Component
Gamma-butyrobetainyl-CoA
Context-specific entity; species, compartment and exposure are stated on each claim.
2 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.
How nutrients influence it
Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.
Other things that act on it
Enzymes, hormones, genes, and other components with a recorded effect. These are not nutrients, so they do not count toward the arrows above. Each finding names the chapter that recorded it.
How nutrients reach it in more than one step
Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.
Tracing routes…
What it does
Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.
What acts on it
Purified BbuB and BbuC together transferred CoA onto gamma-butyrobetaine; neither component alone reproduced the tested activity.
Experimental context and source evidence
- evidence_access
- Primary full-text Figure 3 and enzyme experiments
- experimental_model
- E. timonensis enzymes; recombinant expression and reconstitution.
- limitations
- Acetyl-CoA was preferred among tested donors; in vivo donor use can differ.
- nutrient_topic
- L-Carnitine collection; isomer, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · L-Carnitine
- plain_language
- The microbial route first activates its substrate with CoA.
- primary_references
- Elucidation of an anaerobic pathway for metabolism of l-carnitine-derived γ-butyrobetaine to trimethylamine in human gut bacteria. · 2021 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34362844/ · DOI 10.1073/pnas.2101498118
L-Carnitine: synthesis, acyl-group transport, fuel selection and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 370–376
AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · E. timonensis enzymes; recombinant expression and reconstitution. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## l-carnitine-bbu-coa The microbial route first activates its substrate with CoA. Purified BbuB and BbuC together transferred CoA onto gamma-butyrobetaine; neither component alone reproduced the tested activity. Model: E. timonensis enzymes; recombinant expression and reconstitution. Limitations: Acetyl-CoA was preferred among tested donors; in vivo donor use can differ. Evidence access: Primary full-text Figure 3 and enzyme experiments Elucidation of an anaerobic pathway for metabolism of l-carnitine-derived γ-butyrobetaine to trimethylamine in human gut bacteria. · 2021 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34362844/ · DOI 10.1073/pnas.2101498118
Complete structured claim and evidenceBbuA converted gamma-butyrobetainyl-CoA to TMA and crotonyl-CoA in the reconstituted anaerobic pathway.
Experimental context and source evidence
- evidence_access
- Primary full text and pathway reconstitution
- experimental_model
- E. timonensis BbuA biochemical characterization.
- limitations
- Flavin participation is supported; detailed catalytic chemistry remained proposed in this paper.
- nutrient_topic
- L-Carnitine collection; isomer, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · L-Carnitine
- plain_language
- A microbial enzyme releases the trimethylamine group.
- primary_references
- Elucidation of an anaerobic pathway for metabolism of l-carnitine-derived γ-butyrobetaine to trimethylamine in human gut bacteria. · 2021 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34362844/ · DOI 10.1073/pnas.2101498118
L-Carnitine: synthesis, acyl-group transport, fuel selection and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 378–384
AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · E. timonensis BbuA biochemical characterization. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## l-carnitine-bbua-lyase A microbial enzyme releases the trimethylamine group. BbuA converted gamma-butyrobetainyl-CoA to TMA and crotonyl-CoA in the reconstituted anaerobic pathway. Model: E. timonensis BbuA biochemical characterization. Limitations: Flavin participation is supported; detailed catalytic chemistry remained proposed in this paper. Evidence access: Primary full text and pathway reconstitution Elucidation of an anaerobic pathway for metabolism of l-carnitine-derived γ-butyrobetaine to trimethylamine in human gut bacteria. · 2021 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34362844/ · DOI 10.1073/pnas.2101498118
Complete structured claim and evidence
The events it takes part in
A mechanism often involves more than two components. These are the full events, with every participant and its role.
Situations it appears in
Low-supply and faulty-machinery situations recorded in the chapters where this component plays a part.
In the sources
Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.
Open hypotheses
Proposed ideas that involve this component. They are labeled as hypotheses and do not change any recorded statement.
This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.