Gamma-nonalactone

dose

Gamma-nonalactone 2.56 mM with an AITC concentration series

duration

Acute calcium response

evidence_access

Primary full-text methods/results inspected; PubMed metadata where indexed.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation

experimental_model

Human TRPA1-expressing HEK293 cells

limitations

Authors interpret an agonist interaction; the retained maximum does not establish pure antagonism. Delta-dodecalactone antagonism must not be assigned to gamma-nonalactone.

nutrient_topic

Gamma-nonalactone flavor-compound chapter; nutrient and drug interactions retain their experimental settings. · Gamma-nonalactone

organism

Human TRPA1-expressing HEK293 cells

plain_language

Gamma-nonalactone shifted the AITC response rightward without reducing its maximum.

primary_references

Agonistic/antagonistic properties of lactones in food flavors on the sensory ion channels TRPV1 and TRPA1. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36374622/ DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjac023

route

In vitro co-application

tissue

AITC concentration-response assay

Gamma-nonalactone: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 59–68

Original AI-assisted curation of eight primary studies. Study-specific citations, negative findings and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human TRPA1-expressing HEK293 cells · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gamma-nonalactone-aitc-curve Gamma-nonalactone shifted the AITC response rightward without reducing its maximum. Model/species: Human TRPA1-expressing HEK293 cells Tissue: AITC concentration-response assay Exposure: Gamma-nonalactone 2.56 mM with an AITC concentration series Route: In vitro co-application Duration: Acute calcium response Limits: Authors interpret an agonist interaction; the retained maximum does not establish pure antagonism. Delta-dodecalactone antagonism must not be assigned to gamma-nonalactone. Primary reference: Agonistic/antagonistic properties of lactones in food flavors on the sensory ion channels TRPV1 and TRPA1. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36374622/ DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjac023 Access: Primary full-text methods/results inspected; PubMed metadata where indexed.

dose

Gamma-nonalactone 2.56 mM with a capsaicin concentration series

duration

Acute calcium response

evidence_access

Primary full-text methods/results inspected; PubMed metadata where indexed.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation

experimental_model

Human TRPV1-expressing HEK293 cells

limitations

Concentration-dependent mixed modulation; not a potent selective antagonist or established dietary interaction.

nutrient_topic

Gamma-nonalactone flavor-compound chapter; nutrient and drug interactions retain their experimental settings. · Gamma-nonalactone

organism

Human TRPV1-expressing HEK293 cells

plain_language

At 2.56 mM, gamma-nonalactone reduced capsaicin sensitivity and maximum response.

primary_references

Agonistic/antagonistic properties of lactones in food flavors on the sensory ion channels TRPV1 and TRPA1. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36374622/ DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjac023

route

In vitro co-application

tissue

Capsaicin concentration-response assay

Gamma-nonalactone: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 48–57

Original AI-assisted curation of eight primary studies. Study-specific citations, negative findings and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human TRPV1-expressing HEK293 cells · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gamma-nonalactone-capsaicin-high At 2.56 mM, gamma-nonalactone reduced capsaicin sensitivity and maximum response. Model/species: Human TRPV1-expressing HEK293 cells Tissue: Capsaicin concentration-response assay Exposure: Gamma-nonalactone 2.56 mM with a capsaicin concentration series Route: In vitro co-application Duration: Acute calcium response Limits: Concentration-dependent mixed modulation; not a potent selective antagonist or established dietary interaction. Primary reference: Agonistic/antagonistic properties of lactones in food flavors on the sensory ion channels TRPV1 and TRPA1. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36374622/ DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjac023 Access: Primary full-text methods/results inspected; PubMed metadata where indexed.

dose

Gamma-nonalactone 0.64 or 1.28 mM with a capsaicin concentration series

duration

Acute calcium response

evidence_access

Primary full-text methods/results inspected; PubMed metadata where indexed.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation

experimental_model

Human TRPV1-expressing HEK293 cells

limitations

Functional curve shifts do not directly locate a binding site. No human pungency or pain outcome was tested.

nutrient_topic

Gamma-nonalactone flavor-compound chapter; nutrient and drug interactions retain their experimental settings. · Gamma-nonalactone

organism

Human TRPV1-expressing HEK293 cells

plain_language

Lower gamma-nonalactone concentrations shifted the capsaicin response toward greater sensitivity with little change in maximum response.

primary_references

Agonistic/antagonistic properties of lactones in food flavors on the sensory ion channels TRPV1 and TRPA1. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36374622/ DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjac023

route

In vitro co-application

tissue

Capsaicin concentration-response assay

Gamma-nonalactone: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 37–46

Original AI-assisted curation of eight primary studies. Study-specific citations, negative findings and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human TRPV1-expressing HEK293 cells · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gamma-nonalactone-capsaicin-low Lower gamma-nonalactone concentrations shifted the capsaicin response toward greater sensitivity with little change in maximum response. Model/species: Human TRPV1-expressing HEK293 cells Tissue: Capsaicin concentration-response assay Exposure: Gamma-nonalactone 0.64 or 1.28 mM with a capsaicin concentration series Route: In vitro co-application Duration: Acute calcium response Limits: Functional curve shifts do not directly locate a binding site. No human pungency or pain outcome was tested. Primary reference: Agonistic/antagonistic properties of lactones in food flavors on the sensory ion channels TRPV1 and TRPA1. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36374622/ DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjac023 Access: Primary full-text methods/results inspected; PubMed metadata where indexed.

dose

Gamma-nonalactone 25-51 micromolar with cocaine 200 micromolar; artificial pond water with 0.1% DMSO

duration

10 min incubation followed by 5 min locomotion recording

evidence_access

Primary full-text methods/results inspected; PubMed metadata where indexed.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation

experimental_model

Dugesia tigrina planarians

limitations

A narrow nonhuman behavioral response; molecular target and mammalian relevance are unknown. No addiction-treatment efficacy or use protocol is established.

nutrient_topic

Gamma-nonalactone flavor-compound chapter; nutrient and drug interactions retain their experimental settings. · Gamma-nonalactone

organism

Dugesia tigrina planarians

plain_language

Gamma-nonalactone at 51 micromolar increased locomotion during cocaine exposure from about 49% to 88% of control.

primary_references

Minimal structural requirements of alkyl γ-lactones capable of antagonizing the cocaine-induced motility decrease in planarians. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21878350/ DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.08.013

route

Whole-worm bath co-exposure

tissue

Grid-crossing locomotion assay

Gamma-nonalactone: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 202–211

Original AI-assisted curation of eight primary studies. Study-specific citations, negative findings and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Dugesia tigrina planarians · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gamma-nonalactone-cocaine-motility Gamma-nonalactone at 51 micromolar increased locomotion during cocaine exposure from about 49% to 88% of control. Model/species: Dugesia tigrina planarians Tissue: Grid-crossing locomotion assay Exposure: Gamma-nonalactone 25-51 micromolar with cocaine 200 micromolar; artificial pond water with 0.1% DMSO Route: Whole-worm bath co-exposure Duration: 10 min incubation followed by 5 min locomotion recording Limits: A narrow nonhuman behavioral response; molecular target and mammalian relevance are unknown. No addiction-treatment efficacy or use protocol is established. Primary reference: Minimal structural requirements of alkyl γ-lactones capable of antagonizing the cocaine-induced motility decrease in planarians. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21878350/ DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.08.013 Access: Primary full-text methods/results inspected; PubMed metadata where indexed.

dose

Gamma-nonalactone 75-100 micromolar with cocaine 200 micromolar

duration

10 min incubation followed by 5 min recording

evidence_access

Primary full-text methods/results inspected; PubMed metadata where indexed.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation

experimental_model

Dugesia tigrina planarians

limitations

Loss of protection at higher concentrations is not a scientific conflict with the lower-dose response; it occurs in the same study.

nutrient_topic

Gamma-nonalactone flavor-compound chapter; nutrient and drug interactions retain their experimental settings. · Gamma-nonalactone

organism

Dugesia tigrina planarians

plain_language

Gamma-nonalactone at 75-100 micromolar did not prevent the cocaine-associated locomotion decrease.

primary_references

Minimal structural requirements of alkyl γ-lactones capable of antagonizing the cocaine-induced motility decrease in planarians. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21878350/ DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.08.013

route

Whole-worm bath co-exposure

tissue

Grid-crossing locomotion assay

Gamma-nonalactone: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 213–222

Original AI-assisted curation of eight primary studies. Study-specific citations, negative findings and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Dugesia tigrina planarians · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gamma-nonalactone-cocaine-range-limit Gamma-nonalactone at 75-100 micromolar did not prevent the cocaine-associated locomotion decrease. Model/species: Dugesia tigrina planarians Tissue: Grid-crossing locomotion assay Exposure: Gamma-nonalactone 75-100 micromolar with cocaine 200 micromolar Route: Whole-worm bath co-exposure Duration: 10 min incubation followed by 5 min recording Limits: Loss of protection at higher concentrations is not a scientific conflict with the lower-dose response; it occurs in the same study. Primary reference: Minimal structural requirements of alkyl γ-lactones capable of antagonizing the cocaine-induced motility decrease in planarians. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21878350/ DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.08.013 Access: Primary full-text methods/results inspected; PubMed metadata where indexed.

dose

Gamma-nonalactone concentration series without cocaine

duration

10 min incubation followed by 5 min recording

evidence_access

Primary full-text methods/results inspected; PubMed metadata where indexed.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation

experimental_model

Dugesia tigrina planarians

limitations

Behavioral impairment is not direct evidence for DAT, GABA receptors, or a human toxic dose. Compound alone at 51 micromolar did not significantly change locomotion.

nutrient_topic

Gamma-nonalactone flavor-compound chapter; nutrient and drug interactions retain their experimental settings. · Gamma-nonalactone

organism

Dugesia tigrina planarians

plain_language

Gamma-nonalactone alone reduced planarian locomotion at higher concentrations, with an IC50 of 181 +/- 18 micromolar.

primary_references

Minimal structural requirements of alkyl γ-lactones capable of antagonizing the cocaine-induced motility decrease in planarians. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21878350/ DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.08.013

route

Whole-worm bath exposure

tissue

Grid-crossing locomotion assay

Gamma-nonalactone: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 224–233

Original AI-assisted curation of eight primary studies. Study-specific citations, negative findings and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Dugesia tigrina planarians · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gamma-nonalactone-motility-alone Gamma-nonalactone alone reduced planarian locomotion at higher concentrations, with an IC50 of 181 +/- 18 micromolar. Model/species: Dugesia tigrina planarians Tissue: Grid-crossing locomotion assay Exposure: Gamma-nonalactone concentration series without cocaine Route: Whole-worm bath exposure Duration: 10 min incubation followed by 5 min recording Limits: Behavioral impairment is not direct evidence for DAT, GABA receptors, or a human toxic dose. Compound alone at 51 micromolar did not significantly change locomotion. Primary reference: Minimal structural requirements of alkyl γ-lactones capable of antagonizing the cocaine-induced motility decrease in planarians. (2011). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21878350/ DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.08.013 Access: Primary full-text methods/results inspected; PubMed metadata where indexed.

dose

Gamma-nonalactone serial dilution; reported threshold 0.0047 mg/kg

duration

Repeated threshold trials

evidence_access

Primary full-text methods/results inspected; PubMed metadata where indexed.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation

experimental_model

Ten trained human sensory evaluators

limitations

The water comparison was a literature reference, not a matched experiment. Do not equate detection threshold with the much larger sweetness-optimization concentration.

nutrient_topic

Gamma-nonalactone flavor-compound chapter; nutrient and drug interactions retain their experimental settings. · Gamma-nonalactone

organism

Ten trained human sensory evaluators

plain_language

The gamma-nonalactone aroma detection threshold in 5% sucrose was reported as 0.0047 mg/kg solution.

primary_references

Sweetness enhancement and mechanism by sweet aroma compounds in the sucrose solution using sensory, electronic tongue, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41884462/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2026.103753

route

Sensory testing in sucrose solution

tissue

Three-alternative forced-choice aroma detection in 5% sucrose

Gamma-nonalactone: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 246–255

Original AI-assisted curation of eight primary studies. Study-specific citations, negative findings and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Ten trained human sensory evaluators · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gamma-nonalactone-sucrose-aroma-threshold The gamma-nonalactone aroma detection threshold in 5% sucrose was reported as 0.0047 mg/kg solution. Model/species: Ten trained human sensory evaluators Tissue: Three-alternative forced-choice aroma detection in 5% sucrose Exposure: Gamma-nonalactone serial dilution; reported threshold 0.0047 mg/kg Route: Sensory testing in sucrose solution Duration: Repeated threshold trials Limits: The water comparison was a literature reference, not a matched experiment. Do not equate detection threshold with the much larger sweetness-optimization concentration. Primary reference: Sweetness enhancement and mechanism by sweet aroma compounds in the sucrose solution using sensory, electronic tongue, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41884462/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2026.103753 Access: Primary full-text methods/results inspected; PubMed metadata where indexed.

dose

Gamma-nonalactone concentration series; optimal sweetness reported at 10 mg/kg solution; propylene glycol used at 0.1-0.2% for poorly soluble compounds

duration

Acute sensory sessions; at least 2 min between samples

evidence_access

Primary full-text methods/results inspected; PubMed metadata where indexed.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation

experimental_model

Ten trained human sensory evaluators; five men and five women, mean age 24 years

limitations

Small trained panel and matrix-specific perception, not a glycemic or dietary-intake trial. Docking and molecular dynamics do not prove T1R2/T1R3 activation or binding.

nutrient_topic

Gamma-nonalactone flavor-compound chapter; nutrient and drug interactions retain their experimental settings. · Gamma-nonalactone

organism

Ten trained human sensory evaluators; five men and five women, mean age 24 years

plain_language

Adding gamma-nonalactone increased rated sweetness of 5% sucrose solution by a reported 23.0% at the optimal tested concentration.

primary_references

Sweetness enhancement and mechanism by sweet aroma compounds in the sucrose solution using sensory, electronic tongue, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41884462/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2026.103753

route

Oral tasting followed by expectoration

tissue

Sweetness ratings in 5% sucrose solution

Gamma-nonalactone: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 235–244

Original AI-assisted curation of eight primary studies. Study-specific citations, negative findings and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Ten trained human sensory evaluators; five men and five women, mean age 24 years · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gamma-nonalactone-sucrose-sweetness Adding gamma-nonalactone increased rated sweetness of 5% sucrose solution by a reported 23.0% at the optimal tested concentration. Model/species: Ten trained human sensory evaluators; five men and five women, mean age 24 years Tissue: Sweetness ratings in 5% sucrose solution Exposure: Gamma-nonalactone concentration series; optimal sweetness reported at 10 mg/kg solution; propylene glycol used at 0.1-0.2% for poorly soluble compounds Route: Oral tasting followed by expectoration Duration: Acute sensory sessions; at least 2 min between samples Limits: Small trained panel and matrix-specific perception, not a glycemic or dietary-intake trial. Docking and molecular dynamics do not prove T1R2/T1R3 activation or binding. Primary reference: Sweetness enhancement and mechanism by sweet aroma compounds in the sucrose solution using sensory, electronic tongue, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41884462/ DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2026.103753 Access: Primary full-text methods/results inspected; PubMed metadata where indexed.

dose

Gamma-nonalactone 2 mM; six replicates; separate concentration-response series

duration

Acute fluorescence response; precise recording window not specified in accessed methods

evidence_access

Primary full-text methods/results inspected; PubMed metadata where indexed.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation

experimental_model

Human TRPV1 or TRPA1 stably expressed in Flp-In HEK293 cells

limitations

Millimolar assay exposure is not dietary tissue exposure or clinical analgesia. Above 5 mM assay artifacts prevented reliable lactone EC50 fitting. Human receptor species confirmed in methods.

nutrient_topic

Gamma-nonalactone flavor-compound chapter; nutrient and drug interactions retain their experimental settings. · Gamma-nonalactone

organism

Human TRPV1 or TRPA1 stably expressed in Flp-In HEK293 cells

plain_language

Gamma-nonalactone evoked a calcium response in human-TRPA1-expressing HEK293 cells.

primary_references

Agonistic/antagonistic properties of lactones in food flavors on the sensory ion channels TRPV1 and TRPA1. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36374622/ DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjac023

route

In vitro bath addition

tissue

Fluo8 NW calcium-flux assay

Gamma-nonalactone: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 26–35

Original AI-assisted curation of eight primary studies. Study-specific citations, negative findings and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human TRPV1 or TRPA1 stably expressed in Flp-In HEK293 cells · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gamma-nonalactone-trpa1-activation Gamma-nonalactone evoked a calcium response in human-TRPA1-expressing HEK293 cells. Model/species: Human TRPV1 or TRPA1 stably expressed in Flp-In HEK293 cells Tissue: Fluo8 NW calcium-flux assay Exposure: Gamma-nonalactone 2 mM; six replicates; separate concentration-response series Route: In vitro bath addition Duration: Acute fluorescence response; precise recording window not specified in accessed methods Limits: Millimolar assay exposure is not dietary tissue exposure or clinical analgesia. Above 5 mM assay artifacts prevented reliable lactone EC50 fitting. Human receptor species confirmed in methods. Primary reference: Agonistic/antagonistic properties of lactones in food flavors on the sensory ion channels TRPV1 and TRPA1. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36374622/ DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjac023 Access: Primary full-text methods/results inspected; PubMed metadata where indexed.

dose

Gamma-nonalactone 2 mM; six replicates; separate concentration-response series

duration

Acute fluorescence response; precise recording window not specified in accessed methods

evidence_access

Primary full-text methods/results inspected; PubMed metadata where indexed.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation

experimental_model

Human TRPV1 or TRPA1 stably expressed in Flp-In HEK293 cells

limitations

Millimolar assay exposure is not dietary tissue exposure or clinical analgesia. Above 5 mM assay artifacts prevented reliable lactone EC50 fitting. Human receptor species confirmed in methods.

nutrient_topic

Gamma-nonalactone flavor-compound chapter; nutrient and drug interactions retain their experimental settings. · Gamma-nonalactone

organism

Human TRPV1 or TRPA1 stably expressed in Flp-In HEK293 cells

plain_language

Gamma-nonalactone evoked a calcium response in human-TRPV1-expressing HEK293 cells.

primary_references

Agonistic/antagonistic properties of lactones in food flavors on the sensory ion channels TRPV1 and TRPA1. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36374622/ DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjac023

route

In vitro bath addition

tissue

Fluo8 NW calcium-flux assay

Gamma-nonalactone: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 15–24

Original AI-assisted curation of eight primary studies. Study-specific citations, negative findings and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human TRPV1 or TRPA1 stably expressed in Flp-In HEK293 cells · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gamma-nonalactone-trpv1-activation Gamma-nonalactone evoked a calcium response in human-TRPV1-expressing HEK293 cells. Model/species: Human TRPV1 or TRPA1 stably expressed in Flp-In HEK293 cells Tissue: Fluo8 NW calcium-flux assay Exposure: Gamma-nonalactone 2 mM; six replicates; separate concentration-response series Route: In vitro bath addition Duration: Acute fluorescence response; precise recording window not specified in accessed methods Limits: Millimolar assay exposure is not dietary tissue exposure or clinical analgesia. Above 5 mM assay artifacts prevented reliable lactone EC50 fitting. Human receptor species confirmed in methods. Primary reference: Agonistic/antagonistic properties of lactones in food flavors on the sensory ion channels TRPV1 and TRPA1. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36374622/ DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjac023 Access: Primary full-text methods/results inspected; PubMed metadata where indexed.

dose

trans-4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal 1, 5 or 15 micromolar

duration

10 min

evidence_access

Primary PubMed abstract; unresolved method details explicitly retained.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation

experimental_model

Murine astrocyte cultures

limitations

Product identified in an HNE-metabolism study; specific formation enzymes, flux fraction and human relevance remain unresolved. The pyrrole-forming toxicity described for 4-oxo-nonanal is not a gamma-nonalactone finding.

nutrient_topic

Gamma-nonalactone flavor-compound chapter; nutrient and drug interactions retain their experimental settings. · Gamma-nonalactone

organism

Murine astrocyte cultures

plain_language

Gamma-nonalactone was identified among products formed during HNE biotransformation in murine astrocytes.

primary_references

Astrocytic biotransformation of trans-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal is dose-dependent. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16780364/ DOI: 10.1021/tx0600393

route

In vitro precursor addition

tissue

HNE biotransformation products

Gamma-nonalactone: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 136–145

Original AI-assisted curation of eight primary studies. Study-specific citations, negative findings and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Murine astrocyte cultures · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gamma-nonalactone-hne-metabolite Gamma-nonalactone was identified among products formed during HNE biotransformation in murine astrocytes. Model/species: Murine astrocyte cultures Tissue: HNE biotransformation products Exposure: trans-4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal 1, 5 or 15 micromolar Route: In vitro precursor addition Duration: 10 min Limits: Product identified in an HNE-metabolism study; specific formation enzymes, flux fraction and human relevance remain unresolved. The pyrrole-forming toxicity described for 4-oxo-nonanal is not a gamma-nonalactone finding. Primary reference: Astrocytic biotransformation of trans-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal is dose-dependent. (2006). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16780364/ DOI: 10.1021/tx0600393 Access: Primary PubMed abstract; unresolved method details explicitly retained.

dose

Gamma-nonalactone 1 mM; Table 2 specific activities from 2-4 measurements

duration

PON2 non-detection tested up to 10 min at 37 C; exact positive-rate sampling interval not recovered

evidence_access

Primary publisher Table 2, footnote and surrounding results plus PubMed abstract; complete assay methods not recovered.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation

experimental_model

Purified recombinant human PON1, PON2 and PON3, expressed in insect cells

limitations

Gamma-nonalactone is a substrate, not a demonstrated PON activator. Buffer details were not recovered from the accessed table excerpt; physiological clearance and calcium-deficiency effects are unmeasured.

nutrient_topic

Gamma-nonalactone flavor-compound chapter; nutrient and drug interactions retain their experimental settings. · Gamma-nonalactone

organism

Purified recombinant human PON1, PON2 and PON3, expressed in insect cells

plain_language

Purified human PON1 hydrolyzed gamma-nonalactone at 144.7 +/- 11.3 micromol/min/mg.

primary_references

Human paraoxonases (PON1, PON2, and PON3) are lactonases with overlapping and distinct substrate specificities. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15772423/ DOI: 10.1194/jlr.M400511-JLR200

route

In vitro enzyme/substrate incubation

tissue

Cell-free lactone-hydrolysis assay

Gamma-nonalactone: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 103–112

Original AI-assisted curation of eight primary studies. Study-specific citations, negative findings and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified recombinant human PON1, PON2 and PON3, expressed in insect cells · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gamma-nonalactone-pon1-substrate Purified human PON1 hydrolyzed gamma-nonalactone at 144.7 +/- 11.3 micromol/min/mg. Model/species: Purified recombinant human PON1, PON2 and PON3, expressed in insect cells Tissue: Cell-free lactone-hydrolysis assay Exposure: Gamma-nonalactone 1 mM; Table 2 specific activities from 2-4 measurements Route: In vitro enzyme/substrate incubation Duration: PON2 non-detection tested up to 10 min at 37 C; exact positive-rate sampling interval not recovered Limits: Gamma-nonalactone is a substrate, not a demonstrated PON activator. Buffer details were not recovered from the accessed table excerpt; physiological clearance and calcium-deficiency effects are unmeasured. Primary reference: Human paraoxonases (PON1, PON2, and PON3) are lactonases with overlapping and distinct substrate specificities. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15772423/ DOI: 10.1194/jlr.M400511-JLR200 Access: Primary publisher Table 2, footnote and surrounding results plus PubMed abstract; complete assay methods not recovered.

dose

Gamma-nonalactone 1 mM; Table 2 specific activities from 2-4 measurements

duration

PON2 non-detection tested up to 10 min at 37 C; exact positive-rate sampling interval not recovered

evidence_access

Primary publisher Table 2, footnote and surrounding results plus PubMed abstract; complete assay methods not recovered.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation

experimental_model

Purified recombinant human PON1, PON2 and PON3, expressed in insect cells

limitations

Gamma-nonalactone is a substrate, not a demonstrated PON activator. Buffer details were not recovered from the accessed table excerpt; physiological clearance and calcium-deficiency effects are unmeasured.

nutrient_topic

Gamma-nonalactone flavor-compound chapter; nutrient and drug interactions retain their experimental settings. · Gamma-nonalactone

organism

Purified recombinant human PON1, PON2 and PON3, expressed in insect cells

plain_language

Purified human PON2 showed no detectable gamma-nonalactone hydrolysis under the reported conditions.

primary_references

Human paraoxonases (PON1, PON2, and PON3) are lactonases with overlapping and distinct substrate specificities. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15772423/ DOI: 10.1194/jlr.M400511-JLR200

route

In vitro enzyme/substrate incubation

tissue

Cell-free lactone-hydrolysis assay

Gamma-nonalactone: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 125–134

Original AI-assisted curation of eight primary studies. Study-specific citations, negative findings and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified recombinant human PON1, PON2 and PON3, expressed in insect cells · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gamma-nonalactone-pon2-null Purified human PON2 showed no detectable gamma-nonalactone hydrolysis under the reported conditions. Model/species: Purified recombinant human PON1, PON2 and PON3, expressed in insect cells Tissue: Cell-free lactone-hydrolysis assay Exposure: Gamma-nonalactone 1 mM; Table 2 specific activities from 2-4 measurements Route: In vitro enzyme/substrate incubation Duration: PON2 non-detection tested up to 10 min at 37 C; exact positive-rate sampling interval not recovered Limits: Gamma-nonalactone is a substrate, not a demonstrated PON activator. Buffer details were not recovered from the accessed table excerpt; physiological clearance and calcium-deficiency effects are unmeasured. Primary reference: Human paraoxonases (PON1, PON2, and PON3) are lactonases with overlapping and distinct substrate specificities. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15772423/ DOI: 10.1194/jlr.M400511-JLR200 Access: Primary publisher Table 2, footnote and surrounding results plus PubMed abstract; complete assay methods not recovered.

dose

Gamma-nonalactone 1 mM; Table 2 specific activities from 2-4 measurements

duration

PON2 non-detection tested up to 10 min at 37 C; exact positive-rate sampling interval not recovered

evidence_access

Primary publisher Table 2, footnote and surrounding results plus PubMed abstract; complete assay methods not recovered.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation

experimental_model

Purified recombinant human PON1, PON2 and PON3, expressed in insect cells

limitations

Gamma-nonalactone is a substrate, not a demonstrated PON activator. Buffer details were not recovered from the accessed table excerpt; physiological clearance and calcium-deficiency effects are unmeasured.

nutrient_topic

Gamma-nonalactone flavor-compound chapter; nutrient and drug interactions retain their experimental settings. · Gamma-nonalactone

organism

Purified recombinant human PON1, PON2 and PON3, expressed in insect cells

plain_language

Purified human PON3 hydrolyzed gamma-nonalactone at 30.9 +/- 2.7 micromol/min/mg.

primary_references

Human paraoxonases (PON1, PON2, and PON3) are lactonases with overlapping and distinct substrate specificities. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15772423/ DOI: 10.1194/jlr.M400511-JLR200

route

In vitro enzyme/substrate incubation

tissue

Cell-free lactone-hydrolysis assay

Gamma-nonalactone: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 114–123

Original AI-assisted curation of eight primary studies. Study-specific citations, negative findings and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified recombinant human PON1, PON2 and PON3, expressed in insect cells · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gamma-nonalactone-pon3-substrate Purified human PON3 hydrolyzed gamma-nonalactone at 30.9 +/- 2.7 micromol/min/mg. Model/species: Purified recombinant human PON1, PON2 and PON3, expressed in insect cells Tissue: Cell-free lactone-hydrolysis assay Exposure: Gamma-nonalactone 1 mM; Table 2 specific activities from 2-4 measurements Route: In vitro enzyme/substrate incubation Duration: PON2 non-detection tested up to 10 min at 37 C; exact positive-rate sampling interval not recovered Limits: Gamma-nonalactone is a substrate, not a demonstrated PON activator. Buffer details were not recovered from the accessed table excerpt; physiological clearance and calcium-deficiency effects are unmeasured. Primary reference: Human paraoxonases (PON1, PON2, and PON3) are lactonases with overlapping and distinct substrate specificities. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15772423/ DOI: 10.1194/jlr.M400511-JLR200 Access: Primary publisher Table 2, footnote and surrounding results plus PubMed abstract; complete assay methods not recovered.

dose

Groups differing in alpha-tocopherol content; lowest 2.9 ppm, highest 28.8 ppm

duration

7 days at 2 C

evidence_access

Primary PubMed abstract; unresolved method details explicitly retained.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation

experimental_model

Rendered fat from marbled beef; bovine food matrix

limitations

Food oxidation and partitioning are not human nutrient metabolism. The abstract supports a matrix-dependent association, not an intake recommendation or gamma-nonalactone-induced vitamin E depletion.

nutrient_topic

Gamma-nonalactone flavor-compound chapter; nutrient and drug interactions retain their experimental settings. · Gamma-nonalactone

organism

Rendered fat from marbled beef; bovine food matrix

plain_language

The lowest-alpha-tocopherol beef-fat group showed the greatest gamma-nonalactone rise during storage: 51.4 ppb, 11.7 times the prestorage level.

primary_references

Effect of α-tocopherol on lactone formation in marbled beef and changes in lactone volatility during storage. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22583190/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02694.x

route

Food-matrix storage; no human administration

tissue

Stored-fat headspace and lactone quantitation

Gamma-nonalactone: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 147–156

Original AI-assisted curation of eight primary studies. Study-specific citations, negative findings and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Rendered fat from marbled beef; bovine food matrix · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gamma-nonalactone-vitamin-e-matrix The lowest-alpha-tocopherol beef-fat group showed the greatest gamma-nonalactone rise during storage: 51.4 ppb, 11.7 times the prestorage level. Model/species: Rendered fat from marbled beef; bovine food matrix Tissue: Stored-fat headspace and lactone quantitation Exposure: Groups differing in alpha-tocopherol content; lowest 2.9 ppm, highest 28.8 ppm Route: Food-matrix storage; no human administration Duration: 7 days at 2 C Limits: Food oxidation and partitioning are not human nutrient metabolism. The abstract supports a matrix-dependent association, not an intake recommendation or gamma-nonalactone-induced vitamin E depletion. Primary reference: Effect of α-tocopherol on lactone formation in marbled beef and changes in lactone volatility during storage. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22583190/ DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02694.x Access: Primary PubMed abstract; unresolved method details explicitly retained.

dose

Labeled d6-4-oxononanoic acid; experimental spike concentration not given in abstract

duration

Fermentation interval not specified in accessed abstract

evidence_access

Primary PubMed abstract; unresolved method details explicitly retained.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation

experimental_model

Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcoholic fermentation and grape/wine analyses

limitations

Tracer evidence establishes precursor conversion in yeast; it does not establish a human pathway or identify individual reductase enzymes.

nutrient_topic

Gamma-nonalactone flavor-compound chapter; nutrient and drug interactions retain their experimental settings. · Gamma-nonalactone

organism

Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcoholic fermentation and grape/wine analyses

plain_language

Labeled-precursor experiments demonstrated conversion of 4-oxononanoic acid into gamma-nonalactone during yeast fermentation.

primary_references

Aromatic Potential of Bordeaux Grape Cultivars: Identification and Assays on 4-Oxononanoic Acid, a γ-Nonalactone Precursor. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32955257/ DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04171

route

Microbial precursor biotransformation

tissue

Fermenting must

Gamma-nonalactone: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 158–167

Original AI-assisted curation of eight primary studies. Study-specific citations, negative findings and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcoholic fermentation and grape/wine analyses · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gamma-nonalactone-yeast-precursor Labeled-precursor experiments demonstrated conversion of 4-oxononanoic acid into gamma-nonalactone during yeast fermentation. Model/species: Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcoholic fermentation and grape/wine analyses Tissue: Fermenting must Exposure: Labeled d6-4-oxononanoic acid; experimental spike concentration not given in abstract Route: Microbial precursor biotransformation Duration: Fermentation interval not specified in accessed abstract Limits: Tracer evidence establishes precursor conversion in yeast; it does not establish a human pathway or identify individual reductase enzymes. Primary reference: Aromatic Potential of Bordeaux Grape Cultivars: Identification and Assays on 4-Oxononanoic Acid, a γ-Nonalactone Precursor. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32955257/ DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04171 Access: Primary PubMed abstract; unresolved method details explicitly retained.

dose

Gamma-nonalactone 2 mM; capsazepine 1 micromolar or A-967079 1 micromolar

duration

Acute fluorescence assay

evidence_access

Primary full-text methods/results inspected; PubMed metadata where indexed.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation

experimental_model

Human TRPV1 or TRPA1 expressed in HEK293 cells

limitations

Pharmacological specificity controls support channel involvement; they do not establish a binding pocket or oral therapeutic exposure.

nutrient_topic

Gamma-nonalactone flavor-compound chapter; nutrient and drug interactions retain their experimental settings. · Gamma-nonalactone

organism

Human TRPV1 or TRPA1 expressed in HEK293 cells

plain_language

A-967079 inhibited the gamma-nonalactone-evoked TRPA1 calcium response.

primary_references

Agonistic/antagonistic properties of lactones in food flavors on the sensory ion channels TRPV1 and TRPA1. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36374622/ DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjac023

route

In vitro co-exposure

tissue

Receptor antagonist controls

Gamma-nonalactone: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 81–90

Original AI-assisted curation of eight primary studies. Study-specific citations, negative findings and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human TRPV1 or TRPA1 expressed in HEK293 cells · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gamma-nonalactone-a967079-control A-967079 inhibited the gamma-nonalactone-evoked TRPA1 calcium response. Model/species: Human TRPV1 or TRPA1 expressed in HEK293 cells Tissue: Receptor antagonist controls Exposure: Gamma-nonalactone 2 mM; capsazepine 1 micromolar or A-967079 1 micromolar Route: In vitro co-exposure Duration: Acute fluorescence assay Limits: Pharmacological specificity controls support channel involvement; they do not establish a binding pocket or oral therapeutic exposure. Primary reference: Agonistic/antagonistic properties of lactones in food flavors on the sensory ion channels TRPV1 and TRPA1. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36374622/ DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjac023 Access: Primary full-text methods/results inspected; PubMed metadata where indexed.

dose

Gamma-nonalactone 2 mM; capsazepine 1 micromolar or A-967079 1 micromolar

duration

Acute fluorescence assay

evidence_access

Primary full-text methods/results inspected; PubMed metadata where indexed.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation

experimental_model

Human TRPV1 or TRPA1 expressed in HEK293 cells

limitations

Pharmacological specificity controls support channel involvement; they do not establish a binding pocket or oral therapeutic exposure.

nutrient_topic

Gamma-nonalactone flavor-compound chapter; nutrient and drug interactions retain their experimental settings. · Gamma-nonalactone

organism

Human TRPV1 or TRPA1 expressed in HEK293 cells

plain_language

Capsazepine inhibited the gamma-nonalactone-evoked TRPV1 calcium response.

primary_references

Agonistic/antagonistic properties of lactones in food flavors on the sensory ion channels TRPV1 and TRPA1. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36374622/ DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjac023

route

In vitro co-exposure

tissue

Receptor antagonist controls

Gamma-nonalactone: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 70–79

Original AI-assisted curation of eight primary studies. Study-specific citations, negative findings and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human TRPV1 or TRPA1 expressed in HEK293 cells · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gamma-nonalactone-capsazepine-control Capsazepine inhibited the gamma-nonalactone-evoked TRPV1 calcium response. Model/species: Human TRPV1 or TRPA1 expressed in HEK293 cells Tissue: Receptor antagonist controls Exposure: Gamma-nonalactone 2 mM; capsazepine 1 micromolar or A-967079 1 micromolar Route: In vitro co-exposure Duration: Acute fluorescence assay Limits: Pharmacological specificity controls support channel involvement; they do not establish a binding pocket or oral therapeutic exposure. Primary reference: Agonistic/antagonistic properties of lactones in food flavors on the sensory ion channels TRPV1 and TRPA1. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36374622/ DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjac023 Access: Primary full-text methods/results inspected; PubMed metadata where indexed.

availability_state

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

dose

Gamma-nonalactone 2 mM and EGTA 5 mM

duration

Acute fluorescence assay

evidence_access

Primary full-text methods/results inspected; PubMed metadata where indexed.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation

experimental_model

Human TRPV1 or TRPA1 expressed in HEK293 cells

limitations

Experimental extracellular calcium removal is not dietary calcium deficiency. A calcium-flux readout cannot establish every downstream cellular consequence.

nutrient_topic

Gamma-nonalactone flavor-compound chapter; nutrient and drug interactions retain their experimental settings. · Gamma-nonalactone

organism

Human TRPV1 or TRPA1 expressed in HEK293 cells

plain_language

EGTA treatment suppressed the gamma-nonalactone-evoked TRPA1 calcium signal.

primary_references

Agonistic/antagonistic properties of lactones in food flavors on the sensory ion channels TRPV1 and TRPA1. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36374622/ DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjac023

route

In vitro calcium chelation

tissue

Extracellular calcium-chelation control

trigger_kind

machinery_impairment Imported condition classification; unverified.

Gamma-nonalactone: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 92–101

Original AI-assisted curation of eight primary studies. Study-specific citations, negative findings and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human TRPV1 or TRPA1 expressed in HEK293 cells · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gamma-nonalactone-egta-trpa1 EGTA treatment suppressed the gamma-nonalactone-evoked TRPA1 calcium signal. Model/species: Human TRPV1 or TRPA1 expressed in HEK293 cells Tissue: Extracellular calcium-chelation control Exposure: Gamma-nonalactone 2 mM and EGTA 5 mM Route: In vitro calcium chelation Duration: Acute fluorescence assay Limits: Experimental extracellular calcium removal is not dietary calcium deficiency. A calcium-flux readout cannot establish every downstream cellular consequence. Primary reference: Agonistic/antagonistic properties of lactones in food flavors on the sensory ion channels TRPV1 and TRPA1. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36374622/ DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjac023 Access: Primary full-text methods/results inspected; PubMed metadata where indexed.

dose

Lactulose 4 g/day; no administered gamma-nonalactone

duration

2 weeks; baseline days 1-2 and follow-up days 6, 10 and 17

evidence_access

Primary full-text methods/results inspected; PubMed metadata where indexed.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation

experimental_model

Exploratory healthy-human lactulose study; six participants in time-course cohort, ten in expanded correlation analysis

limitations

Small uncontrolled study; no apparent C9 trend is not proof of universal absence of effect. Significant C10/C11 increases must not be transferred to C9 gamma-nonalactone; SCFA mediation remains proposed.

nutrient_topic

Gamma-nonalactone flavor-compound chapter; nutrient and drug interactions retain their experimental settings. · Gamma-nonalactone

organism

Exploratory healthy-human lactulose study; six participants in time-course cohort, ten in expanded correlation analysis

plain_language

The human lactulose time course showed no apparent increasing trend in gamma-nonalactone skin emission.

primary_references

Influence of Ingestion of Lactulose on gamma-Lactones Emanating from Human Skin Surface (2023). https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/6/3930 DOI: 10.3390/app13063930

route

Oral lactulose; passive skin-gas sampling

tissue

Forearm volatile emission measured by passive sampling and GC-MS

Gamma-nonalactone: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 257–266

Original AI-assisted curation of eight primary studies. Study-specific citations, negative findings and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Exploratory healthy-human lactulose study; six participants in time-course cohort, ten in expanded correlation analysis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gamma-nonalactone-lactulose-skin-null The human lactulose time course showed no apparent increasing trend in gamma-nonalactone skin emission. Model/species: Exploratory healthy-human lactulose study; six participants in time-course cohort, ten in expanded correlation analysis Tissue: Forearm volatile emission measured by passive sampling and GC-MS Exposure: Lactulose 4 g/day; no administered gamma-nonalactone Route: Oral lactulose; passive skin-gas sampling Duration: 2 weeks; baseline days 1-2 and follow-up days 6, 10 and 17 Limits: Small uncontrolled study; no apparent C9 trend is not proof of universal absence of effect. Significant C10/C11 increases must not be transferred to C9 gamma-nonalactone; SCFA mediation remains proposed. Primary reference: Influence of Ingestion of Lactulose on gamma-Lactones Emanating from Human Skin Surface (2023). https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/6/3930 DOI: 10.3390/app13063930 Access: Primary full-text methods/results inspected; PubMed metadata where indexed.

dose

R and S gamma-nonalactone concentration series

duration

Threshold-testing interval not specified in abstract

evidence_access

Primary PubMed abstract; unresolved method details explicitly retained.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation

experimental_model

Human sensory detection tests reported with grape/wine enantiomer study

limitations

Enantiomer thresholds depend on matrix and protocol. No olfactory receptor identity or general threshold across foods is established.

nutrient_topic

Gamma-nonalactone flavor-compound chapter; nutrient and drug interactions retain their experimental settings. · Gamma-nonalactone

organism

Human sensory detection tests reported with grape/wine enantiomer study

plain_language

The reported sensory detection threshold for R-gamma-nonalactone was 66 micrograms/L.

primary_references

Aromatic Potential of Bordeaux Grape Cultivars: Identification and Assays on 4-Oxononanoic Acid, a γ-Nonalactone Precursor. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32955257/ DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04171

route

Sensory exposure; exact test matrix and panel size unresolved in accessed abstract

tissue

Olfactory perception

Gamma-nonalactone: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 180–189

Original AI-assisted curation of eight primary studies. Study-specific citations, negative findings and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human sensory detection tests reported with grape/wine enantiomer study · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gamma-nonalactone-r-odor-threshold The reported sensory detection threshold for R-gamma-nonalactone was 66 micrograms/L. Model/species: Human sensory detection tests reported with grape/wine enantiomer study Tissue: Olfactory perception Exposure: R and S gamma-nonalactone concentration series Route: Sensory exposure; exact test matrix and panel size unresolved in accessed abstract Duration: Threshold-testing interval not specified in abstract Limits: Enantiomer thresholds depend on matrix and protocol. No olfactory receptor identity or general threshold across foods is established. Primary reference: Aromatic Potential of Bordeaux Grape Cultivars: Identification and Assays on 4-Oxononanoic Acid, a γ-Nonalactone Precursor. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32955257/ DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04171 Access: Primary PubMed abstract; unresolved method details explicitly retained.

dose

R and S gamma-nonalactone concentration series

duration

Threshold-testing interval not specified in abstract

evidence_access

Primary PubMed abstract; unresolved method details explicitly retained.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation

experimental_model

Human sensory detection tests reported with grape/wine enantiomer study

limitations

Enantiomer thresholds depend on matrix and protocol. No olfactory receptor identity or general threshold across foods is established.

nutrient_topic

Gamma-nonalactone flavor-compound chapter; nutrient and drug interactions retain their experimental settings. · Gamma-nonalactone

organism

Human sensory detection tests reported with grape/wine enantiomer study

plain_language

The reported sensory detection threshold for S-gamma-nonalactone was 35 micrograms/L.

primary_references

Aromatic Potential of Bordeaux Grape Cultivars: Identification and Assays on 4-Oxononanoic Acid, a γ-Nonalactone Precursor. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32955257/ DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04171

route

Sensory exposure; exact test matrix and panel size unresolved in accessed abstract

tissue

Olfactory perception

Gamma-nonalactone: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 191–200

Original AI-assisted curation of eight primary studies. Study-specific citations, negative findings and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human sensory detection tests reported with grape/wine enantiomer study · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gamma-nonalactone-s-odor-threshold The reported sensory detection threshold for S-gamma-nonalactone was 35 micrograms/L. Model/species: Human sensory detection tests reported with grape/wine enantiomer study Tissue: Olfactory perception Exposure: R and S gamma-nonalactone concentration series Route: Sensory exposure; exact test matrix and panel size unresolved in accessed abstract Duration: Threshold-testing interval not specified in abstract Limits: Enantiomer thresholds depend on matrix and protocol. No olfactory receptor identity or general threshold across foods is established. Primary reference: Aromatic Potential of Bordeaux Grape Cultivars: Identification and Assays on 4-Oxononanoic Acid, a γ-Nonalactone Precursor. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32955257/ DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04171 Access: Primary PubMed abstract; unresolved method details explicitly retained.

dose

Labeled d6-4-oxononanoic acid; experimental spike concentration not given in abstract

duration

Fermentation interval not specified in accessed abstract

evidence_access

Primary PubMed abstract; unresolved method details explicitly retained.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation

experimental_model

Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcoholic fermentation and grape/wine analyses

limitations

Tracer evidence establishes precursor conversion in yeast; it does not establish a human pathway or identify individual reductase enzymes.

nutrient_topic

Gamma-nonalactone flavor-compound chapter; nutrient and drug interactions retain their experimental settings. · Gamma-nonalactone

organism

Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcoholic fermentation and grape/wine analyses

plain_language

The yeast biotransformation of 4-oxononanoic acid favored the R gamma-nonalactone enantiomer.

primary_references

Aromatic Potential of Bordeaux Grape Cultivars: Identification and Assays on 4-Oxononanoic Acid, a γ-Nonalactone Precursor. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32955257/ DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04171

route

Microbial precursor biotransformation

tissue

Fermenting must

Gamma-nonalactone: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 169–178

Original AI-assisted curation of eight primary studies. Study-specific citations, negative findings and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcoholic fermentation and grape/wine analyses · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## gamma-nonalactone-yeast-r-selectivity The yeast biotransformation of 4-oxononanoic acid favored the R gamma-nonalactone enantiomer. Model/species: Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcoholic fermentation and grape/wine analyses Tissue: Fermenting must Exposure: Labeled d6-4-oxononanoic acid; experimental spike concentration not given in abstract Route: Microbial precursor biotransformation Duration: Fermentation interval not specified in accessed abstract Limits: Tracer evidence establishes precursor conversion in yeast; it does not establish a human pathway or identify individual reductase enzymes. Primary reference: Aromatic Potential of Bordeaux Grape Cultivars: Identification and Assays on 4-Oxononanoic Acid, a γ-Nonalactone Precursor. (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32955257/ DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04171 Access: Primary PubMed abstract; unresolved method details explicitly retained.