Cyanidin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside

evidence_access

Primary indexed abstract reviewed; full methods, figures, exact doses or endpoint-specific species assignments may remain unextracted.

experimental_contrast

{"intervention": "Test anthocyanin addition", "comparator": "Carrier assay without added anthocyanin", "endpoint": "The tested anthocyanin structures competed in a bilitranslocase transport assay; the class result was 17 of 20 compounds, Ki 1.4-22 uM.", "effect_direction": "decrease", "combination": "single", "conditions": []} Explicit extracted experimental comparison; source-derived draft.

experimental_model

Cell-free membrane-carrier transport inhibition assay; individual constants not extracted.

interpretation_status

Source-derived extraction of a fact-checked reference; access is explicit, not independent raw-data verification.

limitations

Competition supports interaction, not a complete human absorption mechanism or an inferred transporter-gene identity.

plain_language

The tested anthocyanin structures competed in a bilitranslocase transport assay; the class result was 17 of 20 compounds, Ki 1.4-22 uM.

primary_references

The interaction of anthocyanins with bilitranslocase. | 2002 | DOI 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00927-0 | PMID 12176028 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12176028/ | https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00927-0 | https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-291X%2802%2900927-0

source_locator

Reviewed reference lines 42-42; exact primary location described in quoted passage where extracted.

Anthocyanins: detailed mechanisms of action (reviewed 4 October 2026) · lines 42–42

Original AI-assisted review of primary studies and, where relevant, official regulatory records. Access level is retained per claim. Corrections, null results and unresolved questions remain explicit. Not publisher full text or independent replication. · supports · Cell-free membrane-carrier transport inhibition assay; individual constants not extracted. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

**Bilitranslocase remains a candidate route.** Seventeen of twenty tested anthocyanin-related compounds competitively inhibited a bilitranslocase transport assay, with reported inhibition constants of 1.4–22 µM. Glycosylated compounds often interacted more strongly than their aglycones. Competition in a carrier assay is useful evidence, but does not determine how much pigment crosses the human stomach. The assay-associated carrier should not be silently assigned an unrelated established transporter gene. [Passamonti et al., 2002](https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-291X%2802%2900927-0).

evidence_access

Full text retrieved; relevant methods/results/figure text reviewed. No independent raw-data verification.

experimental_model

Chemical classification, not an intervention or efficacy result.

interpretation_status

Source-derived extraction of a fact-checked reference; access is explicit, not independent raw-data verification.

limitations

Glycosides remain separate from aglycones and from each other. This neutral identity record is navigation, not a signed causal mechanism.

plain_language

The anthocyanin class includes Cyanidin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside; membership does not transfer experimental effects.

primary_references

Investigating the Interaction of Ascorbic Acid with Anthocyanins and Pyranoanthocyanins. | 2018 | DOI 10.3390/molecules23040744 | PMID 29570649 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29570649/ | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6017693/ | https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23040744

source_locator

Reviewed reference lines 7-7; exact primary location described in quoted passage where extracted.

Anthocyanins: detailed mechanisms of action (reviewed 4 October 2026) · lines 7–7

Original AI-assisted review of primary studies and, where relevant, official regulatory records. Access level is retained per claim. Corrections, null results and unresolved questions remain explicit. Not publisher full text or independent replication. · supports · Chemical classification, not an intervention or efficacy result. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

Anthocyanins are a class of glycosylated pigments, not one circulating drug. Their anthocyanidin cores include cyanidin, delphinidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, petunidin and malvidin. Sugar position, sugar identity, methylation and acylation change their behavior. Cyanidin, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-galactoside and cyanidin-3,5-O-diglucoside are separate molecules. Nasunin is a distinct acylated delphinidin glycoside; it must not inherit every result obtained with cyanidin-3-glucoside. The tested aglycones and glycosides illustrate why the individual structures matter. [Purified-compound comparison](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7541926/).

evidence_access

Full text retrieved; relevant methods/results/figure text reviewed. No independent raw-data verification.

experimental_condition

Same pigment without added ascorbic acid added · L-Ascorbate Condition belongs to the full experimental contrast; do not separate a joint intervention.

experimental_condition

Same pigment without added ascorbic acid present · Cyanidin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside Condition belongs to the full experimental contrast; do not separate a joint intervention.

experimental_contrast

{"intervention": "Cyanidin-3-galactoside with added ascorbic acid", "comparator": "Same pigment without added ascorbic acid", "endpoint": "Ascorbic acid accelerated cyanidin-3-galactoside color loss at pH 3 and 25 C; 1000 mg/L shortened the modeled color half-life to about 0.3 days.", "effect_direction": "increase", "combination": "joint", "conditions": [{"entity_slug": "ascorbate", "state": "added"}, {"entity_slug": "cyanidin-3-galactoside", "state": "present"}]} Explicit extracted experimental comparison; source-derived draft.

experimental_model

Cell-free pH 3 citrate-buffer formulation stored in the dark at 25 C; 250-1000 mg/L ascorbic acid; five-day observation.

interpretation_status

Source-derived extraction of a fact-checked reference; access is explicit, not independent raw-data verification.

limitations

Formulation chemistry; modeled absorbance decay is not human pharmacokinetics, loss of all biological activity, or systemic vitamin depletion.

plain_language

Ascorbic acid accelerated cyanidin-3-galactoside color loss at pH 3 and 25 C; 1000 mg/L shortened the modeled color half-life to about 0.3 days.

primary_references

Investigating the Interaction of Ascorbic Acid with Anthocyanins and Pyranoanthocyanins. | 2018 | DOI 10.3390/molecules23040744 | PMID 29570649 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29570649/ | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6017693/ | https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23040744

source_locator

Reviewed reference lines 86-86; exact primary location described in quoted passage where extracted.

Anthocyanins: detailed mechanisms of action (reviewed 4 October 2026) · lines 86–86

Original AI-assisted review of primary studies and, where relevant, official regulatory records. Access level is retained per claim. Corrections, null results and unresolved questions remain explicit. Not publisher full text or independent replication. · supports · Cell-free pH 3 citrate-buffer formulation stored in the dark at 25 C; 250-1000 mg/L ascorbic acid; five-day observation. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

**Vitamin C can accelerate pigment loss in a formulation.** At pH 3 and 25 °C, added ascorbic acid accelerated bleaching of cyanidin-3-galactoside and chokeberry pigments. At 1,000 mg/L ascorbic acid, the modeled cyanidin-3-galactoside color half-life fell from about 22.8 days to 0.3 days. A carboxypyrano derivative resisted bleaching better but still reacted. These are storage chemistry and chemical-identity findings, not evidence that eating berries with vitamin C is harmful or causes systemic vitamin depletion. Color retention and intact-molecule retention must also be distinguished. [Farr and Giusti, 2018](https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6017693/).