Anthocyanins

evidence_access

Full text retrieved; relevant methods/results/figure text reviewed. No independent raw-data verification.

experimental_model

Chemical classification, not an intervention or efficacy result.

interpretation_status

Source-derived extraction of a fact-checked reference; access is explicit, not independent raw-data verification.

limitations

Glycosides remain separate from aglycones and from each other. This neutral identity record is navigation, not a signed causal mechanism.

plain_language

The anthocyanin class includes Cyanidin 3,5-O-diglucoside / cyanin; membership does not transfer experimental effects.

primary_references

Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Absorption of Aglycone and Glycosidic Flavonoids in a Caco-2 BBe1 Cell Model. | 2020 | DOI 10.1021/acsomega.0c00379 | PMID 32455198 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32455198/ | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7240828/ | https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c00379

source_locator

Reviewed reference lines 7-7; exact primary location described in quoted passage where extracted.

Anthocyanins: detailed mechanisms of action (reviewed 4 October 2026) · lines 7–7

Original AI-assisted review of primary studies and, where relevant, official regulatory records. Access level is retained per claim. Corrections, null results and unresolved questions remain explicit. Not publisher full text or independent replication. · supports · Chemical classification, not an intervention or efficacy result. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

Anthocyanins are a class of glycosylated pigments, not one circulating drug. Their anthocyanidin cores include cyanidin, delphinidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, petunidin and malvidin. Sugar position, sugar identity, methylation and acylation change their behavior. Cyanidin, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-galactoside and cyanidin-3,5-O-diglucoside are separate molecules. Nasunin is a distinct acylated delphinidin glycoside; it must not inherit every result obtained with cyanidin-3-glucoside. The tested aglycones and glycosides illustrate why the individual structures matter. [Purified-compound comparison](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7541926/).

evidence_access

Full text retrieved; relevant methods/results/figure text reviewed. No independent raw-data verification.

experimental_model

Chemical classification, not an intervention or efficacy result.

interpretation_status

Source-derived extraction of a fact-checked reference; access is explicit, not independent raw-data verification.

limitations

Glycosides remain separate from aglycones and from each other. This neutral identity record is navigation, not a signed causal mechanism.

plain_language

The anthocyanin class includes Cyanidin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside; membership does not transfer experimental effects.

primary_references

Investigating the Interaction of Ascorbic Acid with Anthocyanins and Pyranoanthocyanins. | 2018 | DOI 10.3390/molecules23040744 | PMID 29570649 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29570649/ | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6017693/ | https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23040744

source_locator

Reviewed reference lines 7-7; exact primary location described in quoted passage where extracted.

Anthocyanins: detailed mechanisms of action (reviewed 4 October 2026) · lines 7–7

Original AI-assisted review of primary studies and, where relevant, official regulatory records. Access level is retained per claim. Corrections, null results and unresolved questions remain explicit. Not publisher full text or independent replication. · supports · Chemical classification, not an intervention or efficacy result. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

Anthocyanins are a class of glycosylated pigments, not one circulating drug. Their anthocyanidin cores include cyanidin, delphinidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, petunidin and malvidin. Sugar position, sugar identity, methylation and acylation change their behavior. Cyanidin, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-galactoside and cyanidin-3,5-O-diglucoside are separate molecules. Nasunin is a distinct acylated delphinidin glycoside; it must not inherit every result obtained with cyanidin-3-glucoside. The tested aglycones and glycosides illustrate why the individual structures matter. [Purified-compound comparison](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7541926/).

evidence_access

Full text retrieved; relevant methods/results/figure text reviewed. No independent raw-data verification.

experimental_model

Chemical classification, not an intervention or efficacy result.

interpretation_status

Source-derived extraction of a fact-checked reference; access is explicit, not independent raw-data verification.

limitations

Glycosides remain separate from aglycones and from each other. This neutral identity record is navigation, not a signed causal mechanism.

plain_language

The anthocyanin class includes Cyanidin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside; membership does not transfer experimental effects.

primary_references

Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Absorption of Aglycone and Glycosidic Flavonoids in a Caco-2 BBe1 Cell Model. | 2020 | DOI 10.1021/acsomega.0c00379 | PMID 32455198 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32455198/ | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7240828/ | https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c00379

source_locator

Reviewed reference lines 7-7; exact primary location described in quoted passage where extracted.

Anthocyanins: detailed mechanisms of action (reviewed 4 October 2026) · lines 7–7

Original AI-assisted review of primary studies and, where relevant, official regulatory records. Access level is retained per claim. Corrections, null results and unresolved questions remain explicit. Not publisher full text or independent replication. · supports · Chemical classification, not an intervention or efficacy result. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

Anthocyanins are a class of glycosylated pigments, not one circulating drug. Their anthocyanidin cores include cyanidin, delphinidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, petunidin and malvidin. Sugar position, sugar identity, methylation and acylation change their behavior. Cyanidin, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-galactoside and cyanidin-3,5-O-diglucoside are separate molecules. Nasunin is a distinct acylated delphinidin glycoside; it must not inherit every result obtained with cyanidin-3-glucoside. The tested aglycones and glycosides illustrate why the individual structures matter. [Purified-compound comparison](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7541926/).

evidence_access

Full text retrieved; relevant methods/results/figure text reviewed. No independent raw-data verification.

experimental_model

Chemical classification, not an intervention or efficacy result.

interpretation_status

Source-derived extraction of a fact-checked reference; access is explicit, not independent raw-data verification.

limitations

Glycosides remain separate from aglycones and from each other. This neutral identity record is navigation, not a signed causal mechanism.

plain_language

The anthocyanin class includes Delphinidin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside; membership does not transfer experimental effects.

primary_references

Anthocyanins inhibit tumor necrosis alpha-induced loss of Caco-2 cell barrier integrity. | 2017 | DOI 10.1039/c7fo00625j | PMID 28740990 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28740990/ | https://doi.org/10.1039/c7fo00625j | https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2017/fo/c7fo00625j

source_locator

Reviewed reference lines 7-7; exact primary location described in quoted passage where extracted.

Anthocyanins: detailed mechanisms of action (reviewed 4 October 2026) · lines 7–7

Original AI-assisted review of primary studies and, where relevant, official regulatory records. Access level is retained per claim. Corrections, null results and unresolved questions remain explicit. Not publisher full text or independent replication. · supports · Chemical classification, not an intervention or efficacy result. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

Anthocyanins are a class of glycosylated pigments, not one circulating drug. Their anthocyanidin cores include cyanidin, delphinidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, petunidin and malvidin. Sugar position, sugar identity, methylation and acylation change their behavior. Cyanidin, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-galactoside and cyanidin-3,5-O-diglucoside are separate molecules. Nasunin is a distinct acylated delphinidin glycoside; it must not inherit every result obtained with cyanidin-3-glucoside. The tested aglycones and glycosides illustrate why the individual structures matter. [Purified-compound comparison](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7541926/).

evidence_access

Full text retrieved; relevant methods/results/figure text reviewed. No independent raw-data verification.

experimental_model

Chemical classification, not an intervention or efficacy result.

interpretation_status

Source-derived extraction of a fact-checked reference; access is explicit, not independent raw-data verification.

limitations

Glycosides remain separate from aglycones and from each other. This neutral identity record is navigation, not a signed causal mechanism.

plain_language

The anthocyanin class includes Malvidin 3-O-glucoside; membership does not transfer experimental effects.

primary_references

Anthocyanins inhibit tumor necrosis alpha-induced loss of Caco-2 cell barrier integrity. | 2017 | DOI 10.1039/c7fo00625j | PMID 28740990 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28740990/ | https://doi.org/10.1039/c7fo00625j | https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2017/fo/c7fo00625j

source_locator

Reviewed reference lines 7-7; exact primary location described in quoted passage where extracted.

Anthocyanins: detailed mechanisms of action (reviewed 4 October 2026) · lines 7–7

Original AI-assisted review of primary studies and, where relevant, official regulatory records. Access level is retained per claim. Corrections, null results and unresolved questions remain explicit. Not publisher full text or independent replication. · supports · Chemical classification, not an intervention or efficacy result. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

Anthocyanins are a class of glycosylated pigments, not one circulating drug. Their anthocyanidin cores include cyanidin, delphinidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, petunidin and malvidin. Sugar position, sugar identity, methylation and acylation change their behavior. Cyanidin, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-galactoside and cyanidin-3,5-O-diglucoside are separate molecules. Nasunin is a distinct acylated delphinidin glycoside; it must not inherit every result obtained with cyanidin-3-glucoside. The tested aglycones and glycosides illustrate why the individual structures matter. [Purified-compound comparison](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7541926/).

evidence_access

Full text retrieved; relevant methods/results/figure text reviewed. No independent raw-data verification.

experimental_model

Chemical classification, not an intervention or efficacy result.

interpretation_status

Source-derived extraction of a fact-checked reference; access is explicit, not independent raw-data verification.

limitations

Glycosides remain separate from aglycones and from each other. This neutral identity record is navigation, not a signed causal mechanism.

plain_language

The anthocyanin class includes Peonidin 3-O-glucoside; membership does not transfer experimental effects.

primary_references

Anthocyanins inhibit tumor necrosis alpha-induced loss of Caco-2 cell barrier integrity. | 2017 | DOI 10.1039/c7fo00625j | PMID 28740990 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28740990/ | https://doi.org/10.1039/c7fo00625j | https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2017/fo/c7fo00625j

source_locator

Reviewed reference lines 7-7; exact primary location described in quoted passage where extracted.

Anthocyanins: detailed mechanisms of action (reviewed 4 October 2026) · lines 7–7

Original AI-assisted review of primary studies and, where relevant, official regulatory records. Access level is retained per claim. Corrections, null results and unresolved questions remain explicit. Not publisher full text or independent replication. · supports · Chemical classification, not an intervention or efficacy result. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

Anthocyanins are a class of glycosylated pigments, not one circulating drug. Their anthocyanidin cores include cyanidin, delphinidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, petunidin and malvidin. Sugar position, sugar identity, methylation and acylation change their behavior. Cyanidin, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-galactoside and cyanidin-3,5-O-diglucoside are separate molecules. Nasunin is a distinct acylated delphinidin glycoside; it must not inherit every result obtained with cyanidin-3-glucoside. The tested aglycones and glycosides illustrate why the individual structures matter. [Purified-compound comparison](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7541926/).

evidence_access

Full text retrieved; relevant methods/results/figure text reviewed. No independent raw-data verification.

experimental_model

Chemical classification, not an intervention or efficacy result.

interpretation_status

Source-derived extraction of a fact-checked reference; access is explicit, not independent raw-data verification.

limitations

Glycosides remain separate from aglycones and from each other. This neutral identity record is navigation, not a signed causal mechanism.

plain_language

The anthocyanin class includes Petunidin 3-O-glucoside; membership does not transfer experimental effects.

primary_references

Anthocyanins inhibit tumor necrosis alpha-induced loss of Caco-2 cell barrier integrity. | 2017 | DOI 10.1039/c7fo00625j | PMID 28740990 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28740990/ | https://doi.org/10.1039/c7fo00625j | https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2017/fo/c7fo00625j

source_locator

Reviewed reference lines 7-7; exact primary location described in quoted passage where extracted.

Anthocyanins: detailed mechanisms of action (reviewed 4 October 2026) · lines 7–7

Original AI-assisted review of primary studies and, where relevant, official regulatory records. Access level is retained per claim. Corrections, null results and unresolved questions remain explicit. Not publisher full text or independent replication. · supports · Chemical classification, not an intervention or efficacy result. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

Anthocyanins are a class of glycosylated pigments, not one circulating drug. Their anthocyanidin cores include cyanidin, delphinidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, petunidin and malvidin. Sugar position, sugar identity, methylation and acylation change their behavior. Cyanidin, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-galactoside and cyanidin-3,5-O-diglucoside are separate molecules. Nasunin is a distinct acylated delphinidin glycoside; it must not inherit every result obtained with cyanidin-3-glucoside. The tested aglycones and glycosides illustrate why the individual structures matter. [Purified-compound comparison](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7541926/).

evidence_access

Primary indexed abstract reviewed; full methods, figures, exact doses or endpoint-specific species assignments may remain unextracted.

experimental_model

Preparation identity/scope; not isolated class causation.

interpretation_status

Source-derived extraction of a fact-checked reference; access is explicit, not independent raw-data verification.

limitations

A food or extract contains other constituents. Membership is a navigation link and does not transfer its findings to isolated anthocyanins.

plain_language

The specified preparation contains anthocyanins; its experimental effects remain attached to the actual preparation.

primary_references

Stability and biotransformation of various dietary anthocyanins in vitro. | 2006 | DOI 10.1007/s00394-005-0557-8 | PMID 15834757 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15834757/ | https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-005-0557-8

source_locator

Reviewed reference lines 44-44; exact primary location described in quoted passage where extracted.

Anthocyanins: detailed mechanisms of action (reviewed 4 October 2026) · lines 44–44

Original AI-assisted review of primary studies and, where relevant, official regulatory records. Access level is retained per claim. Corrections, null results and unresolved questions remain explicit. Not publisher full text or independent replication. · supports · Preparation identity/scope; not isolated class causation. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

**Microbial cleavage and host conjugation are distinct steps.** Anaerobic human fecal incubations degraded glycosylated and acylated anthocyanins to B-ring-derived phenolic acids. Separate rat-liver microsome experiments produced glucuronides when supplied with activated glucuronic acid; the tested NADPH-supported P450 system did not hydroxylate or demethylate the pigments. These are model-specific positive and negative findings, not proof that all human metabolism is exclusively microbial or that every CYP interaction is absent. [Keppler and Humpf, 2005](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15834757/).

evidence_access

Primary indexed abstract reviewed; full methods, figures, exact doses or endpoint-specific species assignments may remain unextracted.

experimental_model

Preparation identity/scope; not isolated class causation.

interpretation_status

Source-derived extraction of a fact-checked reference; access is explicit, not independent raw-data verification.

limitations

A food or extract contains other constituents. Membership is a navigation link and does not transfer its findings to isolated anthocyanins.

plain_language

The specified preparation contains anthocyanins; its experimental effects remain attached to the actual preparation.

primary_references

The effect of bilberry nutritional supplementation on night visual acuity and contrast sensitivity. | 2000 | PMID 10767671 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10767671/

source_locator

Reviewed reference lines 98-98; exact primary location described in quoted passage where extracted.

Anthocyanins: detailed mechanisms of action (reviewed 4 October 2026) · lines 98–98

Original AI-assisted review of primary studies and, where relevant, official regulatory records. Access level is retained per claim. Corrections, null results and unresolved questions remain explicit. Not publisher full text or independent replication. · supports · Preparation identity/scope; not isolated class causation. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

**Controlled human night-vision results were negative.** A 15-man crossover trial used 160 mg bilberry extract containing 25% anthocyanosides three times daily for 21 days, with a washout and crossover. Night visual acuity and contrast sensitivity did not improve versus placebo. This constrains that preparation in healthy young men; it is not a finding about all eye diseases. Wartime anecdotes are not substitutes for this comparison. [Muth et al., 2000](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10767671/).

evidence_access

Primary indexed abstract reviewed; full methods, figures, exact doses or endpoint-specific species assignments may remain unextracted.

experimental_model

Preparation identity/scope; not isolated class causation.

interpretation_status

Source-derived extraction of a fact-checked reference; access is explicit, not independent raw-data verification.

limitations

A food or extract contains other constituents. Membership is a navigation link and does not transfer its findings to isolated anthocyanins.

plain_language

The specified preparation contains anthocyanins; its experimental effects remain attached to the actual preparation.

primary_references

Comparative assessment of distribution of blackcurrant anthocyanins in rabbit and rat ocular tissues. | 2006 | DOI 10.1016/j.exer.2005.12.019 | PMID 16635490 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16635490/ | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2005.12.019

source_locator

Reviewed reference lines 96-96; exact primary location described in quoted passage where extracted.

Anthocyanins: detailed mechanisms of action (reviewed 4 October 2026) · lines 96–96

Original AI-assisted review of primary studies and, where relevant, official regulatory records. Access level is retained per claim. Corrections, null results and unresolved questions remain explicit. Not publisher full text or independent replication. · supports · Preparation identity/scope; not isolated class causation. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

**Animal ocular delivery has been observed.** Blackcurrant anthocyanins were detected intact in rat and rabbit ocular tissues after the reported oral and injected administrations. Route and species matter: these experiments cannot establish a human retinal concentration after eating berries, an equivalence to vitamin A, or enhanced rhodopsin regeneration in people. [Matsumoto et al., 2006](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16635490/).

evidence_access

Primary indexed abstract reviewed; full methods, figures, exact doses or endpoint-specific species assignments may remain unextracted.

experimental_model

Preparation identity/scope; not isolated class causation.

interpretation_status

Source-derived extraction of a fact-checked reference; access is explicit, not independent raw-data verification.

limitations

A food or extract contains other constituents. Membership is a navigation link and does not transfer its findings to isolated anthocyanins.

plain_language

The specified preparation contains anthocyanins; its experimental effects remain attached to the actual preparation.

primary_references

Intake and time dependence of blueberry flavonoid-induced improvements in vascular function: a randomized, controlled, double-blind, crossover intervention study with mechanistic insights into biological activity. | 2013 | DOI 10.3945/ajcn.113.066639 | PMID 24004888 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24004888/ | https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.066639

source_locator

Reviewed reference lines 54-54; exact primary location described in quoted passage where extracted.

Anthocyanins: detailed mechanisms of action (reviewed 4 October 2026) · lines 54–54

Original AI-assisted review of primary studies and, where relevant, official regulatory records. Access level is retained per claim. Corrections, null results and unresolved questions remain explicit. Not publisher full text or independent replication. · supports · Preparation identity/scope; not isolated class causation. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

**Blueberry FMD timing tracks a changing exposure.** Acute crossover experiments in healthy men found FMD increases at 1–2 and six hours, associated with circulating phenolics and lower neutrophil NADPH-oxidase activity. A plateau occurred above roughly 766 mg of total blueberry polyphenols in that protocol. This was neither 766 mg purified anthocyanins nor a universal optimum. Neutrophil measurements cannot be relabeled direct endothelial NOX inhibition. [Rodriguez-Mateos et al., 2013](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24004888/).

evidence_access

Full text retrieved; relevant methods/results/figure text reviewed. No independent raw-data verification.

experimental_model

Preparation identity/scope; not isolated class causation.

interpretation_status

Source-derived extraction of a fact-checked reference; access is explicit, not independent raw-data verification.

limitations

A food or extract contains other constituents. Membership is a navigation link and does not transfer its findings to isolated anthocyanins.

plain_language

The specified preparation contains anthocyanins; its experimental effects remain attached to the actual preparation.

primary_references

Blueberries improve biomarkers of cardiometabolic function in participants with metabolic syndrome-results from a 6-month, double-blind, randomized controlled trial. | 2019 | DOI 10.1093/ajcn/nqy380 | PMID 31136659 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31136659/ | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6537945/ | https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy380

source_locator

Reviewed reference lines 62-62; exact primary location described in quoted passage where extracted.

Anthocyanins: detailed mechanisms of action (reviewed 4 October 2026) · lines 62–62

Original AI-assisted review of primary studies and, where relevant, official regulatory records. Access level is retained per claim. Corrections, null results and unresolved questions remain explicit. Not publisher full text or independent replication. · supports · Preparation identity/scope; not isolated class causation. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

**Clinical nulls remain part of the mechanism reference.** In 115 adults with metabolic syndrome completing a six-month randomized blueberry trial, one-cup-equivalent intake improved FMD, but insulin resistance, blood pressure, pulse-wave velocity, NO and overall plasma thiol status did not significantly improve. Half-cup-equivalent intake did not improve the reported biomarkers. These results do not contradict every short-term purified-compound study; they constrain extrapolation across preparations, durations and endpoints. [Curtis et al., 2019](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6537945/). Its corrigendum changes the insulin unit in Table 2 to mU/L; it does not announce a reversal of the trial's outcomes. [Publisher correction](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6821540/).

evidence_access

Primary article abstract read in indexed publisher/author-hosted result; publisher full text unavailable. Exact pH series and extract/metal ratios not extracted.

experimental_model

Preparation identity/scope; not isolated class causation.

interpretation_status

Source-derived extraction of a fact-checked reference; access is explicit, not independent raw-data verification.

limitations

A food or extract contains other constituents. Membership is a navigation link and does not transfer its findings to isolated anthocyanins.

plain_language

The specified preparation contains anthocyanins; its experimental effects remain attached to the actual preparation.

primary_references

Fruit extracts of 10 varieties of elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) interact differently with iron and copper | 2016 | DOI 10.1016/j.phytol.2016.10.025 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2016.10.025

source_locator

Reviewed reference lines 88-88; exact primary location described in quoted passage where extracted.

Anthocyanins: detailed mechanisms of action (reviewed 4 October 2026) · lines 88–88

Original AI-assisted review of primary studies and, where relevant, official regulatory records. Access level is retained per claim. Corrections, null results and unresolved questions remain explicit. Not publisher full text or independent replication. · supports · Preparation identity/scope; not isolated class causation. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

**Iron binding and metal reduction are different reactions.** Purified cyanidin, C3G and standardized elderberry extracts chelated iron and reduced iron and copper in cell-free assays; copper-chelating activity was relatively low. Extract behavior varied and was not completely explained by pigment concentration. Binding a metal, changing its oxidation state and reducing intestinal absorption are three different endpoints. This does not establish removal of intracellular metals or protection from ferroptosis in people. [Mladěnka et al., 2016](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2016.10.025).

evidence_access

Primary indexed abstract reviewed; full methods, figures, exact doses or endpoint-specific species assignments may remain unextracted.

experimental_model

Preparation identity/scope; not isolated class causation.

interpretation_status

Source-derived extraction of a fact-checked reference; access is explicit, not independent raw-data verification.

limitations

A food or extract contains other constituents. Membership is a navigation link and does not transfer its findings to isolated anthocyanins.

plain_language

The specified preparation contains anthocyanins; its experimental effects remain attached to the actual preparation.

primary_references

Characterization of Wild Blueberry Polyphenols Bioavailability and Kinetic Profile in Plasma over 24-h Period in Human Subjects. | 2017 | DOI 10.1002/mnfr.201700405 | PMID 28887907 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28887907/ | https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201700405

source_locator

Reviewed reference lines 32-32; exact primary location described in quoted passage where extracted.

Anthocyanins: detailed mechanisms of action (reviewed 4 October 2026) · lines 32–32

Original AI-assisted review of primary studies and, where relevant, official regulatory records. Access level is retained per claim. Corrections, null results and unresolved questions remain explicit. Not publisher full text or independent replication. · supports · Preparation identity/scope; not isolated class causation. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

**Whole-blueberry kinetics differ from a purified bolus.** In a meal-associated crossover study using 25 g freeze-dried wild-blueberry powder, parent anthocyanins peaked around two hours; individual glucuronide profiles peaked later, and phenolic acids ranged from early to late peaks. The reported anthocyanin bioavailability estimate was 1.1% under that study's method. It cannot replace the differently defined isotope-recovery measure or establish a class-wide absolute absorption percentage. [Zhong et al., 2017](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28887907/).

evidence_access

Primary indexed abstract reviewed; full methods, figures, exact doses or endpoint-specific species assignments may remain unextracted.

experimental_model

Eight healthy men, single oral 500 mg 13C5-C3G, 48-hour sampling.

interpretation_status

Source-derived extraction of a fact-checked reference; access is explicit, not independent raw-data verification.

limitations

Interpret only within the recorded preparation, exposure and comparator. The complete source passage retains qualifications; unspecified doses/timing have not been extracted here. No clinical efficacy, nutrient deficiency or unique molecular mediation is inferred.

plain_language

After 500 mg labeled C3G in eight men, urine plus breath contained 12.38% of administered label over 48 hours; this is not intact C3G recovery.

primary_references

Human metabolism and elimination of the anthocyanin, cyanidin-3-glucoside: a (13)C-tracer study. | 2013 | DOI 10.3945/ajcn.112.049247 | PMID 23604435 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23604435/ | https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.049247

source_locator

Reviewed reference lines 17-17; exact primary location described in quoted passage where extracted.

Anthocyanins: detailed mechanisms of action (reviewed 4 October 2026) · lines 17–17

Original AI-assisted review of primary studies and, where relevant, official regulatory records. Access level is retained per claim. Corrections, null results and unresolved questions remain explicit. Not publisher full text or independent replication. · supports · Eight healthy men, single oral 500 mg 13C5-C3G, 48-hour sampling. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

**Tracer recovery is not intact-pigment bioavailability.** Eight men received 500 mg of isotopically labeled cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), with sampling over 48 hours. The reported 12.38 ± 1.38% relative bioavailability comprised labeled carbon recovered in urine and breath: 5.37 ± 0.67% and 6.91 ± 1.59%, respectively. It is not 12.38% intact C3G, nor 12.38% pharmacologically active material. Combined labeled serum metabolites peaked at approximately 5.97 µM around 10.25 hours. Low urinary recovery of unchanged pigment cannot quantify total absorption. [Czank et al., 2013](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23604435/).

evidence_access

Primary indexed abstract reviewed; full methods, figures, exact doses or endpoint-specific species assignments may remain unextracted.

experimental_contrast

{"intervention": "Purified anthocyanin preparation", "comparator": "Control preparation", "endpoint": "Purified anthocyanins improved FMD in healthy humans in the 2019 experimental program.", "effect_direction": "increase", "combination": "single", "conditions": []} Explicit extracted experimental comparison; source-derived draft.

experimental_model

Human purified-anthocyanin comparison, distinct from blueberry, metabolite association and mouse-injection experiments.

interpretation_status

Source-derived extraction of a fact-checked reference; access is explicit, not independent raw-data verification.

limitations

Exact dose-series values not extracted from accessible abstract. Mouse metabolite dosing is not human mediation proof.

plain_language

Purified anthocyanins improved FMD in healthy humans in the 2019 experimental program.

primary_references

Circulating Anthocyanin Metabolites Mediate Vascular Benefits of Blueberries: Insights From Randomized Controlled Trials, Metabolomics, and Nutrigenomics. | 2019 | DOI 10.1093/gerona/glz047 | PMID 30772905 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30772905/ | https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glz047

source_locator

Reviewed reference lines 56-56; exact primary location described in quoted passage where extracted.

Anthocyanins: detailed mechanisms of action (reviewed 4 October 2026) · lines 56–56

Original AI-assisted review of primary studies and, where relevant, official regulatory records. Access level is retained per claim. Corrections, null results and unresolved questions remain explicit. Not publisher full text or independent replication. · supports · Human purified-anthocyanin comparison, distinct from blueberry, metabolite association and mouse-injection experiments. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

**Metabolite-mediated vascular activity has been tested.** A 2019 program compared purified anthocyanins, blueberries and control preparations in people, related circulating metabolites to FMD, and tested selected metabolite administration in mice. Purified anthocyanins improved FMD, while fiber/mineral/vitamin control drinks did not show the same effect. Human associations, mouse interventions and blood-cell gene-expression changes are different evidence layers. They support further metabolite research; they do not prove every correlated molecule is necessary or sufficient in humans. [Rodriguez-Mateos et al., 2019](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30772905/).

evidence_access

Primary indexed abstract reviewed; full methods, figures, exact doses or endpoint-specific species assignments may remain unextracted.

experimental_contrast

{"intervention": "320 mg/day purified berry anthocyanin mixture", "comparator": "Placebo for 12 weeks", "endpoint": "The 12-week purified berry anthocyanin trial reported higher plasma cGMP versus placebo.", "effect_direction": "increase", "combination": "single", "conditions": []} Explicit extracted experimental comparison; source-derived draft.

experimental_model

150 hypercholesterolemic participants; 320 mg/day berry-isolated anthocyanins for 12 weeks, placebo-controlled.

interpretation_status

Source-derived extraction of a fact-checked reference; access is explicit, not independent raw-data verification.

limitations

Interpret only within the recorded preparation, exposure and comparator. The complete source passage retains qualifications; unspecified doses/timing have not been extracted here. No clinical efficacy, nutrient deficiency or unique molecular mediation is inferred.

plain_language

The 12-week purified berry anthocyanin trial reported higher plasma cGMP versus placebo.

primary_references

Purified anthocyanin supplementation improves endothelial function via NO-cGMP activation in hypercholesterolemic individuals. | 2011 | DOI 10.1373/clinchem.2011.167361 | PMID 21926181 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21926181/ | https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2011.167361

source_locator

Reviewed reference lines 52-52; exact primary location described in quoted passage where extracted.

Anthocyanins: detailed mechanisms of action (reviewed 4 October 2026) · lines 52–52

Original AI-assisted review of primary studies and, where relevant, official regulatory records. Access level is retained per claim. Corrections, null results and unresolved questions remain explicit. Not publisher full text or independent replication. · supports · 150 hypercholesterolemic participants; 320 mg/day berry-isolated anthocyanins for 12 weeks, placebo-controlled. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

**Purified berry anthocyanins changed human vascular function.** A 2011 study included a 12-person acute crossover and a 150-person, 12-week trial of 320 mg/day. Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and plasma cGMP improved; LDL cholesterol and soluble VCAM-1 decreased, with HDL cholesterol increasing. Additional inhibitor experiments in six people and rat aortic rings supported involvement of NO–cGMP signaling. The accessible abstract does not identify every inhibitor or its route, so this reference does not invent those details. FMD is vascular physiology, not proof of a particular parent molecule binding eNOS or prevention of cardiovascular events. [Zhu et al., 2011](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21926181/).

evidence_access

Primary indexed abstract reviewed; full methods, figures, exact doses or endpoint-specific species assignments may remain unextracted.

experimental_contrast

{"intervention": "320 mg/day purified berry anthocyanin mixture", "comparator": "Placebo for 12 weeks", "endpoint": "The 12-week purified berry anthocyanin trial reported higher brachial FMD versus placebo.", "effect_direction": "increase", "combination": "single", "conditions": []} Explicit extracted experimental comparison; source-derived draft.

experimental_model

150 hypercholesterolemic participants; 320 mg/day berry-isolated anthocyanins for 12 weeks, placebo-controlled.

interpretation_status

Source-derived extraction of a fact-checked reference; access is explicit, not independent raw-data verification.

limitations

Interpret only within the recorded preparation, exposure and comparator. The complete source passage retains qualifications; unspecified doses/timing have not been extracted here. No clinical efficacy, nutrient deficiency or unique molecular mediation is inferred.

plain_language

The 12-week purified berry anthocyanin trial reported higher brachial FMD versus placebo.

primary_references

Purified anthocyanin supplementation improves endothelial function via NO-cGMP activation in hypercholesterolemic individuals. | 2011 | DOI 10.1373/clinchem.2011.167361 | PMID 21926181 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21926181/ | https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2011.167361

source_locator

Reviewed reference lines 52-52; exact primary location described in quoted passage where extracted.

Anthocyanins: detailed mechanisms of action (reviewed 4 October 2026) · lines 52–52

Original AI-assisted review of primary studies and, where relevant, official regulatory records. Access level is retained per claim. Corrections, null results and unresolved questions remain explicit. Not publisher full text or independent replication. · supports · 150 hypercholesterolemic participants; 320 mg/day berry-isolated anthocyanins for 12 weeks, placebo-controlled. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

**Purified berry anthocyanins changed human vascular function.** A 2011 study included a 12-person acute crossover and a 150-person, 12-week trial of 320 mg/day. Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and plasma cGMP improved; LDL cholesterol and soluble VCAM-1 decreased, with HDL cholesterol increasing. Additional inhibitor experiments in six people and rat aortic rings supported involvement of NO–cGMP signaling. The accessible abstract does not identify every inhibitor or its route, so this reference does not invent those details. FMD is vascular physiology, not proof of a particular parent molecule binding eNOS or prevention of cardiovascular events. [Zhu et al., 2011](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21926181/).

evidence_access

Primary indexed abstract reviewed; full methods, figures, exact doses or endpoint-specific species assignments may remain unextracted.

experimental_contrast

{"intervention": "320 mg/day purified berry anthocyanin mixture", "comparator": "Placebo for 12 weeks", "endpoint": "The 12-week purified berry anthocyanin trial reported lower circulating soluble VCAM-1 versus placebo.", "effect_direction": "decrease", "combination": "single", "conditions": []} Explicit extracted experimental comparison; source-derived draft.

experimental_model

150 hypercholesterolemic participants; 320 mg/day berry-isolated anthocyanins for 12 weeks, placebo-controlled.

interpretation_status

Source-derived extraction of a fact-checked reference; access is explicit, not independent raw-data verification.

limitations

Interpret only within the recorded preparation, exposure and comparator. The complete source passage retains qualifications; unspecified doses/timing have not been extracted here. No clinical efficacy, nutrient deficiency or unique molecular mediation is inferred.

plain_language

The 12-week purified berry anthocyanin trial reported lower circulating soluble VCAM-1 versus placebo.

primary_references

Purified anthocyanin supplementation improves endothelial function via NO-cGMP activation in hypercholesterolemic individuals. | 2011 | DOI 10.1373/clinchem.2011.167361 | PMID 21926181 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21926181/ | https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2011.167361

source_locator

Reviewed reference lines 52-52; exact primary location described in quoted passage where extracted.

Anthocyanins: detailed mechanisms of action (reviewed 4 October 2026) · lines 52–52

Original AI-assisted review of primary studies and, where relevant, official regulatory records. Access level is retained per claim. Corrections, null results and unresolved questions remain explicit. Not publisher full text or independent replication. · supports · 150 hypercholesterolemic participants; 320 mg/day berry-isolated anthocyanins for 12 weeks, placebo-controlled. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

**Purified berry anthocyanins changed human vascular function.** A 2011 study included a 12-person acute crossover and a 150-person, 12-week trial of 320 mg/day. Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and plasma cGMP improved; LDL cholesterol and soluble VCAM-1 decreased, with HDL cholesterol increasing. Additional inhibitor experiments in six people and rat aortic rings supported involvement of NO–cGMP signaling. The accessible abstract does not identify every inhibitor or its route, so this reference does not invent those details. FMD is vascular physiology, not proof of a particular parent molecule binding eNOS or prevention of cardiovascular events. [Zhu et al., 2011](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21926181/).