Component

Commercial nattokinase supplement, composition study-specific

The product class. Strain, purification, carrier, formulation and activity assay vary between products and a label reading nattokinase does not make two of them equivalent.

22 recorded relationships. Experimental role, claim status and evidence remain attached to each record.

Read recorded mechanisms Open recursive mind map

How nutrients influence it

Every nutrient with a recorded effect on this component, credited to the nutrient that acted rather than the chapter that recorded it. Open a nutrient to see the findings and the conditions they were measured under.

How nutrients reach it in more than one step

Chains of two or more recorded steps that end here, grouped by the nutrient they start from. Each step is a separate finding, so a chain is a route a mechanism could take, not proof that it does.

Tracing routes…

What it does

Every recorded relationship this component is part of, grouped by its role. Plain wording comes first; the technical statement follows.

Recorded relationships

What it acts on

  1. A patient taking aspirin for secondary stroke prevention had an acute cerebellar hemorrhage after seven consecutive days of nattokinase at 400 mg daily, with multiple cerebral microbleeds on MRI.

    Commercial nattokinase supplement, composition study-specific → Hemorrhage source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    duration
    7 days
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    experimental_model
    Human (single case report)
    exposure
    Nattokinase 400 mg daily with concurrent aspirin
    limitations
    One case with strong predispositions, so neither causality nor incidence can be inferred from it. It is recorded because formal pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction studies with warfarin, direct oral anticoagulants, aspirin or clopidogrel are absent from everything read here, and because the human aPTT and closure-time findings make an additive effect plausible.
    organism
    Human (single case report)
    plain_language
    A patient taking aspirin for secondary stroke prevention had an acute cerebellar hemorrhage after seven consecutive days of nattokinase at 400 mg daily, with multiple cerebral microbleeds on MRI.
    primary_references
    Cerebellar hemorrhage provoked by combined use of nattokinase and aspirin in a patient with cerebral microbleeds. (2008) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18310985/ DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.47.0620
    route
    In vivo, oral
    tissue
    Cerebellum, with cerebral microbleeds on MR imaging

    Nattokinase: what the purified enzyme cleaves, what survives being eaten, and the gap between the two (2026-09-23) · lines 1390–1390

    Original AI-assisted curation built from a supplied entity-first document of 105 entities and 129 claims. Every reference in that document was resolved against live PubMed with its abstract read and its DOI cross-checked on 2026-09-23, and the EFSA novel-food opinion was retrieved and read in full. That check corrected two PMIDs that pointed at unrelated papers, two DOIs, and two papers recorded as carrying no erratum that do carry one; it also reversed three findings the supplied document had stated backwards. Two papers carry a published correction, recorded as such and not as a retraction. Three sources are not indexed in PubMed and are cited by what they have. Laboratory lineages are recorded, so the four papers from one group, the three from another and the two readings of a single applicant dossier cannot be counted as separate lines of support. Study-specific doses, units, populations and limitations retained; activity units are never converted between systems. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human (single case report) · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    A patient taking aspirin for secondary stroke prevention had an acute cerebellar hemorrhage after seven consecutive days of nattokinase at 400 mg daily, with multiple cerebral microbleeds on MRI.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  2. In a retrospective cohort of 1,062 participants, 10,800 FU per day for 12 months was followed by reduced carotid intima-media thickness and carotid plaque size, with improvement rates of 66.5 to 95.4%.

    Commercial nattokinase supplement, composition study-specific → Carotid plaque area source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    duration
    12 months
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    experimental_model
    Human (1,062 outpatients)
    exposure
    Nattokinase, 10,800 FU per day
    limitations
    Uncontrolled and retrospective, with selection and regression-to-the-mean risk, self-reported lifestyle data and manufacturer-employed authors. Causal inference from it is low certainty. The effect sizes are far larger than the randomized trials at lower doses found, which is the pattern a dose threshold would produce and also the pattern uncontrolled design produces.
    organism
    Human (1,062 outpatients)
    plain_language
    In a retrospective cohort of 1,062 participants, 10,800 FU per day for 12 months was followed by reduced carotid intima-media thickness and carotid plaque size, with improvement rates of 66.5 to 95.4%.
    primary_references
    Effective management of atherosclerosis progress and hyperlipidemia with nattokinase: A clinical study with 1,062 participants. (2022) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36072877/ DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.964977 Correction on record: Erratum in: Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022 Dec 05;9:1076420. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1076420. PMID 36545015.
    route
    In vivo, oral
    tissue
    Carotid artery imaging and blood lipids

    Nattokinase: what the purified enzyme cleaves, what survives being eaten, and the gap between the two (2026-09-23) · lines 1148–1148

    Original AI-assisted curation built from a supplied entity-first document of 105 entities and 129 claims. Every reference in that document was resolved against live PubMed with its abstract read and its DOI cross-checked on 2026-09-23, and the EFSA novel-food opinion was retrieved and read in full. That check corrected two PMIDs that pointed at unrelated papers, two DOIs, and two papers recorded as carrying no erratum that do carry one; it also reversed three findings the supplied document had stated backwards. Two papers carry a published correction, recorded as such and not as a retraction. Three sources are not indexed in PubMed and are cited by what they have. Laboratory lineages are recorded, so the four papers from one group, the three from another and the two readings of a single applicant dossier cannot be counted as separate lines of support. Study-specific doses, units, populations and limitations retained; activity units are never converted between systems. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human (1,062 outpatients) · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    In a retrospective cohort of 1,062 participants, 10,800 FU per day for 12 months was followed by reduced carotid intima-media thickness and carotid plaque size, with improvement rates of 66.5 to 95.4%.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  3. At 6,000 FU per day for 26 weeks, carotid plaque area fell 36.6% against 11.5% in the simvastatin arm, with plaque area falling from 0.25 to 0.16 square centimetres and intima-media thickness from 1.13 to 1.01 mm.

    Commercial nattokinase supplement, composition study-specific → Carotid plaque area source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    duration
    26 weeks
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    experimental_model
    Human (82 enrolled, 76 completed: 39 nattokinase, 37 statin)
    exposure
    Nattokinase 6,000 FU per day against simvastatin 20 mg per day
    limitations
    Randomized in allocation but open-label with no placebo, single-centre, and reported in Chinese. An active comparator that also works makes a between-arm difference hard to read, and the imaging endpoints are surrogates.
    organism
    Human (82 enrolled, 76 completed: 39 nattokinase, 37 statin)
    plain_language
    At 6,000 FU per day for 26 weeks, carotid plaque area fell 36.6% against 11.5% in the simvastatin arm, with plaque area falling from 0.25 to 0.16 square centimetres and intima-media thickness from 1.13 to 1.01 mm.
    primary_references
    [A clinical study on the effect of nattokinase on carotid artery atherosclerosis and hyperlipidaemia]. (2017) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28763875/ DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0376-2491.2017.26.005
    route
    In vivo, oral
    tissue
    Common carotid artery ultrasound

    Nattokinase: what the purified enzyme cleaves, what survives being eaten, and the gap between the two (2026-09-23) · lines 1181–1181

    Original AI-assisted curation built from a supplied entity-first document of 105 entities and 129 claims. Every reference in that document was resolved against live PubMed with its abstract read and its DOI cross-checked on 2026-09-23, and the EFSA novel-food opinion was retrieved and read in full. That check corrected two PMIDs that pointed at unrelated papers, two DOIs, and two papers recorded as carrying no erratum that do carry one; it also reversed three findings the supplied document had stated backwards. Two papers carry a published correction, recorded as such and not as a retraction. Three sources are not indexed in PubMed and are cited by what they have. Laboratory lineages are recorded, so the four papers from one group, the three from another and the two readings of a single applicant dossier cannot be counted as separate lines of support. Study-specific doses, units, populations and limitations retained; activity units are never converted between systems. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human (82 enrolled, 76 completed: 39 nattokinase, 37 statin) · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    At 6,000 FU per day for 26 weeks, carotid plaque area fell 36.6% against 11.5% in the simvastatin arm, with plaque area falling from 0.25 to 0.16 square centimetres and intima-media thickness from 1.13 to 1.01 mm.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  4. Activated partial thromboplastin time also rose significantly more with nattokinase than with placebo over the same eight weeks.

    Commercial nattokinase supplement, composition study-specific → Activated partial thromboplastin time source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    duration
    8 weeks
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    experimental_model
    Human (100 nondiabetic hypercholesterolemic subjects)
    exposure
    Nattokinase, dose not stated in the abstract
    limitations
    Agrees in direction with the single-dose crossover finding at a different dose and duration. Same erratum note as above.
    organism
    Human (100 nondiabetic hypercholesterolemic subjects)
    plain_language
    Activated partial thromboplastin time also rose significantly more with nattokinase than with placebo over the same eight weeks.
    primary_references
    The effects of nattokinase supplementation on collagen-epinephrine closure time, prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time in nondiabetic and hypercholesterolemic subjects. (2019) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31070609/ DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02324g Correction on record: Erratum in: Food Funct. 2019 Jul 17;10(7):4454. doi: 10.1039/c9fo90033k. PMID 31287455.
    route
    In vivo, oral
    tissue
    Plasma

    Nattokinase: what the purified enzyme cleaves, what survives being eaten, and the gap between the two (2026-09-23) · lines 972–972

    Original AI-assisted curation built from a supplied entity-first document of 105 entities and 129 claims. Every reference in that document was resolved against live PubMed with its abstract read and its DOI cross-checked on 2026-09-23, and the EFSA novel-food opinion was retrieved and read in full. That check corrected two PMIDs that pointed at unrelated papers, two DOIs, and two papers recorded as carrying no erratum that do carry one; it also reversed three findings the supplied document had stated backwards. Two papers carry a published correction, recorded as such and not as a retraction. Three sources are not indexed in PubMed and are cited by what they have. Laboratory lineages are recorded, so the four papers from one group, the three from another and the two readings of a single applicant dossier cannot be counted as separate lines of support. Study-specific doses, units, populations and limitations retained; activity units are never converted between systems. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human (100 nondiabetic hypercholesterolemic subjects) · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    Activated partial thromboplastin time also rose significantly more with nattokinase than with placebo over the same eight weeks.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  5. Collagen-epinephrine closure time rose significantly more with nattokinase than with placebo over eight weeks in hypercholesterolemic subjects.

    Commercial nattokinase supplement, composition study-specific → Collagen-epinephrine closure time source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    duration
    8 weeks
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    experimental_model
    Human (100 nondiabetic hypercholesterolemic subjects, 50 per arm)
    exposure
    Nattokinase, dose not stated in the abstract
    limitations
    Randomized and placebo-controlled. Closure time is a platelet-function surrogate, not a clinical event endpoint. The dose is unavailable from the abstract, which blocks any comparison with the trials that do state FU per day. PubMed links an erratum to this article.
    organism
    Human (100 nondiabetic hypercholesterolemic subjects, 50 per arm)
    plain_language
    Collagen-epinephrine closure time rose significantly more with nattokinase than with placebo over eight weeks in hypercholesterolemic subjects.
    primary_references
    The effects of nattokinase supplementation on collagen-epinephrine closure time, prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time in nondiabetic and hypercholesterolemic subjects. (2019) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31070609/ DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02324g Correction on record: Erratum in: Food Funct. 2019 Jul 17;10(7):4454. doi: 10.1039/c9fo90033k. PMID 31287455.
    route
    In vivo, oral
    tissue
    Whole blood

    Nattokinase: what the purified enzyme cleaves, what survives being eaten, and the gap between the two (2026-09-23) · lines 961–961

    Original AI-assisted curation built from a supplied entity-first document of 105 entities and 129 claims. Every reference in that document was resolved against live PubMed with its abstract read and its DOI cross-checked on 2026-09-23, and the EFSA novel-food opinion was retrieved and read in full. That check corrected two PMIDs that pointed at unrelated papers, two DOIs, and two papers recorded as carrying no erratum that do carry one; it also reversed three findings the supplied document had stated backwards. Two papers carry a published correction, recorded as such and not as a retraction. Three sources are not indexed in PubMed and are cited by what they have. Laboratory lineages are recorded, so the four papers from one group, the three from another and the two readings of a single applicant dossier cannot be counted as separate lines of support. Study-specific doses, units, populations and limitations retained; activity units are never converted between systems. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human (100 nondiabetic hypercholesterolemic subjects, 50 per arm) · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    Collagen-epinephrine closure time rose significantly more with nattokinase than with placebo over eight weeks in hypercholesterolemic subjects.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  6. Prothrombin time rose significantly within the nattokinase group over eight weeks, but the between-group comparison against placebo was significant only for closure time and aPTT.

    Commercial nattokinase supplement, composition study-specific → Prothrombin time source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    duration
    8 weeks
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    experimental_model
    Human (100 nondiabetic hypercholesterolemic subjects)
    exposure
    Nattokinase, dose not stated in the abstract
    limitations
    Recorded with the within-group and between-group results kept apart, because they differ here. The single-dose crossover found no prothrombin-time change at all.
    organism
    Human (100 nondiabetic hypercholesterolemic subjects)
    plain_language
    Prothrombin time rose significantly within the nattokinase group over eight weeks, but the between-group comparison against placebo was significant only for closure time and aPTT.
    primary_references
    The effects of nattokinase supplementation on collagen-epinephrine closure time, prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time in nondiabetic and hypercholesterolemic subjects. (2019) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31070609/ DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02324g Correction on record: Erratum in: Food Funct. 2019 Jul 17;10(7):4454. doi: 10.1039/c9fo90033k. PMID 31287455.
    route
    In vivo, oral
    tissue
    Plasma

    Nattokinase: what the purified enzyme cleaves, what survives being eaten, and the gap between the two (2026-09-23) · lines 983–983

    Original AI-assisted curation built from a supplied entity-first document of 105 entities and 129 claims. Every reference in that document was resolved against live PubMed with its abstract read and its DOI cross-checked on 2026-09-23, and the EFSA novel-food opinion was retrieved and read in full. That check corrected two PMIDs that pointed at unrelated papers, two DOIs, and two papers recorded as carrying no erratum that do carry one; it also reversed three findings the supplied document had stated backwards. Two papers carry a published correction, recorded as such and not as a retraction. Three sources are not indexed in PubMed and are cited by what they have. Laboratory lineages are recorded, so the four papers from one group, the three from another and the two readings of a single applicant dossier cannot be counted as separate lines of support. Study-specific doses, units, populations and limitations retained; activity units are never converted between systems. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human (100 nondiabetic hypercholesterolemic subjects) · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    Prothrombin time rose significantly within the nattokinase group over eight weeks, but the between-group comparison against placebo was significant only for closure time and aPTT.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  7. A nattokinase-only formula showed no effect on blood lipids through six months, while the same enzyme combined with red yeast rice improved every lipid measured from month one.

    Commercial nattokinase supplement, composition study-specific → Blood low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    duration
    6 months
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    experimental_model
    Human (47 patients with hyperlipidemia in three arms)
    exposure
    Nattokinase 50 mg per capsule, two capsules twice daily, alone or with 300 mg red yeast rice extract
    limitations
    Randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled but small. The combination arm cannot attribute anything to the nattokinase, since red yeast rice contains monacolin K. The mono-arm null is the informative part.
    organism
    Human (47 patients with hyperlipidemia in three arms)
    plain_language
    A nattokinase-only formula showed no effect on blood lipids through six months, while the same enzyme combined with red yeast rice improved every lipid measured from month one.
    primary_references
    Combined nattokinase with red yeast rice but not nattokinase alone has potent effects on blood lipids in human subjects with hyperlipidemia. (2009) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19786378/
    route
    In vivo, oral
    tissue
    Blood lipids

    Nattokinase: what the purified enzyme cleaves, what survives being eaten, and the gap between the two (2026-09-23) · lines 1214–1214

    Original AI-assisted curation built from a supplied entity-first document of 105 entities and 129 claims. Every reference in that document was resolved against live PubMed with its abstract read and its DOI cross-checked on 2026-09-23, and the EFSA novel-food opinion was retrieved and read in full. That check corrected two PMIDs that pointed at unrelated papers, two DOIs, and two papers recorded as carrying no erratum that do carry one; it also reversed three findings the supplied document had stated backwards. Two papers carry a published correction, recorded as such and not as a retraction. Three sources are not indexed in PubMed and are cited by what they have. Laboratory lineages are recorded, so the four papers from one group, the three from another and the two readings of a single applicant dossier cannot be counted as separate lines of support. Study-specific doses, units, populations and limitations retained; activity units are never converted between systems. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human (47 patients with hyperlipidemia in three arms) · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    A nattokinase-only formula showed no effect on blood lipids through six months, while the same enzyme combined with red yeast rice improved every lipid measured from month one.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  8. Across six randomized trials with 546 participants, pooled systolic blood pressure fell by 3.45 mmHg and diastolic by 2.32 mmHg against placebo.

    Commercial nattokinase supplement, composition study-specific → Arterial blood pressure source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    duration
    Trial durations differ
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    experimental_model
    Human, systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
    exposure
    Nattokinase supplementation, doses and products differing between trials
    limitations
    Few small trials with different populations, doses and products, and predominantly surrogate outcomes. The pooled estimate inherits the industry affiliation of several component trials and does not include the three-year randomized trial that found no blood-pressure effect.
    organism
    Human, systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
    plain_language
    Across six randomized trials with 546 participants, pooled systolic blood pressure fell by 3.45 mmHg and diastolic by 2.32 mmHg against placebo.
    primary_references
    Nattokinase Supplementation and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. (2023) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39076715/ DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm2408234
    route
    In vivo, oral
    tissue
    Arterial blood pressure

    Nattokinase: what the purified enzyme cleaves, what survives being eaten, and the gap between the two (2026-09-23) · lines 1049–1049

    Original AI-assisted curation built from a supplied entity-first document of 105 entities and 129 claims. Every reference in that document was resolved against live PubMed with its abstract read and its DOI cross-checked on 2026-09-23, and the EFSA novel-food opinion was retrieved and read in full. That check corrected two PMIDs that pointed at unrelated papers, two DOIs, and two papers recorded as carrying no erratum that do carry one; it also reversed three findings the supplied document had stated backwards. Two papers carry a published correction, recorded as such and not as a retraction. Three sources are not indexed in PubMed and are cited by what they have. Laboratory lineages are recorded, so the four papers from one group, the three from another and the two readings of a single applicant dossier cannot be counted as separate lines of support. Study-specific doses, units, populations and limitations retained; activity units are never converted between systems. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human, systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    Across six randomized trials with 546 participants, pooled systolic blood pressure fell by 3.45 mmHg and diastolic by 2.32 mmHg against placebo.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  9. Pooled blood glucose rose by 0.40 against placebo across the same randomized trials.

    Commercial nattokinase supplement, composition study-specific → Blood glucose concentration source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    duration
    Trial durations differ
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    experimental_model
    Human, meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
    exposure
    Nattokinase supplementation
    limitations
    Small and of unstated clinical meaning, but signed and significant in the pooled analysis. It is absent from every narrative summary of nattokinase read during this curation.
    organism
    Human, meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
    plain_language
    Pooled blood glucose rose by 0.40 against placebo across the same randomized trials.
    primary_references
    Nattokinase Supplementation and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. (2023) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39076715/ DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm2408234
    route
    In vivo, oral
    tissue
    Blood glucose

    Nattokinase: what the purified enzyme cleaves, what survives being eaten, and the gap between the two (2026-09-23) · lines 1093–1093

    Original AI-assisted curation built from a supplied entity-first document of 105 entities and 129 claims. Every reference in that document was resolved against live PubMed with its abstract read and its DOI cross-checked on 2026-09-23, and the EFSA novel-food opinion was retrieved and read in full. That check corrected two PMIDs that pointed at unrelated papers, two DOIs, and two papers recorded as carrying no erratum that do carry one; it also reversed three findings the supplied document had stated backwards. Two papers carry a published correction, recorded as such and not as a retraction. Three sources are not indexed in PubMed and are cited by what they have. Laboratory lineages are recorded, so the four papers from one group, the three from another and the two readings of a single applicant dossier cannot be counted as separate lines of support. Study-specific doses, units, populations and limitations retained; activity units are never converted between systems. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human, meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    Pooled blood glucose rose by 0.40 against placebo across the same randomized trials.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  10. At relatively low total dosage the pooled mean difference in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was +6.49 against control.

    Commercial nattokinase supplement, composition study-specific → Blood low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    duration
    Trial durations differ
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    experimental_model
    Human, meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
    exposure
    Nattokinase supplementation
    limitations
    Wide interval (0.83 to 12.15). No significant difference at high dosage.
    organism
    Human, meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
    plain_language
    At relatively low total dosage the pooled mean difference in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was +6.49 against control.
    primary_references
    Nattokinase Supplementation and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. (2023) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39076715/ DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm2408234
    route
    In vivo, oral
    tissue
    Blood lipids

    Nattokinase: what the purified enzyme cleaves, what survives being eaten, and the gap between the two (2026-09-23) · lines 1082–1082

    Original AI-assisted curation built from a supplied entity-first document of 105 entities and 129 claims. Every reference in that document was resolved against live PubMed with its abstract read and its DOI cross-checked on 2026-09-23, and the EFSA novel-food opinion was retrieved and read in full. That check corrected two PMIDs that pointed at unrelated papers, two DOIs, and two papers recorded as carrying no erratum that do carry one; it also reversed three findings the supplied document had stated backwards. Two papers carry a published correction, recorded as such and not as a retraction. Three sources are not indexed in PubMed and are cited by what they have. Laboratory lineages are recorded, so the four papers from one group, the three from another and the two readings of a single applicant dossier cannot be counted as separate lines of support. Study-specific doses, units, populations and limitations retained; activity units are never converted between systems. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human, meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    At relatively low total dosage the pooled mean difference in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was +6.49 against control.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  11. At relatively low total dosage the pooled mean difference in total cholesterol was +5.27 against control, and it remained +3.18 at relatively high dosage.

    Commercial nattokinase supplement, composition study-specific → Blood total cholesterol concentration source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    duration
    Trial durations differ
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    experimental_model
    Human, meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
    exposure
    Nattokinase supplementation
    limitations
    The direction is unfavourable, which is the opposite of what the uncontrolled cohort studies in this chapter report. Units are as given in the source and the analysis pools heterogeneous assays.
    organism
    Human, meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
    plain_language
    At relatively low total dosage the pooled mean difference in total cholesterol was +5.27 against control, and it remained +3.18 at relatively high dosage.
    primary_references
    Nattokinase Supplementation and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. (2023) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39076715/ DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm2408234
    route
    In vivo, oral
    tissue
    Blood lipids

    Nattokinase: what the purified enzyme cleaves, what survives being eaten, and the gap between the two (2026-09-23) · lines 1060–1060

    Original AI-assisted curation built from a supplied entity-first document of 105 entities and 129 claims. Every reference in that document was resolved against live PubMed with its abstract read and its DOI cross-checked on 2026-09-23, and the EFSA novel-food opinion was retrieved and read in full. That check corrected two PMIDs that pointed at unrelated papers, two DOIs, and two papers recorded as carrying no erratum that do carry one; it also reversed three findings the supplied document had stated backwards. Two papers carry a published correction, recorded as such and not as a retraction. Three sources are not indexed in PubMed and are cited by what they have. Laboratory lineages are recorded, so the four papers from one group, the three from another and the two readings of a single applicant dossier cannot be counted as separate lines of support. Study-specific doses, units, populations and limitations retained; activity units are never converted between systems. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human, meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    At relatively low total dosage the pooled mean difference in total cholesterol was +5.27 against control, and it remained +3.18 at relatively high dosage.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  12. At relatively low total dosage the pooled mean difference in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was -2.76 against control.

    Commercial nattokinase supplement, composition study-specific → Blood high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    duration
    Trial durations differ
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    experimental_model
    Human, meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
    exposure
    Nattokinase supplementation
    limitations
    Also unfavourable in direction, and directly contradicted by the open active-comparator study that reported a rise. No significant difference was found at high dosage.
    organism
    Human, meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
    plain_language
    At relatively low total dosage the pooled mean difference in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was -2.76 against control.
    primary_references
    Nattokinase Supplementation and Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. (2023) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39076715/ DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm2408234
    route
    In vivo, oral
    tissue
    Blood lipids

    Nattokinase: what the purified enzyme cleaves, what survives being eaten, and the gap between the two (2026-09-23) · lines 1071–1071

    Original AI-assisted curation built from a supplied entity-first document of 105 entities and 129 claims. Every reference in that document was resolved against live PubMed with its abstract read and its DOI cross-checked on 2026-09-23, and the EFSA novel-food opinion was retrieved and read in full. That check corrected two PMIDs that pointed at unrelated papers, two DOIs, and two papers recorded as carrying no erratum that do carry one; it also reversed three findings the supplied document had stated backwards. Two papers carry a published correction, recorded as such and not as a retraction. Three sources are not indexed in PubMed and are cited by what they have. Laboratory lineages are recorded, so the four papers from one group, the three from another and the two readings of a single applicant dossier cannot be counted as separate lines of support. Study-specific doses, units, populations and limitations retained; activity units are never converted between systems. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human, meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    At relatively low total dosage the pooled mean difference in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was -2.76 against control.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  13. At 8,000 FU per day for six months there was no between-group difference in Montreal Cognitive Assessment change, with a mean difference of 0.038.

    Commercial nattokinase supplement, composition study-specific → Global cognition score, instrument specified by study source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    duration
    6 months
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    experimental_model
    Human (120 randomized, 88 completed, asymptomatic intracranial or carotid stenosis, mean age 58.3)
    exposure
    Nattokinase, 8,000 FU per day
    limitations
    Double-blind, placebo-controlled and single-centre, with substantial attrition. The highest dose tested in any randomized trial here. A null on cognition does not test plaque or thrombotic endpoints, which is what the high-dose cohort studies report.
    organism
    Human (120 randomized, 88 completed, asymptomatic intracranial or carotid stenosis, mean age 58.3)
    plain_language
    At 8,000 FU per day for six months there was no between-group difference in Montreal Cognitive Assessment change, with a mean difference of 0.038.
    primary_references
    Nattokinase supplementation for cognitive enhancement in asymptomatic intracranial/carotid stenosis: A randomized controlled trial. (2026) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41325794/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2025.108511
    route
    In vivo, oral
    tissue
    Cognitive assessment with multimodal brain MRI

    Nattokinase: what the purified enzyme cleaves, what survives being eaten, and the gap between the two (2026-09-23) · lines 1225–1225

    Original AI-assisted curation built from a supplied entity-first document of 105 entities and 129 claims. Every reference in that document was resolved against live PubMed with its abstract read and its DOI cross-checked on 2026-09-23, and the EFSA novel-food opinion was retrieved and read in full. That check corrected two PMIDs that pointed at unrelated papers, two DOIs, and two papers recorded as carrying no erratum that do carry one; it also reversed three findings the supplied document had stated backwards. Two papers carry a published correction, recorded as such and not as a retraction. Three sources are not indexed in PubMed and are cited by what they have. Laboratory lineages are recorded, so the four papers from one group, the three from another and the two readings of a single applicant dossier cannot be counted as separate lines of support. Study-specific doses, units, populations and limitations retained; activity units are never converted between systems. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human (120 randomized, 88 completed, asymptomatic intracranial or carotid stenosis, mean age 58.3) · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    At 8,000 FU per day for six months there was no between-group difference in Montreal Cognitive Assessment change, with a mean difference of 0.038.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  14. A patient who substituted nattokinase for warfarin after aortic valve replacement with a mechanical prosthesis developed thrombus on the valve after nearly a year and required repeat valve replacement.

    Commercial nattokinase supplement, composition study-specific → Thrombus formation on a mechanical prosthetic heart valve source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    duration
    Nearly one year
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    experimental_model
    Human (single case report)
    exposure
    Nattokinase replacing warfarin
    limitations
    A single case, and one of treatment failure rather than of intrinsic toxicity. It records what happened when an in vitro fibrinolytic property was treated as anticoagulation, which is the distinction the rest of this chapter is built around.
    organism
    Human (single case report)
    plain_language
    A patient who substituted nattokinase for warfarin after aortic valve replacement with a mechanical prosthesis developed thrombus on the valve after nearly a year and required repeat valve replacement.
    primary_references
    Consequence of patient substitution of nattokinase for warfarin after aortic valve replacement with a mechanical prosthesis. (2015) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25552810/ DOI: 10.1080/08998280.2015.11929198
    route
    In vivo, oral
    tissue
    Mechanical aortic valve prosthesis

    Nattokinase: what the purified enzyme cleaves, what survives being eaten, and the gap between the two (2026-09-23) · lines 1401–1401

    Original AI-assisted curation built from a supplied entity-first document of 105 entities and 129 claims. Every reference in that document was resolved against live PubMed with its abstract read and its DOI cross-checked on 2026-09-23, and the EFSA novel-food opinion was retrieved and read in full. That check corrected two PMIDs that pointed at unrelated papers, two DOIs, and two papers recorded as carrying no erratum that do carry one; it also reversed three findings the supplied document had stated backwards. Two papers carry a published correction, recorded as such and not as a retraction. Three sources are not indexed in PubMed and are cited by what they have. Laboratory lineages are recorded, so the four papers from one group, the three from another and the two readings of a single applicant dossier cannot be counted as separate lines of support. Study-specific doses, units, populations and limitations retained; activity units are never converted between systems. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human (single case report) · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    A patient who substituted nattokinase for warfarin after aortic valve replacement with a mechanical prosthesis developed thrombus on the valve after nearly a year and required repeat valve replacement.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  15. The same cohort found nattokinase ineffective for lipids and atherosclerosis progression at 3,600 FU per day.

    Commercial nattokinase supplement, composition study-specific → Carotid artery intima-media thickness source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    duration
    12 months
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    experimental_model
    Human (1,062 outpatients)
    exposure
    Nattokinase, 3,600 FU per day
    limitations
    Same design limitations. Recorded because it is the only dose-comparison in the chapter and because it sits directly against the three-year randomized null at 2,000 FU per day. PubMed links an erratum to this article.
    organism
    Human (1,062 outpatients)
    plain_language
    The same cohort found nattokinase ineffective for lipids and atherosclerosis progression at 3,600 FU per day.
    primary_references
    Effective management of atherosclerosis progress and hyperlipidemia with nattokinase: A clinical study with 1,062 participants. (2022) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36072877/ DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.964977 Correction on record: Erratum in: Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022 Dec 05;9:1076420. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1076420. PMID 36545015.
    route
    In vivo, oral
    tissue
    Carotid artery imaging and blood lipids

    Nattokinase: what the purified enzyme cleaves, what survives being eaten, and the gap between the two (2026-09-23) · lines 1159–1159

    Original AI-assisted curation built from a supplied entity-first document of 105 entities and 129 claims. Every reference in that document was resolved against live PubMed with its abstract read and its DOI cross-checked on 2026-09-23, and the EFSA novel-food opinion was retrieved and read in full. That check corrected two PMIDs that pointed at unrelated papers, two DOIs, and two papers recorded as carrying no erratum that do carry one; it also reversed three findings the supplied document had stated backwards. Two papers carry a published correction, recorded as such and not as a retraction. Three sources are not indexed in PubMed and are cited by what they have. Laboratory lineages are recorded, so the four papers from one group, the three from another and the two readings of a single applicant dossier cannot be counted as separate lines of support. Study-specific doses, units, populations and limitations retained; activity units are never converted between systems. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human (1,062 outpatients) · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    The same cohort found nattokinase ineffective for lipids and atherosclerosis progression at 3,600 FU per day.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  16. Nattokinase significantly raised high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, while the statin arm showed no change in it.

    Commercial nattokinase supplement, composition study-specific → Blood high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    duration
    26 weeks
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    experimental_model
    Human (76 completers)
    exposure
    Nattokinase 6,000 FU per day
    limitations
    Open-label. It is the direct opposite in direction to the pooled randomized estimate, which found HDL lower at low dose.
    organism
    Human (76 completers)
    plain_language
    Nattokinase significantly raised high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, while the statin arm showed no change in it.
    primary_references
    [A clinical study on the effect of nattokinase on carotid artery atherosclerosis and hyperlipidaemia]. (2017) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28763875/ DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0376-2491.2017.26.005
    route
    In vivo, oral
    tissue
    Blood lipids

    Nattokinase: what the purified enzyme cleaves, what survives being eaten, and the gap between the two (2026-09-23) · lines 1192–1192

    Original AI-assisted curation built from a supplied entity-first document of 105 entities and 129 claims. Every reference in that document was resolved against live PubMed with its abstract read and its DOI cross-checked on 2026-09-23, and the EFSA novel-food opinion was retrieved and read in full. That check corrected two PMIDs that pointed at unrelated papers, two DOIs, and two papers recorded as carrying no erratum that do carry one; it also reversed three findings the supplied document had stated backwards. Two papers carry a published correction, recorded as such and not as a retraction. Three sources are not indexed in PubMed and are cited by what they have. Laboratory lineages are recorded, so the four papers from one group, the three from another and the two readings of a single applicant dossier cannot be counted as separate lines of support. Study-specific doses, units, populations and limitations retained; activity units are never converted between systems. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human (76 completers) · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    Nattokinase significantly raised high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, while the statin arm showed no change in it.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  17. Exploratory analysis of the same trial found a between-group difference in visuospatial function change of 0.350 and a reduced risk of visuospatial decline.

    Commercial nattokinase supplement, composition study-specific → Visuospatial function domain score source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    duration
    6 months
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    experimental_model
    Human (88 completers with asymptomatic stenosis)
    exposure
    Nattokinase, 8,000 FU per day
    limitations
    Exploratory and one of several domains, in a trial whose primary endpoint was null. Recorded as a domain-level finding, not as a cognitive benefit.
    organism
    Human (88 completers with asymptomatic stenosis)
    plain_language
    Exploratory analysis of the same trial found a between-group difference in visuospatial function change of 0.350 and a reduced risk of visuospatial decline.
    primary_references
    Nattokinase supplementation for cognitive enhancement in asymptomatic intracranial/carotid stenosis: A randomized controlled trial. (2026) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41325794/ DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2025.108511
    route
    In vivo, oral
    tissue
    Cognitive domain scores

    Nattokinase: what the purified enzyme cleaves, what survives being eaten, and the gap between the two (2026-09-23) · lines 1236–1236

    Original AI-assisted curation built from a supplied entity-first document of 105 entities and 129 claims. Every reference in that document was resolved against live PubMed with its abstract read and its DOI cross-checked on 2026-09-23, and the EFSA novel-food opinion was retrieved and read in full. That check corrected two PMIDs that pointed at unrelated papers, two DOIs, and two papers recorded as carrying no erratum that do carry one; it also reversed three findings the supplied document had stated backwards. Two papers carry a published correction, recorded as such and not as a retraction. Three sources are not indexed in PubMed and are cited by what they have. Laboratory lineages are recorded, so the four papers from one group, the three from another and the two readings of a single applicant dossier cannot be counted as separate lines of support. Study-specific doses, units, populations and limitations retained; activity units are never converted between systems. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human (88 completers with asymptomatic stenosis) · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    Exploratory analysis of the same trial found a between-group difference in visuospatial function change of 0.350 and a reduced risk of visuospatial decline.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  18. Blood lipids were unaffected over the same two months.

    Commercial nattokinase supplement, composition study-specific → Blood total cholesterol concentration source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    duration
    2 months
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    experimental_model
    Human (45 subjects across three groups)
    exposure
    Nattokinase, 4,000 FU per day
    limitations
    A measured null in an uncontrolled study, recorded because the lipid question is contested elsewhere in this chapter.
    organism
    Human (45 subjects across three groups)
    plain_language
    Blood lipids were unaffected over the same two months.
    primary_references
    Nattokinase decreases plasma levels of fibrinogen, factor VII, and factor VIII in human subjects. (2009) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19358933/ DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2009.01.009
    route
    In vivo, oral
    tissue
    Plasma

    Nattokinase: what the purified enzyme cleaves, what survives being eaten, and the gap between the two (2026-09-23) · lines 950–950

    Original AI-assisted curation built from a supplied entity-first document of 105 entities and 129 claims. Every reference in that document was resolved against live PubMed with its abstract read and its DOI cross-checked on 2026-09-23, and the EFSA novel-food opinion was retrieved and read in full. That check corrected two PMIDs that pointed at unrelated papers, two DOIs, and two papers recorded as carrying no erratum that do carry one; it also reversed three findings the supplied document had stated backwards. Two papers carry a published correction, recorded as such and not as a retraction. Three sources are not indexed in PubMed and are cited by what they have. Laboratory lineages are recorded, so the four papers from one group, the three from another and the two readings of a single applicant dossier cannot be counted as separate lines of support. Study-specific doses, units, populations and limitations retained; activity units are never converted between systems. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human (45 subjects across three groups) · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    Blood lipids were unaffected over the same two months.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  19. Factor VII declined by 7 to 14% over the same two months.

    Commercial nattokinase supplement, composition study-specific → Human coagulation factor VII / F7 source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    duration
    2 months
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    experimental_model
    Human (45 subjects across three groups)
    exposure
    Nattokinase, 4,000 FU per day
    limitations
    As above. Direct proteolytic cleavage of factor VII by purified nattokinase has not been shown, so this association has no identified molecular step behind it.
    organism
    Human (45 subjects across three groups)
    plain_language
    Factor VII declined by 7 to 14% over the same two months.
    primary_references
    Nattokinase decreases plasma levels of fibrinogen, factor VII, and factor VIII in human subjects. (2009) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19358933/ DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2009.01.009
    route
    In vivo, oral
    tissue
    Plasma

    Nattokinase: what the purified enzyme cleaves, what survives being eaten, and the gap between the two (2026-09-23) · lines 928–928

    Original AI-assisted curation built from a supplied entity-first document of 105 entities and 129 claims. Every reference in that document was resolved against live PubMed with its abstract read and its DOI cross-checked on 2026-09-23, and the EFSA novel-food opinion was retrieved and read in full. That check corrected two PMIDs that pointed at unrelated papers, two DOIs, and two papers recorded as carrying no erratum that do carry one; it also reversed three findings the supplied document had stated backwards. Two papers carry a published correction, recorded as such and not as a retraction. Three sources are not indexed in PubMed and are cited by what they have. Laboratory lineages are recorded, so the four papers from one group, the three from another and the two readings of a single applicant dossier cannot be counted as separate lines of support. Study-specific doses, units, populations and limitations retained; activity units are never converted between systems. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human (45 subjects across three groups) · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    Factor VII declined by 7 to 14% over the same two months.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  20. Factor VIII declined by 17 to 19% over the same two months.

    Commercial nattokinase supplement, composition study-specific → Human coagulation factor VIII / F8 source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    duration
    2 months
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    experimental_model
    Human (45 subjects across three groups)
    exposure
    Nattokinase, 4,000 FU per day
    limitations
    As above, and the largest of the three declines. It agrees in direction with the single-dose crossover result, which is a different design in a different population.
    organism
    Human (45 subjects across three groups)
    plain_language
    Factor VIII declined by 17 to 19% over the same two months.
    primary_references
    Nattokinase decreases plasma levels of fibrinogen, factor VII, and factor VIII in human subjects. (2009) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19358933/ DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2009.01.009
    route
    In vivo, oral
    tissue
    Plasma

    Nattokinase: what the purified enzyme cleaves, what survives being eaten, and the gap between the two (2026-09-23) · lines 939–939

    Original AI-assisted curation built from a supplied entity-first document of 105 entities and 129 claims. Every reference in that document was resolved against live PubMed with its abstract read and its DOI cross-checked on 2026-09-23, and the EFSA novel-food opinion was retrieved and read in full. That check corrected two PMIDs that pointed at unrelated papers, two DOIs, and two papers recorded as carrying no erratum that do carry one; it also reversed three findings the supplied document had stated backwards. Two papers carry a published correction, recorded as such and not as a retraction. Three sources are not indexed in PubMed and are cited by what they have. Laboratory lineages are recorded, so the four papers from one group, the three from another and the two readings of a single applicant dossier cannot be counted as separate lines of support. Study-specific doses, units, populations and limitations retained; activity units are never converted between systems. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human (45 subjects across three groups) · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    Factor VIII declined by 17 to 19% over the same two months.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

  21. Plasma fibrinogen declined by 7 to 10% across three subject groups over two months of 4,000 FU per day.

    Commercial nattokinase supplement, composition study-specific → Human fibrinogen source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    duration
    2 months
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    experimental_model
    Human (45 subjects: healthy, cardiovascular-risk and dialysis groups)
    exposure
    Nattokinase, two 2,000 FU capsules daily
    limitations
    Open-label and self-controlled with no placebo arm. A significant time effect but no group effect, so the decline was similar across strata. The mechanism producing lower factor levels is not established.
    organism
    Human (45 subjects: healthy, cardiovascular-risk and dialysis groups)
    plain_language
    Plasma fibrinogen declined by 7 to 10% across three subject groups over two months of 4,000 FU per day.
    primary_references
    Nattokinase decreases plasma levels of fibrinogen, factor VII, and factor VIII in human subjects. (2009) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19358933/ DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2009.01.009
    route
    In vivo, oral
    tissue
    Plasma

    Nattokinase: what the purified enzyme cleaves, what survives being eaten, and the gap between the two (2026-09-23) · lines 917–917

    Original AI-assisted curation built from a supplied entity-first document of 105 entities and 129 claims. Every reference in that document was resolved against live PubMed with its abstract read and its DOI cross-checked on 2026-09-23, and the EFSA novel-food opinion was retrieved and read in full. That check corrected two PMIDs that pointed at unrelated papers, two DOIs, and two papers recorded as carrying no erratum that do carry one; it also reversed three findings the supplied document had stated backwards. Two papers carry a published correction, recorded as such and not as a retraction. Three sources are not indexed in PubMed and are cited by what they have. Laboratory lineages are recorded, so the four papers from one group, the three from another and the two readings of a single applicant dossier cannot be counted as separate lines of support. Study-specific doses, units, populations and limitations retained; activity units are never converted between systems. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human (45 subjects: healthy, cardiovascular-risk and dialysis groups) · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    Plasma fibrinogen declined by 7 to 10% across three subject groups over two months of 4,000 FU per day.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

What acts on it

  1. Co-administration of vitamin K2 and aspirin with nattokinase produced what the authors described as a synergistic effect on the same outcomes.

    Aspirin / acetylsalicylic acid → Commercial nattokinase supplement, composition study-specific source_derived_draftungraded
    Experimental context and source evidence
    duration
    12 months
    evidence_access
    Primary PubMed abstract and indexed metadata reviewed. Full-text method details not stated here remain unresolved.
    experimental_model
    Human (1,062 outpatients)
    exposure
    Nattokinase with vitamin K2 and aspirin
    limitations
    A subgroup comparison inside an uncontrolled retrospective study by manufacturer-employed authors, with no formal interaction design. It points the opposite way from the case report in which nattokinase with aspirin preceded a cerebellar hemorrhage, and neither can settle the other.
    organism
    Human (1,062 outpatients)
    plain_language
    Co-administration of vitamin K2 and aspirin with nattokinase produced what the authors described as a synergistic effect on the same outcomes.
    primary_references
    Effective management of atherosclerosis progress and hyperlipidemia with nattokinase: A clinical study with 1,062 participants. (2022) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36072877/ DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.964977 Correction on record: Erratum in: Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022 Dec 05;9:1076420. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1076420. PMID 36545015.
    route
    In vivo, oral
    tissue
    Carotid artery imaging and blood lipids

    Nattokinase: what the purified enzyme cleaves, what survives being eaten, and the gap between the two (2026-09-23) · lines 1170–1170

    Original AI-assisted curation built from a supplied entity-first document of 105 entities and 129 claims. Every reference in that document was resolved against live PubMed with its abstract read and its DOI cross-checked on 2026-09-23, and the EFSA novel-food opinion was retrieved and read in full. That check corrected two PMIDs that pointed at unrelated papers, two DOIs, and two papers recorded as carrying no erratum that do carry one; it also reversed three findings the supplied document had stated backwards. Two papers carry a published correction, recorded as such and not as a retraction. Three sources are not indexed in PubMed and are cited by what they have. Laboratory lineages are recorded, so the four papers from one group, the three from another and the two readings of a single applicant dossier cannot be counted as separate lines of support. Study-specific doses, units, populations and limitations retained; activity units are never converted between systems. Not publisher full text. · supports · Human (1,062 outpatients) · source_derived_draft · unverified_draft

    Co-administration of vitamin K2 and aspirin with nattokinase produced what the authors described as a synergistic effect on the same outcomes.
    Complete structured claim and evidence

In the sources

Preserved passages that mention this component, quoted exactly. Open one to read it in context.

    This is a research prototype built from draft material. It is not medical advice, and its statements still await verification against the original studies.

    Evidence, AI assistance and curation standards