Thiocyanate ion

evidence_span

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experimental_model

Purified-enzyme substrate kinetics

exposure

100 mM chloride with varying thiocyanate

limitations

Product chemistry under assay conditions; not a recommendation to raise chloride or thiocyanate intake.

nutrient_topic

Chloride research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Chloride

organism

Human neutrophil enzyme

plain_language

An abundant chloride pool does not mean it is the enzyme’s only substrate.

primary_references

[chloride-p9359420] Thiocyanate and chloride as competing substrates for myeloperoxidase. (1997). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9359420/ DOI: 10.1042/bj3270487

tissue_or_cell_type

Myeloperoxidase reaction mixture

Chloride: transport, acid-base balance, nutrient interactions and loss states (2026-09-17) · lines 627–638

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified-enzyme substrate kinetics · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### chloride-mpo-thiocyanate Myeloperoxidase favored thiocyanate kinetically and generated hypothiocyanite despite 100 mM chloride. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Chloride research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: An abundant chloride pool does not mean it is the enzyme’s only substrate. organism: Human neutrophil enzyme tissue_or_cell_type: Myeloperoxidase reaction mixture experimental_model: Purified-enzyme substrate kinetics limitations: Product chemistry under assay conditions; not a recommendation to raise chloride or thiocyanate intake. exposure: 100 mM chloride with varying thiocyanate evidence_span: {"source_cache": "artifacts/chloride-research/9359420.abstract.txt", "locator": "Exact primary indexed abstract; zero-based, end-exclusive Unicode character offsets", "file_sha256": "83dc6a264dfb45201104568ac58c76509aaa0fabca1f32efd25861146b4b38c0", "start_char": 0, "end_char": 1700, "text_sha256": "83dc6a264dfb45201104568ac58c76509aaa0fabca1f32efd25861146b4b38c0"} [chloride-p9359420] Thiocyanate and chloride as competing substrates for myeloperoxidase. (1997). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9359420/ DOI: 10.1042/bj3270487

experimental_model

Purified LPO transient kinetics; pH 7, 15 °C; preparation species unresolved in abstract.

exposure_category

Study-specific exposure, including pharmacological and in-vitro conditions; normal is the schema fallback outside the three availability categories.

limitations

Purified enzyme kinetics; concentrations, substrate competition and reaction order determine relevance in tissues.

nutrient_topic

Potassium iodide research collection; shared-anion and comparator studies are not all KI interventions. · Potassium iodide

plain_language

Thiocyanate is another rapidly reacting substrate.

primary_references

Reaction of lactoperoxidase compound I with halides and thiocyanate. · 2002 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12269834/ · DOI 10.1021/bi026326x

Potassium iodide: thyroid and non-thyroid mechanisms, interactions and discovery questions (2026-09-18) · lines 200–206

AI-assisted research curation; primary-study references, chemical references and label statements individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified LPO transient kinetics; pH 7, 15 °C; preparation species unresolved in abstract. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## ki-lpo-scn Thiocyanate is another rapidly reacting substrate. Thiocyanate reacted with LPO compound I at 2.0 × 10^8 M−1 s−1. Model: Purified LPO transient kinetics; pH 7, 15 °C; preparation species unresolved in abstract. Limitations: Purified enzyme kinetics; concentrations, substrate competition and reaction order determine relevance in tissues. Evidence location: Primary abstract Reaction of lactoperoxidase compound I with halides and thiocyanate. · 2002 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12269834/ · DOI 10.1021/bi026326x

cross_nutrient

false

experimental_model

CHO cells stably expressing human NIS; individual and mixed anion exposures with 125I uptake

exposure

Concentration-response experiments with individual anions and 125I uptake; exact concentration series not reported in abstract.

limitations

In vitro potency is not a human dietary exposure threshold, whole-body iodine displacement claim or supplementation instruction.

nutrient_topic

Iodine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Iodine

organism

Human NIS in hamster CHO cells

plain_language

A competing anion reduced iodide entry through human NIS in a cell assay.

primary_references

[iodine-trans-inhibitors2004] Relative potencies and additivity of perchlorate, thiocyanate, nitrate, and iodide on the inhibition of radioactive iodide uptake by the human sodium iodide symporter. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15650353/ DOI: 10.1089/thy.2004.14.1012

tissue_or_cell_type

Cell plasma membrane

Iodine: thyroid hormone production, deficiency, excess and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 414–425

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · CHO cells stably expressing human NIS; individual and mixed anion exposures with 125I uptake · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### iodine-trans-thiocyanate-inhibits Thiocyanate inhibited radioactive iodide uptake in CHO cells stably expressing human NIS. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Iodine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: A competing anion reduced iodide entry through human NIS in a cell assay. organism: Human NIS in hamster CHO cells tissue_or_cell_type: Cell plasma membrane experimental_model: CHO cells stably expressing human NIS; individual and mixed anion exposures with 125I uptake limitations: In vitro potency is not a human dietary exposure threshold, whole-body iodine displacement claim or supplementation instruction. exposure: Concentration-response experiments with individual anions and 125I uptake; exact concentration series not reported in abstract. cross_nutrient: false [iodine-trans-inhibitors2004] Relative potencies and additivity of perchlorate, thiocyanate, nitrate, and iodide on the inhibition of radioactive iodide uptake by the human sodium iodide symporter. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15650353/ DOI: 10.1089/thy.2004.14.1012

availability_state

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

cross_nutrient

The K-depletion effect on Mg entry is partly recoverable by membrane polarization.

evidence_location

Primary abstract; SCN- rescue experiment.

experimental_model

SCN- voltage manipulation after cell K depletion

limitations

Supports partial voltage mediation; does not establish an in vivo repletion strategy.

nutrient_topic

Potassium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Potassium

organism

Mus musculus cell line

plain_language

Restoring the electrical driving force helped magnesium enter despite prior potassium depletion.

primary_references

[dai-1997-k-mg] Cellular mechanisms of chlorothiazide and cellular potassium depletion on Mg2+ uptake in mouse distal convoluted tubule cells (1997). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9083264/ DOI: 10.1038/ki.1997.141

tissue_or_cell_type

Distal convoluted tubule cell model

trigger_kind

nutrient_deficiency Imported condition classification; unverified.

Potassium: cross-nutrient mechanisms and deficiency (2026-09-17) · lines 497–508

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · SCN- voltage manipulation after cell K depletion · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### renal-hyperpolarization-rescues-mg-after-k-depletion Thiocyanate-induced hyperpolarization restored Mg2+ uptake in potassium-depleted MDCT cells. Condition category: nutrient_deficiency nutrient_topic: Potassium research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: Restoring the electrical driving force helped magnesium enter despite prior potassium depletion. organism: Mus musculus cell line tissue_or_cell_type: Distal convoluted tubule cell model experimental_model: SCN- voltage manipulation after cell K depletion limitations: Supports partial voltage mediation; does not establish an in vivo repletion strategy. cross_nutrient: The K-depletion effect on Mg entry is partly recoverable by membrane polarization. evidence_location: Primary abstract; SCN- rescue experiment. [dai-1997-k-mg] Cellular mechanisms of chlorothiazide and cellular potassium depletion on Mg2+ uptake in mouse distal convoluted tubule cells (1997). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9083264/ DOI: 10.1038/ki.1997.141

experimental_model

Primary airway epithelial cultures and human oral-KI exposure; separate experimental arms.

exposure_category

Study-specific exposure, including pharmacological and in-vitro conditions; normal is the schema fallback outside the three availability categories.

limitations

Culture antiviral activity and human secretion measurements do not establish prevention or treatment of human infection.

nutrient_topic

Potassium iodide research collection; shared-anion and comparator studies are not all KI interventions. · Potassium iodide

plain_language

Changing the enzyme substrate changed antiviral activity.

primary_references

Enhancement of respiratory mucosal antiviral defenses by the oxidation of iodide. · 2011 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21441383/ · DOI 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0329oc

Potassium iodide: thyroid and non-thyroid mechanisms, interactions and discovery questions (2026-09-18) · lines 72–78

AI-assisted research curation; primary-study references, chemical references and label statements individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Primary airway epithelial cultures and human oral-KI exposure; separate experimental arms. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## ki-air-adeno Changing the enzyme substrate changed antiviral activity. Replacing thiocyanate with iodide in the LPO/H2O2 system reduced adenovirus transduction. Model: Primary airway epithelial cultures and human oral-KI exposure; separate experimental arms. Limitations: Culture antiviral activity and human secretion measurements do not establish prevention or treatment of human infection. Evidence location: Primary abstract Enhancement of respiratory mucosal antiviral defenses by the oxidation of iodide. · 2011 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21441383/ · DOI 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0329oc

experimental_model

Human airway epithelial cells at an air–liquid interface; transepithelial radiotracer transport.

exposure_category

Study-specific exposure, including pharmacological and in-vitro conditions; normal is the schema fallback outside the three availability categories.

limitations

The proposed apical CFTR route was inferred pharmacologically, not proven by this experiment. This is iodide biology, not a KI-specific counter-ion effect.

nutrient_topic

Potassium iodide research collection; shared-anion and comparator studies are not all KI interventions. · Potassium iodide

plain_language

Iodide can compete with another antimicrobial substrate during delivery.

primary_references

Transcellular thiocyanate transport by human airway epithelia. · 2004 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15345749/ · DOI 10.1113/jphysiol.2004.071548

Potassium iodide: thyroid and non-thyroid mechanisms, interactions and discovery questions (2026-09-18) · lines 144–150

AI-assisted research curation; primary-study references, chemical references and label statements individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human airway epithelial cells at an air–liquid interface; transepithelial radiotracer transport. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## ki-air-competition Iodide can compete with another antimicrobial substrate during delivery. Basolateral iodide reversibly inhibited thiocyanate transport, apparent Ki 9 ± 8 micromolar. Model: Human airway epithelial cells at an air–liquid interface; transepithelial radiotracer transport. Limitations: The proposed apical CFTR route was inferred pharmacologically, not proven by this experiment. This is iodide biology, not a KI-specific counter-ion effect. Evidence location: Primary abstract Transcellular thiocyanate transport by human airway epithelia. · 2004 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15345749/ · DOI 10.1113/jphysiol.2004.071548

experimental_model

Human airway epithelial cells at an air–liquid interface; transepithelial radiotracer transport.

exposure_category

Study-specific exposure, including pharmacological and in-vitro conditions; normal is the schema fallback outside the three availability categories.

limitations

The proposed apical CFTR route was inferred pharmacologically, not proven by this experiment. This is iodide biology, not a KI-specific counter-ion effect.

nutrient_topic

Potassium iodide research collection; shared-anion and comparator studies are not all KI interventions. · Potassium iodide

plain_language

Sodium-dependent delivery supplies the airway defence system.

primary_references

Transcellular thiocyanate transport by human airway epithelia. · 2004 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15345749/ · DOI 10.1113/jphysiol.2004.071548

Potassium iodide: thyroid and non-thyroid mechanisms, interactions and discovery questions (2026-09-18) · lines 152–158

AI-assisted research curation; primary-study references, chemical references and label statements individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human airway epithelial cells at an air–liquid interface; transepithelial radiotracer transport. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## ki-air-sodium Sodium-dependent delivery supplies the airway defence system. Thiocyanate transport required basolateral sodium and concentrated thiocyanate tenfold apically. Model: Human airway epithelial cells at an air–liquid interface; transepithelial radiotracer transport. Limitations: The proposed apical CFTR route was inferred pharmacologically, not proven by this experiment. This is iodide biology, not a KI-specific counter-ion effect. Evidence location: Primary abstract Transcellular thiocyanate transport by human airway epithelia. · 2004 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15345749/ · DOI 10.1113/jphysiol.2004.071548

experimental_model

Purified biochemical reaction; GSH measured by amperometric titration.

exposure_category

Study-specific exposure, including pharmacological and in-vitro conditions; normal is the schema fallback outside the three availability categories.

limitations

No demonstration that ordinary KI intake depletes human glutathione.

nutrient_topic

Potassium iodide research collection; shared-anion and comparator studies are not all KI interventions. · Potassium iodide

plain_language

This iodine chemistry can consume glutathione in a test system.

primary_references

Free radical generation and coupled thiol oxidation by lactoperoxidase/SCN-/H2O2. · 1992 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1324202/ · DOI 10.1016/0891-5849(92)90014-8

Potassium iodide: thyroid and non-thyroid mechanisms, interactions and discovery questions (2026-09-18) · lines 248–254

AI-assisted research curation; primary-study references, chemical references and label statements individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Purified biochemical reaction; GSH measured by amperometric titration. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## ki-gsh This iodine chemistry can consume glutathione in a test system. Iodide substituted for thiocyanate in LPO/H2O2-dependent glutathione oxidation; chloride and bromide were ineffective substitutes. Model: Purified biochemical reaction; GSH measured by amperometric titration. Limitations: No demonstration that ordinary KI intake depletes human glutathione. Evidence location: Primary abstract Free radical generation and coupled thiol oxidation by lactoperoxidase/SCN-/H2O2. · 1992 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1324202/ · DOI 10.1016/0891-5849(92)90014-8

experimental_model

Paired saliva measurements in 40 coronary-angiography patients exposed to iodinated contrast.

exposure_category

Study-specific exposure, including pharmacological and in-vitro conditions; normal is the schema fallback outside the three availability categories.

limitations

Contrast exposure is not oral KI; observational chemistry endpoints do not establish infection prevention or a safe effective supplement dose.

nutrient_topic

Potassium iodide research collection; shared-anion and comparator studies are not all KI interventions. · Potassium iodide

plain_language

Not every component of the defence system increased.

primary_references

Excess iodine exposure acutely increases salivary iodide and antimicrobial hypoiodous acid concentrations in humans. · 2022 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36463312/ · DOI 10.1038/s41598-022-23803-8

Potassium iodide: thyroid and non-thyroid mechanisms, interactions and discovery questions (2026-09-18) · lines 176–182

AI-assisted research curation; primary-study references, chemical references and label statements individually identified. Not publisher full text. · supports · Paired saliva measurements in 40 coronary-angiography patients exposed to iodinated contrast. · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

## ki-saliva-null Not every component of the defence system increased. Salivary thiocyanate and hypothiocyanite did not significantly change after contrast exposure. Model: Paired saliva measurements in 40 coronary-angiography patients exposed to iodinated contrast. Limitations: Contrast exposure is not oral KI; observational chemistry endpoints do not establish infection prevention or a safe effective supplement dose. Evidence location: Primary abstract Excess iodine exposure acutely increases salivary iodide and antimicrobial hypoiodous acid concentrations in humans. · 2022 · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36463312/ · DOI 10.1038/s41598-022-23803-8

cross_nutrient

false

experimental_model

CHO cells stably expressing human NIS; individual and mixed anion exposures with 125I uptake

exposure

Joint Hill-equation fit; perchlorate molar potency was 15 times thiocyanate and 240 times nitrate.

limitations

Relative potencies and lack of synergy are assay-specific; they do not predict individual human thyroid outcomes from environmental concentrations.

nutrient_topic

Iodine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. · Iodine

organism

Human NIS in hamster CHO cells

plain_language

These competitors combined approximately additively in the tested cell system.

primary_references

[iodine-trans-inhibitors2004] Relative potencies and additivity of perchlorate, thiocyanate, nitrate, and iodide on the inhibition of radioactive iodide uptake by the human sodium iodide symporter. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15650353/ DOI: 10.1089/thy.2004.14.1012

tissue_or_cell_type

Cell plasma membrane

Iodine: thyroid hormone production, deficiency, excess and nutrient interactions (2026-09-17) · lines 440–451

AI-assisted literature curation; primary study URLs and scope retained in the document and extraction. Not publisher full text. · supports · CHO cells stably expressing human NIS; individual and mixed anion exposures with 125I uptake · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

### iodine-trans-inhibitor-additivity Mixtures of perchlorate, thiocyanate and nitrate inhibited human NIS-mediated iodide uptake consistently with an additive common competitive model, without evidence of synergism. Condition category: normal nutrient_topic: Iodine research collection; topical membership is not evidence of a direct dietary effect. plain_language: These competitors combined approximately additively in the tested cell system. organism: Human NIS in hamster CHO cells tissue_or_cell_type: Cell plasma membrane experimental_model: CHO cells stably expressing human NIS; individual and mixed anion exposures with 125I uptake limitations: Relative potencies and lack of synergy are assay-specific; they do not predict individual human thyroid outcomes from environmental concentrations. exposure: Joint Hill-equation fit; perchlorate molar potency was 15 times thiocyanate and 240 times nitrate. cross_nutrient: false [iodine-trans-inhibitors2004] Relative potencies and additivity of perchlorate, thiocyanate, nitrate, and iodide on the inhibition of radioactive iodide uptake by the human sodium iodide symporter. (2004). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15650353/ DOI: 10.1089/thy.2004.14.1012