Component
Human gut microbial gamma-butyrobetaine-to-TMA conversion
Context-specific entity; species, compartment and exposure are stated on each claim.
2 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.
How nutrients influence it
Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.
Other things that act on it
Enzymes, hormones, genes, and other components with a recorded effect. These are not nutrients, so they do not count toward the arrows above. Each finding names the chapter that recorded it.
How nutrients reach it in more than one step
Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.
Tracing routes…
What it does
Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.
What acts on it
Adding E. timonensis in coculture completed the carnitine-to-TMA conversion using other microbes' gamma-butyrobetaine production.
Experimental context and source evidence
- evidence_access
- Primary abstract
- experimental_model
- Cultured human fecal commensals under anaerobic conditions.
- limitations
- Community capability does not establish the abundance or activity in every person.
- nutrient_topic
- L-Carnitine collection; isomer, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · L-Carnitine
- plain_language
- Different microbes can carry out consecutive steps.
- primary_references
- l-Carnitine in omnivorous diets induces an atherogenic gut microbial pathway in humans. · 2019 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30530985/ · DOI 10.1172/JCI94601
L-Carnitine: synthesis, acyl-group transport, fuel selection and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 362–368
AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Cultured human fecal commensals under anaerobic conditions. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## l-carnitine-microbial-coculture Different microbes can carry out consecutive steps. Adding E. timonensis in coculture completed the carnitine-to-TMA conversion using other microbes' gamma-butyrobetaine production. Model: Cultured human fecal commensals under anaerobic conditions. Limitations: Community capability does not establish the abundance or activity in every person. Evidence access: Primary abstract l-Carnitine in omnivorous diets induces an atherogenic gut microbial pathway in humans. · 2019 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30530985/ · DOI 10.1172/JCI94601
Complete structured claim and evidenceChronic carnitine exposure increased microbial gamma-butyrobetaine-to-TMA conversion; baseline labeled TMAO generation was greater in omnivores.
Experimental context and source evidence
- evidence_access
- Primary abstract
- experimental_model
- Human isotope challenges before/after at least two months of supplementation.
- limitations
- A metabolite-production study does not prove cardiovascular events from a given supplement dose.
- nutrient_topic
- L-Carnitine collection; isomer, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · L-Carnitine
- plain_language
- The response depends partly on microbial adaptation and diet.
- primary_references
- l-Carnitine in omnivorous diets induces an atherogenic gut microbial pathway in humans. · 2019 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30530985/ · DOI 10.1172/JCI94601
L-Carnitine: synthesis, acyl-group transport, fuel selection and nutrient interactions (2026-09-19) · lines 354–360
AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human isotope challenges before/after at least two months of supplementation. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft
## l-carnitine-microbial-induction The response depends partly on microbial adaptation and diet. Chronic carnitine exposure increased microbial gamma-butyrobetaine-to-TMA conversion; baseline labeled TMAO generation was greater in omnivores. Model: Human isotope challenges before/after at least two months of supplementation. Limitations: A metabolite-production study does not prove cardiovascular events from a given supplement dose. Evidence access: Primary abstract l-Carnitine in omnivorous diets induces an atherogenic gut microbial pathway in humans. · 2019 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30530985/ · DOI 10.1172/JCI94601
Complete structured claim and evidence
The events it takes part in
A mechanism often involves more than two components. These are the full events, with every participant and its role.
Situations it appears in
Low-supply and faulty-machinery situations recorded in the chapters where this component plays a part.
In the sources
Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.
Open hypotheses
Proposed ideas that involve this component. They are labeled as hypotheses and do not change any recorded statement.
This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.