Component

Skeletal-muscle total creatine content

Skeletal-muscle total creatine content. Species, exposure and limitations are retained in each linked claim.

6 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What acts on it

  1. The increase in muscle total creatine was 60% greater with carbohydrate plus creatine than with creatine alone; urinary creatine loss was lower.

    Creatine → Skeletal-muscle total creatine content source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/creatine-research/8944667.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "bb8718a42f8bcb978e6cb3ec9bed92cb32b819ec2874ed111b82ff7b1bddd270", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1014, "text_sha256": "bb8718a42f8bcb978e6cb3ec9bed92cb32b819ec2874ed111b82ff7b1bddd270"}
    experimental_model
    Controlled supplementation and muscle biopsy
    exposure
    5 g creatine alone or followed by 93 g simple carbohydrate, four times daily for five days
    limitations
    Large carbohydrate exposure; increased insulin was measured, but mediation was an interpretation. Not a suggested intake regimen.
    nutrient_topic
    Creatine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Creatine
    organism
    24 male participants
    plain_language
    Carbohydrate changed creatine retention under this loading protocol.
    primary_references
    [creatine-p8944667] Carbohydrate ingestion augments skeletal muscle creatine accumulation during creatine supplementation in humans. (1996). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8944667/ DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1996.271.5.e821
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Skeletal muscle, urine and serum

    Creatine: synthesis, transport, phosphocreatine energetics and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 425–436

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Controlled supplementation and muscle biopsy · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### creatine-carbohydrate-retention The increase in muscle total creatine was 60% greater with carbohydrate plus creatine than with creatine alone; urinary creatine loss was lower. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Creatine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Carbohydrate changed creatine retention under this loading protocol. organism: 24 male participants tissue_or_cell_type: Skeletal muscle, urine and serum experimental_model: Controlled supplementation and muscle biopsy limitations: Large carbohydrate exposure; increased insulin was measured, but mediation was an interpretation. Not a suggested intake regimen. exposure: 5 g creatine alone or followed by 93 g simple carbohydrate, four times daily for five days evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/creatine-research/8944667.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "bb8718a42f8bcb978e6cb3ec9bed92cb32b819ec2874ed111b82ff7b1bddd270", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1014, "text_sha256": "bb8718a42f8bcb978e6cb3ec9bed92cb32b819ec2874ed111b82ff7b1bddd270"} [creatine-p8944667] Carbohydrate ingestion augments skeletal muscle creatine accumulation during creatine supplementation in humans. (1996). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8944667/ DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1996.271.5.e821
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. Both creatine formulations increased muscle total creatine versus placebo, with no significant difference between formulations; performance and body-composition changes did not significantly differ between groups.

    Creatine ethyl ester → Skeletal-muscle total creatine content source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/creatine-research/19228401.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "381c3f18fe14f7eba6ee3abe9ca81ab4f02c293c3dd4593ea27dcbb6f879a114", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1727, "text_sha256": "381c3f18fe14f7eba6ee3abe9ca81ab4f02c293c3dd4593ea27dcbb6f879a114"}
    experimental_model
    Seven-week randomized double-blind comparison plus resistance training
    exposure
    Creatine ethyl ester, creatine monohydrate or placebo with loading and maintenance
    limitations
    The abstract conclusion overstates some comparisons: reported muscle total creatine did not differ significantly between formulations. This curation preserves the actual reported outcomes.
    nutrient_topic
    Creatine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Creatine
    organism
    30 previously non-resistance-trained men
    plain_language
    Ethyl ester did not show the claimed advantage in the measured outcomes.
    primary_references
    [creatine-p19228401] The effects of creatine ethyl ester supplementation combined with heavy resistance training on body composition, muscle performance, and serum and muscle creatine levels. (2009). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19228401/ DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-6-6
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Serum and muscle metabolites, body composition and performance

    Creatine: synthesis, transport, phosphocreatine energetics and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 1114–1125

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Seven-week randomized double-blind comparison plus resistance training · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### creatine-ethyl-ester-no-superiority Both creatine formulations increased muscle total creatine versus placebo, with no significant difference between formulations; performance and body-composition changes did not significantly differ between groups. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Creatine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Ethyl ester did not show the claimed advantage in the measured outcomes. organism: 30 previously non-resistance-trained men tissue_or_cell_type: Serum and muscle metabolites, body composition and performance experimental_model: Seven-week randomized double-blind comparison plus resistance training limitations: The abstract conclusion overstates some comparisons: reported muscle total creatine did not differ significantly between formulations. This curation preserves the actual reported outcomes. exposure: Creatine ethyl ester, creatine monohydrate or placebo with loading and maintenance evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/creatine-research/19228401.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "381c3f18fe14f7eba6ee3abe9ca81ab4f02c293c3dd4593ea27dcbb6f879a114", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1727, "text_sha256": "381c3f18fe14f7eba6ee3abe9ca81ab4f02c293c3dd4593ea27dcbb6f879a114"} [creatine-p19228401] The effects of creatine ethyl ester supplementation combined with heavy resistance training on body composition, muscle performance, and serum and muscle creatine levels. (2009). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19228401/ DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-6-6
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. Limb blood-flow differences did not explain the insulin-associated increase in muscle creatine accumulation.

    Insulin → Skeletal-muscle total creatine content source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/creatine-research/9843739.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "405040e7e3d900e06a7f83a43c660ae040e7c95c53c96cd9159a766dee9fdda0", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1214, "text_sha256": "405040e7e3d900e06a7f83a43c660ae040e7c95c53c96cd9159a766dee9fdda0"}
    experimental_model
    Insulin-clamp dose experiment with creatine administration
    exposure
    12.4 g creatine with four insulin infusion conditions
    limitations
    High physiological or supraphysiological insulin exposure; transport stimulation was inferred, not a direct SLC6A8 molecular assay.
    nutrient_topic
    Creatine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Creatine
    organism
    Seven men
    plain_language
    Greater delivery through the bloodstream alone did not account for the measured uptake effect.
    primary_references
    [creatine-p9843739] Stimulatory effect of insulin on creatine accumulation in human skeletal muscle. (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9843739/ DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1998.275.6.e974
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Skeletal muscle and limb circulation

    Creatine: synthesis, transport, phosphocreatine energetics and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 451–462

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Insulin-clamp dose experiment with creatine administration · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### creatine-insulin-flow-boundary Limb blood-flow differences did not explain the insulin-associated increase in muscle creatine accumulation. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Creatine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Greater delivery through the bloodstream alone did not account for the measured uptake effect. organism: Seven men tissue_or_cell_type: Skeletal muscle and limb circulation experimental_model: Insulin-clamp dose experiment with creatine administration limitations: High physiological or supraphysiological insulin exposure; transport stimulation was inferred, not a direct SLC6A8 molecular assay. exposure: 12.4 g creatine with four insulin infusion conditions evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/creatine-research/9843739.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "405040e7e3d900e06a7f83a43c660ae040e7c95c53c96cd9159a766dee9fdda0", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1214, "text_sha256": "405040e7e3d900e06a7f83a43c660ae040e7c95c53c96cd9159a766dee9fdda0"} [creatine-p9843739] Stimulatory effect of insulin on creatine accumulation in human skeletal muscle. (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9843739/ DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1998.275.6.e974
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  4. The two higher insulin infusion conditions increased muscle creatine accumulation, by approximately 4.5 and 8.3 mmol/kg dry muscle, during creatine administration.

    Insulin → Skeletal-muscle total creatine content source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/creatine-research/9843739.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "405040e7e3d900e06a7f83a43c660ae040e7c95c53c96cd9159a766dee9fdda0", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1214, "text_sha256": "405040e7e3d900e06a7f83a43c660ae040e7c95c53c96cd9159a766dee9fdda0"}
    experimental_model
    Insulin-clamp dose experiment with creatine administration
    exposure
    12.4 g creatine with four insulin infusion conditions
    limitations
    High physiological or supraphysiological insulin exposure; transport stimulation was inferred, not a direct SLC6A8 molecular assay.
    nutrient_topic
    Creatine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Creatine
    organism
    Seven men
    plain_language
    Higher insulin increased muscle uptake in a controlled infusion experiment.
    primary_references
    [creatine-p9843739] Stimulatory effect of insulin on creatine accumulation in human skeletal muscle. (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9843739/ DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1998.275.6.e974
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Skeletal muscle and limb circulation

    Creatine: synthesis, transport, phosphocreatine energetics and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 438–449

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Insulin-clamp dose experiment with creatine administration · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### creatine-insulin-uptake The two higher insulin infusion conditions increased muscle creatine accumulation, by approximately 4.5 and 8.3 mmol/kg dry muscle, during creatine administration. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Creatine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Higher insulin increased muscle uptake in a controlled infusion experiment. organism: Seven men tissue_or_cell_type: Skeletal muscle and limb circulation experimental_model: Insulin-clamp dose experiment with creatine administration limitations: High physiological or supraphysiological insulin exposure; transport stimulation was inferred, not a direct SLC6A8 molecular assay. exposure: 12.4 g creatine with four insulin infusion conditions evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/creatine-research/9843739.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "405040e7e3d900e06a7f83a43c660ae040e7c95c53c96cd9159a766dee9fdda0", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1214, "text_sha256": "405040e7e3d900e06a7f83a43c660ae040e7c95c53c96cd9159a766dee9fdda0"} [creatine-p9843739] Stimulatory effect of insulin on creatine accumulation in human skeletal muscle. (1998). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9843739/ DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1998.275.6.e974
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  5. Oral creatine loading increased muscle total creatine, with larger increases in participants with lower starting concentrations.

    Creatine → Skeletal-muscle total creatine content source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/creatine-research/1327657.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3ae0516c0f0465293ac00446b6a863fa2d791a750258a11b532c1247fdb47bd6", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1573, "text_sha256": "3ae0516c0f0465293ac00446b6a863fa2d791a750258a11b532c1247fdb47bd6"}
    experimental_model
    Oral loading with muscle biopsies
    exposure
    5 g creatine four to six times daily for two or more days
    limitations
    Loading study, not evidence that everyone is deficient; the indexed abstract is truncated and no unreported exercise effect is extracted.
    nutrient_topic
    Creatine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Creatine
    organism
    17 human participants
    plain_language
    People with lower initial muscle stores tended to retain more in this experiment.
    primary_references
    [creatine-p1327657] Elevation of creatine in resting and exercised muscle of normal subjects by creatine supplementation. (1992). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1327657/ DOI: 10.1042/cs0830367
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Skeletal muscle and blood

    Creatine: synthesis, transport, phosphocreatine energetics and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 932–943

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Oral loading with muscle biopsies · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### creatine-muscle-loading Oral creatine loading increased muscle total creatine, with larger increases in participants with lower starting concentrations. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Creatine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: People with lower initial muscle stores tended to retain more in this experiment. organism: 17 human participants tissue_or_cell_type: Skeletal muscle and blood experimental_model: Oral loading with muscle biopsies limitations: Loading study, not evidence that everyone is deficient; the indexed abstract is truncated and no unreported exercise effect is extracted. exposure: 5 g creatine four to six times daily for two or more days evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/creatine-research/1327657.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3ae0516c0f0465293ac00446b6a863fa2d791a750258a11b532c1247fdb47bd6", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1573, "text_sha256": "3ae0516c0f0465293ac00446b6a863fa2d791a750258a11b532c1247fdb47bd6"} [creatine-p1327657] Elevation of creatine in resting and exercised muscle of normal subjects by creatine supplementation. (1992). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1327657/ DOI: 10.1042/cs0830367
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  6. Plasma and muscle creatine declined after adoption of the vegetarian diet; the creatine-plus-beta-alanine group attenuated the decline.

    Creatine → Skeletal-muscle total creatine content source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    availability_state
    nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.
    evidence_span
    {"source_cache": "artifacts/creatine-research/29569535.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3f1a5c6540a84e1f679a0b16d2faefd7caa27fac1276ff53744ee25e50e498aa", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1813, "text_sha256": "3f1a5c6540a84e1f679a0b16d2faefd7caa27fac1276ff53744ee25e50e498aa"}
    experimental_model
    Six-month dietary intervention with supplement/placebo groups
    exposure
    Continued omnivorous diet or vegetarian diet with placebo or creatine 1 g/day plus beta-alanine
    limitations
    The schema category nutrient_deficiency describes reduced dietary provision here, not a demonstrated clinical deficiency syndrome. Combined supplementation limits causal attribution.
    nutrient_topic
    Creatine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Creatine
    organism
    40 initially omnivorous women
    plain_language
    Endogenous production did not fully maintain the previous measured stores in this study.
    primary_references
    [creatine-p29569535] Changing to a vegetarian diet reduces the body creatine pool in omnivorous women, but appears not to affect carnitine and carnosine homeostasis: a randomised trial. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29569535/ DOI: 10.1017/s000711451800017x
    tissue_or_cell_type
    Plasma and skeletal muscle
    trigger_kind
    nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

    Creatine: synthesis, transport, phosphocreatine energetics and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 958–969

    AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Six-month dietary intervention with supplement/placebo groups · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    ### creatine-vegetarian-stores Plasma and muscle creatine declined after adoption of the vegetarian diet; the creatine-plus-beta-alanine group attenuated the decline. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Creatine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Endogenous production did not fully maintain the previous measured stores in this study. organism: 40 initially omnivorous women tissue_or_cell_type: Plasma and skeletal muscle experimental_model: Six-month dietary intervention with supplement/placebo groups limitations: The schema category nutrient_deficiency describes reduced dietary provision here, not a demonstrated clinical deficiency syndrome. Combined supplementation limits causal attribution. exposure: Continued omnivorous diet or vegetarian diet with placebo or creatine 1 g/day plus beta-alanine evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/creatine-research/29569535.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "3f1a5c6540a84e1f679a0b16d2faefd7caa27fac1276ff53744ee25e50e498aa", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1813, "text_sha256": "3f1a5c6540a84e1f679a0b16d2faefd7caa27fac1276ff53744ee25e50e498aa"} [creatine-p29569535] Changing to a vegetarian diet reduces the body creatine pool in omnivorous women, but appears not to affect carnitine and carnosine homeostasis: a randomised trial. (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29569535/ DOI: 10.1017/s000711451800017x
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

    This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

    Evidence, AI assistance and curation standards