and its potential interaction with UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 substrates. · 2014 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24296138/ · DOI 10.1016/j.fct.2013.11.028
Stevia: glycoside metabolism, taste, ion channels and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-19) · lines 50–56
AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human and rat microsomes with recombinant human UGT assays. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## stevia-ugt2b7 A liver clearance enzyme changes the circulating chemical form. Recombinant enzyme and microsomal assays identified UGT2B7 as the main contributor to steviol glucuronidation at low substrate concentration. Model: Human and rat microsomes with recombinant human UGT assays. Limitations: Organ-specific clearance differed; in vitro enzyme contribution is not a measured whole-body clearance fraction. Evidence access: Primary abstract Steviol glucuronidation and its potential interaction with UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 substrates. · 2014 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24296138/ · DOI 10.1016/j.fct.2013.11.028
Complete structured claim and evidence

Availability and dependencies

Each situation shows the normal role first, then what the sources report under a specific condition. A shortfall in the diet, a fault in the machinery, and a low blood reading are kept separate because they are not the same thing.

PKA inhibition weakens the 6-gingerol anti-NET response

Condition: machinery_impairment · Pharmacological inhibition of PKA during 6-gingerol exposure.

Normal role: 6-Gingerol enhances cAMP/PKA signaling and suppresses stimulated NET formation in the experimental system.

Recorded consequence: Reduced suppression of APS-IgG-triggered NETosis.

Scope: Ex vivo pharmacological perturbation in human neutrophils.

The sources

Every document behind this chapter is preserved word for word. Open one to read it in full with its recorded conflicts marked in place.

Curcumin: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17)AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · unverified_draftRead preserved source
Gingerols: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20)Original AI-assisted curation of thirteen primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · unverified_draftRead preserved source
Stevia: glycoside metabolism, taste, ion channels and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-19)AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · unverified_draftRead preserved source

Recorded disagreements

Where two sources say different things, both are kept and the difference is explained. You can discuss a disagreement or propose a mechanism that might account for it.

Open questions in this collection

Questions the curators could not answer from the sources in front of them, kept here with the reason each one is still open. These are gaps in this collection, not findings or proof that no one has studied them.

Chapters are assembled from supplied drafts and curated literature summaries. Statements remain unverified against the primary studies, and the ledger is not medical advice.

Evidence, AI assistance and curation standards

Gingerols

The mechanisms

Heating 6-gingerol in aqueous solutions produced 6-shogaol by a pH-dependent dehydration reaction.

The aqueous 6-gingerol/6-shogaol system also supported the reverse hydration reaction.

Adding 6-gingerol activated mouse TRPV1 channels in electrophysiological experiments.

6-Gingerol inhibited 5-HT3-mediated cation influx in N1E-115 cells.

6-Gingerol did not displace GR65630 from the human 5-HT3 receptor preparation.

6-Gingerol reduced contractions elicited by the selective 5-HT3 agonist in isolated guinea-pig ileum.

8-Gingerol inhibited 5-HT3-mediated cation influx in N1E-115 cells.

8-Gingerol did not displace GR65630 from the human 5-HT3 receptor preparation.

8-Gingerol reduced contractions elicited by the selective 5-HT3 agonist in isolated guinea-pig ileum.

10-Gingerol inhibited 5-HT3-mediated cation influx in N1E-115 cells.

10-Gingerol did not displace GR65630 from the human 5-HT3 receptor preparation.

10-Gingerol reduced contractions elicited by the selective 5-HT3 agonist in isolated guinea-pig ileum.

Adding (S)-6-gingerol increased intracellular calcium in rat L6 myotubes.

Adding (S)-6-gingerol increased AMPK alpha Thr172 phosphorylation in rat L6 cells, with CaMKK-associated signaling.

Adding (S)-6-gingerol increased glucose uptake in rat L6 myotubes.

Co-applying 6-gingerol enhanced isoproterenol-induced relaxation of isolated human airway smooth muscle.

6-Gingerol inhibited the purified PDE4D preparation in the airway-mechanism study.

Co-applying 8-gingerol enhanced isoproterenol-induced relaxation of isolated human airway smooth muscle.

8-Gingerol inhibited the purified PDE4D preparation in the airway-mechanism study.

8-Gingerol inhibited the purified phospholipase C beta preparation.

6-Gingerol did not share the PLC beta inhibition reported for 8-gingerol and 6-shogaol in this comparison.

Adding 8-gingerol reduced myosin light-chain phosphorylation in human airway smooth muscle cells.

NADPH-fortified rat hepatic microsomes converted 6-gingerol into a mixture of tentatively identified metabolites.

UDP-glucuronic-acid-fortified human intestinal microsomes formed the phenolic 6-gingerol glucuronide.

Human UGT2B7 was a principal contributor to 6-gingerol 4-prime-O-glucuronide formation in the enzyme comparison.

Human UGT1A9 was a principal contributor to 6-gingerol 5-O-glucuronide formation in the enzyme comparison.

Human UGT2B7 was a principal contributor to 8-gingerol 4-prime-O-glucuronide formation in the enzyme comparison.

Human UGT1A9 was a principal contributor to 8-gingerol 5-O-glucuronide formation in the enzyme comparison.

Human UGT2B7 was a principal contributor to 10-gingerol 4-prime-O-glucuronide formation in the enzyme comparison.

Human UGT1A9 was a principal contributor to 10-gingerol 5-O-glucuronide formation in the enzyme comparison.

After oral ginger, plasma 6-gingerol glucuronides were detected through enzymatic hydrolysis; unconjugated 6-gingerol was not detected in this study.

After oral ginger, plasma 8-gingerol glucuronides were detected through enzymatic hydrolysis; unconjugated 8-gingerol was not detected in this study.

After oral ginger, plasma 10-gingerol glucuronides were detected through enzymatic hydrolysis; unconjugated 10-gingerol was not detected in this study.

The sensitive 2011 assay did not detect free 6-gingerol in plasma after the 2 g ginger dose.

The sensitive 2011 assay did not detect free 8-gingerol in plasma after the 2 g ginger dose.

Free 10-gingerol peaked at 9.5 +/- 2.2 ng/mL approximately one hour after ginger extract ingestion.

Adding 6-gingerol suppressed RNP-immune-complex-induced NET formation by human neutrophils.

Adding 8-gingerol suppressed RNP-immune-complex-induced NET formation by human neutrophils.

Adding 10-gingerol suppressed RNP-immune-complex-induced NET formation by human neutrophils.

Adding 6-gingerol reduced human neutrophil lysate cAMP-PDE activity by about 40 percent.

6-Gingerol pretreatment increased the forskolin-stimulated intracellular cAMP response in human neutrophils.

6-Gingerol enhanced measured PKA activity in the stimulated human-neutrophil experiments.

Adding a PKA inhibitor weakened 6-gingerol suppression of APS-IgG-triggered NETosis in human neutrophils.

Seven days of whole-ginger extract intake was associated with higher neutrophil cAMP in the healthy-volunteer cohorts.

The ginger pilot study did not find a significant increase in PBMC cAMP.

Neutrophils collected after ginger intake showed reduced ex vivo NET responses to disease-relevant stimuli.

Ginger intake was associated with lower circulating NET-associated markers in the pilot cohorts.

Gavage with 6-gingerol reduced kaolin ingestion after cisplatin administration in rats.

6-Gingerol treatment attenuated the cisplatin-associated rise in measured serotonin in rats.

Co-administered ginger product did not significantly change the INR response to a single warfarin dose in healthy men.

Co-administered ginger product did not significantly change apparent clearance of either warfarin enantiomer in the crossover study.

UGT2B7 supported curcumin glucuronidation in the experimental system.

Recombinant enzyme and microsomal assays identified UGT2B7 as the main contributor to steviol glucuronidation at low substrate concentration.

Availability and dependencies

The sources

Recorded disagreements

Open questions in this collection