Nitrite / NO2(-)

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Recombinant human mARC1/mARC2, active-site mutation, tungsten replacement and HEK expression

exposure

Reduced enzyme, nitrite, NADH/CYB5/CYB5R; pH 7.5 versus 6.5

limitations

Shows nitrite-reducing capacity; its share of NO production in normal people and response to mineral intake are not established.

nutrient_topic

Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Molybdenum

organism

Homo sapiens proteins and HEK cells

plain_language

mARC1 can also make NO from nitrite under suitable conditions.

primary_references

[mo-p24500710] Nitrite reductase and nitric-oxide synthase activity of the mitochondrial molybdopterin enzymes mARC1 and mARC2. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24500710/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.555177

tissue_or_cell_type

Purified redox system and human cell model

Molybdenum: cofactor assembly, sulfur metabolism and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1028–1039

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Recombinant human mARC1/mARC2, active-site mutation, tungsten replacement and HEK expression · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mo-marc1-nitrite Reduced human mARC1 generated nitric oxide from nitrite in the reconstituted electron-transfer chain. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: mARC1 can also make NO from nitrite under suitable conditions. organism: Homo sapiens proteins and HEK cells tissue_or_cell_type: Purified redox system and human cell model experimental_model: Recombinant human mARC1/mARC2, active-site mutation, tungsten replacement and HEK expression limitations: Shows nitrite-reducing capacity; its share of NO production in normal people and response to mineral intake are not established. exposure: Reduced enzyme, nitrite, NADH/CYB5/CYB5R; pH 7.5 versus 6.5 evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/24500710.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e4c2ab41c945d420266290d0241752039d7de2cb6223f9c64c7d0525c5688d9b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1585, "text_sha256": "e4c2ab41c945d420266290d0241752039d7de2cb6223f9c64c7d0525c5688d9b"} [mo-p24500710] Nitrite reductase and nitric-oxide synthase activity of the mitochondrial molybdopterin enzymes mARC1 and mARC2. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24500710/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.555177

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/24500710.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e4c2ab41c945d420266290d0241752039d7de2cb6223f9c64c7d0525c5688d9b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1585, "text_sha256": "e4c2ab41c945d420266290d0241752039d7de2cb6223f9c64c7d0525c5688d9b"}

experimental_model

Recombinant human mARC1/mARC2, active-site mutation, tungsten replacement and HEK expression

exposure

Reduced enzyme, nitrite, NADH/CYB5/CYB5R; pH 7.5 versus 6.5

limitations

Shows nitrite-reducing capacity; its share of NO production in normal people and response to mineral intake are not established.

nutrient_topic

Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Molybdenum

organism

Homo sapiens proteins and HEK cells

plain_language

mARC2 shares this conditional NO-forming capability.

primary_references

[mo-p24500710] Nitrite reductase and nitric-oxide synthase activity of the mitochondrial molybdopterin enzymes mARC1 and mARC2. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24500710/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.555177

tissue_or_cell_type

Purified redox system and human cell model

Molybdenum: cofactor assembly, sulfur metabolism and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1041–1052

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Recombinant human mARC1/mARC2, active-site mutation, tungsten replacement and HEK expression · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mo-marc2-nitrite Reduced human mARC2 also catalyzed nitrite-to-NO conversion. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: mARC2 shares this conditional NO-forming capability. organism: Homo sapiens proteins and HEK cells tissue_or_cell_type: Purified redox system and human cell model experimental_model: Recombinant human mARC1/mARC2, active-site mutation, tungsten replacement and HEK expression limitations: Shows nitrite-reducing capacity; its share of NO production in normal people and response to mineral intake are not established. exposure: Reduced enzyme, nitrite, NADH/CYB5/CYB5R; pH 7.5 versus 6.5 evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/24500710.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e4c2ab41c945d420266290d0241752039d7de2cb6223f9c64c7d0525c5688d9b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1585, "text_sha256": "e4c2ab41c945d420266290d0241752039d7de2cb6223f9c64c7d0525c5688d9b"} [mo-p24500710] Nitrite reductase and nitric-oxide synthase activity of the mitochondrial molybdopterin enzymes mARC1 and mARC2. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24500710/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.555177

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/31167903.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9fb7f72eba7a1a254ae8e20991ee5d9ecbffc01de2a1dfc5879cf34bdbf98b45", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 962, "text_sha256": "9fb7f72eba7a1a254ae8e20991ee5d9ecbffc01de2a1dfc5879cf34bdbf98b45"}

experimental_model

Human SUOX kinetics, spectroscopy and electron-transfer variants

exposure

Nitrite with sulfite and cytochrome c

limitations

Biochemical capacity; contribution to human physiology requires separate evidence.

nutrient_topic

Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Molybdenum

organism

Homo sapiens protein

plain_language

SUOX can perform additional redox chemistry under the tested conditions.

primary_references

[mo-p31167903] Mechanism of nitrite-dependent NO synthesis by human sulfite oxidase. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31167903/ DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190143

tissue_or_cell_type

Purified human sulfite oxidase

Molybdenum: cofactor assembly, sulfur metabolism and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1093–1104

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human SUOX kinetics, spectroscopy and electron-transfer variants · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mo-suox-nitrite Human SUOX reduced nitrite to NO at the molybdenum center, with steady-state turnover supported in a sulfite/cytochrome-c system. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: SUOX can perform additional redox chemistry under the tested conditions. organism: Homo sapiens protein tissue_or_cell_type: Purified human sulfite oxidase experimental_model: Human SUOX kinetics, spectroscopy and electron-transfer variants limitations: Biochemical capacity; contribution to human physiology requires separate evidence. exposure: Nitrite with sulfite and cytochrome c evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/31167903.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9fb7f72eba7a1a254ae8e20991ee5d9ecbffc01de2a1dfc5879cf34bdbf98b45", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 962, "text_sha256": "9fb7f72eba7a1a254ae8e20991ee5d9ecbffc01de2a1dfc5879cf34bdbf98b45"} [mo-p31167903] Mechanism of nitrite-dependent NO synthesis by human sulfite oxidase. (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31167903/ DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190143

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/37713777.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "30e93ea24784120403bef1dfe72cf46411f1af88946b9cc1cba3d4c45a367bf9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1655, "text_sha256": "30e93ea24784120403bef1dfe72cf46411f1af88946b9cc1cba3d4c45a367bf9"}

experimental_model

Recombinant human XDH variants with urate, superoxide and NO assays

exposure

Xanthine, oxygen and inorganic nitrite assays

limitations

The 2023 Fig. 6E corrigendum corrects a displayed panel; authors state data and conclusions are unchanged. Enzyme activity is not a clinical benefit or dietary response.

nutrient_topic

Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Molybdenum

organism

Homo sapiens protein

plain_language

Changing the available electron acceptor changed the products.

primary_references

[mo-p37713777] Natural mutations of human XDH promote the nitrite (NO2-)-reductase capacity of xanthine oxidoreductase: A novel mechanism to promote redox health? (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37713777/ DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102864

tissue_or_cell_type

Purified human enzyme

Molybdenum: cofactor assembly, sulfur metabolism and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 794–805

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Recombinant human XDH variants with urate, superoxide and NO assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mo-xor-nitrite Human XOR reduced nitrite to NO under the tested reducing conditions, and nitrite decreased XOR-driven superoxide production. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Changing the available electron acceptor changed the products. organism: Homo sapiens protein tissue_or_cell_type: Purified human enzyme experimental_model: Recombinant human XDH variants with urate, superoxide and NO assays limitations: The 2023 Fig. 6E corrigendum corrects a displayed panel; authors state data and conclusions are unchanged. Enzyme activity is not a clinical benefit or dietary response. exposure: Xanthine, oxygen and inorganic nitrite assays evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/37713777.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "30e93ea24784120403bef1dfe72cf46411f1af88946b9cc1cba3d4c45a367bf9", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1655, "text_sha256": "30e93ea24784120403bef1dfe72cf46411f1af88946b9cc1cba3d4c45a367bf9"} [mo-p37713777] Natural mutations of human XDH promote the nitrite (NO2-)-reductase capacity of xanthine oxidoreductase: A novel mechanism to promote redox health? (2023). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37713777/ DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102864

dose

250 mL beetroot juice or 300 g whole beetroot versus placebo

duration

Baseline and 1, 2, 3, 5 and 8 h

evidence_access

Primary PubMed abstract; detailed exposure for PMID 23931157 additionally checked in publisher results. No uninspected full text is claimed.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; source-derived curation, not universally established human effects

experimental_model

Ten healthy men in a randomized crossover study

limitations

An undetectable parent compound is not proof of zero absorption. Food matrix, degradation and analytical methods differ from the cactus pear study. NOx is not itself a measurement of a betanin mechanism. Mixed-food nitrate-related observation; not a claim that betalains generate NO or mediate nitrate-associated performance effects.

nutrient_topic

Betalains collection; each molecular form, species, exposure and preparation remains explicit. · Betalains

organism

Ten healthy men in a randomized crossover study

plain_language

Plasma NOx remained elevated for 8 h after beetroot juice and 5 h after whole beetroot despite undetectable plasma betanin.

primary_references

The plasma bioavailability of nitrate and betanin from Beta vulgaris rubra in humans. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26873098/ DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1173-5

route

Oral food/drink

tissue

Venous plasma

Betalains: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 537–545

Original AI-assisted curation of twelve primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Ten healthy men in a randomized crossover study · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## betalains-beetroot-nox-separate Plasma NOx remained elevated for 8 h after beetroot juice and 5 h after whole beetroot despite undetectable plasma betanin. Model/species: Ten healthy men in a randomized crossover study Tissue: Venous plasma Exposure: 250 mL beetroot juice or 300 g whole beetroot versus placebo Route: Oral food/drink Duration: Baseline and 1, 2, 3, 5 and 8 h Limits: An undetectable parent compound is not proof of zero absorption. Food matrix, degradation and analytical methods differ from the cactus pear study. NOx is not itself a measurement of a betanin mechanism. Mixed-food nitrate-related observation; not a claim that betalains generate NO or mediate nitrate-associated performance effects. Primary reference: The plasma bioavailability of nitrate and betanin from Beta vulgaris rubra in humans. (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26873098/ DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1173-5

dose

Experimental betanin addition; concentration not specified in accessed abstract

duration

Oxidation time courses; duration not specified in accessed abstract

evidence_access

Primary PubMed abstract; detailed exposure for PMID 23931157 additionally checked in publisher results. No uninspected full text is claimed.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; source-derived curation, not universally established human effects

experimental_model

Isolated human LDL and MPO/nitrite biochemical system

limitations

Oxidation products were not chemically identified; clinical LDL lowering was not tested.

nutrient_topic

Betalains collection; each molecular form, species, exposure and preparation remains explicit. · Betalains

organism

Isolated human LDL and MPO/nitrite biochemical system

plain_language

Betanin reduced lipid hydroperoxide formation during MPO/nitrite-mediated oxidation of human LDL.

primary_references

Betanin inhibits the myeloperoxidase/nitrite-induced oxidation of human low-density lipoproteins. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17364963/ DOI: 10.1080/10715760601038783

route

In vitro addition

tissue

LDL lipid compartment

Betalains: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 187–195

Original AI-assisted curation of twelve primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Isolated human LDL and MPO/nitrite biochemical system · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## betalains-mpo-ldl Betanin reduced lipid hydroperoxide formation during MPO/nitrite-mediated oxidation of human LDL. Model/species: Isolated human LDL and MPO/nitrite biochemical system Tissue: LDL lipid compartment Exposure: Experimental betanin addition; concentration not specified in accessed abstract Route: In vitro addition Duration: Oxidation time courses; duration not specified in accessed abstract Limits: Oxidation products were not chemically identified; clinical LDL lowering was not tested. Primary reference: Betanin inhibits the myeloperoxidase/nitrite-induced oxidation of human low-density lipoproteins. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17364963/ DOI: 10.1080/10715760601038783

dose

Experimental betanin addition; concentration not specified in accessed abstract

duration

Oxidation time courses; duration not specified in accessed abstract

evidence_access

Primary PubMed abstract; detailed exposure for PMID 23931157 additionally checked in publisher results. No uninspected full text is claimed.

evidence_scope

literature_reviewed; source-derived curation, not universally established human effects

experimental_model

Isolated human LDL and MPO/nitrite biochemical system

limitations

Oxidation products were not chemically identified; clinical LDL lowering was not tested.

nutrient_topic

Betalains collection; each molecular form, species, exposure and preparation remains explicit. · Betalains

organism

Isolated human LDL and MPO/nitrite biochemical system

plain_language

Unidentified products generated by MPO/nitrite oxidation of betanin also inhibited LDL oxidation in the assay.

primary_references

Betanin inhibits the myeloperoxidase/nitrite-induced oxidation of human low-density lipoproteins. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17364963/ DOI: 10.1080/10715760601038783

route

In vitro addition

tissue

LDL lipid compartment

Betalains: mechanisms, molecular forms and cross-actor connections (2026-09-20) · lines 197–205

Original AI-assisted curation of twelve primary research papers; study-specific PubMed/DOI links and limitations retained. Not publisher full text. · supports · Isolated human LDL and MPO/nitrite biochemical system · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## betalains-oxidation-products Unidentified products generated by MPO/nitrite oxidation of betanin also inhibited LDL oxidation in the assay. Model/species: Isolated human LDL and MPO/nitrite biochemical system Tissue: LDL lipid compartment Exposure: Experimental betanin addition; concentration not specified in accessed abstract Route: In vitro addition Duration: Oxidation time courses; duration not specified in accessed abstract Limits: Oxidation products were not chemically identified; clinical LDL lowering was not tested. Primary reference: Betanin inhibits the myeloperoxidase/nitrite-induced oxidation of human low-density lipoproteins. (2007). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17364963/ DOI: 10.1080/10715760601038783

acting_entity

vascanox-hp-2023

dose

Vascanox HP combination; constituent doses not retrieved

duration

Four weeks

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_comparison

Within-person baseline; no placebo or factorial comparison

experimental_model

Twelve participants completing an open-label combination study

interpretation_status

Source-derived research curation; not independent primary verification

limitations

No placebo or ingredient-factorial arms: cannot establish SAC contribution, nitrate contribution, interaction or synergy.

nutrient_topic

S-allylcysteine collection; species, compartment, exposure, co-substrates and manipulation remain explicit. · S-allyl-L-cysteine / SAC

organism

Homo sapiens

plain_language

A cross-compound human lead remains available without assigning the effect to SAC.

primary_references

[37849591] Effects of S-Allylcysteine-Rich Garlic Extract and Dietary Inorganic Nitrate Formula on Blood Pressure and Salivary Nitric Oxide: An Open-Label Clinical Trial Among Hypertensive Subjects. · 2023 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37849591/ · DOI 10.7759/cureus.45369

route

Oral

tissue_or_cell_type

Twelve participants completing an open-label combination study

S-allylcysteine: sulfur signaling, redox responses and cross-nutrient mechanisms (2026-09-20) · lines 455–462

AI-assisted research curation; primary references, access levels and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Twelve participants completing an open-label combination study · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## s-allylcysteine-nitrate-combination A cross-compound human lead remains available without assigning the effect to SAC. An uncontrolled 12-person nitrate/garlic combination study reported lower systolic pressure after two weeks, persisting at four weeks. Model: Twelve participants completing an open-label combination study Limitations: No placebo or ingredient-factorial arms: cannot establish SAC contribution, nitrate contribution, interaction or synergy. Evidence access: Primary abstract [37849591] Effects of S-Allylcysteine-Rich Garlic Extract and Dietary Inorganic Nitrate Formula on Blood Pressure and Salivary Nitric Oxide: An Open-Label Clinical Trial Among Hypertensive Subjects. · 2023 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37849591/ · DOI 10.7759/cureus.45369 Structured context: {"organism": "Homo sapiens", "tissue_or_cell_type": "Twelve participants completing an open-label combination study", "dose": "Vascanox HP combination; constituent doses not retrieved", "duration": "Four weeks", "route": "Oral", "experimental_comparison": "Within-person baseline; no placebo or factorial comparison", "acting_entity": "vascanox-hp-2023", "interpretation_status": "Source-derived research curation; not independent primary verification"}

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/24500710.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e4c2ab41c945d420266290d0241752039d7de2cb6223f9c64c7d0525c5688d9b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1585, "text_sha256": "e4c2ab41c945d420266290d0241752039d7de2cb6223f9c64c7d0525c5688d9b"}

experimental_model

Recombinant human mARC1/mARC2, active-site mutation, tungsten replacement and HEK expression

exposure

Reduced enzyme, nitrite, NADH/CYB5/CYB5R; pH 7.5 versus 6.5

limitations

Shows nitrite-reducing capacity; its share of NO production in normal people and response to mineral intake are not established.

nutrient_topic

Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Molybdenum

organism

Homo sapiens proteins and HEK cells

plain_language

Acidity changed the reaction rate in this assay.

primary_references

[mo-p24500710] Nitrite reductase and nitric-oxide synthase activity of the mitochondrial molybdopterin enzymes mARC1 and mARC2. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24500710/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.555177

tissue_or_cell_type

Purified redox system and human cell model

Molybdenum: cofactor assembly, sulfur metabolism and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1054–1065

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Recombinant human mARC1/mARC2, active-site mutation, tungsten replacement and HEK expression · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mo-marc-ph Lowering assay pH from 7.5 to 6.5 increased the reported mARC NO-formation rate by nearly threefold. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Acidity changed the reaction rate in this assay. organism: Homo sapiens proteins and HEK cells tissue_or_cell_type: Purified redox system and human cell model experimental_model: Recombinant human mARC1/mARC2, active-site mutation, tungsten replacement and HEK expression limitations: Shows nitrite-reducing capacity; its share of NO production in normal people and response to mineral intake are not established. exposure: Reduced enzyme, nitrite, NADH/CYB5/CYB5R; pH 7.5 versus 6.5 evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/24500710.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "e4c2ab41c945d420266290d0241752039d7de2cb6223f9c64c7d0525c5688d9b", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1585, "text_sha256": "e4c2ab41c945d420266290d0241752039d7de2cb6223f9c64c7d0525c5688d9b"} [mo-p24500710] Nitrite reductase and nitric-oxide synthase activity of the mitochondrial molybdopterin enzymes mARC1 and mARC2. (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24500710/ DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.555177

evidence_span

{"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/41337830.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4cac9c7485dc06caae98c3fd1d54e64b47290a13869b96bfbee654dafdc2b20c", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 826, "text_sha256": "4cac9c7485dc06caae98c3fd1d54e64b47290a13869b96bfbee654dafdc2b20c"}

experimental_model

Electrochemically driven human SUOX nitrite-reductase assays

exposure

Benzyl-viologen mediator; pH-dependent assays

limitations

Artificial electron mediator and millimolar substrate affinity; physiological NO flux is not established.

nutrient_topic

Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Molybdenum

organism

Homo sapiens protein

plain_language

The laboratory reaction does not require every component used in the normal cellular pathway.

primary_references

[mo-p41337830] An electrochemical perspective on human sulfite oxidase as a potential nitrite reductase. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41337830/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2025.113159

tissue_or_cell_type

Purified enzyme on electrochemical system

Molybdenum: cofactor assembly, sulfur metabolism and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1106–1117

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Electrochemically driven human SUOX nitrite-reductase assays · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### mo-suox-nitrite-electrochemical Electrochemical human SUOX nitrite reduction had a reported Km of 3.5 mM at pH 7; a heme-free variant behaved similarly in that system. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Molybdenum research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The laboratory reaction does not require every component used in the normal cellular pathway. organism: Homo sapiens protein tissue_or_cell_type: Purified enzyme on electrochemical system experimental_model: Electrochemically driven human SUOX nitrite-reductase assays limitations: Artificial electron mediator and millimolar substrate affinity; physiological NO flux is not established. exposure: Benzyl-viologen mediator; pH-dependent assays evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/molybdenum-research/41337830.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "4cac9c7485dc06caae98c3fd1d54e64b47290a13869b96bfbee654dafdc2b20c", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 826, "text_sha256": "4cac9c7485dc06caae98c3fd1d54e64b47290a13869b96bfbee654dafdc2b20c"} [mo-p41337830] An electrochemical perspective on human sulfite oxidase as a potential nitrite reductase. (2026). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41337830/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2025.113159

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Same five-person paired coadministration study.

limitations

Same dataset as the 9-nitro product, not an independent replication.

nutrient_topic

CLA collection; isomer, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Conjugated linoleic acid / CLA isomer family

plain_language

A second nitrated product was detected separately.

primary_references

Conjugated Linoleic Acid Modulates Clinical Responses to Oral Nitrite and Nitrate. · 2017 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28739973/ · DOI 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.09016

Conjugated linoleic acid: isomers, signaling, nutrient interactions and discovery (2026-09-19) · lines 326–332

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Same five-person paired coadministration study. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## cla-human-nitro-12 A second nitrated product was detected separately. Adding CLA during labeled oral nitrite administration increased plasma 12-nitro-CLA formation. Model: Same five-person paired coadministration study. Limitations: Same dataset as the 9-nitro product, not an independent replication. Evidence access: Primary abstract Conjugated Linoleic Acid Modulates Clinical Responses to Oral Nitrite and Nitrate. · 2017 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28739973/ · DOI 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.09016

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Healthy-volunteer crossover; five returned for CLA coadministration.

limitations

Small acute study using investigational formulations; not a dosing recommendation.

nutrient_topic

CLA collection; isomer, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Conjugated linoleic acid / CLA isomer family

plain_language

Dietary lipid changed which nitrogen-oxide products formed.

primary_references

Conjugated Linoleic Acid Modulates Clinical Responses to Oral Nitrite and Nitrate. · 2017 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28739973/ · DOI 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.09016

Conjugated linoleic acid: isomers, signaling, nutrient interactions and discovery (2026-09-19) · lines 318–324

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Healthy-volunteer crossover; five returned for CLA coadministration. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## cla-human-nitro-9 Dietary lipid changed which nitrogen-oxide products formed. Adding CLA during labeled oral nitrite administration increased plasma 9-nitro-CLA formation. Model: Healthy-volunteer crossover; five returned for CLA coadministration. Limitations: Small acute study using investigational formulations; not a dosing recommendation. Evidence access: Primary abstract Conjugated Linoleic Acid Modulates Clinical Responses to Oral Nitrite and Nitrate. · 2017 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28739973/ · DOI 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.09016

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Chemical, cellular and in-vivo nitration experiments.

limitations

This is formation of a different molecule, not evidence that plain CLA has every nitro-lipid action.

nutrient_topic

CLA collection; isomer, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Conjugated linoleic acid / CLA isomer family

plain_language

Its double-bond arrangement changes its chemical reactivity.

primary_references

Conjugated linoleic acid is a preferential substrate for fatty acid nitration. · 2012 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23144452/ · DOI 10.1074/jbc.M112.401356

Conjugated linoleic acid: isomers, signaling, nutrient interactions and discovery (2026-09-19) · lines 310–316

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Chemical, cellular and in-vivo nitration experiments. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## cla-nitration Its double-bond arrangement changes its chemical reactivity. CLA yielded substantially more nitration products than nonconjugated linoleic acid under the tested nitrogen-oxide reactions. Model: Chemical, cellular and in-vivo nitration experiments. Limitations: This is formation of a different molecule, not evidence that plain CLA has every nitro-lipid action. Evidence access: Primary abstract Conjugated linoleic acid is a preferential substrate for fatty acid nitration. · 2012 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23144452/ · DOI 10.1074/jbc.M112.401356

evidence_access

Primary abstract

experimental_model

Acute labeled-nitrite human study.

limitations

Does not quantify interactions with prescription nitrates or prove long-term harm.

nutrient_topic

CLA collection; isomer, preparation, species, exposure and manipulation remain explicit. · Conjugated linoleic acid / CLA isomer family

plain_language

Making more nitrated lipid coincided with less of another NO response.

primary_references

Conjugated Linoleic Acid Modulates Clinical Responses to Oral Nitrite and Nitrate. · 2017 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28739973/ · DOI 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.09016

Conjugated linoleic acid: isomers, signaling, nutrient interactions and discovery (2026-09-19) · lines 334–340

AI-assisted research curation; primary-abstract references and experimental limitations individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Acute labeled-nitrite human study. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## cla-no-diversion Making more nitrated lipid coincided with less of another NO response. CLA coadministration reduced labeled NO–deoxyhemoglobin formation and attenuated nitrite-associated vasodilation and platelet inhibition. Model: Acute labeled-nitrite human study. Limitations: Does not quantify interactions with prescription nitrates or prove long-term harm. Evidence access: Primary abstract Conjugated Linoleic Acid Modulates Clinical Responses to Oral Nitrite and Nitrate. · 2017 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28739973/ · DOI 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.09016