Component

Trimethylamine / TMA

Trimethylamine / TMA. Species, exposure and limitations are retained in each linked claim.

11 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What acts on it

  1. The characterized anaerobic choline-utilization pathway uses a glycyl-radical choline TMA-lyase to cleave the choline C–N bond and generate TMA.

    Desulfovibrio desulfuricans CutC choline TMA-lyase → Trimethylamine / TMA source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/23151509.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "20246eb796db8ca7b3ff78f530e744bd8f3abe8beb617358b0a1a924166fb2d6", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1160, "text_sha256": "20246eb796db8ca7b3ff78f530e744bd8f3abe8beb617358b0a1a924166fb2d6"}
    experimental_model
    Anaerobic bacterial genetics, heterologous expression and EPR
    exposure
    Genetic knockout and heterologous expression of choline-utilization genes
    limitations
    A bacterial enzyme pathway, not a direct human-enzyme reaction or evidence that every microbiome produces the same TMA amount.
    nutrient_topic
    Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Choline
    organism
    Desulfovibrio desulfuricans; E. coli expression host
    plain_language
    Gut microbial machinery can divert choline into a different metabolic route.
    primary_references
    [choline-p23151509] Microbial conversion of choline to trimethylamine requires a glycyl radical enzyme. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23151509/ DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1215689109
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Microbial choline-utilization pathway

    Choline: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1101–1112

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Anaerobic bacterial genetics, heterologous expression and EPR · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### choline-cutc-tma The characterized anaerobic choline-utilization pathway uses a glycyl-radical choline TMA-lyase to cleave the choline C–N bond and generate TMA. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Gut microbial machinery can divert choline into a different metabolic route. organism: Desulfovibrio desulfuricans; E. coli expression host tissue_or_cell_type: Microbial choline-utilization pathway experimental_model: Anaerobic bacterial genetics, heterologous expression and EPR limitations: A bacterial enzyme pathway, not a direct human-enzyme reaction or evidence that every microbiome produces the same TMA amount. exposure: Genetic knockout and heterologous expression of choline-utilization genes evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/23151509.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "20246eb796db8ca7b3ff78f530e744bd8f3abe8beb617358b0a1a924166fb2d6", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1160, "text_sha256": "20246eb796db8ca7b3ff78f530e744bd8f3abe8beb617358b0a1a924166fb2d6"} [choline-p23151509] Microbial conversion of choline to trimethylamine requires a glycyl radical enzyme. (2012). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23151509/ DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1215689109
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. FMO1 also oxidized TMA in the comparison, with FMO3 showing about tenfold higher specific activity.

    Human flavin-containing monooxygenase 1 / FMO1 → Trimethylamine / TMA source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/23312283.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e7c2641ac478a43513c49a68d2ba21e40aa909b32269e91d106072a9028febae", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1052, "text_sha256": "e7c2641ac478a43513c49a68d2ba21e40aa909b32269e91d106072a9028febae"}
    experimental_model
    Recombinant FMO comparison, mouse manipulation and human expression analyses
    exposure
    FMO1/FMO3 enzyme assays; mouse Fmo3 overexpression and silencing
    limitations
    Enzyme activity, circulating TMAO and clinical disease are different endpoints. Sex regulation is not assigned universally across species.
    nutrient_topic
    Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Choline
    organism
    Human recombinant FMO1 assay
    plain_language
    The related enzymes differed quantitatively in this preparation.
    primary_references
    [choline-p23312283] Trimethylamine-N-oxide, a metabolite associated with atherosclerosis, exhibits complex genetic and dietary regulation. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23312283/ DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.12.011
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Hepatic TMA oxidation

    Choline: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1127–1138

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Recombinant FMO comparison, mouse manipulation and human expression analyses · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### choline-fmo1-tmao FMO1 also oxidized TMA in the comparison, with FMO3 showing about tenfold higher specific activity. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The related enzymes differed quantitatively in this preparation. organism: Human recombinant FMO1 assay tissue_or_cell_type: Hepatic TMA oxidation experimental_model: Recombinant FMO comparison, mouse manipulation and human expression analyses limitations: Enzyme activity, circulating TMAO and clinical disease are different endpoints. Sex regulation is not assigned universally across species. exposure: FMO1/FMO3 enzyme assays; mouse Fmo3 overexpression and silencing evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/23312283.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e7c2641ac478a43513c49a68d2ba21e40aa909b32269e91d106072a9028febae", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1052, "text_sha256": "e7c2641ac478a43513c49a68d2ba21e40aa909b32269e91d106072a9028febae"} [choline-p23312283] Trimethylamine-N-oxide, a metabolite associated with atherosclerosis, exhibits complex genetic and dietary regulation. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23312283/ DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.12.011
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. The enzyme comparison demonstrated FMO3-mediated oxidation of TMA to TMAO.

    Human flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 → Trimethylamine / TMA source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/23312283.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e7c2641ac478a43513c49a68d2ba21e40aa909b32269e91d106072a9028febae", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1052, "text_sha256": "e7c2641ac478a43513c49a68d2ba21e40aa909b32269e91d106072a9028febae"}
    experimental_model
    Recombinant FMO comparison, mouse manipulation and human expression analyses
    exposure
    FMO1/FMO3 enzyme assays; mouse Fmo3 overexpression and silencing
    limitations
    Enzyme activity, circulating TMAO and clinical disease are different endpoints. Sex regulation is not assigned universally across species.
    nutrient_topic
    Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Choline
    organism
    Human recombinant FMO3 assay
    plain_language
    The liver-side enzyme processes a product generated by microbial metabolism.
    primary_references
    [choline-p23312283] Trimethylamine-N-oxide, a metabolite associated with atherosclerosis, exhibits complex genetic and dietary regulation. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23312283/ DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.12.011
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Hepatic TMA oxidation

    Choline: metabolism, signaling and nutrient connections (2026-09-17) · lines 1114–1125

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Recombinant FMO comparison, mouse manipulation and human expression analyses · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### choline-fmo3-tmao The enzyme comparison demonstrated FMO3-mediated oxidation of TMA to TMAO. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Choline research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The liver-side enzyme processes a product generated by microbial metabolism. organism: Human recombinant FMO3 assay tissue_or_cell_type: Hepatic TMA oxidation experimental_model: Recombinant FMO comparison, mouse manipulation and human expression analyses limitations: Enzyme activity, circulating TMAO and clinical disease are different endpoints. Sex regulation is not assigned universally across species. exposure: FMO1/FMO3 enzyme assays; mouse Fmo3 overexpression and silencing evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/choline-research/23312283.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e7c2641ac478a43513c49a68d2ba21e40aa909b32269e91d106072a9028febae", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1052, "text_sha256": "e7c2641ac478a43513c49a68d2ba21e40aa909b32269e91d106072a9028febae"} [choline-p23312283] Trimethylamine-N-oxide, a metabolite associated with atherosclerosis, exhibits complex genetic and dietary regulation. (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23312283/ DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.12.011
    Complete structured claim and evidence

Where it participates (unsigned role)

  1. The reconstituted bacterial pathway converted ergothioneine into glutamate, trimethylamine, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide and ammonia.

    L-Ergothioneine → Hydrogen sulfide / H2S source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    In vitro five-step bacterial enzyme system.
    limitations
    Environmental gene distribution does not quantify human intestinal flux.
    nutrient_topic
    Ergothioneine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · L-Ergothioneine
    plain_language
    The sulfur and carbon skeleton enter separate products.
    primary_references
    In Vitro Reconstitution of a Five-Step Pathway for Bacterial Ergothioneine Catabolism. · 2021 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33544568/ · DOI 10.1021/acschembio.0c00968

    Ergothioneine: transport, redox chemistry and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-19) · lines 272–278

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · In vitro five-step bacterial enzyme system. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## ergothioneine-catabolic-products The sulfur and carbon skeleton enter separate products. The reconstituted bacterial pathway converted ergothioneine into glutamate, trimethylamine, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide and ammonia. Model: In vitro five-step bacterial enzyme system. Limitations: Environmental gene distribution does not quantify human intestinal flux. Evidence access: Primary abstract In Vitro Reconstitution of a Five-Step Pathway for Bacterial Ergothioneine Catabolism. · 2021 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33544568/ · DOI 10.1021/acschembio.0c00968
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. The reconstituted bacterial catabolic pathway began with ergothionase and generated trimethylamine as one endpoint.

    Bacterial ergothionase in the reconstituted catabolic pathway → L-Ergothioneine source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Five-step in vitro bacterial pathway reconstruction.
    limitations
    This study does not establish human gut production of TMAO from dietary ergothioneine.
    nutrient_topic
    Ergothioneine collection; molecular form, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · L-Ergothioneine
    plain_language
    Bacterial breakdown can release a methylated amine.
    primary_references
    In Vitro Reconstitution of a Five-Step Pathway for Bacterial Ergothioneine Catabolism. · 2021 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33544568/ · DOI 10.1021/acschembio.0c00968

    Ergothioneine: transport, redox chemistry and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-19) · lines 256–262

    AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Five-step in vitro bacterial pathway reconstruction. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## ergothioneine-ergothionase Bacterial breakdown can release a methylated amine. The reconstituted bacterial catabolic pathway began with ergothionase and generated trimethylamine as one endpoint. Model: Five-step in vitro bacterial pathway reconstruction. Limitations: This study does not establish human gut production of TMAO from dietary ergothioneine. Evidence access: Primary abstract In Vitro Reconstitution of a Five-Step Pathway for Bacterial Ergothioneine Catabolism. · 2021 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33544568/ · DOI 10.1021/acschembio.0c00968
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. BbuA converted gamma-butyrobetainyl-CoA to TMA and crotonyl-CoA in the reconstituted anaerobic pathway.

    Emergencia timonensis BbuA / GbuA TMA-generating enzyme → Gamma-butyrobetainyl-CoA source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary full text and pathway reconstitution
    experimental_model
    E. timonensis BbuA biochemical characterization.
    limitations
    Flavin participation is supported; detailed catalytic chemistry remained proposed in this paper.
    nutrient_topic
    L-Carnitine collection; isomer, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · L-Carnitine
    plain_language
    A microbial enzyme releases the trimethylamine group.
    primary_references
    Elucidation of an anaerobic pathway for metabolism of l-carnitine-derived γ-butyrobetaine to trimethylamine in human gut bacteria. · 2021 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34362844/ · DOI 10.1073/pnas.2101498118

    L-Carnitine: synthesis, acyl-group transport, fuel selection and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 378–384

    AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · E. timonensis BbuA biochemical characterization. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## l-carnitine-bbua-lyase A microbial enzyme releases the trimethylamine group. BbuA converted gamma-butyrobetainyl-CoA to TMA and crotonyl-CoA in the reconstituted anaerobic pathway. Model: E. timonensis BbuA biochemical characterization. Limitations: Flavin participation is supported; detailed catalytic chemistry remained proposed in this paper. Evidence access: Primary full text and pathway reconstitution Elucidation of an anaerobic pathway for metabolism of l-carnitine-derived γ-butyrobetaine to trimethylamine in human gut bacteria. · 2021 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34362844/ · DOI 10.1073/pnas.2101498118
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  4. Acinetobacter baumannii CntA/CntB catalyzed oxygen-dependent carnitine cleavage to TMA and malic semialdehyde.

    Acinetobacter baumannii CntA carnitine monooxygenase component → L-Carnitine source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Purified bacterial enzyme complex, spectroscopy and mutagenesis.
    limitations
    This aerobic chemistry is not assumed to dominate the anoxic colon.
    nutrient_topic
    L-Carnitine collection; isomer, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · L-Carnitine
    plain_language
    A separate microbial route needs oxygen.
    primary_references
    Carnitine metabolism in the human gut: characterization of the two-component carnitine monooxygenase CntAB from Acinetobacter baumannii. · 2020 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32694223/ · DOI 10.1074/jbc.RA120.014266

    L-Carnitine: synthesis, acyl-group transport, fuel selection and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 386–392

    AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified bacterial enzyme complex, spectroscopy and mutagenesis. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## l-carnitine-cnta-cleavage A separate microbial route needs oxygen. Acinetobacter baumannii CntA/CntB catalyzed oxygen-dependent carnitine cleavage to TMA and malic semialdehyde. Model: Purified bacterial enzyme complex, spectroscopy and mutagenesis. Limitations: This aerobic chemistry is not assumed to dominate the anoxic colon. Evidence access: Primary abstract Carnitine metabolism in the human gut: characterization of the two-component carnitine monooxygenase CntAB from Acinetobacter baumannii. · 2020 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32694223/ · DOI 10.1074/jbc.RA120.014266
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  5. Adding E. timonensis in coculture completed the carnitine-to-TMA conversion using other microbes' gamma-butyrobetaine production.

    Emergencia timonensis → Human gut microbial gamma-butyrobetaine-to-TMA conversion source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Cultured human fecal commensals under anaerobic conditions.
    limitations
    Community capability does not establish the abundance or activity in every person.
    nutrient_topic
    L-Carnitine collection; isomer, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · L-Carnitine
    plain_language
    Different microbes can carry out consecutive steps.
    primary_references
    l-Carnitine in omnivorous diets induces an atherogenic gut microbial pathway in humans. · 2019 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30530985/ · DOI 10.1172/JCI94601

    L-Carnitine: synthesis, acyl-group transport, fuel selection and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 362–368

    AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cultured human fecal commensals under anaerobic conditions. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## l-carnitine-microbial-coculture Different microbes can carry out consecutive steps. Adding E. timonensis in coculture completed the carnitine-to-TMA conversion using other microbes' gamma-butyrobetaine production. Model: Cultured human fecal commensals under anaerobic conditions. Limitations: Community capability does not establish the abundance or activity in every person. Evidence access: Primary abstract l-Carnitine in omnivorous diets induces an atherogenic gut microbial pathway in humans. · 2019 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30530985/ · DOI 10.1172/JCI94601
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  6. Chronic carnitine exposure increased microbial gamma-butyrobetaine-to-TMA conversion; baseline labeled TMAO generation was greater in omnivores.

    L-Carnitine → Human gut microbial gamma-butyrobetaine-to-TMA conversion source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_access
    Primary abstract
    experimental_model
    Human isotope challenges before/after at least two months of supplementation.
    limitations
    A metabolite-production study does not prove cardiovascular events from a given supplement dose.
    nutrient_topic
    L-Carnitine collection; isomer, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · L-Carnitine
    plain_language
    The response depends partly on microbial adaptation and diet.
    primary_references
    l-Carnitine in omnivorous diets induces an atherogenic gut microbial pathway in humans. · 2019 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30530985/ · DOI 10.1172/JCI94601

    L-Carnitine: synthesis, acyl-group transport, fuel selection and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 354–360

    AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human isotope challenges before/after at least two months of supplementation. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ## l-carnitine-microbial-induction The response depends partly on microbial adaptation and diet. Chronic carnitine exposure increased microbial gamma-butyrobetaine-to-TMA conversion; baseline labeled TMAO generation was greater in omnivores. Model: Human isotope challenges before/after at least two months of supplementation. Limitations: A metabolite-production study does not prove cardiovascular events from a given supplement dose. Evidence access: Primary abstract l-Carnitine in omnivorous diets induces an atherogenic gut microbial pathway in humans. · 2019 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30530985/ · DOI 10.1172/JCI94601
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  7. Berberine inhibited choline-to-TMA conversion in bacterial cultures and gut consortia, including human fecal samples.

    Berberine → Microbial conversion of choline to trimethylamine source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/berberine-research/33863898.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a81ea95bbf1d7f7f1e924998b9e02bc29d908d759dd575ffdf9c56bf4deb9b77", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1309, "text_sha256": "a81ea95bbf1d7f7f1e924998b9e02bc29d908d759dd575ffdf9c56bf4deb9b77"}
    experimental_model
    Choline tracer, microbial culture, microbiome transfer and atherosclerosis models
    exposure
    Choline-supplemented chow and berberine; deuterated choline tracing
    limitations
    Human fecal culture is not a human treatment trial. Reduced TMAO in mice does not establish fewer human cardiovascular events or justify reducing essential choline intake.
    nutrient_topic
    Berberine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Berberine
    organism
    C57BL/6J and ApoE-knockout mice; bacterial cultures and human fecal consortia
    plain_language
    The nutrient choline has a microbial metabolic branch that berberine can influence.
    primary_references
    [berberine-p33863898] Berberine attenuates choline-induced atherosclerosis by inhibiting trimethylamine and trimethylamine-N-oxide production via manipulating the gut microbiome. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33863898/ DOI: 10.1038/s41522-021-00205-8
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Microbial choline metabolism

    Berberine: metabolism, nutrient connections and drug interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1078–1089

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Choline tracer, microbial culture, microbiome transfer and atherosclerosis models · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### berberine-choline-tma Berberine inhibited choline-to-TMA conversion in bacterial cultures and gut consortia, including human fecal samples. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Berberine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The nutrient choline has a microbial metabolic branch that berberine can influence. organism: C57BL/6J and ApoE-knockout mice; bacterial cultures and human fecal consortia tissue_or_cell_type: Microbial choline metabolism experimental_model: Choline tracer, microbial culture, microbiome transfer and atherosclerosis models limitations: Human fecal culture is not a human treatment trial. Reduced TMAO in mice does not establish fewer human cardiovascular events or justify reducing essential choline intake. exposure: Choline-supplemented chow and berberine; deuterated choline tracing evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/berberine-research/33863898.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a81ea95bbf1d7f7f1e924998b9e02bc29d908d759dd575ffdf9c56bf4deb9b77", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1309, "text_sha256": "a81ea95bbf1d7f7f1e924998b9e02bc29d908d759dd575ffdf9c56bf4deb9b77"} [berberine-p33863898] Berberine attenuates choline-induced atherosclerosis by inhibiting trimethylamine and trimethylamine-N-oxide production via manipulating the gut microbiome. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33863898/ DOI: 10.1038/s41522-021-00205-8
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  8. Berberine lowered TMA/TMAO production in choline-fed mice; labeled-choline tracing supported altered microbial conversion.

    Berberine → Circulating trimethylamine N-oxide concentration source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/berberine-research/33863898.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a81ea95bbf1d7f7f1e924998b9e02bc29d908d759dd575ffdf9c56bf4deb9b77", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1309, "text_sha256": "a81ea95bbf1d7f7f1e924998b9e02bc29d908d759dd575ffdf9c56bf4deb9b77"}
    experimental_model
    Choline tracer, microbial culture, microbiome transfer and atherosclerosis models
    exposure
    Choline-supplemented chow and berberine; deuterated choline tracing
    limitations
    Human fecal culture is not a human treatment trial. Reduced TMAO in mice does not establish fewer human cardiovascular events or justify reducing essential choline intake.
    nutrient_topic
    Berberine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Berberine
    organism
    C57BL/6J and ApoE-knockout mice; bacterial cultures and human fecal consortia
    plain_language
    A microbial change was linked to a circulating metabolite in animals.
    primary_references
    [berberine-p33863898] Berberine attenuates choline-induced atherosclerosis by inhibiting trimethylamine and trimethylamine-N-oxide production via manipulating the gut microbiome. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33863898/ DOI: 10.1038/s41522-021-00205-8
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Microbial choline metabolism

    Berberine: metabolism, nutrient connections and drug interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1091–1102

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Choline tracer, microbial culture, microbiome transfer and atherosclerosis models · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### berberine-tmao-mice Berberine lowered TMA/TMAO production in choline-fed mice; labeled-choline tracing supported altered microbial conversion. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Berberine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A microbial change was linked to a circulating metabolite in animals. organism: C57BL/6J and ApoE-knockout mice; bacterial cultures and human fecal consortia tissue_or_cell_type: Microbial choline metabolism experimental_model: Choline tracer, microbial culture, microbiome transfer and atherosclerosis models limitations: Human fecal culture is not a human treatment trial. Reduced TMAO in mice does not establish fewer human cardiovascular events or justify reducing essential choline intake. exposure: Choline-supplemented chow and berberine; deuterated choline tracing evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/berberine-research/33863898.abstract.txt", "locator": "Primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "a81ea95bbf1d7f7f1e924998b9e02bc29d908d759dd575ffdf9c56bf4deb9b77", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1309, "text_sha256": "a81ea95bbf1d7f7f1e924998b9e02bc29d908d759dd575ffdf9c56bf4deb9b77"} [berberine-p33863898] Berberine attenuates choline-induced atherosclerosis by inhibiting trimethylamine and trimethylamine-N-oxide production via manipulating the gut microbiome. (2021). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33863898/ DOI: 10.1038/s41522-021-00205-8
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

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