Component

Monosodium L-glutamate

Context-specific entity; species, compartment and exposure are stated on each claim.

36 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What it acts on

  1. A blinded crossover in twelve adults reporting MSG-associated asthma found no definite immediate or late asthmatic reaction to 1 g or 5 g MSG versus lactose placebo.

    Monosodium L-glutamate → Human asthma response during controlled MSG challenge source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Fasted capsule challenges with three control days and spirometry.
    limitations
    Small study; does not establish universal absence of reactions or identify an immune mechanism.
    nutrient_topic
    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · Monosodium L-glutamate
    plain_language
    Time-matched baseline variation changed interpretation of a lung-function fall.
    primary_references
    The effects of monosodium glutamate in adults with asthma who perceive themselves to be monosodium glutamate-intolerant. · 1998 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9648703/ · DOI 10.1016/s0091-6749(98)70305-7

    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG): taste, gut sensing, exposure and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-20) · lines 274–280

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Fasted capsule challenges with three control days and spirometry. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## monosodium-glutamate-asthma-challenge Time-matched baseline variation changed interpretation of a lung-function fall. A blinded crossover in twelve adults reporting MSG-associated asthma found no definite immediate or late asthmatic reaction to 1 g or 5 g MSG versus lactose placebo. Model: Fasted capsule challenges with three control days and spirometry. Limitations: Small study; does not establish universal absence of reactions or identify an immune mechanism. Evidence access: Primary abstract The effects of monosodium glutamate in adults with asthma who perceive themselves to be monosodium glutamate-intolerant. · 1998 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9648703/ · DOI 10.1016/s0091-6749(98)70305-7
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. The same study found no significant MSG effect for carbohydrate-rich liquid or water meals in nine men.

    Monosodium L-glutamate → Human carbohydrate/water meal emptying with MSG source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Within-study meal comparisons.
    limitations
    Not a contradiction caused by different chemical identities.
    nutrient_topic
    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · Monosodium L-glutamate
    plain_language
    The positive protein-meal result did not generalize to all liquids.
    primary_references
    Monosodium L-glutamate added to a high-energy, high-protein liquid diet promotes gastric emptying. · 2009 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19056566/ · DOI 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26180

    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG): taste, gut sensing, exposure and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-20) · lines 226–232

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Within-study meal comparisons. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## monosodium-glutamate-carbohydrate-emptying-null The positive protein-meal result did not generalize to all liquids. The same study found no significant MSG effect for carbohydrate-rich liquid or water meals in nine men. Model: Within-study meal comparisons. Limitations: Not a contradiction caused by different chemical identities. Evidence access: Primary abstract Monosodium L-glutamate added to a high-energy, high-protein liquid diet promotes gastric emptying. · 2009 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19056566/ · DOI 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26180
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. The MSG-plus-carbohydrate condition had lower peak serum glucose than carbohydrate alone, 5.50 versus 7.69 mmol/L.

    Monosodium L-glutamate → Human glucose response after staggered MSG/carbohydrate ingestion source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Same nine-person acute study.
    limitations
    No diabetes-treatment efficacy or durable metabolic benefit was tested.
    nutrient_topic
    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · Monosodium L-glutamate
    plain_language
    A measured glucose effect does not by itself reveal the enzyme responsible.
    primary_references
    Glutamate supplementation is associated with improved glucose metabolism following carbohydrate ingestion in healthy males. · 2013 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23750536/ · DOI 10.1017/S0007114513001633

    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG): taste, gut sensing, exposure and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-20) · lines 58–64

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Same nine-person acute study. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## monosodium-glutamate-glucose-response A measured glucose effect does not by itself reveal the enzyme responsible. The MSG-plus-carbohydrate condition had lower peak serum glucose than carbohydrate alone, 5.50 versus 7.69 mmol/L. Model: Same nine-person acute study. Limitations: No diabetes-treatment efficacy or durable metabolic benefit was tested. Evidence access: Primary abstract Glutamate supplementation is associated with improved glucose metabolism following carbohydrate ingestion in healthy males. · 2013 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23750536/ · DOI 10.1017/S0007114513001633
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  4. In 130 self-reported MSG-reactive volunteers given 5 g without food, 50 responded to MSG only, 17 to placebo only and 19 to both.

    Monosodium L-glutamate → Human symptoms during blinded MSG challenge source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Multicenter blinded crossover; positive response required at least two listed symptoms within two hours.
    limitations
    Self-selected group and acute bolus; molecular cause was not identified.
    nutrient_topic
    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · Monosodium L-glutamate
    plain_language
    The initial challenge showed more symptoms after MSG than placebo.
    primary_references
    Multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple-challenge evaluation of reported reactions to monosodium glutamate. · 2000 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11080723/ · DOI 10.1067/mai.2000.110794

    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG): taste, gut sensing, exposure and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-20) · lines 258–264

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Multicenter blinded crossover; positive response required at least two listed symptoms within two hours. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## monosodium-glutamate-initial-symptoms The initial challenge showed more symptoms after MSG than placebo. In 130 self-reported MSG-reactive volunteers given 5 g without food, 50 responded to MSG only, 17 to placebo only and 19 to both. Model: Multicenter blinded crossover; positive response required at least two listed symptoms within two hours. Limitations: Self-selected group and acute bolus; molecular cause was not identified. Evidence access: Primary abstract Multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple-challenge evaluation of reported reactions to monosodium glutamate. · 2000 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11080723/ · DOI 10.1067/mai.2000.110794
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  5. C-peptide-based insulin secretion did not differ on average: four participants increased and five decreased in the MSG-plus-carbohydrate condition.

    Monosodium L-glutamate → Human insulin-secretion estimates after staggered MSG source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Same nine men; C-peptide interpretation.
    limitations
    This does not identify responder genotypes or a direct insulin-receptor target.
    nutrient_topic
    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · Monosodium L-glutamate
    plain_language
    The average and individual responses tell different parts of the story.
    primary_references
    Glutamate supplementation is associated with improved glucose metabolism following carbohydrate ingestion in healthy males. · 2013 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23750536/ · DOI 10.1017/S0007114513001633

    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG): taste, gut sensing, exposure and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-20) · lines 66–72

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Same nine men; C-peptide interpretation. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## monosodium-glutamate-insulin-heterogeneity The average and individual responses tell different parts of the story. C-peptide-based insulin secretion did not differ on average: four participants increased and five decreased in the MSG-plus-carbohydrate condition. Model: Same nine men; C-peptide interpretation. Limitations: This does not identify responder genotypes or a direct insulin-receptor target. Evidence access: Primary abstract Glutamate supplementation is associated with improved glucose metabolism following carbohydrate ingestion in healthy males. · 2013 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23750536/ · DOI 10.1017/S0007114513001633
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  6. Eight participants had faster emptying with MSG; two slowed. Duodenal wall-motion analysis in four of the eight showed increased motility.

    Monosodium L-glutamate → Selected responders in human MSG MRI study source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary full text; results and disclosures
    experimental_model
    Same ten-person MRI experiment; subgroup analyses.
    limitations
    Responder selection and small analyzable subset limit inference. Paper reports umami-research funding and software-company author affiliations.
    nutrient_topic
    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · Monosodium L-glutamate
    plain_language
    A selected subgroup can suggest a mechanism without establishing a population effect.
    primary_references
    Gastric emptying and duodenal motility upon intake of a liquid meal with monosodium glutamate in healthy subjects. · 2014 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24744869/ · DOI 10.1002/phy2.187

    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG): taste, gut sensing, exposure and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-20) · lines 242–248

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Same ten-person MRI experiment; subgroup analyses. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## monosodium-glutamate-mri-responder-analysis A selected subgroup can suggest a mechanism without establishing a population effect. Eight participants had faster emptying with MSG; two slowed. Duodenal wall-motion analysis in four of the eight showed increased motility. Model: Same ten-person MRI experiment; subgroup analyses. Limitations: Responder selection and small analyzable subset limit inference. Paper reports umami-research funding and software-company author affiliations. Evidence access: Primary full text; results and disclosures Gastric emptying and duodenal motility upon intake of a liquid meal with monosodium glutamate in healthy subjects. · 2014 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24744869/ · DOI 10.1002/phy2.187
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  7. In ten men, 60-minute gastric residual volume did not differ significantly between mixed liquid meals with and without 0.5% MSG, P=0.45.

    Monosodium L-glutamate → Human gastric residual volume in MSG MRI study source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary full text; results
    experimental_model
    200 kcal/200 mL meal; serial MRI.
    limitations
    Different meal and measurement from the breath-test study.
    nutrient_topic
    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · Monosodium L-glutamate
    plain_language
    The whole-cohort test must stay visible.
    primary_references
    Gastric emptying and duodenal motility upon intake of a liquid meal with monosodium glutamate in healthy subjects. · 2014 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24744869/ · DOI 10.1002/phy2.187

    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG): taste, gut sensing, exposure and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-20) · lines 234–240

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · 200 kcal/200 mL meal; serial MRI. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## monosodium-glutamate-mri-whole-cohort The whole-cohort test must stay visible. In ten men, 60-minute gastric residual volume did not differ significantly between mixed liquid meals with and without 0.5% MSG, P=0.45. Model: 200 kcal/200 mL meal; serial MRI. Limitations: Different meal and measurement from the breath-test study. Evidence access: Primary full text; results Gastric emptying and duodenal motility upon intake of a liquid meal with monosodium glutamate in healthy subjects. · 2014 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24744869/ · DOI 10.1002/phy2.187
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  8. MSG shortened the estimated half-emptying time of a protein-rich liquid meal in ten healthy men.

    Monosodium L-glutamate → Human protein-rich liquid-meal emptying with MSG source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    13C-acetate breath-test study; 0.5% MSG.
    limitations
    Indirect emptying estimate; the study does not establish receptor mediation or treatment of gastroparesis.
    nutrient_topic
    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · Monosodium L-glutamate
    plain_language
    A local digestive response depends on the accompanying food.
    primary_references
    Monosodium L-glutamate added to a high-energy, high-protein liquid diet promotes gastric emptying. · 2009 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19056566/ · DOI 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26180

    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG): taste, gut sensing, exposure and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-20) · lines 218–224

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · 13C-acetate breath-test study; 0.5% MSG. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## monosodium-glutamate-protein-emptying A local digestive response depends on the accompanying food. MSG shortened the estimated half-emptying time of a protein-rich liquid meal in ten healthy men. Model: 13C-acetate breath-test study; 0.5% MSG. Limitations: Indirect emptying estimate; the study does not establish receptor mediation or treatment of gastroparesis. Evidence access: Primary abstract Monosodium L-glutamate added to a high-energy, high-protein liquid diet promotes gastric emptying. · 2009 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19056566/ · DOI 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26180
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  9. Erythrocyte glutamate and aspartate concentrations did not change in either arm of the eight-person MSG/carbohydrate experiment.

    Monosodium L-glutamate → Human erythrocyte glutamate/aspartate during MSG loading source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    150 mg/kg MSG with or without hydrolyzed corn starch.
    limitations
    Other cells and later times were not established by this result.
    nutrient_topic
    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · Monosodium L-glutamate
    plain_language
    A plasma change did not imply the same change in red cells.
    primary_references
    Effect of carbohydrate on plasma and erythrocyte glutamate levels in humans ingesting large doses of monosodium L-glutamate in water. · 1983 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6133445/ · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/37.6.961
    trigger_kind
    biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG): taste, gut sensing, exposure and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-20) · lines 34–40

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · 150 mg/kg MSG with or without hydrolyzed corn starch. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## monosodium-glutamate-red-cell-compartment A plasma change did not imply the same change in red cells. Erythrocyte glutamate and aspartate concentrations did not change in either arm of the eight-person MSG/carbohydrate experiment. Model: 150 mg/kg MSG with or without hydrolyzed corn starch. Limitations: Other cells and later times were not established by this result. Evidence access: Primary abstract Effect of carbohydrate on plasma and erythrocyte glutamate levels in humans ingesting large doses of monosodium L-glutamate in water. · 1983 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6133445/ · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/37.6.961
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  10. Repeated challenges did not establish consistent individual symptom patterns; the two final participants each reacted to only one of three MSG-with-food challenges.

    Monosodium L-glutamate → Human symptoms during blinded MSG challenge source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Sequential retesting in the same study.
    limitations
    Only two people reached the food protocol, so it is not a large general test of all meals.
    nutrient_topic
    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · Monosodium L-glutamate
    plain_language
    An initial response and a reproducible sensitivity are different findings.
    primary_references
    Multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple-challenge evaluation of reported reactions to monosodium glutamate. · 2000 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11080723/ · DOI 10.1067/mai.2000.110794

    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG): taste, gut sensing, exposure and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-20) · lines 266–272

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Sequential retesting in the same study. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## monosodium-glutamate-retest-inconsistency An initial response and a reproducible sensitivity are different findings. Repeated challenges did not establish consistent individual symptom patterns; the two final participants each reacted to only one of three MSG-with-food challenges. Model: Sequential retesting in the same study. Limitations: Only two people reached the food protocol, so it is not a large general test of all meals. Evidence access: Primary abstract Multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple-challenge evaluation of reported reactions to monosodium glutamate. · 2000 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11080723/ · DOI 10.1067/mai.2000.110794
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  11. MSG is the sodium salt of L-glutamate; the sensory study treats added MSG and NaCl as separate ingredients.

    Monosodium L-glutamate → L-Glutamate source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary full text; background and test samples
    experimental_model
    Chemical identity and ingredient design in the primary sensory study.
    limitations
    This is background chemistry, not a measurement of absorption or tissue delivery.
    nutrient_topic
    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · Monosodium L-glutamate
    plain_language
    The ingredient contributes both glutamate and sodium.
    primary_references
    Validation of preferred salt concentration in soup based on a randomized blinded experiment in multiple regions in Japan-influence of umami (L-glutamate) on saltiness and palatability of low-salt solutions. · 2020 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31996813/ · DOI 10.1038/s41440-020-0397-1

    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG): taste, gut sensing, exposure and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-20) · lines 18–24

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Chemical identity and ingredient design in the primary sensory study. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## monosodium-glutamate-salt-identity The ingredient contributes both glutamate and sodium. MSG is the sodium salt of L-glutamate; the sensory study treats added MSG and NaCl as separate ingredients. Model: Chemical identity and ingredient design in the primary sensory study. Limitations: This is background chemistry, not a measurement of absorption or tissue delivery. Evidence access: Primary full text; background and test samples Validation of preferred salt concentration in soup based on a randomized blinded experiment in multiple regions in Japan-influence of umami (L-glutamate) on saltiness and palatability of low-salt solutions. · 2020 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31996813/ · DOI 10.1038/s41440-020-0397-1
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  12. In 584 participants, adding 0.3% MSG improved palatability ratings at tested 0.3%, 0.6% and 0.9% NaCl concentrations.

    Monosodium L-glutamate → Human low-salt solution palatability with MSG source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary full text
    experimental_model
    Randomized blinded tasting across nineteen Japanese regions.
    limitations
    MSG itself adds sodium; net reduction requires NaCl replacement. No long-term sodium intake or blood-pressure effect was measured. Three authors were Ajinomoto employees.
    nutrient_topic
    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · Monosodium L-glutamate
    plain_language
    Flavor enhancement may help a lower-salt recipe remain acceptable.
    primary_references
    Validation of preferred salt concentration in soup based on a randomized blinded experiment in multiple regions in Japan-influence of umami (L-glutamate) on saltiness and palatability of low-salt solutions. · 2020 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31996813/ · DOI 10.1038/s41440-020-0397-1

    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG): taste, gut sensing, exposure and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-20) · lines 250–256

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized blinded tasting across nineteen Japanese regions. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## monosodium-glutamate-sodium-substitution Flavor enhancement may help a lower-salt recipe remain acceptable. In 584 participants, adding 0.3% MSG improved palatability ratings at tested 0.3%, 0.6% and 0.9% NaCl concentrations. Model: Randomized blinded tasting across nineteen Japanese regions. Limitations: MSG itself adds sodium; net reduction requires NaCl replacement. No long-term sodium intake or blood-pressure effect was measured. Three authors were Ajinomoto employees. Evidence access: Primary full text Validation of preferred salt concentration in soup based on a randomized blinded experiment in multiple regions in Japan-influence of umami (L-glutamate) on saltiness and palatability of low-salt solutions. · 2020 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31996813/ · DOI 10.1038/s41440-020-0397-1
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  13. Nine men received 150 mg/kg MSG capsules 30 minutes before a drink; plasma glutamate rose about tenfold without carbohydrate and sixfold with a 75 g carbohydrate drink.

    Monosodium L-glutamate → Plasma glutamate concentration source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Four-condition human acute supplementation experiment.
    limitations
    A high-dose loading protocol does not describe customary MSG use.
    nutrient_topic
    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · Monosodium L-glutamate
    plain_language
    Timing between amino acid and carbohydrate also matters.
    primary_references
    Glutamate supplementation is associated with improved glucose metabolism following carbohydrate ingestion in healthy males. · 2013 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23750536/ · DOI 10.1017/S0007114513001633
    trigger_kind
    biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG): taste, gut sensing, exposure and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-20) · lines 50–56

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Four-condition human acute supplementation experiment. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## monosodium-glutamate-staggered-exposure Timing between amino acid and carbohydrate also matters. Nine men received 150 mg/kg MSG capsules 30 minutes before a drink; plasma glutamate rose about tenfold without carbohydrate and sixfold with a 75 g carbohydrate drink. Model: Four-condition human acute supplementation experiment. Limitations: A high-dose loading protocol does not describe customary MSG use. Evidence access: Primary abstract Glutamate supplementation is associated with improved glucose metabolism following carbohydrate ingestion in healthy males. · 2013 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23750536/ · DOI 10.1017/S0007114513001633
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  14. Intragastric 150 mM MSG increased gastric vagal afferent discharge in anesthetized rats.

    Monosodium L-glutamate → Rat gastric vagal afferent activity source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary full text
    experimental_model
    Anesthetized rats; 2 mL intragastric infusion at 1 mL/min, nerve discharge assessed after infusion.
    limitations
    MSG was the exposure; human food intake and subjective effects were not tested.
    nutrient_topic
    L-Glutamate collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · L-Glutamate
    plain_language
    Glutamate in the stomach can signal through nerves without first acting at a brain glutamate receptor.
    primary_references
    Effects of intragastric infusion of inosine monophosphate and L: -glutamate on vagal gastric afferent activity and subsequent autonomic reflexes. · 2011 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21132420/ · DOI 10.1007/s12576-010-0121-z

    L-Glutamate / L-glutamic acid: carbon and nitrogen allocation, signaling and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-19) · lines 66–72

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Anesthetized rats; 2 mL intragastric infusion at 1 mL/min, nerve discharge assessed after infusion. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## glutamate-gastric-vagal Glutamate in the stomach can signal through nerves without first acting at a brain glutamate receptor. Intragastric 150 mM MSG increased gastric vagal afferent discharge in anesthetized rats. Model: Anesthetized rats; 2 mL intragastric infusion at 1 mL/min, nerve discharge assessed after infusion. Limitations: MSG was the exposure; human food intake and subjective effects were not tested. Evidence access: Primary full text Effects of intragastric infusion of inosine monophosphate and L: -glutamate on vagal gastric afferent activity and subsequent autonomic reflexes. · 2011 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21132420/ · DOI 10.1007/s12576-010-0121-z
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  15. Coapplied MSG attenuated the sucrose-evoked calcium response in cells expressing human TAS1R2/TAS1R3.

    Monosodium L-glutamate → Human sweet taste receptor TAS1R2/TAS1R3 source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    dose
    Sucrose concentration series up to 150 mM; MSG or Glu-Glu/Glu-Asp concentration series; mutant imaging used 100 mM sucrose with 1 mM Glu-Glu or 50 mM MSG
    duration
    120-second fluorescence acquisition; imaging at 30 seconds
    evidence_access
    Primary full-text methods/results and metadata inspected.
    evidence_scope
    literature_reviewed; source-specific curation
    experimental_model
    Human TAS1R2/TAS1R3 in Flp-In 293 cells
    exposure_scope
    Nutrient and peptide modulation of human sweet receptor
    limitations
    Cellular response, not a direct binding assay or a demonstration that every food tastes less sweet. pH/osmolarity controls and agonist-specific responses limit interpretation. Doses differ among panels.
    nutrient_topic
    Sucrose chapter; direct sucrose observations are distinguished from shared component metabolism. · Sucrose
    organism
    Human TAS1R2/TAS1R3 in Flp-In 293 cells
    plain_language
    Coapplied MSG attenuated the sucrose-evoked calcium response in cells expressing human TAS1R2/TAS1R3.
    primary_references
    Modulation of sweet taste by umami compounds via sweet taste receptor subunit hT1R2. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25853419/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124030
    route
    In vitro coapplication
    tissue
    Sweet-receptor calcium signaling

    Sucrose: mechanism of action and metabolic impact (2026-09-20) · lines 79–89

    Original AI-assisted source-specific sucrose curation with shared canonical claims retained by identity. Primary-study citations, negative findings, exposure details and limitations preserved. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human TAS1R2/TAS1R3 in Flp-In 293 cells · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## sucrose-msg-receptor Coapplied MSG attenuated the sucrose-evoked calcium response in cells expressing human TAS1R2/TAS1R3. Model/species: Human TAS1R2/TAS1R3 in Flp-In 293 cells Tissue: Sweet-receptor calcium signaling Exposure: Sucrose concentration series up to 150 mM; MSG or Glu-Glu/Glu-Asp concentration series; mutant imaging used 100 mM sucrose with 1 mM Glu-Glu or 50 mM MSG Route: In vitro coapplication Duration: 120-second fluorescence acquisition; imaging at 30 seconds Exposure scope: Nutrient and peptide modulation of human sweet receptor Limits: Cellular response, not a direct binding assay or a demonstration that every food tastes less sweet. pH/osmolarity controls and agonist-specific responses limit interpretation. Doses differ among panels. Reference: Modulation of sweet taste by umami compounds via sweet taste receptor subunit hT1R2. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25853419/ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124030 Access: Primary full-text methods/results and metadata inspected.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

Where it participates (unsigned role)

  1. Blocking 5-HT3 receptors prevented the rat gastric vagal response to luminal glutamate.

    Rat gastric 5-HT3 receptor activity, subunit composition unresolved → Rat gastric vagal afferent activity source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Rat pharmacological blockade.
    limitations
    Subunits and an exclusive linear pathway are not established by the accessed abstract.
    nutrient_topic
    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · Monosodium L-glutamate
    plain_language
    A serotonin receptor relays part of the gut signal.
    primary_references
    Luminal amino acid sensing in the rat gastric mucosa. · 2006 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16809638/ · DOI 10.1152/ajpgi.00587.2005
    trigger_kind
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG): taste, gut sensing, exposure and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-20) · lines 162–168

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rat pharmacological blockade. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## monosodium-glutamate-5ht3-gate A serotonin receptor relays part of the gut signal. Blocking 5-HT3 receptors prevented the rat gastric vagal response to luminal glutamate. Model: Rat pharmacological blockade. Limitations: Subunits and an exclusive linear pathway are not established by the accessed abstract. Evidence access: Primary abstract Luminal amino acid sensing in the rat gastric mucosa. · 2006 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16809638/ · DOI 10.1152/ajpgi.00587.2005
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. Calhm1 knockout reduced taste-evoked ATP release without eliminating taste-cell excitability to the stimuli.

    Mouse CALHM1 / Calhm1 → Mouse type II taste-cell ATP release source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Mouse taste-bud knockout physiology.
    limitations
    The later CALHM3 work refines the channel composition; CALHM1 is not treated as the sole physiological subunit.
    nutrient_topic
    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · Monosodium L-glutamate
    plain_language
    A cell can detect a stimulus yet fail to transmit its message.
    primary_references
    CALHM1 ion channel mediates purinergic neurotransmission of sweet, bitter and umami tastes. · 2013 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23467090/ · DOI 10.1038/nature11906
    trigger_kind
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG): taste, gut sensing, exposure and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-20) · lines 114–120

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mouse taste-bud knockout physiology. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## monosodium-glutamate-calhm1-release A cell can detect a stimulus yet fail to transmit its message. Calhm1 knockout reduced taste-evoked ATP release without eliminating taste-cell excitability to the stimuli. Model: Mouse taste-bud knockout physiology. Limitations: The later CALHM3 work refines the channel composition; CALHM1 is not treated as the sole physiological subunit. Evidence access: Primary abstract CALHM1 ion channel mediates purinergic neurotransmission of sweet, bitter and umami tastes. · 2013 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23467090/ · DOI 10.1038/nature11906
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. CALHM3 coassembly with CALHM1 conferred rapid voltage-dependent ATP-release-channel gating; the study connected this complex to type II taste-cell physiology.

    Mouse CALHM3 / Calhm3 → Mouse CALHM1 / Calhm1 source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Heterologous channel experiments and mouse taste-cell physiology.
    limitations
    Functional coassembly is recorded without treating the historical proposed stoichiometry as a universal structural assignment.
    nutrient_topic
    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · Monosodium L-glutamate
    plain_language
    Two separately stored subunits form the output channel.
    primary_references
    CALHM3 Is Essential for Rapid Ion Channel-Mediated Purinergic Neurotransmission of GPCR-Mediated Tastes. · 2018 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29681531/ · DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.03.043

    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG): taste, gut sensing, exposure and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-20) · lines 122–128

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Heterologous channel experiments and mouse taste-cell physiology. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## monosodium-glutamate-calhm3-channel Two separately stored subunits form the output channel. CALHM3 coassembly with CALHM1 conferred rapid voltage-dependent ATP-release-channel gating; the study connected this complex to type II taste-cell physiology. Model: Heterologous channel experiments and mouse taste-cell physiology. Limitations: Functional coassembly is recorded without treating the historical proposed stoichiometry as a universal structural assignment. Evidence access: Primary abstract CALHM3 Is Essential for Rapid Ion Channel-Mediated Purinergic Neurotransmission of GPCR-Mediated Tastes. · 2018 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29681531/ · DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.03.043
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  4. Calhm3 deletion abolished taste-evoked ATP release and disrupted GPCR-mediated taste perception in mice.

    Mouse CALHM3 / Calhm3 → Mouse type II taste-cell ATP release source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Mouse knockout experiments.
    limitations
    Shares investigators with the CALHM1 study; no human deficiency threshold follows.
    nutrient_topic
    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · Monosodium L-glutamate
    plain_language
    Intact upstream sensing cannot compensate for a missing release channel.
    primary_references
    CALHM3 Is Essential for Rapid Ion Channel-Mediated Purinergic Neurotransmission of GPCR-Mediated Tastes. · 2018 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29681531/ · DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.03.043
    trigger_kind
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG): taste, gut sensing, exposure and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-20) · lines 130–136

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mouse knockout experiments. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## monosodium-glutamate-calhm3-loss Intact upstream sensing cannot compensate for a missing release channel. Calhm3 deletion abolished taste-evoked ATP release and disrupted GPCR-mediated taste perception in mice. Model: Mouse knockout experiments. Limitations: Shares investigators with the CALHM1 study; no human deficiency threshold follows. Evidence access: Primary abstract CALHM3 Is Essential for Rapid Ion Channel-Mediated Purinergic Neurotransmission of GPCR-Mediated Tastes. · 2018 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29681531/ · DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.03.043
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  5. In eight adults receiving 150 mg/kg MSG in water, adding 1.1 g/kg hydrolyzed corn starch lowered mean peak plasma glutamate from 59.4 to 7.18 micromol/dL.

    Partially hydrolyzed corn starch → Plasma glutamate concentration source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Human high-dose oral loading, with versus without carbohydrate.
    limitations
    Small acute study; not a fixed conversion fraction for foods or a brain measurement.
    nutrient_topic
    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · Monosodium L-glutamate
    plain_language
    Carbohydrate changed how much glutamate appeared in blood.
    primary_references
    Effect of carbohydrate on plasma and erythrocyte glutamate levels in humans ingesting large doses of monosodium L-glutamate in water. · 1983 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6133445/ · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/37.6.961
    trigger_kind
    biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG): taste, gut sensing, exposure and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-20) · lines 26–32

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human high-dose oral loading, with versus without carbohydrate. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## monosodium-glutamate-carbohydrate-exposure Carbohydrate changed how much glutamate appeared in blood. In eight adults receiving 150 mg/kg MSG in water, adding 1.1 g/kg hydrolyzed corn starch lowered mean peak plasma glutamate from 59.4 to 7.18 micromol/dL. Model: Human high-dose oral loading, with versus without carbohydrate. Limitations: Small acute study; not a fixed conversion fraction for foods or a brain measurement. Evidence access: Primary abstract Effect of carbohydrate on plasma and erythrocyte glutamate levels in humans ingesting large doses of monosodium L-glutamate in water. · 1983 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6133445/ · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/37.6.961
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  6. Restoring Plcb2 only in bitter-receptor cells rescued bitter responses but not sweet or amino-acid responses.

    Mouse phospholipase C beta 2 / Plcb2 → Mouse bitter-cell-specific Plcb2 rescue source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Transgenic rescue in Plcb2-deficient mice.
    limitations
    This defines cell-specific routing in the model, not a nutritional intervention.
    nutrient_topic
    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · Monosodium L-glutamate
    plain_language
    Putting back machinery in the wrong cell type does not restore every signal.
    primary_references
    Coding of sweet, bitter, and umami tastes: different receptor cells sharing similar signaling pathways. · 2003 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12581520/ · DOI 10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00071-0
    trigger_kind
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG): taste, gut sensing, exposure and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-20) · lines 106–112

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Transgenic rescue in Plcb2-deficient mice. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## monosodium-glutamate-cell-specific-rescue Putting back machinery in the wrong cell type does not restore every signal. Restoring Plcb2 only in bitter-receptor cells rescued bitter responses but not sweet or amino-acid responses. Model: Transgenic rescue in Plcb2-deficient mice. Limitations: This defines cell-specific routing in the model, not a nutritional intervention. Evidence access: Primary abstract Coding of sweet, bitter, and umami tastes: different receptor cells sharing similar signaling pathways. · 2003 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12581520/ · DOI 10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00071-0
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  7. Indomethacin or capsaicin pretreatment reduced glutamate-associated mucus and pH responses.

    Indomethacin → Rat duodenal mucus gel thickness source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Rat pharmacological perturbations.
    limitations
    No human food–drug interaction magnitude was tested.
    nutrient_topic
    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · Monosodium L-glutamate
    plain_language
    Mediator synthesis and afferent function constrain the response.
    primary_references
    Luminal L-glutamate enhances duodenal mucosal defense mechanisms via multiple glutamate receptors in rats. · 2009 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19643955/ · DOI 10.1152/ajpgi.90605.2008
    trigger_kind
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG): taste, gut sensing, exposure and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-20) · lines 210–216

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rat pharmacological perturbations. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## monosodium-glutamate-duodenal-cox-gate Mediator synthesis and afferent function constrain the response. Indomethacin or capsaicin pretreatment reduced glutamate-associated mucus and pH responses. Model: Rat pharmacological perturbations. Limitations: No human food–drug interaction magnitude was tested. Evidence access: Primary abstract Luminal L-glutamate enhances duodenal mucosal defense mechanisms via multiple glutamate receptors in rats. · 2009 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19643955/ · DOI 10.1152/ajpgi.90605.2008
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  8. mGluR4 agonists mimicked and an antagonist inhibited glutamate-associated pH and mucus responses.

    Rat metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 / Grm4 → Rat duodenal epithelial intracellular pH source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Rat duodenum pharmacology.
    limitations
    Not a genetic demonstration of exclusive receptor mediation.
    nutrient_topic
    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · Monosodium L-glutamate
    plain_language
    Receptor probes help locate a step.
    primary_references
    Luminal L-glutamate enhances duodenal mucosal defense mechanisms via multiple glutamate receptors in rats. · 2009 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19643955/ · DOI 10.1152/ajpgi.90605.2008

    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG): taste, gut sensing, exposure and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-20) · lines 194–200

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rat duodenum pharmacology. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## monosodium-glutamate-duodenal-grm4 Receptor probes help locate a step. mGluR4 agonists mimicked and an antagonist inhibited glutamate-associated pH and mucus responses. Model: Rat duodenum pharmacology. Limitations: Not a genetic demonstration of exclusive receptor mediation. Evidence access: Primary abstract Luminal L-glutamate enhances duodenal mucosal defense mechanisms via multiple glutamate receptors in rats. · 2009 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19643955/ · DOI 10.1152/ajpgi.90605.2008
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  9. Glutamate plus IMP enhanced bicarbonate secretion in rat duodenum.

    Inosine 5-prime-monophosphate / IMP → Rat duodenal bicarbonate secretion source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Rat perfusion; IMP 0.1 mM.
    limitations
    T1R involvement was inferred; not proved by receptor deletion.
    nutrient_topic
    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · Monosodium L-glutamate
    plain_language
    The two-compound interaction also reached a gut endpoint.
    primary_references
    Luminal L-glutamate enhances duodenal mucosal defense mechanisms via multiple glutamate receptors in rats. · 2009 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19643955/ · DOI 10.1152/ajpgi.90605.2008

    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG): taste, gut sensing, exposure and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-20) · lines 202–208

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rat perfusion; IMP 0.1 mM. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## monosodium-glutamate-duodenal-imp The two-compound interaction also reached a gut endpoint. Glutamate plus IMP enhanced bicarbonate secretion in rat duodenum. Model: Rat perfusion; IMP 0.1 mM. Limitations: T1R involvement was inferred; not proved by receptor deletion. Evidence access: Primary abstract Luminal L-glutamate enhances duodenal mucosal defense mechanisms via multiple glutamate receptors in rats. · 2009 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19643955/ · DOI 10.1152/ajpgi.90605.2008
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  10. Glutamate increased rat duodenal mucus thickness without increasing measured blood flow.

    L-Glutamate → Rat duodenal mucus gel thickness source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Same rat perfusion study.
    limitations
    Not clinical ulcer prevention.
    nutrient_topic
    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · Monosodium L-glutamate
    plain_language
    Barrier and vascular endpoints differed.
    primary_references
    Luminal L-glutamate enhances duodenal mucosal defense mechanisms via multiple glutamate receptors in rats. · 2009 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19643955/ · DOI 10.1152/ajpgi.90605.2008

    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG): taste, gut sensing, exposure and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-20) · lines 186–192

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Same rat perfusion study. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## monosodium-glutamate-duodenal-mucus Barrier and vascular endpoints differed. Glutamate increased rat duodenal mucus thickness without increasing measured blood flow. Model: Same rat perfusion study. Limitations: Not clinical ulcer prevention. Evidence access: Primary abstract Luminal L-glutamate enhances duodenal mucosal defense mechanisms via multiple glutamate receptors in rats. · 2009 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19643955/ · DOI 10.1152/ajpgi.90605.2008
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  11. Luminal L-glutamate increased epithelial pH in rat duodenum.

    L-Glutamate → Rat duodenal epithelial intracellular pH source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Anesthetized-rat perfusion, 0.1–10 mM.
    limitations
    Local preparation; not blood alkalinization.
    nutrient_topic
    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · Monosodium L-glutamate
    plain_language
    A luminal amino acid changed cellular acid-base handling.
    primary_references
    Luminal L-glutamate enhances duodenal mucosal defense mechanisms via multiple glutamate receptors in rats. · 2009 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19643955/ · DOI 10.1152/ajpgi.90605.2008

    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG): taste, gut sensing, exposure and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-20) · lines 178–184

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Anesthetized-rat perfusion, 0.1–10 mM. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## monosodium-glutamate-duodenal-ph A luminal amino acid changed cellular acid-base handling. Luminal L-glutamate increased epithelial pH in rat duodenum. Model: Anesthetized-rat perfusion, 0.1–10 mM. Limitations: Local preparation; not blood alkalinization. Evidence access: Primary abstract Luminal L-glutamate enhances duodenal mucosal defense mechanisms via multiple glutamate receptors in rats. · 2009 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19643955/ · DOI 10.1152/ajpgi.90605.2008
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  12. The cooperative model places a 5-prime-ribonucleotide at an adjacent opening-side site, stabilizing the closed glutamate-bound receptor conformation.

    Inosine 5-prime-monophosphate / IMP → Human taste receptor TAS1R1 source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Same mutagenesis/chimera/model study.
    limitations
    Do not extrapolate taste synergy to a general systemic metabolic benefit.
    nutrient_topic
    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · Monosodium L-glutamate
    plain_language
    IMP can amplify a glutamate signal through a different receptor contact.
    primary_references
    Molecular mechanism for the umami taste synergism. · 2008 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19104071/ · DOI 10.1073/pnas.0810174106

    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG): taste, gut sensing, exposure and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-20) · lines 82–88

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Same mutagenesis/chimera/model study. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## monosodium-glutamate-imp-cooperation IMP can amplify a glutamate signal through a different receptor contact. The cooperative model places a 5-prime-ribonucleotide at an adjacent opening-side site, stabilizing the closed glutamate-bound receptor conformation. Model: Same mutagenesis/chimera/model study. Limitations: Do not extrapolate taste synergy to a general systemic metabolic benefit. Evidence access: Primary abstract Molecular mechanism for the umami taste synergism. · 2008 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19104071/ · DOI 10.1073/pnas.0810174106
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  13. NOS inhibition blocked glutamate-evoked vagal firing; an NO donor mimicked firing and its response was blocked by 5-HT3 antagonism.

    Rat gastric nitric-oxide synthase activity, isoform unresolved → Rat gastric vagal afferent activity source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Rat mucosal pharmacology.
    limitations
    Supports pathway ordering; not direct proof of each cell source or a human MSG–arginine interaction.
    nutrient_topic
    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · Monosodium L-glutamate
    plain_language
    Nitric oxide and serotonin signaling interact upstream of the nerve response.
    primary_references
    Luminal amino acid sensing in the rat gastric mucosa. · 2006 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16809638/ · DOI 10.1152/ajpgi.00587.2005
    trigger_kind
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG): taste, gut sensing, exposure and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-20) · lines 170–176

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rat mucosal pharmacology. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## monosodium-glutamate-nos-gate Nitric oxide and serotonin signaling interact upstream of the nerve response. NOS inhibition blocked glutamate-evoked vagal firing; an NO donor mimicked firing and its response was blocked by 5-HT3 antagonism. Model: Rat mucosal pharmacology. Limitations: Supports pathway ordering; not direct proof of each cell source or a human MSG–arginine interaction. Evidence access: Primary abstract Luminal amino acid sensing in the rat gastric mucosa. · 2006 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16809638/ · DOI 10.1152/ajpgi.00587.2005
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  14. Glutamate taste with a consonant savory odor produced supralinear fMRI responses in medial orbitofrontal and pregenual cingulate regions, related to flavor pleasantness.

    Consonant savory odor in human taste experiments → Human cortical response to glutamate taste with savory odor source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Human sensory ratings and fMRI.
    limitations
    BOLD activation is not evidence that ingested glutamate crossed the blood-brain barrier.
    nutrient_topic
    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · Monosodium L-glutamate
    plain_language
    Smell changes the perceived flavor through sensory convergence.
    primary_references
    Umami: a delicious flavor formed by convergence of taste and olfactory pathways in the human brain. · 2007 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17432971/ · DOI 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05445.x

    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG): taste, gut sensing, exposure and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-20) · lines 146–152

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human sensory ratings and fMRI. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## monosodium-glutamate-odor-convergence Smell changes the perceived flavor through sensory convergence. Glutamate taste with a consonant savory odor produced supralinear fMRI responses in medial orbitofrontal and pregenual cingulate regions, related to flavor pleasantness. Model: Human sensory ratings and fMRI. Limitations: BOLD activation is not evidence that ingested glutamate crossed the blood-brain barrier. Evidence access: Primary abstract Umami: a delicious flavor formed by convergence of taste and olfactory pathways in the human brain. · 2007 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17432971/ · DOI 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05445.x
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  15. Plcb2 knockout abolished tested sweet, amino-acid and bitter responses while sparing sour and salty responses in the reported mouse experiments.

    Mouse phospholipase C beta 2 / Plcb2 → Mouse sweet, bitter and umami taste responses source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Mouse knockout taste behavior and nerve assays.
    limitations
    Reported assay phenotype; not an MSG deficiency or a universal result at every stimulus concentration.
    nutrient_topic
    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · Monosodium L-glutamate
    plain_language
    Recognizing the molecule requires downstream signaling machinery.
    primary_references
    Coding of sweet, bitter, and umami tastes: different receptor cells sharing similar signaling pathways. · 2003 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12581520/ · DOI 10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00071-0
    trigger_kind
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG): taste, gut sensing, exposure and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-20) · lines 90–96

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mouse knockout taste behavior and nerve assays. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## monosodium-glutamate-plcb2-loss Recognizing the molecule requires downstream signaling machinery. Plcb2 knockout abolished tested sweet, amino-acid and bitter responses while sparing sour and salty responses in the reported mouse experiments. Model: Mouse knockout taste behavior and nerve assays. Limitations: Reported assay phenotype; not an MSG deficiency or a universal result at every stimulus concentration. Evidence access: Primary abstract Coding of sweet, bitter, and umami tastes: different receptor cells sharing similar signaling pathways. · 2003 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12581520/ · DOI 10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00071-0
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  16. Tas1r3-null mice retained diminished behavioral and nerve responses to umami compounds.

    Mouse taste receptor T1R3 / Tas1r3 → Mouse residual umami response without T1R3 source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Mouse receptor knockout.
    limitations
    This result does not identify one exclusive alternative receptor or negate human T1R1/T1R3 activation.
    nutrient_topic
    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · Monosodium L-glutamate
    plain_language
    The main receptor is not necessarily the only detectable route.
    primary_references
    Detection of sweet and umami taste in the absence of taste receptor T1r3. · 2003 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12869700/ · DOI 10.1126/science.1087155
    trigger_kind
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG): taste, gut sensing, exposure and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-20) · lines 138–144

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mouse receptor knockout. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## monosodium-glutamate-residual-umami The main receptor is not necessarily the only detectable route. Tas1r3-null mice retained diminished behavioral and nerve responses to umami compounds. Model: Mouse receptor knockout. Limitations: This result does not identify one exclusive alternative receptor or negate human T1R1/T1R3 activation. Evidence access: Primary abstract Detection of sweet and umami taste in the absence of taste receptor T1r3. · 2003 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12869700/ · DOI 10.1126/science.1087155
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  17. Serotonin depletion blocked glutamate-evoked gastric vagal firing in rats.

    Serotonin → Rat gastric vagal afferent activity source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Rat gastric nutrient-sensing experiment.
    limitations
    Does not establish dietary tryptophan depletion from MSG or a human clinical syndrome.
    nutrient_topic
    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · Monosodium L-glutamate
    plain_language
    A locally available mediator was required in the tested pathway.
    primary_references
    Luminal amino acid sensing in the rat gastric mucosa. · 2006 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16809638/ · DOI 10.1152/ajpgi.00587.2005
    trigger_kind
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG): taste, gut sensing, exposure and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-20) · lines 154–160

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rat gastric nutrient-sensing experiment. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## monosodium-glutamate-serotonin-gate A locally available mediator was required in the tested pathway. Serotonin depletion blocked glutamate-evoked gastric vagal firing in rats. Model: Rat gastric nutrient-sensing experiment. Limitations: Does not establish dietary tryptophan depletion from MSG or a human clinical syndrome. Evidence access: Primary abstract Luminal amino acid sensing in the rat gastric mucosa. · 2006 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16809638/ · DOI 10.1152/ajpgi.00587.2005
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  18. In six adults, 0.5 g/kg sucrose with consommé containing 50 mg/kg MSG reduced peak plasma glutamate from 18.1 to 5.48 micromol/dL and reduced exposure area.

    Sucrose → Plasma glutamate concentration source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Randomized crossover; three women and three men.
    limitations
    Same research group as the starch study; small acute experiment, not independent mechanistic replication.
    nutrient_topic
    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · Monosodium L-glutamate
    plain_language
    A second carbohydrate changed the response at a different MSG dose.
    primary_references
    Effect of sucrose ingestion on plasma glutamate concentrations in humans administered monosodium L-glutamate. · 1986 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2870635/ · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/43.4.510
    trigger_kind
    biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG): taste, gut sensing, exposure and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-20) · lines 42–48

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized crossover; three women and three men. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## monosodium-glutamate-sucrose-exposure A second carbohydrate changed the response at a different MSG dose. In six adults, 0.5 g/kg sucrose with consommé containing 50 mg/kg MSG reduced peak plasma glutamate from 18.1 to 5.48 micromol/dL and reduced exposure area. Model: Randomized crossover; three women and three men. Limitations: Same research group as the starch study; small acute experiment, not independent mechanistic replication. Evidence access: Primary abstract Effect of sucrose ingestion on plasma glutamate concentrations in humans administered monosodium L-glutamate. · 1986 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2870635/ · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/43.4.510
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  19. Trpm5 knockout disrupted the same tested taste modalities in the mouse study.

    Mouse calcium-activated monovalent cation channel / Trpm5 → Mouse sweet, bitter and umami taste responses source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Mouse genetic loss-of-function.
    limitations
    Separate from human TRPM5 and from steviol-glycoside effects in other preparations.
    nutrient_topic
    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · Monosodium L-glutamate
    plain_language
    An ion channel is another gate after receptor recognition.
    primary_references
    Coding of sweet, bitter, and umami tastes: different receptor cells sharing similar signaling pathways. · 2003 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12581520/ · DOI 10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00071-0
    trigger_kind
    machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG): taste, gut sensing, exposure and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-20) · lines 98–104

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Mouse genetic loss-of-function. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## monosodium-glutamate-trpm5-loss An ion channel is another gate after receptor recognition. Trpm5 knockout disrupted the same tested taste modalities in the mouse study. Model: Mouse genetic loss-of-function. Limitations: Separate from human TRPM5 and from steviol-glycoside effects in other preparations. Evidence access: Primary abstract Coding of sweet, bitter, and umami tastes: different receptor cells sharing similar signaling pathways. · 2003 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12581520/ · DOI 10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00071-0
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  20. Receptor chimeras, mutagenesis and modeling support glutamate binding near the hinge of the T1R1 Venus-flytrap domain.

    L-Glutamate → Human taste receptor TAS1R1 source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    T1R receptor molecular assays and computational model.
    limitations
    A supported binding model, not a directly observed ligand-bound structure in this paper.
    nutrient_topic
    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · Monosodium L-glutamate
    plain_language
    Glutamate and its enhancer are not assigned the same binding site.
    primary_references
    Molecular mechanism for the umami taste synergism. · 2008 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19104071/ · DOI 10.1073/pnas.0810174106

    Monosodium Glutamate (MSG): taste, gut sensing, exposure and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-20) · lines 74–80

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · T1R receptor molecular assays and computational model. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## monosodium-glutamate-umami-binding-model Glutamate and its enhancer are not assigned the same binding site. Receptor chimeras, mutagenesis and modeling support glutamate binding near the hinge of the T1R1 Venus-flytrap domain. Model: T1R receptor molecular assays and computational model. Limitations: A supported binding model, not a directly observed ligand-bound structure in this paper. Evidence access: Primary abstract Molecular mechanism for the umami taste synergism. · 2008 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19104071/ · DOI 10.1073/pnas.0810174106
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  21. MSG-evoked celiac vagal and adrenal splanchnic efferent responses were abolished by gastric vagotomy in rats.

    Rat gastric vagal afferent activity → Rat gastric glutamate-evoked autonomic reflex source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary full text
    experimental_model
    Anesthetized-rat intragastric infusion with gastric-branch vagotomy.
    limitations
    Nerve discharge is not direct measurement of a human hormonal or health benefit.
    nutrient_topic
    L-Glutamate collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · L-Glutamate
    plain_language
    Cutting the sensory route interrupted the downstream reflex.
    primary_references
    Effects of intragastric infusion of inosine monophosphate and L: -glutamate on vagal gastric afferent activity and subsequent autonomic reflexes. · 2011 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21132420/ · DOI 10.1007/s12576-010-0121-z

    L-Glutamate / L-glutamic acid: carbon and nitrogen allocation, signaling and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-19) · lines 74–80

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Anesthetized-rat intragastric infusion with gastric-branch vagotomy. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## glutamate-gastric-reflex Cutting the sensory route interrupted the downstream reflex. MSG-evoked celiac vagal and adrenal splanchnic efferent responses were abolished by gastric vagotomy in rats. Model: Anesthetized-rat intragastric infusion with gastric-branch vagotomy. Limitations: Nerve discharge is not direct measurement of a human hormonal or health benefit. Evidence access: Primary full text Effects of intragastric infusion of inosine monophosphate and L: -glutamate on vagal gastric afferent activity and subsequent autonomic reflexes. · 2011 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21132420/ · DOI 10.1007/s12576-010-0121-z
    Complete structured claim and evidence

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