Component

Creatine monohydrate

Creatine monohydrate. Species, exposure and limitations are retained in each linked claim.

9 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What it acts on

  1. Creatine did not improve survival or the decline in functional measurements in the ALS trial.

    Creatine monohydrate → ALS functional progression and survival source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/creatine-research/12666111.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9b668ab22f36cab83a9ccca495012eeff4c953adbd62955fa0efba24a06477ed", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1367, "text_sha256": "9b668ab22f36cab83a9ccca495012eeff4c953adbd62955fa0efba24a06477ed"}
    experimental_model
    Double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial
    exposure
    Creatine monohydrate 10 g/day versus placebo
    limitations
    Negative human trial despite a preceding mouse rationale; no inference to every neurological condition.
    nutrient_topic
    Creatine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Creatine
    organism
    175 people with ALS
    plain_language
    An energy-related mechanism and a promising mouse model did not translate into benefit in this human trial.
    primary_references
    [creatine-p12666111] A randomized sequential trial of creatine in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. (2003). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12666111/ DOI: 10.1002/ana.10554
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Survival and functional progression

    Creatine: synthesis, transport, phosphocreatine energetics and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1127–1138

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### creatine-als-negative Creatine did not improve survival or the decline in functional measurements in the ALS trial. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Creatine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: An energy-related mechanism and a promising mouse model did not translate into benefit in this human trial. organism: 175 people with ALS tissue_or_cell_type: Survival and functional progression experimental_model: Double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial limitations: Negative human trial despite a preceding mouse rationale; no inference to every neurological condition. exposure: Creatine monohydrate 10 g/day versus placebo evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/creatine-research/12666111.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "9b668ab22f36cab83a9ccca495012eeff4c953adbd62955fa0efba24a06477ed", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1367, "text_sha256": "9b668ab22f36cab83a9ccca495012eeff4c953adbd62955fa0efba24a06477ed"} [creatine-p12666111] A randomized sequential trial of creatine in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. (2003). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12666111/ DOI: 10.1002/ana.10554
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. Mean brain total creatine increased 8.7%, with regional and individual variability, after four weeks of supplementation; changes were reversible on follow-up.

    Creatine monohydrate → Brain total creatine concentration source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/creatine-research/10484486.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "91190f8691b1728904ae6d8a46b65c2c731b75fe9fe876d964e18facc61c7c9d", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1490, "text_sha256": "91190f8691b1728904ae6d8a46b65c2c731b75fe9fe876d964e18facc61c7c9d"}
    experimental_model
    Before/after quantitative proton MRS with washout
    exposure
    20 g/day creatine monohydrate for four weeks
    limitations
    Small non-placebo-controlled study; total creatine includes the creatine/phosphocreatine signal and is not a direct cognition endpoint.
    nutrient_topic
    Creatine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Creatine
    organism
    Six healthy human volunteers
    plain_language
    Brain stores rose modestly and unevenly, rather than matching the much larger changes sometimes seen in muscle.
    primary_references
    [creatine-p10484486] Increase of total creatine in human brain after oral supplementation of creatine-monohydrate. (1999). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10484486/ DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.1999.277.3.r698
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Multiple brain regions

    Creatine: synthesis, transport, phosphocreatine energetics and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1023–1034

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Before/after quantitative proton MRS with washout · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### creatine-brain-loading Mean brain total creatine increased 8.7%, with regional and individual variability, after four weeks of supplementation; changes were reversible on follow-up. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Creatine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Brain stores rose modestly and unevenly, rather than matching the much larger changes sometimes seen in muscle. organism: Six healthy human volunteers tissue_or_cell_type: Multiple brain regions experimental_model: Before/after quantitative proton MRS with washout limitations: Small non-placebo-controlled study; total creatine includes the creatine/phosphocreatine signal and is not a direct cognition endpoint. exposure: 20 g/day creatine monohydrate for four weeks evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/creatine-research/10484486.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "91190f8691b1728904ae6d8a46b65c2c731b75fe9fe876d964e18facc61c7c9d", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1490, "text_sha256": "91190f8691b1728904ae6d8a46b65c2c731b75fe9fe876d964e18facc61c7c9d"} [creatine-p10484486] Increase of total creatine in human brain after oral supplementation of creatine-monohydrate. (1999). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10484486/ DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.1999.277.3.r698
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. There were no significant group-by-time differences in DHT or DHT-to-testosterone ratio after 12 weeks.

    Creatine monohydrate → Serum dihydrotestosterone concentration source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/creatine-research/40265319.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "dede40817f51a6dbe3d53dc09cefa031cee507182056cb23c068678563dfb2bf", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2039, "text_sha256": "dede40817f51a6dbe3d53dc09cefa031cee507182056cb23c068678563dfb2bf"}
    experimental_model
    Twelve-week randomized placebo-controlled trial
    exposure
    Creatine monohydrate 5 g/day versus maltodextrin placebo
    limitations
    Different dose and duration from the 2009 loading study; short follow-up cannot establish every long-term or genetically susceptible outcome.
    nutrient_topic
    Creatine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Creatine
    organism
    38 completing resistance-trained men out of 45 recruited
    plain_language
    A later maintenance-dose trial did not reproduce the earlier hormone signal.
    primary_references
    [creatine-p40265319] Does creatine cause hair loss? A 12-week randomized controlled trial. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40265319/ DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2025.2495229
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Serum hormones and objective hair measurements

    Creatine: synthesis, transport, phosphocreatine energetics and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1166–1177

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Twelve-week randomized placebo-controlled trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### creatine-dht-maintenance-study There were no significant group-by-time differences in DHT or DHT-to-testosterone ratio after 12 weeks. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Creatine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A later maintenance-dose trial did not reproduce the earlier hormone signal. organism: 38 completing resistance-trained men out of 45 recruited tissue_or_cell_type: Serum hormones and objective hair measurements experimental_model: Twelve-week randomized placebo-controlled trial limitations: Different dose and duration from the 2009 loading study; short follow-up cannot establish every long-term or genetically susceptible outcome. exposure: Creatine monohydrate 5 g/day versus maltodextrin placebo evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/creatine-research/40265319.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "dede40817f51a6dbe3d53dc09cefa031cee507182056cb23c068678563dfb2bf", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2039, "text_sha256": "dede40817f51a6dbe3d53dc09cefa031cee507182056cb23c068678563dfb2bf"} [creatine-p40265319] Does creatine cause hair loss? A 12-week randomized controlled trial. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40265319/ DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2025.2495229
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  4. Hair density, follicular unit count and cumulative hair thickness did not differ significantly between creatine and placebo over 12 weeks.

    Creatine monohydrate → Hair density, follicular unit count and cumulative hair thickness source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/creatine-research/40265319.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "dede40817f51a6dbe3d53dc09cefa031cee507182056cb23c068678563dfb2bf", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2039, "text_sha256": "dede40817f51a6dbe3d53dc09cefa031cee507182056cb23c068678563dfb2bf"}
    experimental_model
    Twelve-week randomized placebo-controlled trial
    exposure
    Creatine monohydrate 5 g/day versus maltodextrin placebo
    limitations
    Different dose and duration from the 2009 loading study; short follow-up cannot establish every long-term or genetically susceptible outcome.
    nutrient_topic
    Creatine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Creatine
    organism
    38 completing resistance-trained men out of 45 recruited
    plain_language
    This trial measured hair directly and found no group difference over its follow-up.
    primary_references
    [creatine-p40265319] Does creatine cause hair loss? A 12-week randomized controlled trial. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40265319/ DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2025.2495229
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Serum hormones and objective hair measurements

    Creatine: synthesis, transport, phosphocreatine energetics and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1179–1190

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Twelve-week randomized placebo-controlled trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### creatine-hair-trial Hair density, follicular unit count and cumulative hair thickness did not differ significantly between creatine and placebo over 12 weeks. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Creatine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: This trial measured hair directly and found no group difference over its follow-up. organism: 38 completing resistance-trained men out of 45 recruited tissue_or_cell_type: Serum hormones and objective hair measurements experimental_model: Twelve-week randomized placebo-controlled trial limitations: Different dose and duration from the 2009 loading study; short follow-up cannot establish every long-term or genetically susceptible outcome. exposure: Creatine monohydrate 5 g/day versus maltodextrin placebo evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/creatine-research/40265319.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "dede40817f51a6dbe3d53dc09cefa031cee507182056cb23c068678563dfb2bf", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2039, "text_sha256": "dede40817f51a6dbe3d53dc09cefa031cee507182056cb23c068678563dfb2bf"} [creatine-p40265319] Does creatine cause hair loss? A 12-week randomized controlled trial. (2025). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40265319/ DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2025.2495229
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  5. The trial was stopped for futility; creatine did not improve the primary clinical progression comparison (P=0.45).

    Creatine monohydrate → Parkinson disease clinical progression source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/creatine-research/25668262.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f671e1277dae81047694ee994f7375030d1b744b83a5a7ffcf410b13b69cd419", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2637, "text_sha256": "f671e1277dae81047694ee994f7375030d1b744b83a5a7ffcf410b13b69cd419"}
    experimental_model
    Multicenter double-blind randomized NET-PD LS-1 trial
    exposure
    Creatine monohydrate 10 g/day; median follow-up four years; planned five-year outcome
    limitations
    Stopped early for futility; distinguishes intended follow-up from actual median duration.
    nutrient_topic
    Creatine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Creatine
    organism
    1741 people with early treated Parkinson disease
    plain_language
    Long-term testing did not confirm the hoped-for clinical benefit for Parkinson disease.
    primary_references
    [creatine-p25668262] Effect of creatine monohydrate on clinical progression in patients with Parkinson disease: a randomized clinical trial. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25668262/ DOI: 10.1001/jama.2015.120
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Composite clinical progression

    Creatine: synthesis, transport, phosphocreatine energetics and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1140–1151

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Multicenter double-blind randomized NET-PD LS-1 trial · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### creatine-parkinson-negative The trial was stopped for futility; creatine did not improve the primary clinical progression comparison (P=0.45). Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Creatine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Long-term testing did not confirm the hoped-for clinical benefit for Parkinson disease. organism: 1741 people with early treated Parkinson disease tissue_or_cell_type: Composite clinical progression experimental_model: Multicenter double-blind randomized NET-PD LS-1 trial limitations: Stopped early for futility; distinguishes intended follow-up from actual median duration. exposure: Creatine monohydrate 10 g/day; median follow-up four years; planned five-year outcome evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/creatine-research/25668262.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "f671e1277dae81047694ee994f7375030d1b744b83a5a7ffcf410b13b69cd419", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 2637, "text_sha256": "f671e1277dae81047694ee994f7375030d1b744b83a5a7ffcf410b13b69cd419"} [creatine-p25668262] Effect of creatine monohydrate on clinical progression in patients with Parkinson disease: a randomized clinical trial. (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25668262/ DOI: 10.1001/jama.2015.120
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  6. The study reported improved cognitive performance and processing speed after the single high dose during sleep deprivation.

    Creatine monohydrate → Cognitive performance in creatine intervention studies source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/creatine-research/38418482.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b6dad9388eb7cb8986f1873e6ba9f8dd36924c7a9aa7c661059cde1012f1e3a8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1364, "text_sha256": "b6dad9388eb7cb8986f1873e6ba9f8dd36924c7a9aa7c661059cde1012f1e3a8"}
    experimental_model
    Placebo comparison with repeated phosphorus/proton MRS and cognition
    exposure
    Single creatine monohydrate dose 0.35 g/kg during approximately 21 hours of sleep deprivation
    limitations
    Acute high-dose, sleep-deprivation setting; not an everyday dose recommendation or proof of benefit in well-rested people.
    nutrient_topic
    Creatine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Creatine
    organism
    Human participants during sleep deprivation
    plain_language
    The positive result applies to this demanding sleep-loss setting.
    primary_references
    [creatine-p38418482] Single dose creatine improves cognitive performance and induces changes in cerebral high energy phosphates during sleep deprivation. (2024). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38418482/ DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54249-9
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Brain spectroscopy and cognitive performance

    Creatine: synthesis, transport, phosphocreatine energetics and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1062–1073

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Placebo comparison with repeated phosphorus/proton MRS and cognition · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### creatine-sleep-deprivation-cognition The study reported improved cognitive performance and processing speed after the single high dose during sleep deprivation. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Creatine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The positive result applies to this demanding sleep-loss setting. organism: Human participants during sleep deprivation tissue_or_cell_type: Brain spectroscopy and cognitive performance experimental_model: Placebo comparison with repeated phosphorus/proton MRS and cognition limitations: Acute high-dose, sleep-deprivation setting; not an everyday dose recommendation or proof of benefit in well-rested people. exposure: Single creatine monohydrate dose 0.35 g/kg during approximately 21 hours of sleep deprivation evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/creatine-research/38418482.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b6dad9388eb7cb8986f1873e6ba9f8dd36924c7a9aa7c661059cde1012f1e3a8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1364, "text_sha256": "b6dad9388eb7cb8986f1873e6ba9f8dd36924c7a9aa7c661059cde1012f1e3a8"} [creatine-p38418482] Single dose creatine improves cognitive performance and induces changes in cerebral high energy phosphates during sleep deprivation. (2024). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38418482/ DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54249-9
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  7. Creatine altered PCr/Pi, ATP and total-creatine/total-NAA measures and prevented the observed fall in brain pH during sleep deprivation.

    Creatine monohydrate → Brain phosphate and pH measurements during sleep deprivation source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/creatine-research/38418482.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b6dad9388eb7cb8986f1873e6ba9f8dd36924c7a9aa7c661059cde1012f1e3a8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1364, "text_sha256": "b6dad9388eb7cb8986f1873e6ba9f8dd36924c7a9aa7c661059cde1012f1e3a8"}
    experimental_model
    Placebo comparison with repeated phosphorus/proton MRS and cognition
    exposure
    Single creatine monohydrate dose 0.35 g/kg during approximately 21 hours of sleep deprivation
    limitations
    Acute high-dose, sleep-deprivation setting; not an everyday dose recommendation or proof of benefit in well-rested people.
    nutrient_topic
    Creatine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Creatine
    organism
    Human participants during sleep deprivation
    plain_language
    The experiment detected changes in brain energy-related measurements under acute sleep stress.
    primary_references
    [creatine-p38418482] Single dose creatine improves cognitive performance and induces changes in cerebral high energy phosphates during sleep deprivation. (2024). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38418482/ DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54249-9
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Brain spectroscopy and cognitive performance

    Creatine: synthesis, transport, phosphocreatine energetics and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1049–1060

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Placebo comparison with repeated phosphorus/proton MRS and cognition · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### creatine-sleep-deprivation-phosphates Creatine altered PCr/Pi, ATP and total-creatine/total-NAA measures and prevented the observed fall in brain pH during sleep deprivation. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Creatine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: The experiment detected changes in brain energy-related measurements under acute sleep stress. organism: Human participants during sleep deprivation tissue_or_cell_type: Brain spectroscopy and cognitive performance experimental_model: Placebo comparison with repeated phosphorus/proton MRS and cognition limitations: Acute high-dose, sleep-deprivation setting; not an everyday dose recommendation or proof of benefit in well-rested people. exposure: Single creatine monohydrate dose 0.35 g/kg during approximately 21 hours of sleep deprivation evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/creatine-research/38418482.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "b6dad9388eb7cb8986f1873e6ba9f8dd36924c7a9aa7c661059cde1012f1e3a8", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1364, "text_sha256": "b6dad9388eb7cb8986f1873e6ba9f8dd36924c7a9aa7c661059cde1012f1e3a8"} [creatine-p38418482] Single dose creatine improves cognitive performance and induces changes in cerebral high energy phosphates during sleep deprivation. (2024). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38418482/ DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54249-9
    Complete structured claim and evidence

Where it participates (unsigned role)

  1. Serum creatinine was higher with creatine ethyl ester than with monohydrate or placebo at the measured post-baseline visits.

    Creatine ethyl ester → Serum creatinine concentration source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/creatine-research/19228401.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "381c3f18fe14f7eba6ee3abe9ca81ab4f02c293c3dd4593ea27dcbb6f879a114", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1727, "text_sha256": "381c3f18fe14f7eba6ee3abe9ca81ab4f02c293c3dd4593ea27dcbb6f879a114"}
    experimental_model
    Seven-week randomized double-blind comparison plus resistance training
    exposure
    Creatine ethyl ester, creatine monohydrate or placebo with loading and maintenance
    limitations
    The abstract conclusion overstates some comparisons: reported muscle total creatine did not differ significantly between formulations. This curation preserves the actual reported outcomes.
    nutrient_topic
    Creatine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Creatine
    organism
    30 previously non-resistance-trained men
    plain_language
    A formulation can change the creatinine marker; this trial alone does not establish the mechanism or diagnose kidney injury.
    primary_references
    [creatine-p19228401] The effects of creatine ethyl ester supplementation combined with heavy resistance training on body composition, muscle performance, and serum and muscle creatine levels. (2009). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19228401/ DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-6-6
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Serum and muscle metabolites, body composition and performance
    trigger_kind
    biomarker_context Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Creatine: synthesis, transport, phosphocreatine energetics and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1101–1112

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Seven-week randomized double-blind comparison plus resistance training · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### creatine-ethyl-ester-creatinine Serum creatinine was higher with creatine ethyl ester than with monohydrate or placebo at the measured post-baseline visits. Condition category: biomarker_context nutrient_topic: Creatine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A formulation can change the creatinine marker; this trial alone does not establish the mechanism or diagnose kidney injury. organism: 30 previously non-resistance-trained men tissue_or_cell_type: Serum and muscle metabolites, body composition and performance experimental_model: Seven-week randomized double-blind comparison plus resistance training limitations: The abstract conclusion overstates some comparisons: reported muscle total creatine did not differ significantly between formulations. This curation preserves the actual reported outcomes. exposure: Creatine ethyl ester, creatine monohydrate or placebo with loading and maintenance evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/creatine-research/19228401.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "381c3f18fe14f7eba6ee3abe9ca81ab4f02c293c3dd4593ea27dcbb6f879a114", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1727, "text_sha256": "381c3f18fe14f7eba6ee3abe9ca81ab4f02c293c3dd4593ea27dcbb6f879a114"} [creatine-p19228401] The effects of creatine ethyl ester supplementation combined with heavy resistance training on body composition, muscle performance, and serum and muscle creatine levels. (2009). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19228401/ DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-6-6
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. Both creatine formulations increased muscle total creatine versus placebo, with no significant difference between formulations; performance and body-composition changes did not significantly differ between groups.

    Creatine ethyl ester → Skeletal-muscle total creatine content source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/creatine-research/19228401.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "381c3f18fe14f7eba6ee3abe9ca81ab4f02c293c3dd4593ea27dcbb6f879a114", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1727, "text_sha256": "381c3f18fe14f7eba6ee3abe9ca81ab4f02c293c3dd4593ea27dcbb6f879a114"}
    experimental_model
    Seven-week randomized double-blind comparison plus resistance training
    exposure
    Creatine ethyl ester, creatine monohydrate or placebo with loading and maintenance
    limitations
    The abstract conclusion overstates some comparisons: reported muscle total creatine did not differ significantly between formulations. This curation preserves the actual reported outcomes.
    nutrient_topic
    Creatine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Creatine
    organism
    30 previously non-resistance-trained men
    plain_language
    Ethyl ester did not show the claimed advantage in the measured outcomes.
    primary_references
    [creatine-p19228401] The effects of creatine ethyl ester supplementation combined with heavy resistance training on body composition, muscle performance, and serum and muscle creatine levels. (2009). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19228401/ DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-6-6
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Serum and muscle metabolites, body composition and performance

    Creatine: synthesis, transport, phosphocreatine energetics and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1114–1125

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Seven-week randomized double-blind comparison plus resistance training · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### creatine-ethyl-ester-no-superiority Both creatine formulations increased muscle total creatine versus placebo, with no significant difference between formulations; performance and body-composition changes did not significantly differ between groups. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Creatine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Ethyl ester did not show the claimed advantage in the measured outcomes. organism: 30 previously non-resistance-trained men tissue_or_cell_type: Serum and muscle metabolites, body composition and performance experimental_model: Seven-week randomized double-blind comparison plus resistance training limitations: The abstract conclusion overstates some comparisons: reported muscle total creatine did not differ significantly between formulations. This curation preserves the actual reported outcomes. exposure: Creatine ethyl ester, creatine monohydrate or placebo with loading and maintenance evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/creatine-research/19228401.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "381c3f18fe14f7eba6ee3abe9ca81ab4f02c293c3dd4593ea27dcbb6f879a114", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1727, "text_sha256": "381c3f18fe14f7eba6ee3abe9ca81ab4f02c293c3dd4593ea27dcbb6f879a114"} [creatine-p19228401] The effects of creatine ethyl ester supplementation combined with heavy resistance training on body composition, muscle performance, and serum and muscle creatine levels. (2009). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19228401/ DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-6-6
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

    This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

    Evidence, AI assistance and curation standards