Component

Human paraoxonase 1 / PON1

Human paraoxonase 1 / PON1. Species, exposure and limitations are retained in each linked claim.

6 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What it acts on

  1. Purified human PON1 hydrolyzed gamma-nonalactone at 144.7 +/- 11.3 micromol/min/mg.

    Human paraoxonase 1 / PON1 → Gamma-nonalactone source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    dose
    Gamma-nonalactone 1 mM; Table 2 specific activities from 2-4 measurements
    duration
    PON2 non-detection tested up to 10 min at 37 C; exact positive-rate sampling interval not recovered
    evidence_access
    Primary publisher Table 2, footnote and surrounding results plus PubMed abstract; complete assay methods not recovered.
    evidence_scope
    literature_reviewed; model-specific source-derived curation
    experimental_model
    Purified recombinant human PON1, PON2 and PON3, expressed in insect cells
    limitations
    Gamma-nonalactone is a substrate, not a demonstrated PON activator. Buffer details were not recovered from the accessed table excerpt; physiological clearance and calcium-deficiency effects are unmeasured.
    nutrient_topic
    Gamma-nonalactone flavor-compound chapter; nutrient and drug interactions retain their experimental settings. · Gamma-nonalactone
    organism
    Purified recombinant human PON1, PON2 and PON3, expressed in insect cells
    plain_language
    Purified human PON1 hydrolyzed gamma-nonalactone at 144.7 +/- 11.3 micromol/min/mg.
    primary_references
    Human paraoxonases (PON1, PON2, and PON3) are lactonases with overlapping and distinct substrate specificities. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15772423/ DOI: 10.1194/jlr.M400511-JLR200
    route
    In vitro enzyme/substrate incubation
    tissue
    Cell-free lactone-hydrolysis assay

    Gamma-nonalactone: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 103–112

    Original AI-assisted curation of eight primary studies. Study-specific citations, negative findings and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified recombinant human PON1, PON2 and PON3, expressed in insect cells · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## gamma-nonalactone-pon1-substrate Purified human PON1 hydrolyzed gamma-nonalactone at 144.7 +/- 11.3 micromol/min/mg. Model/species: Purified recombinant human PON1, PON2 and PON3, expressed in insect cells Tissue: Cell-free lactone-hydrolysis assay Exposure: Gamma-nonalactone 1 mM; Table 2 specific activities from 2-4 measurements Route: In vitro enzyme/substrate incubation Duration: PON2 non-detection tested up to 10 min at 37 C; exact positive-rate sampling interval not recovered Limits: Gamma-nonalactone is a substrate, not a demonstrated PON activator. Buffer details were not recovered from the accessed table excerpt; physiological clearance and calcium-deficiency effects are unmeasured. Primary reference: Human paraoxonases (PON1, PON2, and PON3) are lactonases with overlapping and distinct substrate specificities. (2005). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15772423/ DOI: 10.1194/jlr.M400511-JLR200 Access: Primary publisher Table 2, footnote and surrounding results plus PubMed abstract; complete assay methods not recovered.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

Where it participates (unsigned role)

  1. Supplementation reduced CETP activity in HDL2 and HDL3 fractions.

    Lycopene → HDL-associated CETP activity, fraction specified source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/35978954.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2778, "text_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a"}
    experimental_model
    Randomized diet/supplement trial biomarker analysis
    exposure
    Low tomato control; 224-350 mg/week food lycopene; or 70 mg/week supplement
    limitations
    Food and supplement doses differ; enzyme activities and particle sizes are surrogate endpoints, not proof of fewer events.
    nutrient_topic
    Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
    organism
    Human, 225 adults aged 40-65 years
    plain_language
    A lipid-transfer measurement changed without proving the whole pathway is beneficial.
    primary_references
    [lycopene-p35978954] Lycopene-rich diets modulate HDL functionality and associated inflammatory markers without affecting lipoprotein size and distribution in moderately overweight, disease-free, middle-aged adults: A randomized controlled trial. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35978954/ DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.954593
    tissue_or_cell_type
    HDL fractions and plasma lipoproteins

    Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 1040–1051

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized diet/supplement trial biomarker analysis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### lycopene-hdl-cetp Supplementation reduced CETP activity in HDL2 and HDL3 fractions. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A lipid-transfer measurement changed without proving the whole pathway is beneficial. organism: Human, 225 adults aged 40-65 years tissue_or_cell_type: HDL fractions and plasma lipoproteins experimental_model: Randomized diet/supplement trial biomarker analysis limitations: Food and supplement doses differ; enzyme activities and particle sizes are surrogate endpoints, not proof of fewer events. exposure: Low tomato control; 224-350 mg/week food lycopene; or 70 mg/week supplement evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/35978954.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2778, "text_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a"} [lycopene-p35978954] Lycopene-rich diets modulate HDL functionality and associated inflammatory markers without affecting lipoprotein size and distribution in moderately overweight, disease-free, middle-aged adults: A randomized controlled trial. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35978954/ DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.954593
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. The lycopene-supplement arm increased HDL3-associated LCAT activity.

    Lycopene → HDL3-associated LCAT activity source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/35978954.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2778, "text_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a"}
    experimental_model
    Randomized diet/supplement trial biomarker analysis
    exposure
    Low tomato control; 224-350 mg/week food lycopene; or 70 mg/week supplement
    limitations
    Food and supplement doses differ; enzyme activities and particle sizes are surrogate endpoints, not proof of fewer events.
    nutrient_topic
    Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
    organism
    Human, 225 adults aged 40-65 years
    plain_language
    A cholesterol-handling enzyme changed in this fraction.
    primary_references
    [lycopene-p35978954] Lycopene-rich diets modulate HDL functionality and associated inflammatory markers without affecting lipoprotein size and distribution in moderately overweight, disease-free, middle-aged adults: A randomized controlled trial. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35978954/ DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.954593
    tissue_or_cell_type
    HDL fractions and plasma lipoproteins

    Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 1027–1038

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized diet/supplement trial biomarker analysis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### lycopene-hdl-lcat The lycopene-supplement arm increased HDL3-associated LCAT activity. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A cholesterol-handling enzyme changed in this fraction. organism: Human, 225 adults aged 40-65 years tissue_or_cell_type: HDL fractions and plasma lipoproteins experimental_model: Randomized diet/supplement trial biomarker analysis limitations: Food and supplement doses differ; enzyme activities and particle sizes are surrogate endpoints, not proof of fewer events. exposure: Low tomato control; 224-350 mg/week food lycopene; or 70 mg/week supplement evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/35978954.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2778, "text_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a"} [lycopene-p35978954] Lycopene-rich diets modulate HDL functionality and associated inflammatory markers without affecting lipoprotein size and distribution in moderately overweight, disease-free, middle-aged adults: A randomized controlled trial. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35978954/ DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.954593
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. Both lycopene intervention routes increased serum and HDL3-associated PON1 activity.

    Lycopene → HDL3-associated PON1 activity source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/35978954.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2778, "text_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a"}
    experimental_model
    Randomized diet/supplement trial biomarker analysis
    exposure
    Low tomato control; 224-350 mg/week food lycopene; or 70 mg/week supplement
    limitations
    Food and supplement doses differ; enzyme activities and particle sizes are surrogate endpoints, not proof of fewer events.
    nutrient_topic
    Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
    organism
    Human, 225 adults aged 40-65 years
    plain_language
    The activity of an enzyme carried by HDL changed.
    primary_references
    [lycopene-p35978954] Lycopene-rich diets modulate HDL functionality and associated inflammatory markers without affecting lipoprotein size and distribution in moderately overweight, disease-free, middle-aged adults: A randomized controlled trial. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35978954/ DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.954593
    tissue_or_cell_type
    HDL fractions and plasma lipoproteins

    Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 1014–1025

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized diet/supplement trial biomarker analysis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### lycopene-hdl-pon1 Both lycopene intervention routes increased serum and HDL3-associated PON1 activity. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The activity of an enzyme carried by HDL changed. organism: Human, 225 adults aged 40-65 years tissue_or_cell_type: HDL fractions and plasma lipoproteins experimental_model: Randomized diet/supplement trial biomarker analysis limitations: Food and supplement doses differ; enzyme activities and particle sizes are surrogate endpoints, not proof of fewer events. exposure: Low tomato control; 224-350 mg/week food lycopene; or 70 mg/week supplement evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/35978954.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2778, "text_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a"} [lycopene-p35978954] Lycopene-rich diets modulate HDL functionality and associated inflammatory markers without affecting lipoprotein size and distribution in moderately overweight, disease-free, middle-aged adults: A randomized controlled trial. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35978954/ DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.954593
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  4. Lycopene interventions reduced HDL3-associated serum amyloid A.

    Lycopene → HDL3-associated serum amyloid A abundance source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/35978954.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2778, "text_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a"}
    experimental_model
    Randomized diet/supplement trial biomarker analysis
    exposure
    Low tomato control; 224-350 mg/week food lycopene; or 70 mg/week supplement
    limitations
    Food and supplement doses differ; enzyme activities and particle sizes are surrogate endpoints, not proof of fewer events.
    nutrient_topic
    Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
    organism
    Human, 225 adults aged 40-65 years
    plain_language
    An HDL-associated inflammatory marker decreased.
    primary_references
    [lycopene-p35978954] Lycopene-rich diets modulate HDL functionality and associated inflammatory markers without affecting lipoprotein size and distribution in moderately overweight, disease-free, middle-aged adults: A randomized controlled trial. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35978954/ DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.954593
    tissue_or_cell_type
    HDL fractions and plasma lipoproteins

    Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 1053–1064

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized diet/supplement trial biomarker analysis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### lycopene-hdl-saa Lycopene interventions reduced HDL3-associated serum amyloid A. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: An HDL-associated inflammatory marker decreased. organism: Human, 225 adults aged 40-65 years tissue_or_cell_type: HDL fractions and plasma lipoproteins experimental_model: Randomized diet/supplement trial biomarker analysis limitations: Food and supplement doses differ; enzyme activities and particle sizes are surrogate endpoints, not proof of fewer events. exposure: Low tomato control; 224-350 mg/week food lycopene; or 70 mg/week supplement evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/35978954.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2778, "text_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a"} [lycopene-p35978954] Lycopene-rich diets modulate HDL functionality and associated inflammatory markers without affecting lipoprotein size and distribution in moderately overweight, disease-free, middle-aged adults: A randomized controlled trial. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35978954/ DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.954593
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  5. Lipoprotein subclass distributions and sizes did not change with the interventions.

    Lycopene → Lipoprotein subclass size and distribution source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/35978954.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2778, "text_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a"}
    experimental_model
    Randomized diet/supplement trial biomarker analysis
    exposure
    Low tomato control; 224-350 mg/week food lycopene; or 70 mg/week supplement
    limitations
    Food and supplement doses differ; enzyme activities and particle sizes are surrogate endpoints, not proof of fewer events.
    nutrient_topic
    Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Lycopene
    organism
    Human, 225 adults aged 40-65 years
    plain_language
    Changes in enzyme activity were not the same as changes in particle size.
    primary_references
    [lycopene-p35978954] Lycopene-rich diets modulate HDL functionality and associated inflammatory markers without affecting lipoprotein size and distribution in moderately overweight, disease-free, middle-aged adults: A randomized controlled trial. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35978954/ DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.954593
    tissue_or_cell_type
    HDL fractions and plasma lipoproteins

    Lycopene: absorption, metabolism, nutrient connections and human outcomes (2026-09-17) · lines 1066–1077

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Randomized diet/supplement trial biomarker analysis · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### lycopene-lipoprotein-size-null Lipoprotein subclass distributions and sizes did not change with the interventions. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Lycopene research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Changes in enzyme activity were not the same as changes in particle size. organism: Human, 225 adults aged 40-65 years tissue_or_cell_type: HDL fractions and plasma lipoproteins experimental_model: Randomized diet/supplement trial biomarker analysis limitations: Food and supplement doses differ; enzyme activities and particle sizes are surrogate endpoints, not proof of fewer events. exposure: Low tomato control; 224-350 mg/week food lycopene; or 70 mg/week supplement evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/lycopene-research/35978954.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2778, "text_sha256": "ed024b652760ea2f5ab124162690901b3e88995ea9648bea05b59f240de08c3a"} [lycopene-p35978954] Lycopene-rich diets modulate HDL functionality and associated inflammatory markers without affecting lipoprotein size and distribution in moderately overweight, disease-free, middle-aged adults: A randomized controlled trial. (2022). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35978954/ DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.954593
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

    This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

    Evidence, AI assistance and curation standards